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Noctor G, Cohen M, Trémulot L, Châtel-Innocenti G, Van Breusegem F, Mhamdi A. Glutathione: a key modulator of plant defence and metabolism through multiple mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4549-4572. [PMID: 38676714 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Redox reactions are fundamental to energy conversion in living cells, and also determine and tune responses to the environment. Within this context, the tripeptide glutathione plays numerous roles. As an important antioxidant, glutathione confers redox stability on the cell and also acts as an interface between signalling pathways and metabolic reactions that fuel growth and development. It also contributes to the assembly of cell components, biosynthesis of sulfur-containing metabolites, inactivation of potentially deleterious compounds, and control of hormonal signalling intensity. The multiplicity of these roles probably explains why glutathione status has been implicated in influencing plant responses to many different conditions. In particular, there is now a considerable body of evidence showing that glutathione is a crucial player in governing the outcome of biotic stresses. This review provides an overview of glutathione synthesis, transport, degradation, and redox turnover in plants. It examines the expression of genes associated with these processes during pathogen challenge and related conditions, and considers the diversity of mechanisms by which glutathione can influence protein function and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Noctor
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
| | - Mathias Cohen
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lug Trémulot
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Gilles Châtel-Innocenti
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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2
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Vitelli V, Giamborino A, Bertolini A, Saba A, Andreucci A. Cadmium Stress Signaling Pathways in Plants: Molecular Responses and Mechanisms. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:6052-6068. [PMID: 38921032 PMCID: PMC11202648 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46060361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal (HM) pollution, specifically cadmium (Cd) contamination, is a worldwide concern for its consequences for plant health and ecosystem stability. This review sheds light on the intricate mechanisms underlying Cd toxicity in plants and the various strategies employed by these organisms to mitigate its adverse effects. From molecular responses to physiological adaptations, plants have evolved sophisticated defense mechanisms to counteract Cd stress. We highlighted the role of phytochelatins (PCn) in plant detoxification, which chelate and sequester Cd ions to prevent their accumulation and minimize toxicity. Additionally, we explored the involvement of glutathione (GSH) in mitigating oxidative damage caused by Cd exposure and discussed the regulatory mechanisms governing GSH biosynthesis. We highlighted the role of transporter proteins, such as ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCs) and heavy metal ATPases (HMAs), in mediating the uptake, sequestration, and detoxification of Cd in plants. Overall, this work offered valuable insights into the physiological, molecular, and biochemical mechanisms underlying plant responses to Cd stress, providing a basis for strategies to alleviate the unfavorable effects of HM pollution on plant health and ecosystem resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vitelli
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Area, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.G.); (A.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Agnese Giamborino
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Area, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.G.); (A.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Andrea Bertolini
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Area, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.G.); (A.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Alessandro Saba
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Area, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.G.); (A.B.); (A.S.)
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3
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Doering LN, Gerling N, Linnenbrügger L, Lansing H, Baune MC, Fischer K, von Schaewen A. Evidence for dual targeting control of Arabidopsis 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase isoforms by N-terminal phosphorylation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2848-2866. [PMID: 38412416 PMCID: PMC11103113 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway (OPPP) retrieves NADPH from glucose-6-phosphate, which is important in chloroplasts at night and in plastids of heterotrophic tissues. We previously studied how OPPP enzymes may transiently locate to peroxisomes, but how this is achieved for the third enzyme remained unclear. By extending our genetic approach, we demonstrated that Arabidopsis isoform 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase 2 (PGD2) is indispensable in peroxisomes during fertilization, and investigated why all PGD-reporter fusions show a mostly cytosolic pattern. A previously published interaction of a plant PGD with thioredoxin m was confirmed using Trxm2 for yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescent complementation (BiFC) assays, and medial reporter fusions (with both ends accessible) proved to be beneficial for studying peroxisomal targeting of PGD2. Of special importance were phosphomimetic changes at Thr6, resulting in a clear targeting switch to peroxisomes, while a similar change at position Ser7 in PGD1 conferred plastid import. Apparently, efficient subcellular localization can be achieved by activating an unknown kinase, either early after or during translation. N-terminal phosphorylation of PGD2 interfered with dimerization in the cytosol, thus allowing accessibility of the C-terminal peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS1). Notably, we identified amino acid positions that are conserved among plant PGD homologues, with PTS1 motifs first appearing in ferns, suggesting a functional link to fertilization during the evolution of seed plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Nico Doering
- University of Münster, Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Molecular Physiology of Plants, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Niklas Gerling
- University of Münster, Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Molecular Physiology of Plants, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Loreen Linnenbrügger
- University of Münster, Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Molecular Physiology of Plants, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hannes Lansing
- University of Münster, Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Molecular Physiology of Plants, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marie-Christin Baune
- University of Münster, Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Molecular Physiology of Plants, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kerstin Fischer
- University of Münster, Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Molecular Physiology of Plants, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Antje von Schaewen
- University of Münster, Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Molecular Physiology of Plants, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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4
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Foyer CH, Kunert K. The ascorbate-glutathione cycle coming of age. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2682-2699. [PMID: 38243395 PMCID: PMC11066808 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Concepts regarding the operation of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and the associated water/water cycle in the processing of metabolically generated hydrogen peroxide and other forms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well established in the literature. However, our knowledge of the functions of these cycles and their component enzymes continues to grow and evolve. Recent insights include participation in the intrinsic environmental and developmental signalling pathways that regulate plant growth, development, and defence. In addition to ROS processing, the enzymes of the two cycles not only support the functions of ascorbate and glutathione, they also have 'moonlighting' functions. They are subject to post-translational modifications and have an extensive interactome, particularly with other signalling proteins. In this assessment of current knowledge, we highlight the central position of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in the network of cellular redox systems that underpin the energy-sensitive communication within the different cellular compartments and integrate plant signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
| | - Karl Kunert
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 2001, South Africa
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5
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Costa CF, Lismont C, Chornyi S, Koster J, Li H, Hussein MAF, Van Veldhoven PP, Waterham HR, Fransen M. The solute carrier SLC25A17 sustains peroxisomal redox homeostasis in diverse mammalian cell lines. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 212:241-254. [PMID: 38159891 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite the crucial role of peroxisomes in cellular redox maintenance, little is known about how these organelles transport redox metabolites across their membrane. In this study, we sought to assess potential associations between the cellular redox landscape and the human peroxisomal solute carrier SLC25A17, also known as PMP34. This carrier has been reported to function as a counter-exchanger of adenine-containing cofactors such as coenzyme A (CoA), dephospho-CoA, flavin adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate, flavin mononucleotide, and adenosine monophosphate. We found that inactivation of SLC25A17 resulted in a shift toward a more reductive state in the glutathione redox couple (GSSG/GSH) across HEK-293 cells, HeLa cells, and SV40-transformed mouse embryonic fibroblasts, with variable impact on the NADPH levels and the NAD+/NADH redox couple. This phenotype could be rescued by the expression of Candida boidinii Pmp47, a putative SLC25A17 orthologue reported to be essential for the metabolism of medium-chain fatty acids in yeast peroxisomes. In addition, we provide evidence that the alterations in the redox state are not caused by changes in peroxisomal antioxidant enzyme expression, catalase activity, H2O2 membrane permeability, or mitochondrial fitness. Furthermore, treating control and ΔSLC25A17 cells with dehydroepiandrosterone, a commonly used glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor affecting NADPH regeneration, revealed a kinetic disconnection between the peroxisomal and cytosolic glutathione pools. Additionally, these experiments underscored the impact of SLC25A17 loss on peroxisomal NADPH metabolism. The relevance of these findings is discussed in the context of the still ambiguous substrate specificity of SLC25A17 and the recent observation that the mammalian peroxisomal membrane is readily permeable to both GSH and GSSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio F Costa
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Celien Lismont
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Serhii Chornyi
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Janet Koster
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hongli Li
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mohamed A F Hussein
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 71515, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Fransen
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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6
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Ferreira MJ, Rodrigues TA, Pedrosa AG, Silva AR, Vilarinho BG, Francisco T, Azevedo JE. Glutathione and peroxisome redox homeostasis. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102917. [PMID: 37804696 PMCID: PMC10565873 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive research on peroxisome biochemistry, the role of glutathione in peroxisomal redox homeostasis has remained a matter of speculation for many years, and only recently has this issue started to be experimentally addressed. Here, we summarize and compare data from several organisms on the peroxisome-glutathione topic. It is clear from this comparison that the repertoire of glutathione-utilizing enzymes in peroxisomes of different organisms varies widely. In addition, the available data suggest that the kinetic connectivity between the cytosolic and peroxisomal pools of glutathione may also be different in different organisms, with some possessing a peroxisomal membrane that is promptly permeable to glutathione whereas in others this may not be the case. However, regardless of the differences, the picture that emerges from all these data is that glutathione is a crucial component of the antioxidative system that operates inside peroxisomes in all organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Ferreira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tony A Rodrigues
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana G Pedrosa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Beatriz G Vilarinho
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia Francisco
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Jorge E Azevedo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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7
