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Hamamoto FK, do Carmo Franco M, Jardim MFS, de Camargo MFC, Nogueira PCK. Cardiovascular Risk in Pediatric Renal Transplant Recipients. Pediatr Transplant 2024; 28:e14831. [PMID: 39206805 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The survival of pediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients has improved in recent decades due to advances in dialysis and transplantation. However, cardiovascular disease (CVD) emerges as the main cause of mortality in patients with CKD. OBJECTIVES To estimate cardiovascular risk in children with CKD at least 1 year after kidney transplantation. In addition, the possible association of cardiovascular risk with classic biochemical markers and potential new markers of this outcome was investigated. METHODS An observational ambidirectional (retrospective capture of risk factors and prospective study of outcomes) research including 75 patients who underwent renal transplant between 2003 and 2013 with postoperative follow-up of at least 1 year was conducted. The outcome variables adopted were the LV mass Z-score and the presence of coronary calcification on computed tomography using calcium Agatston score. RESULT Only one patient had an elevated calcium score, and three children (4%) had an LV mass Z-score ≥ 2.0. After multivariable analysis, only gender, serum triglyceride, and serum renalase concentration remained significantly associated with LV mass. CONCLUSION The low incidence of cardiovascular changes in the population studied confirms the benefit of transplantation for the cardiovascular health of children. Nevertheless, long-term follow-up of these patients is recommended, given the limited duration of kidney function provided by transplantation and the high likelihood of further dialysis and kidney transplants being required in these children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paulo C Koch Nogueira
- Pediatric Kidney Transplantation Department, Hospital Samaritano de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Pediatrics Department, Federal University of São Paulo-UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
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Żórawik A, Hajdusianek W, Kusnerż A, Markiewicz-Górka I, Jaremków A, Martynowicz H, Pawlas K, Mazur G, Poręba R, Gać P. Relation Between Exposure to Tobacco Smoke Assessed by Serum Cotinine Concentration and Questionnaire Method, and Serum Renalase Concentration-the Importance of the Coexistence of Arterial Hypertension and Other Cardiovascular Diseases. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2024; 24:737-746. [PMID: 38748312 PMCID: PMC11300532 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-024-09868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to tobacco smoke (ETS) is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Renalase is a protein that may play a role in the pathogenesis of CVD. The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between ETS and serum renalase concentration. A group of 109 patients was recruited for this study (49.7 ± 14.7 years). In accordance with the questionnaire, patients were divided into the following subgroups: subgroup A- declaring themselves active smokers (n = 36), subgroup B- declaring themselves non-smokers and exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (n = 35), subgroup C- declaring themselves non-smokers and not exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (n = 38). The same patients were divided based on cotinine concentration into the following subgroups: subgroup D- active smokers (n = 42), subgroup E- non-smokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (n = 66), and subgroup F- non-smokers not exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (n = 1). Serum cotinine concentration and serum renalase concentration were measured using ELISA tests. Serum renalase concentration was statistically significantly higher in subgroup C than in subgroups A and B and in subgroup E and F than in D. There was a negative correlation between serum cotinine concentration and serum renalase concentration (r = -0.41, p < 0.05). Regression analysis showed that higher BMI, higher diastolic blood pressure, coronary artery disease and higher serum cotinine concentration are independent risk factors of lower serum renalase concentration. The questionnaire method of assessing exposure to tobacco smoke was characterized by high sensitivity, but only moderate specificity, especially in terms of assessing environmental exposure to tobacco smoke. In summary, the study showed an independent relationship between exposure to tobacco smoke and lower serum renalase concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Żórawik
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, Department of Population Health, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, PL 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Hajdusianek
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, Department of Population Health, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, PL 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kusnerż
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, Department of Population Health, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, PL 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Markiewicz-Górka
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, Department of Population Health, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, PL 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Jaremków
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, Department of Population Health, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, PL 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Helena Martynowicz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, PL 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krystyna Pawlas
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, Department of Population Health, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, PL 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Mazur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, PL 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Poręba
- Department of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, PL 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Gać
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, Department of Population Health, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, PL 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Serban-Feier LF, Cuiban E, Gogosoiu EB, Stepan E, Radulescu D. Renalase Potential as a Marker and Therapeutic Target in Chronic Kidney Disease. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1715. [PMID: 39200179 PMCID: PMC11351300 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertension and cardiovascular disease are prominent features of chronic kidney disease, and they are associated with premature mortality and progression toward end-stage kidney disease. Renalase, an enzyme secreted predominantly by the kidney and identified in 2005, seems to be one of the missing pieces in the puzzle of heart and kidney interaction in chronic kidney disease by lowering blood pressure and reducing the overactivity of sympathetic tone. This review aims to summarize evidence from clinical studies performed on subjects with CKD in order to explore the value of renalase as a marker and/or a therapeutic target in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Florina Serban-Feier
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (L.F.S.-F.); (E.S.); (D.R.)
- Department of Nephrology, Sfantul Ioan Clinical Emergency Hospital, 042122 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Elena Cuiban
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (L.F.S.-F.); (E.S.); (D.R.)
- Department of Nephrology, Sfantul Ioan Clinical Emergency Hospital, 042122 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Elena Bianca Gogosoiu
- Department of Nephrology, Sfantul Ioan Clinical Emergency Hospital, 042122 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Elena Stepan
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (L.F.S.-F.); (E.S.); (D.R.)
| | - Daniela Radulescu
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (L.F.S.-F.); (E.S.); (D.R.)
- Department of Nephrology, Sfantul Ioan Clinical Emergency Hospital, 042122 Bucharest, Romania;
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Fu R, You N, Li R, Zhao X, Li Y, Li X, Jiang W. Renalase mediates macrophage-to-fibroblast crosstalk to attenuate pressure overload-induced pathological myocardial fibrosis. J Hypertens 2024; 42:629-643. [PMID: 38230609 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
A potential antifibrotic mechanism in pathological myocardial remodeling is the recruitment of beneficial functional subpopulations of macrophages or the transformation of their phenotype. Macrophages are required to activate molecular cascades that regulate fibroblast behavior. Identifying mediators that activate the antifibrotic macrophage phenotype is tantamount to identifying the button that retards pathological remodeling of the myocardium; however, relevant studies are inadequate. Circulating renalase (RNLS) is mainly of renal origin, and cardiac myocytes also secrete it autonomously. Our previous studies revealed that RNLS delivers cell signaling to exert multiple cardiovascular protective effects, including the improvement of myocardial ischemia, and heart failure. Here, we further investigated the potential mechanism by which macrophage phenotypic transformation is targeted by RNLS to mediate stress load-induced myocardial fibrosis. Mice subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) were used as a model of myocardial fibrosis. The co-incubation of macrophages and cardiac fibroblasts was used to study intercellular signaling. The results showed that RNLS co-localized with macrophages and reduced protein expression after cardiac pressure overload. TAC mice exhibited improved cardiac function and alleviated left ventricular fibrosis when exogenous RNLS was administered. Flow sorting showed that RNLS is essential for macrophage polarization towards a restorative phenotype (M2-like), thereby inhibiting myofibroblast activation, as proven by both mouse RAW264.7 and bone marrow-derived macrophage models. Mechanistically, we found that activated protein kinase B is a