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Ferreira MJ, Rodrigues TA, Pedrosa AG, Gales L, Salvador A, Francisco T, Azevedo JE. The mammalian peroxisomal membrane is permeable to both GSH and GSSG - Implications for intraperoxisomal redox homeostasis. Redox Biol 2023; 63:102764. [PMID: 37257275 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the large amounts of H2O2 generated in mammalian peroxisomes, cysteine residues of intraperoxisomal proteins are maintained in a reduced state. The biochemistry behind this phenomenon remains unexplored, and simple questions such as "is the peroxisomal membrane permeable to glutathione?" or "is there a thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase in the organelle matrix?" still have no answer. We used a cell-free in vitro system to equip rat liver peroxisomes with a glutathione redox sensor. The organelles were then incubated with glutathione solutions of different redox potentials and the oxidation/reduction kinetics of the redox sensor was monitored. The data suggest that the mammalian peroxisomal membrane is promptly permeable to both reduced and oxidized glutathione. No evidence for the presence of a robust thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase in the peroxisomal matrix could be found. Also, prolonged incubation of organelle suspensions with glutaredoxin 1 did not result in the internalization of the enzyme. To explore a potential role of glutathione in intraperoxisomal redox homeostasis we performed kinetic simulations. The results suggest that even in the absence of a glutaredoxin, glutathione is more important in protecting cysteine residues of matrix proteins from oxidation by H2O2 than peroxisomal catalase itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Ferreira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tony A Rodrigues
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana G Pedrosa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Gales
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Armindo Salvador
- Coimbra Chemistry Center-Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS), University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tânia Francisco
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Jorge E Azevedo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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8
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Zhang MJ, Cui JJ, Wang ZM, Dong YX, Gao XQ. GR1 and NTRA involved in pollen tube growth in the stigma of Arabidopsis. PLANTA 2023; 258:1. [PMID: 37208536 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Arabidopsis GR1 and NTRA function in pollen tube penetrating the stigma into the transmitting tract during pollination. During pollination, recognition between pollen (tube) and stigma mediates the hydration and germination of pollen, as well as the growth of the pollen tube on the stigma. Arabidopsis glutathione reductase 1 (GR1) and NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase A (NTRA) are involved in regulating cell redox hemostasis. Both GR1 and NTRA are expressed in pollen, but their roles in pollen germination and the growth of the pollen tube need further investigation. In this study, we performed pollination experiments and found that the Arabidopsis gr1/ + ntra/- and gr1/- ntra/ + double mutation compromised the transmission of male gametophytes. Pollen morphology and viability of the mutants did not show obvious abnormalities. Additionally, the pollen hydration and germination of the double mutants on solid pollen germination medium were comparable to those of the wild type. However, the pollen tubes with gr1 ntra double mutation were unable to penetrate the stigma and enter the transmitting tract when they grew on the surface of the stigma. Our results indicate that GR1 and NTRA play a role in regulating the interaction between the pollen tube and the stigma during pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Jing Jing Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Zi Ming Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Yu Xiu Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Xin-Qi Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
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9
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Bittner E, Stehlik T, Freitag J. Sharing the wealth: The versatility of proteins targeted to peroxisomes and other organelles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:934331. [PMID: 36225313 PMCID: PMC9549241 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.934331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are eukaryotic organelles with critical functions in cellular energy and lipid metabolism. Depending on the organism, cell type, and developmental stage, they are involved in numerous other metabolic and regulatory pathways. Many peroxisomal functions require factors also relevant to other cellular compartments. Here, we review proteins shared by peroxisomes and at least one different site within the cell. We discuss the mechanisms to achieve dual targeting, their regulation, and functional consequences. Characterization of dual targeting is fundamental to understand how peroxisomes are integrated into the metabolic and regulatory circuits of eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johannes Freitag
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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10
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Tarafdar S, Chowdhary G. Translating the Arabidopsis thaliana Peroxisome Proteome Insights to Solanum lycopersicum: Consensus Versus Diversity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:909604. [PMID: 35912119 PMCID: PMC9328179 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.909604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are small, single-membrane specialized organelles present in all eukaryotic organisms. The peroxisome is one of the nodal centers of reactive oxygen species homeostasis in plants, which are generated in a high amount due to various stress conditions. Over the past decade, there has been extensive study on peroxisomal proteins and their signaling pathways in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and a lot has been deciphered. However, not much impetus has been given to studying the peroxisome proteome of economically important crops. Owing to the significance of peroxisomes in the physiology of plants during normal and stress conditions, understating its proteome is of much importance. Hence, in this paper, we have made a snapshot of putative peroxisomal matrix proteins in the economically important vegetable crop tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, (L.) family Solanaceae). First, a reference peroxisomal matrix proteome map was generated for Arabidopsis thaliana using the available proteomic and localization studies, and proteins were categorized into various groups as per their annotations. This was used to create the putative peroxisomal matrix proteome map for S. lycopersicum. The putative peroxisome proteome in S. lycopersicum retains the basic framework: the bulk of proteins had peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS) type 1, a minor group had PTS2, and the catalase family retained its characteristic internal PTS. Apart from these, a considerable number of S. lycopersicum orthologs did not contain any "obvious" PTS. The number of PTS2 isoforms was found to be reduced in S. lycopersicum. We further investigated the PTS1s in the case of both the plant species and generated a pattern for canonical and non-canonical PTS1s. The number of canonical PTS1 proteins was comparatively lesser in S. lycopersicum. The non-canonical PTS1s were found to be comparable in both the plant species; however, S. lycopersicum showed greater diversity in the composition of the signal tripeptide. Finally, we have tried to address the lacunas and probable strategies to fill those gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gopal Chowdhary
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KIIT, Bhubaneswar, India
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Reactive Oxygen Species, Antioxidant Responses and Implications from a Microbial Modulation Perspective. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020155. [PMID: 35205022 PMCID: PMC8869449 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Environmental conditions are subject to unprecedented changes due to recent progressive anthropogenic activities on our planet. Plants, as the frontline of food security, are susceptible to these changes, resulting in the generation of unavoidable byproducts of metabolism (ROS), which eventually affect their productivity. The response of plants to these unfavorable conditions is highly intricate and depends on several factors, among them are the species/genotype tolerance level, intensity, and duration of stress factors. Defensive mechanisms in plant systems, by nature, are concerned primarily with generating enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. In addition to this, plant-microbe interactions have been found to improve immune systems in plants suffering from drought and salinity stress. Abstract Plants are exposed to various environmental stresses in their lifespan that threaten their survival. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), the byproducts of aerobic metabolism, are essential signalling molecules in regulating multiple plant developmental processes as well as in reinforcing plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stimuli. However, intensified environmental challenges such as salinity, drought, UV irradiation, and heavy metals usually interfere with natural ROS metabolism and homeostasis, thus aggravating ROS generation excessively and ultimately resulting in oxidative stress. Cellular damage is confined to the degradation of biomolecular structures, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, pigments, and DNA. The nature of the double-edged function of ROS as a secondary messenger or harmful oxidant has been attributed to the degree of existing balance between cellular ROS production and ROS removal machinery. The activities of enzyme-based antioxidants, catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR, E.C.1.6.5.4), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1), superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2), and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX, EC 1.11.1.7); and non-enzyme based antioxidant molecules, ascorbate (AA), glutathione (GSH), carotenoids, α-tocopherol, prolines, flavonoids, and phenolics, are indeed parts of the defensive strategies developed by plants to scavenge excess ROS and to maintain cellular redox homeostasis during oxidative stress. This review briefly summarises current knowledge on enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant machinery in plants. Moreover, additional information about the beneficial impact of the microbiome on countering abiotic/biotic stresses in association with roots and plant tissues has also been provided.
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Dorion S, Ouellet JC, Rivoal J. Glutathione Metabolism in Plants under Stress: Beyond Reactive Oxygen Species Detoxification. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11090641. [PMID: 34564457 PMCID: PMC8464934 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione is an essential metabolite for plant life best known for its role in the control of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Glutathione is also involved in the detoxification of methylglyoxal (MG) which, much like ROS, is produced at low levels by aerobic metabolism under normal conditions. While several physiological processes depend on ROS and MG, a variety of stresses can dramatically increase their concentration leading to potentially deleterious effects. In this review, we examine the structure and the stress regulation of the pathways involved in glutathione synthesis and degradation. We provide a synthesis of the current knowledge on the glutathione-dependent glyoxalase pathway responsible for MG detoxification. We present recent developments on the organization of the glyoxalase pathway in which alternative splicing generate a number of isoforms targeted to various subcellular compartments. Stress regulation of enzymes involved in MG detoxification occurs at multiple levels. A growing number of studies show that oxidative stress promotes the covalent modification of proteins by glutathione. This post-translational modification is called S-glutathionylation. It affects the function of several target proteins and is relevant to stress adaptation. We address this regulatory function in an analysis of the enzymes and pathways targeted by S-glutathionylation.
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Dvořák P, Krasylenko Y, Zeiner A, Šamaj J, Takáč T. Signaling Toward Reactive Oxygen Species-Scavenging Enzymes in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:618835. [PMID: 33597960 PMCID: PMC7882706 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.618835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are signaling molecules essential for plant responses to abiotic and biotic stimuli as well as for multiple developmental processes. They are produced as byproducts of aerobic metabolism and are affected by adverse environmental conditions. The ROS content is controlled on the side of their production but also by scavenging machinery. Antioxidant enzymes represent a major ROS-scavenging force and are crucial for stress tolerance in plants. Enzymatic antioxidant defense occurs as a series of redox reactions for ROS elimination. Therefore, the deregulation of the antioxidant machinery may lead to the overaccumulation of ROS in plants, with negative consequences both in terms of plant development and resistance to environmental challenges. The transcriptional activation of antioxidant enzymes accompanies the long-term exposure of plants to unfavorable environmental conditions. Fast ROS production requires the immediate mobilization of the antioxidant defense system, which may occur via retrograde signaling, redox-based modifications, and the phosphorylation of ROS detoxifying enzymes. This review aimed to summarize the current knowledge on signaling processes regulating the enzymatic antioxidant capacity of plants.
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Singh P, Preu L, Beuerle T, Kaufholdt D, Hänsch R, Beerhues L, Gaid M. A promiscuous coenzyme A ligase provides benzoyl-coenzyme A for xanthone biosynthesis in Hypericum. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1472-1490. [PMID: 33031578 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Benzoic acid-derived compounds, such as polyprenylated benzophenones and xanthones, attract the interest of scientists due to challenging chemical structures and diverse biological activities. The genus Hypericum is of high medicinal value, as exemplified by H. perforatum. It is rich in benzophenone and xanthone derivatives, the biosynthesis of which requires the catalytic activity of benzoate-coenzyme A (benzoate-CoA) ligase (BZL), which activates benzoic acid to benzoyl-CoA. Despite remarkable research so far done on benzoic acid biosynthesis in planta, all previous structural studies of BZL genes and proteins are exclusively related to benzoate-degrading microorganisms. Here, a transcript for a plant acyl-activating enzyme (AAE) was cloned from xanthone-producing Hypericum calycinum cell cultures using transcriptomic resources. An increase in the HcAAE1 transcript level preceded xanthone accumulation after elicitor treatment, as previously observed with other pathway-related genes. Subcellular localization of reporter fusions revealed the dual localization of HcAAE1 to cytosol and peroxisomes owing to a type 2 peroxisomal targeting signal. This result suggests the generation of benzoyl-CoA in Hypericum by the CoA-dependent non-β-oxidative route. A luciferase-based substrate specificity assay and the kinetic characterization indicated that HcAAE1 exhibits promiscuous substrate preference, with benzoic acid being the sole aromatic substrate accepted. Unlike 4-coumarate-CoA ligase and cinnamate-CoA ligase enzymes, HcAAE1 did not accept 4-coumaric and cinnamic acids, respectively. The substrate preference was corroborated by in silico modeling, which indicated valid docking of both benzoic acid and its adenosine monophosphate intermediate in the HcAAE1/BZL active site cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Singh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - Lutz Preu
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - Till Beuerle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - David Kaufholdt
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - Robert Hänsch
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP) - College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Chongqing, 400715, P.R. China
| | - Ludger Beerhues
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
- Centre of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Straße 35 A, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - Mariam Gaid
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
- Centre of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Straße 35 A, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
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Kechasov D, de Grahl I, Endries P, Reumann S. Evolutionary Maintenance of the PTS2 Protein Import Pathway in the Stramenopile Alga Nannochloropsis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:593922. [PMID: 33330478 PMCID: PMC7710942 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.593922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The stramenopile alga Nannochloropsis evolved by secondary endosymbiosis of a red alga by a heterotrophic host cell and emerged as a promising organism for biotechnological applications, such as the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids and biodiesel. Peroxisomes play major roles in fatty acid metabolism but experimental analyses of peroxisome biogenesis and metabolism in Nannochloropsis are not reported yet. In fungi, animals, and land plants, soluble proteins of peroxisomes are targeted to the matrix by one of two peroxisome targeting signals (type 1, PTS1, or type 2, PTS2), which are generally conserved across kingdoms and allow the prediction of peroxisomal matrix proteins from nuclear genome sequences. Because diatoms lost the PTS2 pathway secondarily, we investigated its presence in the stramenopile sister group of diatoms, the Eustigmatophyceae, represented by Nannochloropsis. We detected a full-length gene of a putative PEX7 ortholog coding for the cytosolic receptor of PTS2 proteins and demonstrated its expression in Nannochloropsis gaditana. The search for predicted PTS2 cargo proteins in N. gaditana yielded several candidates. In vivo subcellular targeting analyses of representative fusion proteins in different plant expression systems demonstrated that two predicted PTS2 domains were indeed functional and sufficient to direct a reporter protein to peroxisomes. Peroxisome targeting of the predicted PTS2 cargo proteins was further confirmed in Nannochloropsis oceanica by confocal and transmission electron microscopy. Taken together, the results demonstrate for the first time that one group of stramenopile algae maintained the import pathway for PTS2 cargo proteins. To comprehensively map and model the metabolic capabilities of Nannochloropsis peroxisomes, in silico predictions needs to encompass both the PTS1 and the PTS2 matrix proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Kechasov
- Centre for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Imke de Grahl
- Plant Biochemistry and Infection Biology, Institute for Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pierre Endries
- Plant Biochemistry and Infection Biology, Institute for Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sigrun Reumann
- Centre for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- Plant Biochemistry and Infection Biology, Institute for Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Baune MC, Lansing H, Fischer K, Meyer T, Charton L, Linka N, von Schaewen A. The Arabidopsis Plastidial Glucose-6-Phosphate Transporter GPT1 is Dually Targeted to Peroxisomes via the Endoplasmic Reticulum. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:1703-1726. [PMID: 32111666 PMCID: PMC7203913 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Studies on Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)/phosphate translocator isoforms GPT1 and GPT2 reported the viability of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) gpt2 mutants, whereas heterozygous gpt1 mutants exhibited a variety of defects during fertilization/seed set, indicating that GPT1 is essential for this process. Among other functions, GPT1 was shown to be important for pollen and embryo-sac development. Because our previous work on the irreversible part of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) revealed comparable effects, we investigated whether GPT1 may dually localize to plastids and peroxisomes. In reporter fusions, GPT2 localized to plastids, but GPT1 also localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and around peroxisomes. GPT1 contacted two oxidoreductases and also peroxins that mediate import of peroxisomal membrane proteins from the ER, hinting at dual localization. Reconstitution in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) proteoliposomes revealed that GPT1 preferentially exchanges G6P for ribulose-5-phosphate (Ru5P). Complementation analyses of heterozygous +/gpt1 plants demonstrated that GPT2 is unable to compensate for GPT1 in plastids, whereas GPT1 without the transit peptide (enforcing ER/peroxisomal localization) increased gpt1 transmission significantly. Because OPPP activity in peroxisomes is essential for fertilization, and immunoblot analyses hinted at the presence of unprocessed GPT1-specific bands, our findings suggest that GPT1 is indispensable in both plastids and peroxisomes. Together with its G6P-Ru5P exchange preference, GPT1 appears to play a role distinct from that of GPT2 due to dual targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christin Baune
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hannes Lansing
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kerstin Fischer
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Tanja Meyer
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Lennart Charton
- Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole Linka
- Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Antje von Schaewen
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Hasanuzzaman M, Bhuyan MHMB, Anee TI, Parvin K, Nahar K, Mahmud JA, Fujita M. Regulation of Ascorbate-Glutathione Pathway in Mitigating Oxidative Damage in Plants under Abiotic Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E384. [PMID: 31505852 PMCID: PMC6770940 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is a usual phenomenon in a plant both under a normal and stressed condition. However, under unfavorable or adverse conditions, ROS production exceeds the capacity of the antioxidant defense system. Both non-enzymatic and enzymatic components of the antioxidant defense system either detoxify or scavenge ROS and mitigate their deleterious effects. The Ascorbate-Glutathione (AsA-GSH) pathway, also known as Asada-Halliwell pathway comprises of AsA, GSH, and four enzymes viz. ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase, play a vital role in detoxifying ROS. Apart from ROS detoxification, they also interact with other defense systems in plants and protect the plants from various abiotic stress-induced damages. Several plant studies revealed that the upregulation or overexpression of AsA-GSH pathway enzymes and the enhancement of the AsA and GSH levels conferred plants better tolerance to abiotic stresses by reducing the ROS. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of the research on AsA-GSH pathway in terms of oxidative stress tolerance in plants. We also focus on the defense mechanisms as well as molecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh.
| | - M H M Borhannuddin Bhuyan
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan.
- Citrus Research Station, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Jaintapur, Sylhet 3156, Bangladesh.
| | - Taufika Islam Anee
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh.
| | - Khursheda Parvin
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan.
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh.
| | - Kamrun Nahar
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh.
| | - Jubayer Al Mahmud
- Department of Agroforestry and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh.
| | - Masayuki Fujita
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan.