major pathway by which RNLS promotes M2 polarization in macrophages. RNLS may serve as a prognostic biomarker and a potential clinical candidate for the treatment of myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Fu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Iyer DR, Arige V, Ananthamohan K, Venkatasubramaniam S, Tokinoya K, Akoi K, Kurtz CL, Sethupathy P, Takekoshi K, Mahapatra NR. Cyclic-AMP response element binding protein (CREB) and microRNA miR-29b regulate renalase gene expression under catecholamine excess conditions. Life Sci 2023:121859. [PMID: 37315838 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Renalase, a key mediator of cross-talk between kidneys and sympathetic nervous system, exerts protective roles in various cardiovascular/renal disease states. However, molecular mechanisms underpinning renalase gene expression remain incompletely understood. Here, we sought to identify the key molecular regulators of renalase under basal/catecholamine-excess conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Identification of the core promoter domain of renalase was carried out by promoter-reporter assays in N2a/HEK-293/H9c2 cells. Computational analysis of the renalase core promoter domain, over-expression of cyclic-AMP-response-element-binding-protein (CREB)/dominant negative mutant of CREB, ChIP assays were performed to determine the role of CREB in transcription regulation. Role of the miR-29b-mediated-suppression of renalase was validated in-vivo by using locked-nucleic-acid-inhibitors of miR-29. qRT-PCR and Western-blot analyses measured the expression of renalase, CREB, miR-29b and normalization controls in cell lysates/ tissue samples under basal/epinephrine-treated conditions. KEY FINDINGS CREB, a downstream effector in epinephrine signaling, activated renalase expression via its binding to the renalase-promoter. Physiological doses of epinephrine and isoproteronol enhanced renalase-promoter activity and endogenous renalase protein level while propranolol diminished the promoter activity and endogenous renalase protein level indicating a potential role of beta-adrenergic receptor in renalase gene regulation. Multiple animal models (acute exercise, genetically hypertensive/stroke-prone mice/rat) displayed directionally-concordant expression of CREB and renalase. Administration of miR-29b inhibitor in mice upregulated endogenous renalase expression. Moreover, epinephrine treatment down-regulated miR-29b promoter-activity/transcript levels. SIGNIFICANCE This study provides evidence for renalase gene regulation by concomitant transcriptional activation via CREB and post-transcriptional attenuation via miR-29b under excess epinephrine conditions. These findings have implications for disease states with dysregulated catecholamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya R Iyer
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Vikas Arige
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Kalyani Ananthamohan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - S Venkatasubramaniam
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Katsuyuki Tokinoya
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Kai Akoi
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - C Lisa Kurtz
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Takekoshi
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Nitish R Mahapatra
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
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Heydarpour M, Parksook WW, Hopkins PN, Pojoga LH, Williams GH, Williams JS. A candidate locus in the renalase gene and susceptibility to blood pressure responses to the dietary salt. J Hypertens 2023; 41:723-732. [PMID: 36789764 PMCID: PMC10079562 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High dietary salt confers a risk of elevating blood pressure (BP) and the development of hypertension. BP to salt intake may be determined in part by individual genetic predisposition. Identifying these genetic underpinnings will enhance our understanding of the biological mechanisms of BP regulation. This study aims to assess the genetic association with salt sensitivity of BP (SSBP) within two well-phenotyped multinational cohorts. METHODS A total of 720 white participants from the HyperPATH consortium program were selected and genotyped using a multiethnic genotyping array. Individuals consumed two study diets containing high (>200 mEq/day) and low (<10 mEq/day) sodium content, after which SSBP, aldosterone, and plasma renin activity (PRA) were assessed in a controlled inpatient research setting. RESULTS A top signal (rs10887801; beta = 4.57, P = 5.03E - 07) at the renalase gene ( RNLS ) region was significantly associated with SSBP. We also identified seven single nucleotide variants with linkage disequilibrium to the top signal at this region that comprised a significant haplotype (TCTTAGTT, P = 0.00081). Homozygous carriers of the T-risk allele of the key single nucleotide variant had higher SSBP ( P ≤ 0.00001) and lower PRA ( P = 0.0076) compared with the nonrisk allele. CONCLUSION We identified significant associations between genetic variants of the RNLS gene and BP responses to dietary salt intervention and PRA that suggest susceptibility to volume-driven hypertension. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying BP regulation, support the role of RNLS in the pathogenesis of SSBP, and identify individuals who may be at risk from excess dietary salt intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahyar Heydarpour
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wasita W. Parksook
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul N. Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics Research Unit, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Luminita H. Pojoga
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gordon H. Williams
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Williams
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Mohan IK, Baba KSSS, Iyyapu R, Thirumalasetty S, Satish OS. Advances in congestive heart failure biomarkers. Adv Clin Chem 2022; 112:205-248. [PMID: 36642484 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly worldwide. Although many biomarkers associated with in heart failure, these are generally prognostic and identify patients with moderate and severe disease. Unfortunately, the role of biomarkers in decision making for early and advanced heart failure remains largely unexplored. Previous studies suggest the natriuretic peptides have the potential to improve the diagnosis of heart failure, but they still have significant limitations related to cut-off values. Although some promising cardiac biomarkers have emerged, comprehensive data from large cohort studies is lacking. The utility of multiple biomarkers that reflect various pathophysiologic pathways are increasingly being explored in heart failure risk stratification and to diagnose disease conditions promptly and accurately. MicroRNAs serve as mediators and/or regulators of renin-angiotensin-induced cardiac remodeling by directly targeting enzymes, receptors and signaling molecules. The role of miRNA in HF diagnosis is a promising area of research and further exploration may offer both diagnostic and prognostic applications and phenotype-specific targets. In this review, we provide insight into the classification of different biochemical and molecular markers associated with CHF, examine clinical usefulness in CHF and highlight the most clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K S S Sai Baba
- Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Panjagutta, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rohit Iyyapu
- Katuri Medical College & Hospital, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - O Sai Satish
- Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Panjagutta, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Renalase Challenges the Oxidative Stress and Fibroproliferative Response in COVID-19. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4032704. [PMID: 36132227 PMCID: PMC9484957 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4032704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The hallmark of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathophysiology was reported to be an inappropriate and uncontrolled immune response, evidenced by activated macrophages, and a robust surge of proinflammatory cytokines, followed by the release of reactive oxygen species, that synergistically result in acute respiratory distress syndrome, fibroproliferative lung response, and possibly even death. For these reasons, all identified risk factors and pathophysiological processes of COVID-19, which are feasible for the prevention and treatment, should be addressed in a timely manner. Accordingly, the evolving anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic therapy for severe COVID-19 and hindering post-COVID-19 fibrosis development should be comprehensively investigated. Experimental evidence indicates that renalase, a novel amino-oxidase, derived from the kidneys, exhibits remarkable organ protection, robustly addressing the most powerful pathways of cell trauma: inflammation and oxidative stress, necrosis, and apoptosis. As demonstrated, systemic renalase administration also significantly alleviates experimentally induced organ fibrosis and prevents adverse remodeling. The recognition that renalase exerts cytoprotection via sirtuins activation, by raising their NAD+ levels, provides a “proof of principle” for renalase being a biologically impressive molecule that favors cell protection and survival and maybe involved in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. This premise supports the rationale that renalase's timely supplementation may prove valuable for pathologic conditions, such as cytokine storm and related acute respiratory distress syndrome. Therefore, the aim for this review is to acknowledge the scientific rationale for renalase employment in the experimental model of COVID-19, targeting the acute phase mechanisms and halting fibrosis progression, based on its proposed molecular pathways. Novel therapies for COVID-19 seek to exploit renalase's multiple and distinctive cytoprotective mechanisms; therefore, this review should be acknowledged as the thorough groundwork for subsequent research of renalase's employment in the experimental models of COVID-19.