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18
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Kapoor D, Singh S, Kumar V, Romero R, Prasad R, Singh J. Antioxidant enzymes regulation in plants in reference to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2019.100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Falter C, Thu NBA, Pokhrel S, Reumann S. New guidelines for fluorophore application in peroxisome targeting analyses in transient plant expression systems. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:884-899. [PMID: 30791204 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome research has been revolutionized by proteome studies combined with in vivo subcellular targeting analyses. Yellow and cyan fluorescent protein (YFP and CFP) are the classical fluorophores of plant peroxisome research. In the new transient expression system of Arabidopsis seedlings co-cultivated with Agrobacterium we detected the YFP fusion of one candidate protein in peroxisomes, but only upon co-transformation with the peroxisome marker, CFP-PTS1. The data suggested that the YFP fusion was directed to peroxisomes due to its weak heterodimerization ability with CFP-PTS1, allowing piggy-back import into peroxisomes. Indeed, if co-expressed with monomeric Cerulean-PTS1 (mCer-PTS1), the YFP fusion was no longer matrix localized. We systematically investigated the occurrence and extent of dimerization-based piggy-back import for different fluorophore combinations in five major transient plant expression systems. In Arabidopsis seedlings and tobacco leaves both untagged YFP and monomeric Venus were imported into peroxisomes if co-expressed with CFP-PTS1 but not with mCer-PTS1. By contrast, piggy-back import of cytosolic proteins was not observed in Arabidopsis and tobacco protoplasts or in onion epidermal cells for any fluorophore combination at any time point. Based on these important results we formulate new guidelines for fluorophore usage and experimental design to guarantee reliable identification of novel plant peroxisomal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Falter
- Plant Biochemistry and Infection Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nguyen Binh Anh Thu
- Plant Biochemistry and Infection Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Saugat Pokhrel
- Plant Biochemistry and Infection Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sigrun Reumann
- Plant Biochemistry and Infection Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Ebeed HT, Stevenson SR, Cuming AC, Baker A. Conserved and differential transcriptional responses of peroxisome associated pathways to drought, dehydration and ABA. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4971-4985. [PMID: 30032264 PMCID: PMC6137984 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant peroxisomes are important components of cellular antioxidant networks, dealing with ROS generated by multiple metabolic pathways. Peroxisomes respond to environmental and cellular conditions by changing their size, number, and proteomic content. To investigate the role of peroxisomes in response to drought, dehydration and ABA treatment we took an evolutionary and comparative genomics approach. Colonisation of land required evolution of dehydration tolerance in the absence of subsequent anatomical adaptations. Therefore, the model bryophyte Physcomitrella patens, the model dicot Arabidopsis thaliana and wheat (Tricitcum aestivum), a globally important cereal crop were compared. Three sets of genes namely 'PTS1 genes' (a proxy for genes encoding peroxisome targeted proteins), PEX genes (involved in peroxisome biogenesis) and genes involved in plant antioxidant networks were identified in all 3 species and their expression compared under drought (dehydration) and ABA treatment. Genes encoding enzymes of β-oxidation and gluconeogenesis, antioxidant enzymes including catalase and glutathione reductase and PEX3 and PEX11 isoforms showed conserved up-regulation, and peroxisome proliferation was induced by ABA in moss. Interestingly, expression of some of these genes differed between drought sensitive and resistant genotypes of wheat in line with measured photosynthetic and biochemical differences. These results point to an underappreciated role for peroxisomes in drought response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba T Ebeed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sean R Stevenson
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C Cuming
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Baker
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Truffault V, Riqueau G, Garchery C, Gautier H, Stevens RG. Is monodehydroascorbate reductase activity in leaf tissue critical for the maintenance of yield in tomato? JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 222:1-8. [PMID: 29287283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate redox metabolism and growth have been shown to be linked and related to the activity of enzymes that produce or remove the radical monodehydroascorbate, the semi-oxidized form of ascorbate (ascorbate oxidase or peroxidase and monodehydroascorbate reductase respectively). Previous work in cherry tomato has revealed correlations between monodehydroascorbate reductase and ascorbate oxidase activity and fruit yield: decreased whole plant MDHAR activity decreases yield while decreased whole plant ascorbate oxidase activity increases yield under unfavourable environmental conditions. We aimed to investigate if similar effects on yield are obtained in a large-fruited variety of tomato, Moneymaker. Furthermore we wished to establish whether previously observed effects on yield in cherry tomato following changes in whole plant enzyme activity could be reproduced by reducing MDHAR activity in fruit only by using a fruit-specific promoter in cherry tomato (West Virginia 106). In Moneymaker, RNAi lines for monodehydroascorbate reductase did not show significant yield decrease compared to control lines when plants were grown under optimal or non-optimal conditions of carbon stress generated by mature leaf removal. In addition, we show that a decrease in monodehydroascorbate reductase activity in fruit of cherry tomato had no effect on yield compared to a reduction in whole-plant monodehydroascorbate reductase activity: we therefore show that whole plant MDHAR activity is necessary to maintain yield in cherry tomato, suggesting that the carbon source in autotrophic tissue is more important than fruit sink activity. The present data also revealed differences between cherry and large fruited tomato that could be linked to a source of genetic variability in the response to monodehydroascorbate metabolism in tomato: maybe the domestication of tomato towards large-fruited lines could have affected the importance of MDHAR in yield maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Truffault
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, UR1052, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, CS60094, 84143 Montfavet, France; INRA, UR1115, Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, CS40509, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Gisèle Riqueau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, UR1052, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, CS60094, 84143 Montfavet, France
| | - Cécile Garchery
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, UR1052, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, CS60094, 84143 Montfavet, France
| | - Hélène Gautier
- INRA, UR1115, Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, CS40509, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Rebecca G Stevens
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, UR1052, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, CS60094, 84143 Montfavet, France.
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22
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Corpas FJ, Barroso JB. Peroxisomal plant metabolism - an update on nitric oxide, Ca 2+ and the NADPH recycling network. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.202978. [PMID: 28775155 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.202978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant peroxisomes are recognized organelles that - with their capacity to generate greater amounts of H2O2 than other subcellular compartments - have a remarkable oxidative metabolism. However, over the last 15 years, new information has shown that plant peroxisomes contain other important molecules and enzymes, including nitric oxide (NO), peroxynitrite, a NADPH-recycling system, Ca2+ and lipid-derived signals, such as jasmonic acid (JA) and nitro-fatty acid (NO2-FA). This highlights the potential for complex interactions within the peroxisomal nitro-oxidative metabolism, which also affects the status of the cell and consequently its physiological processes. In this review, we provide an update on the peroxisomal interactions between all these molecules. Particular emphasis will be placed on the generation of the free-radical NO, which requires the presence of Ca2+, calmodulin and NADPH redox power. Peroxisomes possess several NADPH regeneration mechanisms, such as those mediated by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) proteins, which are involved in the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway, as well as that mediated by NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH). The generated NADPH is also an essential cofactor across other peroxisomal pathways, including the antioxidant ascorbate-glutathione cycle and unsaturated fatty acid β-oxidation, the latter being a source of powerful signaling molecules such as JA and NO2-FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda 1, E-18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan B Barroso
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Universitario "Las Lagunillas" s/n, University of Jaén, E-23071, Jaén, Spain
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23
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Freitag J, Stehlik T, Stiebler AC, Bölker M. The Obvious and the Hidden: Prediction and Function of Fungal Peroxisomal Matrix Proteins. Subcell Biochem 2018; 89:139-155. [PMID: 30378022 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2233-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fungal peroxisomes are characterized by a number of specific biological functions. To understand the physiology and biochemistry of these organelles knowledge of the proteome content is crucial. Here, we address different strategies to predict peroxisomal proteins by bioinformatics approaches. These tools range from simple text searches to network based learning strategies. A complication of this analysis is the existence of cryptic peroxisomal proteins, which are overlooked in conventional bioinformatics queries. These include proteins where targeting information results from transcriptional and posttranscriptional alterations. But also proteins with low efficiency targeting motifs that are predominantly localized in the cytosol, and proteins lacking any canonical targeting information, can play important roles within peroxisomes. Many of these proteins are so far unpredictable. Detection and characterization of these cryptic peroxisomal proteins revealed the presence of novel peroxisomal enzymatic reaction networks in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Freitag
- Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stehlik
- Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alina C Stiebler
- Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Bölker
- Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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24
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Abstract
Our knowledge of the proteome of plant peroxisomes is far from being complete, and the functional complexity and plasticity of this cell organelle are amazingly high particularly in plants, as exemplified by the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant-specific peroxisome functions that have been uncovered only recently include, for instance, the participation of peroxisomes in phylloquinone and biotin biosynthesis. Experimental proteome studies have been proved very successful in defining the proteome of Arabidopsis peroxisomes but this approach also faces significant challenges and limitations. Complementary to experimental approaches, computational methods have emerged as important powerful tools to define the proteome of soluble matrix proteins of plant peroxisomes. Compared to other cell organelles such as mitochondria, plastids and the ER, the simultaneous operation of two major import pathways for soluble proteins in peroxisomes is rather atypical. Novel machine learning prediction approaches have been developed for peroxisome targeting signals type 1 (PTS1) and revealed high sensitivity and specificity, as validated by in vivo subcellular targeting analyses in diverse transient plant expression systems. Accordingly, the algorithms allow the correct prediction of many novel peroxisome-targeted proteins from plant genome sequences and the discovery of additional organelle functions. In contrast, the prediction of PTS2 proteins largely remains restricted to genome searches by conserved patterns contrary to more advanced machine learning methods. Here, we summarize and discuss the capabilities and accuracies of available prediction algorithms for PTS1 and PTS2 carrying proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Reumann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Infection Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Gopal Chowdhary
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, Campus XI, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
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25
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Ibort P, Imai H, Uemura M, Aroca R. Proteomic analysis reveals that tomato interaction with plant growth promoting bacteria is highly determined by ethylene perception. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 220:43-59. [PMID: 29145071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Feeding an increasing global population as well as reducing environmental impact of crops is the challenge for the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) management could represent a suitable method but elucidation of their action mechanisms is essential for a proper and effective utilization. Furthermore, ethylene is involved in growth and response to environmental stimuli but little is known about the implication of ethylene perception in PGPB activity. The ethylene-insensitive tomato never ripe and its isogenic wild-type cv. Pearson lines inoculated with Bacillus megaterium or Enterobacter sp. C7 strains were grown until mature stage to analyze growth promotion, and bacterial inoculation effects on root proteomic profiles. Enterobacter C7 promoted growth in both plant genotypes, meanwhile Bacillus megaterium PGPB activity was only noticed in wt plants. Moreover, PGPB inoculation affected proteomic profile in a strain- and genotype-dependent manner modifying levels of stress-related and interaction proteins, and showing bacterial inoculation effects on antioxidant content and phosphorus acquisition capacity. Ethylene perception is essential for properly recognition of Bacillus megaterium and growth promotion mediated in part by increased levels of reduced glutathione. In contrast, Enterobacter C7 inoculation improves phosphorus nutrition keeping plants on growth independently of ethylene sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ibort
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
| | - Hiroyuki Imai
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan; Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
| | - Matsuo Uemura
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan; Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
| | - Ricardo Aroca
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
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26
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Ma Z, An T, Zhu X, Ji J, Wang G, Guan C, Jin C, Yi L. GR1-like gene expression in Lycium chinense was regulated by cadmium-induced endogenous jasmonic acids accumulation. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:1457-1476. [PMID: 28656324 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The G1-like gene from the Lycium chinense was cloned and transferred into N. tabacum. Evidence showed that endogenous JA accumulation was crucial to LcGR gene expression in cadmium-stressed L. chinense. Glutathione reductase (GR) plays a vital role in glutathione-ascorbate metabolism and is a key enzyme in maintaining the redox state in plants. Jasmonic acids (JA) are important hormones regulating protective responses against bacteria and mechanic damage in plants. At present, the relationship between the endogenous JA accumulation, the glutathione (GSH) content and GR gene expression in plants under cadmium (Cd) stress has not been elucidated. This study primarily aims to explore their interconnected relations. First, we isolated the GR1-like gene from Lycium chinense (LcGR). Real-time PCR showed that gene LcGR and allene oxide cyclase (LcAOC) (a JA synthesis gene) expression in L. chinense plants was significantly enhanced by CdCl2 and reduced by CdCl2 cotreatment with 12,13-epoxy-octadecenoic acid (EOA), a JA synthesis inhibitor. Meanwhile, the JA content in plants strongly increased under Cd stress and decreased under Cd + EOA treatment, which was in accordance with expression pattern of LcAOC. The function of gene LcGR was confirmed in vitro with E. coli expression system. The subcellular localization in chloroplasts of LcGR gene was proved in Nicotiana tabacum leaves with transient transfection system of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Furthermore, the overexpression of gene LcGR in the transgenic tabacum led to great Cd-tolerance and higher GSH accumulation. Overall, the results showed that the endogenous JA accumulation in Cd-stressed plants affects the GR expression which is crucial to the GSH accumulation and GSH-dependent tolerance to cadmium in LcGR transformants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting An
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuerui Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfeng Guan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Yi
- Bengbu No. 2 High School, Bengbu, 233000, People's Republic of China
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Rahantaniaina MS, Li S, Chatel-Innocenti G, Tuzet A, Issakidis-Bourguet E, Mhamdi A, Noctor G. Cytosolic and Chloroplastic DHARs Cooperate in Oxidative Stress-Driven Activation of the Salicylic Acid Pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:956-971. [PMID: 28381499 PMCID: PMC5462045 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of plant antioxidative systems gives rise to many unresolved questions. One relates to the functional importance of dehydroascorbate reductases (DHARs) in interactions between ascorbate and glutathione. To investigate this issue, we produced a complete set of loss-of-function mutants for the three annotated Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) DHARs. The combined loss of DHAR1 and DHAR3 expression decreased extractable activity to very low levels but had little effect on phenotype or ascorbate and glutathione pools in standard conditions. An analysis of the subcellular localization of the DHARs in Arabidopsis lines stably transformed with GFP fusion proteins revealed that DHAR1 and DHAR2 are cytosolic while DHAR3 is chloroplastic, with no evidence for peroxisomal or mitochondrial localizations. When the mutations were introduced into an oxidative stress genetic background (cat2), the dhar1 dhar2 combination decreased glutathione oxidation and inhibited cat2-triggered induction of the salicylic acid pathway. These effects were reversed in cat2 dhar1 dhar2 dhar3 complemented with any of the three DHARs. The data suggest that (1) DHAR can be decreased to negligible levels without marked effects on ascorbate pools, (2) the cytosolic isoforms are particularly important in coupling intracellular hydrogen peroxide metabolism to glutathione oxidation, and (3) DHAR-dependent glutathione oxidation influences redox-driven salicylic acid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Sylviane Rahantaniaina
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 9213/Unité Mixte de Recherche 1403, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 91405 Orsay, France (M.-S.R., S.L., G.C.-I., E.I.-B., A.M., G.N.); and
- Unité Mixte de Recherche ECOSYS/Pôle BIOCLIMATOLOGIE, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France (A.T.)
| | - Shengchun Li
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 9213/Unité Mixte de Recherche 1403, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 91405 Orsay, France (M.-S.R., S.L., G.C.-I., E.I.-B., A.M., G.N.); and
- Unité Mixte de Recherche ECOSYS/Pôle BIOCLIMATOLOGIE, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France (A.T.)
| | - Gilles Chatel-Innocenti
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 9213/Unité Mixte de Recherche 1403, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 91405 Orsay, France (M.-S.R., S.L., G.C.-I., E.I.-B., A.M., G.N.); and
- Unité Mixte de Recherche ECOSYS/Pôle BIOCLIMATOLOGIE, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France (A.T.)
| | - Andrée Tuzet
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 9213/Unité Mixte de Recherche 1403, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 91405 Orsay, France (M.-S.R., S.L., G.C.-I., E.I.-B., A.M., G.N.); and
- Unité Mixte de Recherche ECOSYS/Pôle BIOCLIMATOLOGIE, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France (A.T.)
| | - Emmanuelle Issakidis-Bourguet
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 9213/Unité Mixte de Recherche 1403, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 91405 Orsay, France (M.-S.R., S.L., G.C.-I., E.I.-B., A.M., G.N.); and
- Unité Mixte de Recherche ECOSYS/Pôle BIOCLIMATOLOGIE, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France (A.T.)
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 9213/Unité Mixte de Recherche 1403, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 91405 Orsay, France (M.-S.R., S.L., G.C.-I., E.I.-B., A.M., G.N.); and
- Unité Mixte de Recherche ECOSYS/Pôle BIOCLIMATOLOGIE, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France (A.T.)
| | - Graham Noctor
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 9213/Unité Mixte de Recherche 1403, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 91405 Orsay, France (M.-S.R., S.L., G.C.-I., E.I.-B., A.M., G.N.); and
- Unité Mixte de Recherche ECOSYS/Pôle BIOCLIMATOLOGIE, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France (A.T.)
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28
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Noctor G, Mhamdi A, Foyer CH. Oxidative stress and antioxidative systems: recipes for successful data collection and interpretation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1140-60. [PMID: 26864619 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are common to many fundamental responses of plants. Enormous and ever-growing interest has focused on this research area, leading to an extensive literature that documents the tremendous progress made in recent years. As in other areas of plant biology, advances have been greatly facilitated by developments in genomics-dependent technologies and the application of interdisciplinary techniques that generate information at multiple levels. At the same time, advances in understanding ROS are fundamentally reliant on the use of biochemical and cell biology techniques that are specific to the study of oxidative stress. It is therefore timely to revisit these approaches with the aim of providing a guide to convenient methods and assisting interested researchers in avoiding potential pitfalls. Our critical overview of currently popular methodologies includes a detailed discussion of approaches used to generate oxidative stress, measurements of ROS themselves, determination of major antioxidant metabolites, assays of antioxidative enzymes and marker transcripts for oxidative stress. We consider the applicability of metabolomics, proteomics and transcriptomics approaches and discuss markers such as damage to DNA and RNA. Our discussion of current methodologies is firmly anchored to future technological developments within this popular research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Noctor
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, VIB, Department of Plant Systems Biology, Technologie Park 927, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christine H Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology and Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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29
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Reumann S, Chowdhary G, Lingner T. Characterization, prediction and evolution of plant peroxisomal targeting signals type 1 (PTS1s). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1863:790-803. [PMID: 26772785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Our knowledge of the proteome of plant peroxisomes and their functional plasticity is far from being complete, primarily due to major technical challenges in experimental proteome research of the fragile cell organelle. Several unexpected novel plant peroxisome functions, for instance in biotin and phylloquinone biosynthesis, have been uncovered recently. Nevertheless, very few regulatory and membrane proteins of plant peroxisomes have been identified and functionally described up to now. To define the matrix proteome of plant peroxisomes, computational methods have emerged as important powerful tools. Novel prediction approaches of high sensitivity and specificity have been developed for peroxisome targeting signals type 1 (PTS1) and have been validated by in vivo subcellular targeting analyses and thermodynamic binding studies with the cytosolic receptor, PEX5. Accordingly, the algorithms allow the correct prediction of many novel peroxisome-targeted proteins from plant genome sequences and the discovery of additional organelle functions. In this review, we provide an overview of methodologies, capabilities and accuracies of available prediction algorithms for PTS1 carrying proteins. We also summarize and discuss recent quantitative, structural and mechanistic information of the interaction of PEX5 with PTS1 carrying proteins in relation to in vivo import efficiency. With this knowledge, we develop a model of how proteins likely evolved peroxisomal targeting signals in the past and still nowadays, in which order the two import pathways might have evolved in the ancient eukaryotic cell, and how the secondary loss of the PTS2 pathway probably happened in specific organismal groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Reumann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Infection Biology, Biocentre Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany; Centre for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway.
| | - G Chowdhary
- Centre for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway; KIIT School of Biotechnology, Campus XI, KIIT University, I-751024 Bhubaneswar, India.
| | - T Lingner
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany.