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Renalase: a novel regulator of cardiometabolic and renal diseases. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:1582-1598. [PMID: 35941358 PMCID: PMC9358379 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-022-00986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Renalase is a ~38 kDa flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) domain-containing protein that can function as a cytokine and an anomerase. It is emerging as a novel regulator of cardiometabolic diseases. Expressed mainly in the kidneys, renalase has been reported to have a hypotensive effect and may control blood pressure through regulation of sympathetic tone. Furthermore, genetic variations in the renalase gene, such as a functional missense polymorphism (Glu37Asp), have implications in the cardiovascular and renal systems and can potentially increase the risk of cardiometabolic disorders. Research on the physiological functions and biochemical actions of renalase over the years has indicated a role for renalase as one of the key proteins involved in various disease states, such as diabetes, impaired lipid metabolism, and cancer. Recent studies have identified three transcription factors (viz., Sp1, STAT3, and ZBP89) as key positive regulators in modulating the expression of the human renalase gene. Moreover, renalase is under the post-transcriptional regulation of two microRNAs (viz., miR-29b, and miR-146a), which downregulate renalase expression. While renalase supplementation may be useful for treating hypertension, inhibition of renalase signaling may be beneficial to patients with cancerous tumors. However, more incisive investigations are required to unravel the potential therapeutic applications of renalase. Based on the literature pertaining to the function and physiology of renalase, this review attempts to consolidate and comprehend the role of renalase in regulating cardiometabolic and renal disorders. ![]()
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Li X, Huang Q, Xu J. Renalase gene polymorphisms and plasma levels are associated with preeclampsia: a hospital-based study in the Chinese cohort. Women Health 2021; 61:957-967. [PMID: 34724880 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2021.1994512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is one of the major contributors to maternal and fetal mortality worldwide. Many host-related biomolecules regulate the pathophysiology of PE. The current study aims to examine the role of the renalase in PE manifestations. A total of 384 Chinese women consisting of subjects with normotensive pregnancy (n = 105), women with PE (n = 121), and healthy women (n = 158) were included in the study. Serum renalase level was measured in all subjects by ELISA. Renalase gene polymorphisms (rs10887800, rs2576178, and rs2296545) were genotyped by PCR-RFLP. The pregnant women had elevated renalase levels compared to healthy controls and subjects with PE. Renalase level was negatively correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Interestingly, renalase was positively correlated with the glomerular filtration rate. Prevalence of homozygous mutant (GG) and minor allele (G) for rs10887800 and rs2576178 renalase gene polymorphisms were significantly higher in PE patients compared to normotensive pregnant women and healthy controls. Furthermore, an association of G-G-C haplotype with susceptibility to PE was also noticed. A low level of renalase may be associated with an increased risk of PE during pregnancy. Renalase gene polymorphisms (rs10887800 and rs2576178) are correlated with serum renalase and are associated with predisposition to PE development in the Chinese cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianshu Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Daqing People's Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | | | - Jing Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, Daqing People's Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
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Stojanovic D, Mitic V, Stojanovic M, Petrovic D, Ignjatovic A, Milojkovic M, Dunjic O, Milenkovic J, Bojanic V, Deljanin Ilic M. The Discriminatory Ability of Renalase and Biomarkers of Cardiac Remodeling for the Prediction of Ischemia in Chronic Heart Failure Patients With the Regard to the Ejection Fraction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:691513. [PMID: 34395559 PMCID: PMC8358392 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.691513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Renalase has been implicated in chronic heart failure (CHF); however, nothing is known about renalase discriminatory ability and prognostic evaluation. The aims of the study were to assess whether plasma renalase may be validated as a predictor of ischemia in CHF patients stratified to the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and to determine its discriminatory ability coupled with biomarkers representing a range of heart failure (HF) pathophysiology: brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), soluble suppressor of tumorigenicity (sST2), galectin-3, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), syndecan-1, and cystatin C. Methods: A total of 77 CHF patients were stratified according to the LVEF and were subjected to exercise stress testing. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed, and the areas under curves (AUC) were determined, whereas the calibration was evaluated using the Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic. A DeLong test was performed to compare the AUCs of biomarkers. Results: Independent predictors for ischemia in the total HF cohort were increased plasma concentrations: BNP (p = 0.008), renalase (p = 0.012), sST2 (p = 0.020), galectin-3 (p = 0.018), GDF-15 (p = 0.034), and syndecan-1 (p = 0.024), whereas after adjustments, only BNP (p = 0.010) demonstrated predictive power. In patients with LVEF <45% (HFrEF), independent predictors of ischemia were BNP (p = 0.001), renalase (p < 0.001), sST2 (p = 0.004), galectin-3 (p = 0.003), GDF-15 (p = 0.001), and syndecan-1 (p < 0.001). The AUC of BNP (0.837) was statistically higher compared to those of sST2 (DeLong test: p = 0.042), syndecan-1 (DeLong: p = 0.022), and cystatin C (DeLong: p = 0.022). The AUCs of renalase (0.753), galectin-3 (0.726), and GDF-15 (0.735) were similar and were non-inferior compared to BNP, regarding ischemia prediction. In HFrEF patients, the AUC of BNP (0.980) was statistically higher compared to those of renalase (DeLong: p < 0.001), sST2 (DeLong: p < 0.004), galectin-3 (DeLong: p < 0.001), GDF-15 (DeLong: p = 0.001), syndecan-1 (DeLong: p = 0.009), and cystatin C (DeLong: p = 0.001). The AUC of renalase (0.814) was statistically higher compared to those of galectin-3 (DeLong: p = 0.014) and GDF-15 (DeLong: p = 0.046) and similar to that of sST2. No significant results were obtained in the patients with LVEF >45%. Conclusion: Plasma renalase concentration provided significant discrimination for the prediction of ischemia in patients with CHF and appeared to have similar discriminatory potential to that of BNP. Although further confirmatory studies are warranted, renalase seems to be a relevant biomarker for ischemia prediction, implying its potential contribution to ischemia-risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijana Stojanovic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Valentina Mitic
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Institute for Treatment and Rehabilitation "Niska Banja", Niska Banja, Serbia
| | - Miodrag Stojanovic
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia.,Center of Informatics and Biostatistics in Healthcare, Institute for Public Health, Nis, Serbia
| | - Dejan Petrovic
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Institute for Treatment and Rehabilitation "Niska Banja", Niska Banja, Serbia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Ignjatovic
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia.,Center of Informatics and Biostatistics in Healthcare, Institute for Public Health, Nis, Serbia
| | - Maja Milojkovic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Olivera Dunjic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Jelena Milenkovic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Vladmila Bojanic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Marina Deljanin Ilic
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Institute for Treatment and Rehabilitation "Niska Banja", Niska Banja, Serbia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
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12
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Association of Plasma Renalase and Left Ventricle Mass Index in Heart Failure Patients Stratified to the Category of the Ejection Fraction: A Pilot Study. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:7265160. [PMID: 31737132 PMCID: PMC6815612 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7265160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure represents a growing health problem, with increasing morbidity and mortality globally. According to the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of heart failure, many biomarkers have been proposed for the timely diagnosis and prognostication of patients with heart failure, but other than natriuretic peptides, none of them has gained enough clinical significance. Renalase, a new protein derived from kidneys was demonstrated to metabolize catecholamines and to have a cardioprotective role. The aim of the study was to determine whether renalase and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentration could be used to differentiate heart failure patients stratified to the category of the ejection fraction and whether plasma renalase could be used as a biomarker for left ventricle hypertrophy in all subgroups of heart failure patients. We included patients diagnosed with heart failure and stratified them to the three subgroups according to the ejection fraction. Regarding echocardiographic parameters, HFmrEF had an intermediate profile in between HFrEF and HFpEF, with statistical significance in most evaluated parameters. BNP concentration was significantly different in all three subgroups (p < 0.001), and renalase was statistically higher in HFrEF (p = 0.007) compared to the HFmrEF and HFpEF, where its results were similar, without statistical significance. Renalase plasma concentration was demonstrated to be highly and positively associated with left ventricle mass index in HFrEF (p = 0.029), as well as increased plasma concentration of BNP (p = 0.006). In the HFmrEF group of patients, body mass index was positively associated with LVMI (p = 0.05), while in the patients with HFpEF, diabetes mellitus was demonstrated to have a positive association with LVMI (p = 0.043). These findings suggest that renalase concentration may be measured in order to differentiate patients with reduced ejection fraction. Plasma renalase concentrations positively correlated with left ventricle hypertrophy in patients with reduced ejection fraction, being strongly associated with increased left ventricular mass index.
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13
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Baek SH, Cha RH, Kang SW, Park CW, Cha DR, Kim SG, Yoon SA, Kim S, Han SY, Park JH, Chang JH, Lim CS, Kim YS, Na KY. Circulating renalase predicts all-cause mortality and renal outcomes in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease. Korean J Intern Med 2019; 34:858-866. [PMID: 29172403 PMCID: PMC6610203 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2017.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been found to show markedly increased rates of end-stage renal disease, major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs), and mortality. Therefore, new biomarkers are required for the early detection of such clinical outcomes in patients with CKD. We aimed to determine whether the level of circulating renalase was associated with CKD progression, MACCEs, and all-cause mortality, using data from a prospective randomized controlled study, Kremezin STudy Against Renal disease progression in Korea (K-STAR; NCT00860431). METHODS A retrospective analysis of the K-STAR data was performed including 383 patients with CKD (mean age, 56.4 years; male/female, 252/131). We measured circulating renalase levels and examined the effects of these levels on clinical outcomes. RESULTS The mean level of serum renalase was 75.8 ± 34.8 μg/mL. In the multivariable analysis, lower hemoglobin levels, higher serum creatinine levels, and diabetes mellitus were significantly associated with a higher renalase levels. Over the course of a mean follow-up period of 56 months, 25 deaths and 61 MACCEs occurred. Among 322 patients in whom these outcomes were assessed, 137 adverse renal outcomes occurred after a mean follow-up period of 27.8 months. Each 10- μg/mL increase in serum renalase was associated with significantly greater hazards of all-cause mortality and adverse renal outcomes (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.112, p = 0.049; HR = 1.052, p = 0.045). However, serum renalase level was not associated with the rate of MACCEs in patients with CKD. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that circulating renalase might be a predictor of mortality and adverse renal outcomes in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Ha Baek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Ran-hui Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin Wook Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol Whee Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Ryong Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Sung Gyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Sun Ae Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Korea
| | - Sejoong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Youb Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Chun Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yon Su Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Young Na
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to Ki Young Na, M.D. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea Tel: +82-31-787-7014 Fax: +82-31-787-4051 E-mail:
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14
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Schmitz B, Kleber ME, Lenders M, Delgado GE, Engelbertz C, Huang J, Pavenstädt H, Breithardt G, Brand SM, März W, Brand E. Genome-wide association study suggests impact of chromosome 10 rs139401390 on kidney function in patients with coronary artery disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2750. [PMID: 30809046 PMCID: PMC6391429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an independent risk factor for onset and progression of coronary artery disease (CAD). Discovery of predisposing loci for kidney function in CAD patients was performed using a genome-wide association approach. Inclusion criteria were CAD with ≥50% stenosis (≥1 coronary artery) and a creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 30–75 ml/min/1.73 m2. An association of rs139401390 located to a region 58.8 kb upstream of renalase (RNLS) with eGFR was detected in the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study (n = 499, p = 7.88 × 10−9, mean eGFR 60.7 ml/min/1.73 m2). Direct genotyping of rs139401390A > G suggested increased eGFR by 12.0 ml/min/1.73 m2 per A allele (p = 0.000004). Genome-wide replication of rs139401390A > G in the Coronary Artery Disease and Renal Failure (CAD-REF) registry with a mean eGFR of 47.8 ml/min/1.73 m2 (n = 574, p = 0.033) was only nominally significant. Comparison of rs139401390 genotypes for risk of reduced kidney function in the overall LURIC study revealed higher adjusted odds ratios (OR) for eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 for CAD patients (n = 1992, OR = 2.36, p = 0.008, G/A + G/G vs A/A) compared to patients with/without CAD (n = 2908, OR = 1.97, p = 0.014, G/A + G/G vs A/A). No significant risk elevation was detected in patients without CAD (n = 948, p = 0.571). rs139401390 may affect kidney function in CAD patients with mild reduction in eGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Schmitz
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Medical Clinic V, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Malte Lenders
- Internal Medicine D, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Graciela E Delgado
- Medical Clinic V, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christiane Engelbertz
- Internal Medicine D, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hermann Pavenstädt
- Internal Medicine D, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Günter Breithardt
- Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stefan-Martin Brand
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Winfried März
- Medical Clinic V, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Synlab Academy, Synlab Holding Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Eva Brand
- Internal Medicine D, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
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15
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Akbari H, Asadikaram G, Vakili S, Masoumi M. Atorvastatin and losartan may upregulate renalase activity in hypertension but not coronary artery diseases: The role of gene polymorphism. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:9159-9171. [PMID: 30548657 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim is to explore the treatment effect of coronary artery disease (CAD) and hypertension on plasma levels of renalase activity and also the possible association of renalase rs10887800 gene polymorphism with CAD and hypertension. A total of 286 patients who received coronary angiography were included in the study. Subjects were divided into four groups including (1) hypertensive with no CAD (H-Tens, n = 60); (2) CAD with hypertension (CAD + H-Tens, n = 71); (3) CAD with no hypertension (CAD, n = 61); and (4) nonhypertensive with no CAD as a control group (Con, n = 69). The plasma renalase activity was measured using the Amplex Red Monoamine Oxidase Assay Kit. Renalase rs10887800 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Atorvastatin (P = 0.005), losartan (P < 0.001), and captopril (P = 0.001) were administered significantly more in case groups compared with the Con group. Significant higher and lower levels of renalase activity were observed in H-Tens and CAD patients compared with control subjects (P < 0.001 for both comparisons). Furthermore, no significant differences were obtained in the risk or protective effects of renalase rs10887800 SNP against hypertension and/or CAD in both recessive and dominant genetic models (P > 0.05). According to the findings of the present study, atorvastatin and losartan therapy assumes considerable significance in alleviating hypertension, but not CAD, by increasing the renalase activity. Furthermore, it was found that renalase rs10887800 is less likely a predisposing factor for susceptibility to hypertension and/or CAD in an Iranian southeast population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Akbari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Asadikaram
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sina Vakili
- Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Masoumi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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16
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Synergistic effect of renalase and chronic kidney disease on endothelin-1 in patients with coronary artery disease ‒ a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7378. [PMID: 29743680 PMCID: PMC5943599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25763-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is associated with endothelial dysfunction and vasoconstriction. Increased circulating ET-1 levels are associated with long-term cardiovascular mortality. Renalase, released from kidney, metabolizes catecholamines and regulates blood pressure. An increase in circulating renalase levels has been reported in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). We hypothesized the existence of a synergistic effect of serum renalase levels and CKD on ET-1 levels in patients with CAD. We evaluated 342 non-diabetic patients with established CAD. ET-1 and renalase levels were measured in all patients after an overnight fast. Patients with CKD had higher ET-1 (1.95 ± 0.77 vs. 1.62 ± 0.76 pg/ml, P < 0.001) and renalase levels (46.8 ± 17.1 vs. 33.9 ± 9.9 ng/ml, P < 0.001) than patients without CKD. Patients with both CKD and high renalase levels (>the median of 36.2 ng/ml) exhibited the highest serum ET-1 (P value for the trend <0.001). According to multivariate linear regression analysis, the combination of high serum renalase levels with CKD was a significant risk factor for increased serum ET-1 levels (regression coefficient = 0.297, 95% confidence interval = 0.063‒0.531, P = 0.013). In conclusion, our data suggest a synergistic effect of high serum renalase levels and CKD on increases in ET-1 levels in patients with established CAD.
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17
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Moran GR, Hoag MR. The enzyme: Renalase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 632:66-76. [PMID: 28558965 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Within the last two years catalytic substrates for renalase have been identified, some 10 years after its initial discovery. 2- and 6-dihydronicotinamide (2- and 6-DHNAD) isomers of β-NAD(P)H (4-dihydroNAD(P)) are rapidly oxidized by renalase to form β-NAD(P)+. The two electrons liberated are then passed to molecular oxygen by the renalase FAD cofactor forming hydrogen peroxide. This activity would appear to serve an intracellular detoxification/metabolite repair function that alleviates inhibition of primary metabolism dehydrogenases by 2- and 6-DHNAD molecules. This activity is supported by the complete structural assignment of the substrates, comprehensive kinetic analyses, defined species specific substrate specificity profiles and X-ray crystal structures that reveal ligand complexation consistent with this activity. This apparently intracellular function for the renalase enzyme is not allied with the majority of the renalase research that holds renalase to be a secreted mammalian protein that functions in blood to elicit a broad array of profound physiological changes. In this review a description of renalase as an enzyme is presented and an argument is offered that its enzymatic function can now reasonably be assumed to be uncoupled from whole organism physiological influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R Moran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer St, Milwaukee, WI 53211-3209, United States.
| | - Matthew R Hoag
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer St, Milwaukee, WI 53211-3209, United States
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18
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Ibrahim IA, Sayed HA, Mohammed AA. Plasma renalase as a biomarker of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.4103/1110-7782.200966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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19
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Wang Y, Safirstein R, Velazquez H, Guo XJ, Hollander L, Chang J, Chen TM, Mu JJ, Desir GV. Extracellular renalase protects cells and organs by outside-in signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1260-1265. [PMID: 28238213 PMCID: PMC5487909 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Renalase was discovered as a protein synthesized by the kidney and secreted in blood where it circulates at a concentration of approximately 3-5 μg/ml. Initial reports suggested that it functioned as an NAD(P)H oxidase and could oxidize catecholamines. Administration of renalase lowers blood pressure and heart rate and also protects cells and organs against ischaemic and toxic injury. Although renalase's protective effect was initially ascribed to its oxidase properties, a paradigm shift in our understanding of the cellular actions of renalase is underway. We now understand that, independent of its enzymatic properties, renalase functions as a cytokine that provides protection to cells, tissues and organs by interacting with its receptor to activate protein kinase B, JAK/STAT, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. In addition, recent studies suggest that dysregulated renalase signalling may promote survival of several tumour cells due to its capacity to augment expression of growth-related genes. In this review, we focus on the cytoprotective actions of renalase and its capacity to sustain cancer cell growth and also the translational opportunities these findings represent for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for organ injury and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Robert Safirstein
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Heino Velazquez
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xiao-Jia Guo
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lindsay Hollander
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - John Chang
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tian-Min Chen
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jian-Jun Mu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gary V Desir
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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20
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Zbroch E, Musialowska D, Koc-Zorawska E, Malyszko J. Age influence on renalase and catecholamines concentration in hypertensive patients, including maintained dialysis. Clin Interv Aging 2016; 11:1545-1550. [PMID: 27822026 PMCID: PMC5094527 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s106109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension in elderly patients is one of the main problems in cardiovascular diseases. The sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity seen in older patients is a known risk factor for hypertension and other cardiovascular events as well as chronic kidney disease. Renalase, secreted by the kidney and circulated in blood, may regulate the sympathetic tone by catecholamine degradation and in this way has an impact on cardiovascular and renal complications. OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of age on renalase and catecholamine concentration in hypertensive patients, including those on dialyses and its possible relation to blood pressure control and cardiovascular disease. METHODS The study cohort of 211 patients was divided into two groups according to age below 65 years (range 19-64) and above 65 years (range 65-86). The older group represented 38% of the whole studied population and 75% of them were dialyzed. The two groups of different ages were also divided into dialysis and nondialysis subgroups. The serum renalase, dopamine, and norepinephrine concentration together with blood pressure value and echocardiography were assessed. RESULTS Patients aged 65 years and more had higher renalase (20.59 vs 13.14 µg/mL, P=0.02) and dopamine (41.71 vs 15.46 pg/mL, P<0.001) concentration as well as lower diastolic blood pressure (75.33 vs 85 mmHg, P=0.001), advanced abnormalities in echocardiography, and more often suffered from diabetes and coronary artery disease. The significant correlation between age and renalase (r=0.16; P=0.019), norepinephrine (r=0.179; P=0.013), and dopamine (r=0.21; P=0.003) was found in the whole study population. In the nondialysis subgroup, 44% had chronic kidney disease, mostly in the stage 2 (83%). There was a significantly higher norepinephrine concentration (1.21 vs 0.87 ng/mL; P=0.008) in older patients of that population. In the dialysis subgroup, there were no differences between renalase and catecholamine level but older participants had lower diastolic blood pressure (69 vs 78 mmHg, P=0.001) and ejection fraction (51% vs 56.8%, P=0.03). CONCLUSION The elevated renalase level in older hypertensive patients is related rather to kidney function and cardiovascular diseases than to age itself. Thus, renalase appears to be the possible new marker of these indications in this special population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Zbroch
- Second Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Dominika Musialowska
- Second Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Koc-Zorawska
- Second Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jolanta Malyszko
- Second Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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21
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Intramyocardial Injection of siRNAs Can Efficiently Establish Myocardial Tissue-Specific Renalase Knockdown Mouse Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1267570. [PMID: 27868059 PMCID: PMC5102703 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1267570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury will cause additional death of cardiomyocytes in ischaemic heart disease. Recent studies revealed that renalase was involved in the I/R injury. So, the myocardial tissue-specific knockdown mouse models were needed for the investigations of renalase. To establish the mouse models, intramyocardial injection of siRNAs targeting renalase was performed in mice. The wild distribution and high transfection efficiency of the siRNAs were approved. And the renalase expression was efficiently suppressed in myocardial tissue. Compared with the high cost, time consumption, and genetic compensation risk of the Cre/loxP technology, RNA interference (RNAi) technology is much cheaper and less time-consuming. Among the RNAi technologies, injection of siRNAs is safer than virus. And considering the properties of the I/R injury mouse models, the efficiency and durability of injection with siRNAs are acceptable for the studies. Altogether, intramyocardial injection of siRNAs targeting renalase is an economical, safe, and efficient method to establish myocardial tissue-specific renalase knockdown mouse models.