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30
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Dahro B, Wang F, Peng T, Liu JH. PtrA/NINV, an alkaline/neutral invertase gene of Poncirus trifoliata, confers enhanced tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses by modulating ROS levels and maintaining photosynthetic efficiency. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016. [PMID: 27025596 DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alkaline/neutral invertase (A/N-INV), an enzyme that hydrolyzes sucrose irreversibly into glucose and fructose, is essential for normal plant growth,development, and stress tolerance. However, the physiological and/or molecular mechanism underpinning the role of A/N-INV in abiotic stress tolerance is poorly understood. RESULTS In this report, an A/N-INV gene (PtrA/NINV) was isolated from Poncirus trifoliata, a cold-hardy relative of citrus, and functionally characterized. PtrA/NINV expression levels were induced by cold, salt, dehydration, sucrose, and ABA, but decreased by glucose. PtrA/NINV was found to localize in both chloroplasts and mitochondria. Overexpression of PtrA/NINV conferred enhanced tolerance to multiple stresses, including cold, high salinity, and drought, as supported by lower levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced oxidative damages, decreased water loss rate, and increased photosynthesis efficiency, relative to wild-type (WT). The transgenic plants exhibited higher A/N-INV activity and greater reducing sugar content under normal and stress conditions. CONCLUSIONS PtrA/NINV is an important gene implicated in sucrose decomposition, and plays a positive role in abiotic stress tolerance by promoting osmotic adjustment, ROS detoxification and photosynthesis efficiency. Thus, PtrA/NINV has great potential to be used in transgenic breeding for improvement of stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bachar Dahro
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ting Peng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ji-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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31
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Ding S, Jiang R, Lu Q, Wen X, Lu C. Glutathione reductase 2 maintains the function of photosystem II in Arabidopsis under excess light. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:665-77. [PMID: 26906429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione reductase plays a crucial role in the elimination of H(2)O(2) molecules via the ascorbate-glutathione cycle. In this study, we used transgenic Arabidopsis plants with decreased glutathione reductase 2 (GR2) levels to investigate whether this GR2 activity protects the photosynthetic machinery under excess light. The transgenic plants were highly sensitive to excess light and accumulated high levels of H(2)O(2). Photosystem II (PSII) activity was significantly decreased in transgenic plants. Flash-induced fluorescence relaxation and thermoluminescence measurements demonstrated inhibition of electron transfer between Q(A) and Q(B) and decreased redox potential of Q(B) in transgenic plants. Immunoblot and blue native gel analysis showed that the levels of PSII proteins and PSII complexes were decreased in transgenic plants. Analyses of the repair of photodamaged PSII and in vivo pulse labeling of thylakoid proteins showed that the repair of photodamaged PSII is inhibited due to the inhibition of the synthesis of the D1 protein de novo in transgenic plants. Taken together, our results suggest that under excess light conditions, GR2 plays an important role in maintaining both the function of the acceptor side of PSII and the repair of photodamaged PSII by preventing the accumulation of H(2)O(2). In addition, our results provide details of the role of H(2)O(2) in vivo accumulation in photoinhibition in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunhua Ding
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingtao Lu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiaogang Wen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Congming Lu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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Delorme-Hinoux V, Bangash SAK, Meyer AJ, Reichheld JP. Nuclear thiol redox systems in plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 243:84-95. [PMID: 26795153 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Thiol-disulfide redox regulation is essential for many cellular functions in plants. It has major roles in defense mechanisms, maintains the redox status of the cell and plays structural, with regulatory roles for many proteins. Although thiol-based redox regulation has been extensively studied in subcellular organelles such as chloroplasts, it has been much less studied in the nucleus. Thiol-disulfide redox regulation is dependent on the conserved redox proteins, glutathione/glutaredoxin (GRX) and thioredoxin (TRX) systems. We first focus on the functions of glutathione in the nucleus and discuss recent data concerning accumulation of glutathione in the nucleus. We also provide evidence that glutathione reduction is potentially active in the nucleus. Recent data suggests that the nucleus is enriched in specific GRX and TRX isoforms. We discuss the biochemical and molecular characteristics of these isoforms and focus on genetic evidences for their potential nuclear functions. Finally, we make an overview of the different thiol-based redox regulated proteins in the nucleus. These proteins are involved in various pathways including transcriptional regulation, metabolism and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Delorme-Hinoux
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France; Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
| | - Sajid A K Bangash
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Reichheld
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France; Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
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Ding S, Wang L, Yang Z, Lu Q, Wen X, Lu C. Decreased glutathione reductase2 leads to early leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 58:29-47. [PMID: 26031939 PMCID: PMC5049652 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione reductase (GR) catalyzes the reduction of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH) and participates in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, which scavenges H2 O2 . Here, we report that chloroplastic/mitochondrial GR2 is an important regulator of leaf senescence. Seed development of the homozygous gr2 knockout mutant was blocked at the globular stage. Therefore, to investigate the function of GR2 in leaf senescence, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants with decreased GR2 using RNAi. The GR2 RNAi plants displayed early onset of age-dependent and dark- and H2 O2 -induced leaf senescence, which was accompanied by the induction of the senescence-related marker genes SAG12 and SAG13. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis revealed that genes related to leaf senescence, oxidative stress, and phytohormone pathways were upregulated directly before senescence in RNAi plants. In addition, H2 O2 accumulated to higher levels in RNAi plants than in wild-type plants and the levels of H2 O2 peaked in RNAi plants directly before the early onset of leaf senescence. RNAi plants showed a greater decrease in GSH/GSSG levels than wild-type plants during leaf development. Our results suggest that GR2 plays an important role in leaf senescence by modulating H2 O2 and glutathione signaling in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunhua Ding
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | | | - Qingtao Lu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiaogang Wen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Congming Lu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
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Reglinski K, Keil M, Altendorf S, Waithe D, Eggeling C, Schliebs W, Erdmann R. Peroxisomal Import Reduces the Proapoptotic Activity of Deubiquitinating Enzyme USP2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140685. [PMID: 26484888 PMCID: PMC4617714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human deubiquitinating enzyme ubiquitin-specific protease 2 (USP2) regulates multiple cellular pathways, including cell proliferation and apoptosis. As a result of alternative splicing four USP2 isoenzymes are expressed in human cells of which all contain a weak peroxisome targeting signal of type 1 (PTS1) at their C-termini. Here, we systematically analyzed apoptotic effects induced by overexpression and intracellular localization for each isoform. All isoforms exhibit proapoptotic activity and are post-translationally imported into the matrix of peroxisomes in a PEX5-dependent manner. However, a significant fraction of the USP2 pool resides in the cytosol due to a weaker PTS1 and thus low affinity to the PTS receptor PEX5. Blocking of peroxisomal import did not interfere with the proapoptotic activity of USP2, suggesting that the enzyme performs its critical function outside of this compartment. Instead, increase of the efficiency of USP2 import into peroxisomes either by optimization of its peroxisomal targeting signal or by overexpression of the PTS1 receptor did result in a reduction of the apoptotic rate of transfected cells. Our studies suggest that peroxisomal import of USP2 provides additional control over the proapoptotic activity of cytosolic USP2 by spatial separation of the deubiquitinating enzymes from their interaction partners in the cytosol and nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Reglinski
- Institut für Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Abteilung Systembiochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Marina Keil
- Institut für Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Abteilung Systembiochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabrina Altendorf
- Institut für Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Abteilung Systembiochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dominic Waithe
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Eggeling
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Schliebs
- Institut für Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Abteilung Systembiochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Erdmann
- Institut für Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Abteilung Systembiochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Sandalio LM, Romero-Puertas MC. Peroxisomes sense and respond to environmental cues by regulating ROS and RNS signalling networks. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 116:475-85. [PMID: 26070643 PMCID: PMC4577995 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisomes are highly dynamic, metabolically active organelles that used to be regarded as a sink for H2O2 generated in different organelles. However, peroxisomes are now considered to have a more complex function, containing different metabolic pathways, and they are an important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Over-accumulation of ROS and RNS can give rise oxidative and nitrosative stress, but when produced at low concentrations they can act as signalling molecules. SCOPE This review focuses on the production of ROS and RNS in peroxisomes and their regulation by antioxidants. ROS production is associated with metabolic pathways such as photorespiration and fatty acid β-oxidation, and disturbances in any of these processes can be perceived by the cell as an alarm that triggers defence responses. Genetic and pharmacological studies have shown that photorespiratory H2O2 can affect nuclear gene expression, regulating the response to pathogen infection and light intensity. Proteomic studies have shown that peroxisomal proteins are targets for oxidative modification, S-nitrosylation and nitration and have highlighted the importance of these modifications in regulating peroxisomal metabolism and signalling networks. The morphology, size, number and speed of movement of peroxisomes can also change in response to oxidative stress, meaning that an ROS/redox receptor is required. Information available on the production and detection of NO/RNS in peroxisomes is more limited. Peroxisomal homeostasis is critical for maintaining the cellular redox balance and is regulated by ROS, peroxisomal proteases and autophagic processes. CONCLUSIONS Peroxisomes play a key role in many aspects of plant development and acclimation to stress conditions. These organelles can sense ROS/redox changes in the cell and thus trigger rapid and specific responses to environmental cues involving changes in peroxisomal dynamics as well as ROS- and NO-dependent signalling networks, although the mechanisms involved have not yet been established. Peroxisomes can therefore be regarded as a highly important decision-making platform in the cell, where ROS and RNS play a determining role.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Sandalio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - M C Romero-Puertas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