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Yılmaz ZV, Akkaş E, Yıldırım T, Yılmaz R, Erdem Y. A novel marker in pregnant with preeclampsia: renalase. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 30:808-813. [PMID: 27147460 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2016.1186637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia is characterized by an increase in high blood pressure and decrease in GFR and proteinuria, however, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Renalase is a recently discovered protein implicated in regulation of blood pressure in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasma concentrations of serum renalase were measured in healthy controls, healthy pregnant and pregnant with preeclampsia matched for age, gestational age, in the third trimester of pregnancy. Serum renalase levels were compared in pregnant with and without preeclampsia and non-pregnant controls. Factors associated with serum renalase levels in pregnancies were also evaluated. RESULTS In healthy pregnant serum renalase levels were significantly higher than in controls. However, pregnant with preeclampsia had lower renalase levels than healthy controls. Serum renalase levels were inversely associated with blood pressure levels and positively correlated with glomerular filtration rate. CONCLUSION The results indicated that the development of preeclampsia in pregnant is accompanied by altered serum renalase levels. High blood pressure and kidney damage that characterize this disorder are mediated at least in part by low renalase levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Vural Yılmaz
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Dr. Sami Ulus Women's and Children's Health Training and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey , and
| | - Elif Akkaş
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Dr. Sami Ulus Women's and Children's Health Training and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey , and
| | - Tolga Yıldırım
- b Nephrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Rahmi Yılmaz
- b Nephrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Yunus Erdem
- b Nephrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
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23
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Severina IS, Fedchenko VI, Veselovsky AV, Medvedev AE. [The history of renalase from amine oxidase to a a-NAD(P)H-oxidase/anomerase]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2016; 61:667-79. [PMID: 26716738 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20156106667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Renalase is a recently discovered secretory protein, which plays a certain (still poorly understood) role in regulation of blood pressure. The review summarizes own and literature data accumulated since the first publication on relanase (2005). Initial reports on FAD-dependent amine oxidase activity of this protein were not confirmed in independent experiments performed in different laboratories. In addition, proposed amine oxidase activity of circulating extracellular renalase requires the presence of FAD, which has not been detected either in blood or urinary renalase. Moreover, renalase excreted into urine lacks its N-terminal peptide, which is ultimately needed for accommodation of the FAD cofactor. Results of the Aliverti's group on NAD(P)H binding by renalase and weak diaphorase activity of this protein stimulated further studies of renalase as NAD(P)H oxidase catalyzing reaction of catecholamine co-oxidation. However, physiological importance of such extracellular catecholamine-metabolizing activity (demonstrated in one laboratory and not detected in another laboratory) remains unclear due to existence of much more active enzymatic systems (e.g. neutrophil NAD(P)H oxidase, xanthine oxidase/xanthine) in circulation, which can perform such co-oxidation reactions. Recently a-NAD(P)H oxidase/anomerase activity of renalase, which also pomotes oxidative conversion of b-NADH isomers inhibiting activity of NAD-dependent dehydrogenases, has been described. However, its possible contribution to the antihypertensive effect of renalase remains unclear. Thus, the antihypertensive effect of renalase still remains a phenomenon with unclear biochemical mechanim(s) and functions of intracellular and extracellular (circulating) renalases obviously differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Severina
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - A E Medvedev
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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24
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Salman IM. Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease: a Comprehensive Review. Curr Hypertens Rep 2016; 17:59. [PMID: 26071764 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-015-0571-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction is a major complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), likely contributing to the high incidence of cardiovascular mortality in this patient population. In addition to adrenergic overdrive in affected individuals, clinical and experimental evidence now strongly indicates the presence of impaired reflex control of both sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow to the heart and vasculature. Although the principal underlying mechanisms are not completely understood, potential involvements of altered baroreceptor, cardiopulmonary, and chemoreceptor reflex function, along with factors including but not limited to increased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity, activation of the renal afferents and cardiovascular structural remodeling have been suggested. This review therefore analyzes potential mechanisms underpinning autonomic imbalance in CKD, covers results accumulated thus far on cardiovascular autonomic function studies in clinical and experimental renal failure, discusses the role of current interventional and therapeutic strategies in ameliorating autonomic deficits associated with chronic renal dysfunction, and identifies gaps in our knowledge of neural mechanisms driving cardiovascular disease in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Salman
- The Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
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25
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Aritomi S, Harada E, Sugino K, Nishimura M, Nakamura T, Takahara A. Comparison of the cardioprotective and renoprotective effects of the L/N-type calcium channel blocker, cilnidipine, in adriamycin-treated spontaneously-hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:344-52. [PMID: 25582553 PMCID: PMC4409849 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cilnidipine is an L/N-type calcium channel blocker (CCB). The effects of cilnidipine on N-type channels give it unique organ-protective properties via the suppression of hyperactivity in the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). In the present study, we compared the effects of cilnidipine and amlodipine (an L-type CCB) on cardiac and renal functions in spontaneously-hypertensive rats injected with adriamycin (ADR). After the weekly administration of ADR for 3 weeks, spontaneously-hypertensive rats were orally administered cilnidipine (20 mg/kg per day), amlodipine (3 mg/kg per day), or vehicle once daily for 4 weeks. A control group received saline rather than ADR, followed by vehicle for 4 weeks. Cilnidipine and amlodipine produced similar reductions in blood pressure after 4 weeks. Cilnidipine ameliorated ADR-induced heart and kidney damage, whereas amlodipine slightly improved cardiac echocardiographic parameters, but did not protect against ADR-induced renal damage. Cilnidipine (but not amlodipine) suppressed the reflex SNS and RAAS hyperactivity caused by their antihypertensive effects. Furthermore, cilnidipine and amlodipine treatment decreased the urinary levels of adrenocortical hormones. The protective effects of cilnidipine against ADR-induced renal and cardiac dysfunction might be associated with its blockade of N-type calcium channels, in addition to its pleiotropic actions, which include the inhibition of the RAAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Aritomi
- Research Institute, Ajinomoto Pharmaceuticals, Kanagawa, Japan; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
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26
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Hypertension in children with end-stage renal disease. Adv Med Sci 2015; 60:342-8. [PMID: 26275711 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes current data on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of hypertension (HTN) in children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Worldwide prevalence of ESRD ranges from 5.0 to 84.4 per million age-related population. HTN is present in 27-79% of children with ESRD, depending on the modality of renal replacement therapy and the exact definition of hypertension. Ambulatory BP monitoring has been recommended for the detection of HTN and evaluation of treatment effectiveness. HTN in dialyzed patients is mostly related to hypervolemia, sodium overload, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and sympathetic nervous system, impaired nitric oxide synthesis, reduced vitamin D levels, and effects of microRNA. In children undergoing chronic dialysis therapy, important factors include optimization of renal replacement therapy and preservation of residual renal function, allowing reduction of volume- and sodium-overload, along with appropriate drug treatment, particularly with calcium channel blockers, RAAS inhibitors, and loop diuretics.
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27
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Maciorkowska D, Zbroch E, Malyszko J. Circulating renalase, catecholamines, and vascular adhesion protein 1 in hypertensive patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 9:855-64. [PMID: 26403854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to estimate and correlate circulating levels of renalase, vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), catecholamines in patients with primary hypertension. The renalase, VAP-1, and catecholamines concentration was estimated in 121 hypertensive patients. The correlation between renalase, VAP-1 levels and catecholamine concentration in blood, blood pressure control, pharmacological therapy, and medical history were taken in to consideration. The median office blood pressure was 145.5/86 mm Hg and was significantly higher than the median home blood pressure measurement value, which was 135/80 mm Hg, P < .05. Circulating renalase and VAP-1 (Me 9.57 μg/mL and Me = 326.7 ng/mL) levels were significantly higher in patients with hypertension comparing to healthy individuals (3.83 μg/mL and 248.37 ng/mL, P < .05). The correlation between renalase and noradrenalin concentration in blood was observed (r = 0.549; P < .05), also the correlation between VAP-1 and noradrenaline was noticed (r = 0.21, P = .029). Renalase level was higher in patients with coronary artery disease and correlated with decreased ejection fraction. VAP-1 concentration correlated also with left ventricular ejection fraction (r = -0.23, P = .013). Hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus had almost statistically significant higher VAP-1 concentration compared with hypertensive patients without diabetes mellitus (Me = 403.22 ng/mL vs. Me = 326,68 ng/mL, P = .064). In multiple regression analysis, renalase was predicted by plasma dopamine and norepinephrine as also diastolic office blood pressure and left ventricle ejection fraction. Circulating renalase and VAP-1 levels are elevated in patients with poor blood pressure control. Its correlation with noradrenalin concentration need further studies to find out the role of renalase as also VAP-1 in pathogenesis and treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Maciorkowska
- Second Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Edyta Zbroch
- Second Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jolanta Malyszko
- Second Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Hoag MR, Roman J, Beaupre BA, Silvaggi NR, Moran GR. Bacterial Renalase: Structure and Kinetics of an Enzyme with 2- and 6-Dihydro-β-NAD(P) Oxidase Activity from Pseudomonas phaseolicola. Biochemistry 2015; 54:3791-802. [PMID: 26016690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite a lack of convincing in vitro evidence and a number of sound refutations, it is widely accepted that renalase is an enzyme unique to animals that catalyzes the oxidative degradation of catecholamines in blood in order to lower vascular tone. Very recently, we identified isomers of β-NAD(P)H as substrates for renalase (Beaupre, B. A. et al. (2015) Biochemistry, 54, 795-806). These molecules carry the hydride equivalent on the 2 or 6 position of the nicotinamide base and presumably arise in nonspecific redox reactions of nicotinamide dinucleotides. Renalase serves to rapidly oxidize these isomers to form β-NAD(P)⁺ and then pass the electrons to dioxygen, forming H₂O₂. We have also shown that these substrate molecules are highly inhibitory to dehydrogenase enzymes and thus have proposed an intracellular metabolic role for this enzyme. Here, we identify a renalase from an organism without a circulatory system. This bacterial form of renalase has the same substrate specificity profile as that of human renalase but, in terms of binding constant (K(d)), shows a marked preference for substrates derived from β-NAD⁺. 2-dihydroNAD(P) substrates reduce the enzyme with rate constants (k(red)) that greatly exceed those for 6-dihydroNAD(P) substrates. Taken together, k(red)/K(d) values indicate a minimum 20-fold preference for 2DHNAD. We also offer the first structures of a renalase in complex with catalytically relevant ligands β-NAD⁺ and β-NADH (the latter being an analogue of the substrate(s)). These structures show potential electrostatic repulsion interactions with the product and a unique binding orientation for the substrate nicotinamide base that is consistent with the identified activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Hoag
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3209, United States
| | - Joseph Roman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3209, United States
| | - Brett A Beaupre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3209, United States
| | - Nicholas R Silvaggi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3209, United States
| | - Graham R Moran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3209, United States
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Renalase does not catalyze the oxidation of catecholamines. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 579:62-6. [PMID: 26049000 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the function of human renalase is to oxidize catecholamines in blood. However, this belief is based on experiments that did not account for slow, facile catecholamine autoxidation reactions. Recent evidence has shown that renalase has substrates with which it reacts rapidly. The reaction catalyzed defines renalase as an oxidase, one that harvests two electrons from either 2-dihydroNAD(P) or 6-dihydroNAD(P) to form β-NAD(P)(+) and hydrogen peroxide. The apparent metabolic purpose of such a reaction is to avoid inhibition of primary dehydrogenase enzymes by these β-NAD(P)H isomers. This article demonstrates that renalase does not catalyze the oxidation of neurotransmitter catecholamines. Using high-performance liquid chromatography we show that there is no evidence of consumption of epinephrine by renalase. Using time-dependent spectrophotometry we show that the renalase FAD cofactor spectrum is unresponsive to added catecholamines, that adrenochromes are not observed to accumulate in the presence of renalase and that the kinetics of single turnover reactions with 6-dihydroNAD are unaltered by the addition of catecholamines. Lastly we show using an oxygen electrode assay that plasma renalase activity is below the level of detection and only when exogenous renalase and 6-dihydroNAD are added can dioxygen be observed to be consumed.
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30
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The catalytic function of renalase: A decade of phantoms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1864:177-86. [PMID: 25900362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ten years after the initial identification of human renalase the first genuinely catalytic substrates have been identified. Throughout the prior decade a consensus belief that renalase is produced predominantly by the kidney and catalytically oxidizes catecholamines in order to lower blood pressure and slow the heart has prevailed. This belief was, however, based on fundamentally flawed scientific observations that did not include control reactions to account for the well-known autoxidation of catecholamines in oxygenated solutions. Nonetheless, the initial claims have served as the kernel for a rapidly expanding body of research largely predicated on the belief that catecholamines are substrates for this enzyme. The proliferation of scientific studies pertaining to renalase as a hormone has proceeded unabated despite well-reasoned expressions of dissent that have indicated the deficiencies of the initial observations and other inconsistencies. Our group has very recently identified isomeric forms of β-NAD(P)H as substrates for renalase. These substrates arise from non-specific reduction of β-NAD(P)(+) that forms β-4-dihydroNAD(P) (β-NAD(P)H), β-2-dihydroNAD(P) and β-6-dihydroNAD(P); the latter two being substrates for renalase. Renalase oxidizes these substrates with rate constants that are up to 10(4)-fold faster than any claimed for catecholamines. The electrons harvested are delivered to dioxygen via the enzyme's FAD cofactor forming both H2O2 and β-NAD(P)(+) as products. It would appear that the metabolic purpose of this chemistry is to alleviate the inhibitory effect of β-2-dihydroNAD(P) and β-6-dihydroNAD(P) on primary metabolism dehydrogenase enzymes. The identification of this genuinely catalytic activity for renalase calls for re-evaluation of much of the research of this enzyme, in which definitive links between renalase catecholamine consumption and physiological responses were reported. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Physiological enzymology and protein functions.