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Functional Validation of Phragmites communis Glutathione Reductase (PhaGR) as an Essential Enzyme in Salt Tolerance. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 175:3418-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1514-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Heyno E, Innocenti G, Lemaire SD, Issakidis-Bourguet E, Krieger-Liszkay A. Putative role of the malate valve enzyme NADP-malate dehydrogenase in H2O2 signalling in Arabidopsis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130228. [PMID: 24591715 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In photosynthetic organisms, sudden changes in light intensity perturb the photosynthetic electron flow and lead to an increased production of reactive oxygen species. At the same time, thioredoxins can sense the redox state of the chloroplast. According to our hypothesis, thioredoxins and related thiol reactive molecules downregulate the activity of H2O2-detoxifying enzymes, and thereby allow a transient oxidative burst that triggers the expression of H2O2 responsive genes. It has been shown recently that upon light stress, catalase activity was reversibly inhibited in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in correlation with a transient increase in the level of H2O2. Here, it is shown that Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking the NADP-malate dehydrogenase have lost the reversible inactivation of catalase activity and the increase in H2O2 levels when exposed to high light. The mutants were slightly affected in growth and accumulated higher levels of NADPH in the chloroplast than the wild-type. We propose that the malate valve plays an essential role in the regulation of catalase activity and the accumulation of a H2O2 signal by transmitting the redox state of the chloroplast to other cell compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiri Heyno
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) Saclay, iBiTec-S, CNRS UMR 8221, Service de Bioénergétique, Biologie Structurale et Mécanisme, , 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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Quan S, Yang P, Cassin-Ross G, Kaur N, Switzenberg R, Aung K, Li J, Hu J. Proteome analysis of peroxisomes from etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings identifies a peroxisomal protease involved in β-oxidation and development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:1518-38. [PMID: 24130194 PMCID: PMC3850190 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.223453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant peroxisomes are highly dynamic organelles that mediate a suite of metabolic processes crucial to development. Peroxisomes in seeds/dark-grown seedlings and in photosynthetic tissues constitute two major subtypes of plant peroxisomes, which had been postulated to contain distinct primary biochemical properties. Multiple in-depth proteomic analyses had been performed on leaf peroxisomes, yet the major makeup of peroxisomes in seeds or dark-grown seedlings remained unclear. To compare the metabolic pathways of the two dominant plant peroxisomal subtypes and discover new peroxisomal proteins that function specifically during seed germination, we performed proteomic analysis of peroxisomes from etiolated Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings. The detection of 77 peroxisomal proteins allowed us to perform comparative analysis with the peroxisomal proteome of green leaves, which revealed a large overlap between these two primary peroxisomal variants. Subcellular targeting analysis by fluorescence microscopy validated around 10 new peroxisomal proteins in Arabidopsis. Mutant analysis suggested the role of the cysteine protease RESPONSE TO DROUGHT21A-LIKE1 in β-oxidation, seed germination, and growth. This work provides a much-needed road map of a major type of plant peroxisome and has established a basis for future investigations of peroxisomal proteolytic processes to understand their roles in development and in plant interaction with the environment.
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Rahantaniaina MS, Tuzet A, Mhamdi A, Noctor G. Missing links in understanding redox signaling via thiol/disulfide modulation: how is glutathione oxidized in plants? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:477. [PMID: 24324478 PMCID: PMC3838956 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione is a small redox-active molecule existing in two main stable forms: the thiol (GSH) and the disulphide (GSSG). In plants growing in optimal conditions, the GSH:GSSG ratio is high in most cell compartments. Challenging environmental conditions are known to alter this ratio, notably by inducing the accumulation of GSSG, an effect that may be influential in the perception or transduction of stress signals. Despite the potential importance of glutathione status in redox signaling, the reactions responsible for the oxidation of GSH to GSSG have not been clearly identified. Most attention has focused on the ascorbate-glutathione pathway, but several other candidate pathways may couple the availability of oxidants such as H2O2 to changes in glutathione and thus impact on signaling pathways through regulation of protein thiol-disulfide status. We provide an overview of the main candidate pathways and discuss the available biochemical, transcriptomic, and genetic evidence relating to each. Our analysis emphasizes how much is still to be elucidated on this question, which is likely important for a full understanding of how stress-related redox regulation might impinge on phytohormone-related and other signaling pathways in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Sylviane Rahantaniaina
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Université Paris-SudOrsay, France
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, UMR Environnement et Grandes CulturesThiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Andrée Tuzet
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, UMR Environnement et Grandes CulturesThiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Université Paris-SudOrsay, France
| | - Graham Noctor
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Université Paris-SudOrsay, France
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Ayer A, Gourlay CW, Dawes IW. Cellular redox homeostasis, reactive oxygen species and replicative ageing inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2013; 14:60-72. [DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Ayer
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute; Darlinghurst NSW Australia
| | | | - Ian W. Dawes
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
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Yu X, Pasternak T, Eiblmeier M, Ditengou F, Kochersperger P, Sun J, Wang H, Rennenberg H, Teale W, Paponov I, Zhou W, Li C, Li X, Palme K. Plastid-localized glutathione reductase2-regulated glutathione redox status is essential for Arabidopsis root apical meristem maintenance. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4451-68. [PMID: 24249834 PMCID: PMC3875729 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.117028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione is involved in thiol redox signaling and acts as a major redox buffer against reactive oxygen species, helping to maintain a reducing environment in vivo. Glutathione reductase (GR) catalyzes the reduction of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) into reduced glutathione (GSH). The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes two GRs: GR1 and GR2. Whereas the cytosolic/peroxisomal GR1 is not crucial for plant development, we show here that the plastid-localized GR2 is essential for root growth and root apical meristem (RAM) maintenance. We identify a GR2 mutant, miao, that displays strong inhibition of root growth and severe defects in the RAM, with GR activity being reduced to ∼50%. miao accumulates high levels of GSSG and exhibits increased glutathione oxidation. The exogenous application of GSH or the thiol-reducing agent DTT can rescue the root phenotype of miao, demonstrating that the RAM defects in miao are triggered by glutathione oxidation. Our in silico analysis of public microarray data shows that auxin and glutathione redox signaling generally act independently at the transcriptional level. We propose that glutathione redox status is essential for RAM maintenance through both auxin/PLETHORA (PLT)-dependent and auxin/PLT-independent redox signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Initiative for Systems Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Chinese-German Joint Group for Plant Hormone Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Taras Pasternak
- Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Initiative for Systems Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Monika Eiblmeier
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franck Ditengou
- Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Initiative for Systems Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philip Kochersperger
- Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jiaqiang Sun
- Chinese-German Joint Group for Plant Hormone Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Initiative for Systems Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Chinese-German Joint Group for Plant Hormone Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - William Teale
- Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Initiative for Systems Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ivan Paponov
- Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Initiative for Systems Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wenkun Zhou
- Chinese-German Joint Group for Plant Hormone Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chuanyou Li
- Chinese-German Joint Group for Plant Hormone Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xugang Li
- Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Initiative for Systems Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Chinese-German Joint Group for Plant Hormone Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Address correspondence to
| | - Klaus Palme
- Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Initiative for Systems Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Chinese-German Joint Group for Plant Hormone Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Dghim AA, Mhamdi A, Vaultier MN, Hasenfratz-Sauder MP, Le Thiec D, Dizengremel P, Noctor G, Jolivet Y. Analysis of cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase 1 in photoperiod-influenced responses to ozone using Arabidopsis knockout mutants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:1981-91. [PMID: 23527794 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress caused by ozone (O3 ) affects plant development, but the roles of specific redox-homeostatic enzymes in O3 responses are still unclear. While growth day length may affect oxidative stress outcomes, the potential influence of day length context on equal-time exposures to O3 is not known. In Arabidopsis Col-0, day length affected the outcome of O3 exposure. In short-days (SD), few lesions were elicited by treatments that caused extensive lesions in long days (LD). Lesion formation was not associated with significant perturbation of glutathione, ascorbate, NADP(H) or NAD(H). To investigate roles of two genes potentially underpinning this redox stability, O3 responses of mutants for cytosolic NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (icdh) and glutathione reductase 1 (gr1) were analysed. Loss of ICDH function did not affect O3 -induced lesions, but slightly increased glutathione oxidation, induction of other cytosolic NADPH-producing enzymes and pathogenesis-related gene 1 (PR1). In gr1, O3 -triggered lesions, salicylic acid accumulation, and induction of PR1 were all decreased relative to Col-0 despite enhanced accumulation of glutathione. Thus, even at identical irradiance and equal-time exposures, day length strongly influences phenotypes triggered by oxidants of atmospheric origin, while in addition to its antioxidant function, the GR-glutathione system seems to play novel signalling roles during O3 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Allah Dghim
- UMR1137 EEF, Université de Lorraine, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, Cedex, France; UMR1137 EEF, INRA, F-54280, Champenoux, France; IFR110 EFABA, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, Cedex, France