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31
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Malyszko J, Bachorzewska-Gajewska H, Dobrzycki S. Renalase, kidney and cardiovascular disease: are they related or just coincidentally associated? Adv Med Sci 2015; 60:41-9. [PMID: 25461379 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension are the leading cause of death in the developed countries. Diabetes and chronic kidney disease became also more prevalent reaching almost the level of epidemy. Researchers are looking eagerly for the new risk and/or pathogenetic factors, as well as therapeutic option in these disease. It has been suggested that human kidney releases a protein named renalase into the bloodstream. It is supposed to be an enzyme which breaks down catecholamines in the blood circulation and regulate blood pressure. However, there were several doubts whether renalase exerts monoaminooxidase activity, or if it is monoaminooxidase at all. Recently, a hypothesis that it is also a cytokine was postulated. Studies on renalase polymorphisms in hypertension, cardiovascular disease or diabetes are inconsistent. Similarly, there are several discrepancies in the animal on the possible role of renalase in hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Some studies report a protective role of renalase in acute kidney injury, whereas others showed that renalase levels were mainly dependent on kidney function, indicating rather a role of kidney in excretion of this substance. Moreover, validated assays are needed to evaluate renalase levels and activity. On one hand a deeper and more accurate link between renalase and cardiovascular diseases require further profound research, on the other hand whether or not renalase protein could be a new therapeutic target in these pathologies should also be considered. Whether renalase, discovered in 2005, might be a Holy Grail of hypertension, linking kidney and cardiovascular diseases, remains to be proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Malyszko
- 2nd Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
| | | | - Slawomir Dobrzycki
- Invasive Cardiology Department, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Du M, Huang K, Huang D, Yang L, Gao L, Wang X, Huang D, Li X, Wang C, Zhang F, Wang Y, Cheng M, Tong Q, Qin G, Huang K, Wang L. Renalase is a novel target gene of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 in protection against cardiac ischaemia–reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 105:182-91. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Zhao Q, Huang H, Wang X, Wang X, Dai Z, Wan P, Guo Z, Yu S, Tang Y, Huang C. Changes of serum neurohormone after renal sympathetic denervation in dogs with pacing-induced heart failure. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014; 7:4024-4030. [PMID: 25550911 PMCID: PMC4276169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurohormonal activation is a commonly cited array of phenomena in the body's physiologic response to heart failure (HF). The aim of the present study was to determine the change law of serum neurohormones after renal sympathetic denervation (RSD) in dogs with pacing-induced HF. METHODS Twenty-eight beagles were randomly divided into control group, RSD group, HF group and HF + RSD group. The control group was implanted pacemakers without pacing; the RSD group underwent renal artery ablation without pacing; the HF group was implanted pacemakers with ventricular pacing at 240 bpm for 3 weeks; and HF + RSD group underwent renal artery ablation and with ventricular pacing at 240 bpm for 3 weeks. Blood samples were taken at baseline, and 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 days in all the dogs for neurohormones measurement. RESULTS After 3 weeks, the systolic femoral artery pressures in the HF and HF + RSD groups were reduced after pacing 3 weeks. There was an increase significantly in BNP, angiotensin II, aldosterone, endothelin-1 and decrease in renalase after 3 weeks when compared with baseline in HF group. RSD significantly suppressed the changes of plasma neurohormones concentration in experimental HF, but RSD had not obviously impact on the levels of plasma neurohormones during 3 weeks in RSD group. CONCLUSIONS RSD attenuates the changes of levels of plasma neurohormones in the activated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) but had not obviously effect in the normal physiology of RAAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyan Zhao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan City 430060, P. R. of China
| | - He Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan City 430060, P. R. of China
| | - Xule Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan City 430060, P. R. of China
| | - Xiaozhan Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan City 430060, P. R. of China
| | - Zixuan Dai
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan City 430060, P. R. of China
| | - Peixing Wan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan City 430060, P. R. of China
| | - Zongwen Guo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan City 430060, P. R. of China
| | - Shengbo Yu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan City 430060, P. R. of China
| | - Yanhong Tang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan City 430060, P. R. of China
| | - Congxin Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan City 430060, P. R. of China
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Sonawane PJ, Gupta V, Sasi BK, Kalyani A, Natarajan B, Khan AA, Sahu BS, Mahapatra NR. Transcriptional regulation of the novel monoamine oxidase renalase: Crucial roles of transcription factors Sp1, STAT3, and ZBP89. Biochemistry 2014; 53:6878-92. [PMID: 25295465 DOI: 10.1021/bi500798n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Renalase, a novel monoamine oxidase, is emerging as an important regulator of cardiovascular, metabolic, and renal diseases. However, the mechanism of transcriptional regulation of this enzyme remains largely unknown. We undertook a systematic analysis of the renalase gene to identify regulatory promoter elements and transcription factors. Computational analysis coupled with transfection of human renalase promoter/luciferase reporter plasmids (5'-promoter-deletion constructs) into various cell types (HEK-293, IMR32, and HepG2) identified two crucial promoter domains at base pairs -485 to -399 and -252 to -150. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays using renalase promoter oligonucleotides with and without potential binding sites for transcription factors Sp1, STAT3, and ZBP89 displayed formation of specific complexes with HEK-293 nuclear proteins. Consistently, overexpression of Sp1, STAT3, and ZBP89 augmented renalase promoter activity; additionally, siRNA-mediated downregulation of Sp1, STAT3, and ZBP89 reduced the level of endogenous renalase transcription as well as the transfected renalase promoter activity. In addition, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed in vivo interactions of these transcription factors with renalase promoter. Interestingly, renalase promoter activity was augmented by nicotine and catecholamines; while Sp1 and STAT3 synergistically activated the nicotine-induced effect, Sp1 appeared to enhance epinephrine-evoked renalase transcription. Moreover, renalase transcript levels in mouse models of human essential hypertension were concomitantly associated with endogenous STAT3 and ZBP89 levels, suggesting crucial roles for these transcription factors in regulating renalase gene expression in cardiovascular pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parshuram J Sonawane
- Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600036, India
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Ton QV, Hammes SR. Recent Insights on Circulating Catecholamines in Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2014; 16:498. [DOI: 10.1007/s11906-014-0498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Wasilewski G, Przybyłowski P, Janik L, Nowak E, Sadowski J, Małyszko J. Dopamine and Noradrenaline Are Unrelated to Renalase, Heart Rate, and Blood Pressure in Heart Transplant Recipients. Transplant Proc 2014; 46:2835-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wang F, Cai H, Zhao Q, Xing T, Li J, Wang N. Epinephrine Evokes Renalase Secretion via a-Adrenoceptor/NF-κB Pathways in Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells. Kidney Blood Press Res 2014; 39:252-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000355802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Pliquett RU, Benkhoff S, Jung O, Brandes RP. Sympathoactivation and rho-kinase-dependent baroreflex function in experimental renovascular hypertension with reduced kidney mass. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 14:4. [PMID: 24946879 PMCID: PMC4074138 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-14-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system is frequent in subjects with cardiovascular disease. The contribution of different forms of renovascular hypertension and the mechanisms contributing to autonomic dysfunction in hypertension are incompletely understood. Here, murine models of renovascular hypertension with preserved (2-kidneys-1 clip, 2K1C) and reduced (1-kidney-1 clip, 1K1C) kidney mass were studied with regard to autonomic nervous system regulation (sympathetic tone: power-spectral analysis of systolic blood pressure; parasympathetic tone: power-spectral analysis of heart rate) and baroreflex sensitivity of heart rate by spontaneous, concomitant changes of systolic blood pressure and pulse interval. Involvement of the renin-angiotensin system and the rho-kinase pathway were determined by application of inhibitors. RESULTS C57BL6N mice (6 to 11) with reduced kidney mass (1K1C) or with preserved kidney mass (2K1C) developed a similar degree of hypertension. In comparison to control mice, both models presented with a significantly increased sympathetic tone and lower baroreflex sensitivity of heart rate. However, only 2K1C animals had a lower parasympathetic tone, whereas urinary norepinephrine excretion was reduced in the 1K1C model. Rho kinase inhibition given to a subset of 1K1C and 2K1C animals improved baroreflex sensitivity of heart rate selectively in the 1K1C model. Rho kinase inhibition had no additional effects on autonomic nervous system in either model of renovascular hypertension and did not change the blood pressure. Blockade of AT1 receptors (in 2K1C animals) normalized the sympathetic tone, decreased resting heart rate, improved baroreflex sensitivity of heart rate and parasympathetic tone. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of residual renal mass, blood pressure and sympathetic tone are increased, whereas baroreflex sensitivity is depressed in murine models of renovascular hypertension. Reduced norepinephrine excretion and/or degradation might contribute to sympathoactivation in renovascular hypertension with reduced renal mass (1K1C). Overall, the study helps to direct research to optimize medical therapy of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer U Pliquett
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Vascular Research Centre, Fachbereich Medizin, Goethe University, Frankfurt (Main), Germany.
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Li X, Jiang W, Li L, Huang R, Yang Q, Yang Y, Hong Y, Tang X. Renalase gene polymorphism in patients with hypertension and concomitant coronary heart disease. Kidney Blood Press Res 2014; 39:9-16. [PMID: 24821235 DOI: 10.1159/000355771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS This study aimed to investigate renalase gene polymorphism in patients with hypertension and concomitant coronary heart disease (CHD) and to evaluate the risk for CHD in hypertensive patients from the view of genetics. METHODS NCBI and HapMap genome database were employed to screen the Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). These SNPs were detected in hypertensive and CHD patients (n=791), hypertensive patients (n=802) and healthy controls (n=812), and the genotypes were recorded. Haploview 4.2 software was used to determine the genotypes, allele frequency, haplotypes, linkage disequilibrium and Hardy-Weinberg (HWE) equilibrium, and odds ratio (OR) was calculated with non-conditioned logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The frequency of allele A of rs2576178 in patients with hypertensive and CHD was markedly higher than that in hypertensive patients (p=0.001, OR=1.625,95% CI 1.221-2.160). The frequency of allele C of rs2296545 in hypertensive patients was significantly higher than that in healthy controls (P=0.009, OR=1.436, 95% CI 1.095-1.883). CONCLUSION The allele A of rs2576178 may be a predisposing factor of CHD in hypertensive patients, and hypertensive patients with AA genotype are susceptible to develop CHD. The allele C of rs2296545 may be a predisposing factor of hypertension and patients with CC genotype are susceptible to develop hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
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Li X, Huang R, Xie Z, Lin M, Liang Z, Yang Y, Jiang W. Renalase, a new secretory enzyme: Its role in hypertensive-ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:688-92. [PMID: 24762661 PMCID: PMC4005863 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Renalase, a novel amine oxidase, is mainly expressed in the kidney, heart, and skeletal muscle. It has been known to degrade circulating catecholamines and plays a crucial role in human diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated its structure, unique bioactivities, function, and the gene polymorphisms in human diseases. In this review, we summarize the effects of renalase on hypertension, myocardial ischemia, acute kidney injury (AKI), ischemic stroke, cardiac dysfunction, organ transplantation, and diabetes mellitus reported in numerous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (mainland)
| | - Ruixia Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (mainland)
| | - Zijian Xie
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (mainland)
| | - Mingyuan Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (mainland)
| | - Zhongshu Liang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (mainland)
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (mainland)
| | - Weihong Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (mainland)
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Wang F, Huang B, Li J, Liu L, Wang N. Renalase might be associated with hypertension and insulin resistance in Type 2 diabetes. Ren Fail 2014; 36:552-6. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2013.876352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Yiqi Huoxue Recipe Improves Heart Function through Inhibiting Apoptosis Related to Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Myocardial Infarction Model of Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:745919. [PMID: 24864159 PMCID: PMC4016842 DOI: 10.1155/2014/745919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To explore the mechanism of cardioprotective effects of Chinese medicine, Yiqi Huoxue recipe, in rats with myocardial infarction- (MI-) induced heart failure. Methods. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent left anterior descending artery (LAD) ligation or sham operation. The surviving MI rats were divided randomly into three groups: MI (5 mL/kg/d NS by gavage), MI + Metoprolol Tartrate (MT) (12 mg/kg/d MT by gavage), and MI + Yiqi Huoxue (5 mL/kg recipe by gavage). And the sham operation rats were given 5 mL/kg/d normal saline. Treatments were given on the day following surgery for 4 weeks. Then rats were detected for heart structure and function by transthoracic echocardiography. Apoptosis in heart tissues was detected by TUNEL staining. To determine whether the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response pathway is included in the cardioprotective function of the recipe, ER stress related proteins such as GRP78 and caspase-12 were examined. Results. Yiqi Huoxue recipe attenuated heart function injury, reversed histopathological damage, alleviated myocardial apoptosis and inhibited ER stress in MI rats. Conclusion. All the results suggest that Yiqi Huoxue recipe improves the injured heart function maybe through inhibition of ER stress response pathway, which is a promising target in therapy for heart failure.
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Serum renalase is related to catecholamine levels and renal function. Clin Exp Nephrol 2014; 19:92-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10157-014-0951-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Wang Y, Chu C, Ren J, Mu JJ, Wang D, Liu FQ, Ren KY, Guo TS, Yuan ZY. Genetic Variants in Renalase and Blood Pressure Responses to Dietary Salt and Potassium Interventions: A Family-Based Association Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 39:497-506. [DOI: 10.1159/000368460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Renalase, a recently discovered flavoprotein, which is strongly expressed in the kidney and heart, effectively metabolizes catecholamines. It was discovered during the search to identify proteins secreted by the kidney that could help explain the high incidence of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. Recent advances have led to more detailed knowledge of its biology, structure, enzymatic activity, mechanisms of action, associations with human disease states and potential therapeutic value. In this study, we review these advances with a focus on hypertension and kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary V Desir
- Medical Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
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Quelhas-Santos J, Sampaio-Maia B, Simões-Silva L, Serrão P, Fernandes-Cerqueira C, Soares-Silva I, Pestana M. Sodium-dependent modulation of systemic and urinary renalase expression and activity in the rat remnant kidney. J Hypertens 2013; 31:543-52; discussion 552-3. [PMID: 23314744 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32835d6e34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study examined the influence of high-sodium intake on systemic and urinary renalase levels and activity in 3/4 nephrectomized (3/4nx) and Sham rats. RESULTS The reduced circulating renalase levels in 3/4nx rats during normal-sodium intake were accompanied by increased plasma renalase activity. The sodium-induced increase of blood pressure in 3/4nx rats was accompanied by significant decreases in circulating renalase levels and activity as well as by a significant decrease in cardiac renalase levels in 3/4nx rats but not in Sham rats. During normal-sodium intake, no significant differences were observed in either urine renalase levels or activity between 3/4nx and Sham rats, not withstanding the ∼75% decrease in daily urine dopamine output observed in the rat remnant kidney. During high-sodium intake, urinary renalase levels increased in both 3/4nx and Sham groups by three-fold whereas urinary renalase activity increased in 3/4nx and Sham rats by greater than twelve-fold and greater than four-fold, respectively. This was accompanied by sodium-induced increases in daily urinary dopamine output in both 3/4nx and Sham rats by ∼2.3-fold and ∼1.6-fold, respectively. CONCLUSION The reduced circulating renalase levels in 3/4nx rats are accompanied by increased plasma renalase activity, which appears to be related with decreased inhibition of the circulating enzyme. Differences in systemic and urinary renalase levels and activity between 3/4nx and Sham rats during high-sodium intake may contribute to activation of the sympathetic nervous system, hypertension and enhanced cardiovascular risk in CKD but do not appear to account for the decrease in renal dopaminergic activity in the rat remnant kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janete Quelhas-Santos
- Nephrology Research and Development Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Association of Imaging Classification of Intracranial Cerebral Atherosclerotic Vascular Stenosis in Ischemic Stroke and Renalase Gene Polymorphisms. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 52:461-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Beaupre BA, Carmichael BR, Hoag MR, Shah DD, Moran GR. Renalase is an α-NAD(P)H oxidase/anomerase. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13980-7. [PMID: 23964689 DOI: 10.1021/ja407384h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Renalase is a protein hormone secreted into the blood by the kidney that is reported to lower blood pressure and slow heart rate. Since its discovery in 2005, renalase has been the subject of conjecture pertaining to its catalytic function. While it has been widely reported that renalase is the third monoamine oxidase (monoamine oxidase C) that oxidizes circulating catecholamines such as epinephrine, there has been no convincing demonstration of this catalysis in vitro. Renalase is a flavoprotein whose structural topology is similar to known oxidases, lysine demethylases, and monooxygenases, but its active site bears no resemblance to that of any known flavoprotein. We have identified the catalytic activity of renalase as an α-NAD(P)H oxidase/anomerase, whereby low equilibrium concentrations of the α-anomer of NADPH and NADH initiate rapid reduction of the renalase flavin cofactor. The reduced cofactor then reacts with dioxygen to form hydrogen peroxide and releases nicotinamide dinucleotide product in the β-form. These processes yield an apparent turnover number (0.5 s(-1) in atmospheric dioxygen) that is at least 2 orders of magnitude more rapid than any reported activity with catechol neurotransmitters. This highly novel activity is the first demonstration of a role for naturally occurring α-NAD(P)H anomers in mammalian physiology and the first report of a flavoprotein catalyzing an epimerization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Beaupre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3209, United States
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Zbroch E, Koc-Zorawska E, Malyszko J, Malyszko J, Mysliwiec M. Circulating Levels of Renalase, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine in Dialysis Patients. Ren Fail 2013; 35:673-9. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2013.778754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Lee HT, Kim JY, Kim M, Wang P, Tang L, Baroni S, D'Agati VD, Desir GV. Renalase protects against ischemic AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:445-55. [PMID: 23393318 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012090943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of plasma catecholamines accompany ischemic AKI, possibly contributing the inflammatory response. Renalase, an amine oxidase secreted by the proximal tubule, degrades circulating catecholamines and reduces myocardial necrosis, suggesting that it may protect against renal ischemia reperfusion injury. Here, mice subjected to renal ischemia reperfusion injury had significantly lower levels of renalase in the plasma and kidney compared with sham-operated mice. Consistent with this, plasma NE levels increased significantly after renal ischemia reperfusion injury. Furthermore, renal tubular inflammation, necrosis, and apoptosis were more severe and plasma catecholamine levels were higher in renalase-deficient mice subjected to renal ischemia reperfusion compared with wild-type mice. Administration of recombinant human renalase reduced plasma catecholamine levels and ameliorated ischemic AKI in wild-type mice. Taken together, these data suggest that renalase protects against ischemic AKI by reducing renal tubular necrosis, apoptosis, and inflammation, and that plasma renalase might be a biomarker for AKI. Recombinant renalase therapy may have potential for the prevention and treatment of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Thomas Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Research Laboratories, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, P&S Box 46 (PH-5), 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032-3784, USA.
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