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Ast J, Stiebler AC, Freitag J, Bölker M. Dual targeting of peroxisomal proteins. Front Physiol 2013; 4:297. [PMID: 24151469 PMCID: PMC3798809 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular compartmentalization into organelles serves to separate biological processes within the environment of a single cell. While some metabolic reactions are specific to a single organelle, others occur in more than one cellular compartment. Specific targeting of proteins to compartments inside of eukaryotic cells is mediated by defined sequence motifs. To achieve multiple targeting to different compartments cells use a variety of strategies. Here, we focus on mechanisms leading to dual targeting of peroxisomal proteins. In many instances, isoforms of peroxisomal proteins with distinct intracellular localization are encoded by separate genes. But also single genes can give rise to differentially localized proteins. Different isoforms can be generated by use of alternative transcriptional start sites, by differential splicing or ribosomal read-through of stop codons. In all these cases different peptide variants are produced, of which only one carries a peroxisomal targeting signal. Alternatively, peroxisomal proteins contain additional signals that compete for intracellular targeting. Dual localization of proteins residing in both the cytoplasm and in peroxisomes may also result from use of inefficient targeting signals. The recent observation that some bona fide cytoplasmic enzymes were also found in peroxisomes indicates that dual targeting of proteins to both the cytoplasm and the peroxisome might be more widespread. Although current knowledge of proteins exhibiting only partial peroxisomal targeting is far from being complete, we speculate that the metabolic capacity of peroxisomes might be larger than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ast
- Department of Biology, Philipps University Marburg Marburg, Germany
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Kessel-Vigelius SK, Wiese J, Schroers MG, Wrobel TJ, Hahn F, Linka N. An engineered plant peroxisome and its application in biotechnology. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 210:232-40. [PMID: 23849130 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant metabolic engineering is a promising tool for biotechnological applications. Major goals include enhancing plant fitness for an increased product yield and improving or introducing novel pathways to synthesize industrially relevant products. Plant peroxisomes are favorable targets for metabolic engineering, because they are involved in diverse functions, including primary and secondary metabolism, development, abiotic stress response, and pathogen defense. This review discusses targets for manipulating endogenous peroxisomal pathways, such as fatty acid β-oxidation, or introducing novel pathways, such as the synthesis of biodegradable polymers. Furthermore, strategies to bypass peroxisomal pathways for improved energy efficiency and detoxification of environmental pollutants are discussed. In sum, we highlight the biotechnological potential of plant peroxisomes and indicate future perspectives to exploit peroxisomes as biofactories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Kessel-Vigelius
- Heinrich-Heine University, Plant Biochemistry, Universitätsstrasse 1, Building 26.03.01, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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45
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Gest N, Garchery C, Gautier H, Jiménez A, Stevens R. Light-dependent regulation of ascorbate in tomato by a monodehydroascorbate reductase localized in peroxisomes and the cytosol. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 11:344-54. [PMID: 23130940 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate is a powerful antioxidant in plants, and its levels are an important quality criteria in commercial species. Factors influencing these levels include environmental variations, particularly light, and the genetic control of its biosynthesis, recycling and degradation. One of the genes involved in the recycling pathway encodes a monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), an enzyme catalysing reduction of the oxidized radical of ascorbate, monodehydroascorbate, to ascorbate. In plants, MDHAR belongs to a multigene family. Here, we report the presence of an MDHAR isoform in both the cytosol and peroxisomes and show that this enzyme negatively regulates ascorbate levels in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). Transgenic lines overexpressing MDHAR show a decrease in ascorbate levels in leaves, whereas lines where MDHAR is silenced show an increase in these levels in both fruits and leaves. Furthermore, the intensity of these differences is light dependent. The unexpected effect of this MDHAR on ascorbate levels cannot be explained by changes in the expression of Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway genes, or the activity of enzymes involved in degradation (ascorbate peroxidase) or recycling of ascorbate (dehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase), suggesting a previously unidentified mechanism regulating ascorbate levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noé Gest
- INRA, UR1052, Génétique et amélioration des fruits et légumes, Domaine St Maurice, Allée des Chênes, Montfavet, France
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46
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Gallego SM, Pena LB, Barcia RA, Azpilicueta CE, Iannone MF, Rosales EP, Zawoznik MS, Groppa MD, Benavides MP. Unravelling cadmium toxicity and tolerance in plants: Insight into regulatory mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 586] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
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Meyer Y, Belin C, Delorme-Hinoux V, Reichheld JP, Riondet C. Thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems in plants: molecular mechanisms, crosstalks, and functional significance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:1124-60. [PMID: 22531002 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxins (Trx) and glutaredoxins (Grx) constitute families of thiol oxidoreductases. Our knowledge of Trx and Grx in plants has dramatically increased during the last decade. The release of the Arabidopsis genome sequence revealed an unexpectedly high number of Trx and Grx genes. The availability of several genomes of vascular and nonvascular plants allowed the establishment of a clear classification of the genes and the chronology of their appearance during plant evolution. Proteomic approaches have been developed that identified the putative Trx and Grx target proteins which are implicated in all aspects of plant growth, including basal metabolism, iron/sulfur cluster formation, development, adaptation to the environment, and stress responses. Analyses of the biochemical characteristics of specific Trx and Grx point to a strong specificity toward some target enzymes, particularly within plastidial Trx and Grx. In apparent contradiction with this specificity, genetic approaches show an absence of phenotype for most available Trx and Grx mutants, suggesting that redundancies also exist between Trx and Grx members. Despite this, the isolation of mutants inactivated in multiple genes and several genetic screens allowed the demonstration of the involvement of Trx and Grx in pathogen response, phytohormone pathways, and at several control points of plant development. Cytosolic Trxs are reduced by NADPH-thioredoxin reductase (NTR), while the reduction of Grx depends on reduced glutathione (GSH). Interestingly, recent development integrating biochemical analysis, proteomic data, and genetics have revealed an extensive crosstalk between the cytosolic NTR/Trx and GSH/Grx systems. This crosstalk, which occurs at multiple levels, reveals the high plasticity of the redox systems in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Meyer
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan, France
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Ayer A, Fellermeier S, Fife C, Li SS, Smits G, Meyer AJ, Dawes IW, Perrone GG. A genome-wide screen in yeast identifies specific oxidative stress genes required for the maintenance of sub-cellular redox homeostasis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44278. [PMID: 22970195 PMCID: PMC3435413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of an optimal redox environment is critical for appropriate functioning of cellular processes and cell survival. Despite the importance of maintaining redox homeostasis, it is not clear how the optimal redox potential is sensed and set, and the processes that impact redox on a cellular/organellar level are poorly understood. The genetic bases of cellular redox homeostasis were investigated using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) based redox probe, roGFP2 and a pH sensitive GFP-based probe, pHluorin. The use of roGFP2, in conjunction with pHluorin, enabled determination of pH-adjusted sub-cellular redox potential in a non-invasive and real-time manner. A genome-wide screen using both the non-essential and essential gene collections was carried out in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using cytosolic-roGFP2 to identify factors essential for maintenance of cytosolic redox state under steady-state conditions. 102 genes of diverse function were identified that are required for maintenance of cytosolic redox state. Mutations in these genes led to shifts in the half-cell glutathione redox potential by 75-10 mV. Interestingly, some specific oxidative stress-response processes were identified as over-represented in the data set. Further investigation of the role of oxidative stress-responsive systems in sub-cellular redox homeostasis was conducted using roGFP2 constructs targeted to the mitochondrial matrix and peroxisome and E(GSH) was measured in cells in exponential and stationary phase. Analyses allowed for the identification of key redox systems on a sub-cellular level and the identification of novel genes involved in the regulation of cellular redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Ayer
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Simone S. Li
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gertien Smits
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ian W. Dawes
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Mhamdi A, Noctor G, Baker A. Plant catalases: Peroxisomal redox guardians. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 525:181-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Chowdhary G, Kataya ARA, Lingner T, Reumann S. Non-canonical peroxisome targeting signals: identification of novel PTS1 tripeptides and characterization of enhancer elements by computational permutation analysis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:142. [PMID: 22882975 PMCID: PMC3487989 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-accuracy prediction tools are essential in the post-genomic era to define organellar proteomes in their full complexity. We recently applied a discriminative machine learning approach to predict plant proteins carrying peroxisome targeting signals (PTS) type 1 from genome sequences. For Arabidopsis thaliana 392 gene models were predicted to be peroxisome-targeted. The predictions were extensively tested in vivo, resulting in a high experimental verification rate of Arabidopsis proteins previously not known to be peroxisomal. RESULTS In this study, we experimentally validated the predictions in greater depth by focusing on the most challenging Arabidopsis proteins with unknown non-canonical PTS1 tripeptides and prediction scores close to the threshold. By in vivo subcellular targeting analysis, three novel PTS1 tripeptides (QRL>, SQM>, and SDL>) and two novel tripeptide residues (Q at position -3 and D at pos. -2) were identified. To understand why, among many Arabidopsis proteins carrying the same C-terminal tripeptides, these proteins were specifically predicted as peroxisomal, the residues upstream of the PTS1 tripeptide were computationally permuted and the changes in prediction scores were analyzed. The newly identified Arabidopsis proteins were found to contain four to five amino acid residues of high predicted targeting enhancing properties at position -4 to -12 in front of the non-canonical PTS1 tripeptide. The identity of the predicted targeting enhancing residues was unexpectedly diverse, comprising besides basic residues also proline, hydroxylated (Ser, Thr), hydrophobic (Ala, Val), and even acidic residues. CONCLUSIONS Our computational and experimental analyses demonstrate that the plant PTS1 tripeptide motif is more diverse than previously thought, including an increasing number of non-canonical sequences and allowed residues. Specific targeting enhancing elements can be predicted for particular sequences of interest and are far more diverse in amino acid composition and positioning than previously assumed. Machine learning methods become indispensable to predict which specific proteins, among numerous candidate proteins carrying the same non-canonical PTS1 tripeptide, contain sufficient enhancer elements in terms of number, positioning and total strength to cause peroxisome targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Chowdhary
- Centre for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, Campus XI, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Amr RA Kataya
- Centre for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Thomas Lingner
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sigrun Reumann
- Centre for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
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