451
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Cancer neoantigens as potential targets for immunotherapy. Clin Exp Metastasis 2021; 39:51-60. [PMID: 33950415 PMCID: PMC8097110 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-021-10091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) and programed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or its ligand PD-L1 have increased the survival and cure rates for patients with many cancer types in various disease settings. However, only 10–40% of cancer patients benefited from these ICIs, of whom ~ 20% have treatment interruption or discontinuation due to immune-related adverse events that can be severe and even fatal. Current efforts in precision immunotherapy are focused on improving biomarker-based patient selection for currently available ICIs and exploring rationale combination and novel strategies to expand the benefit of immunotherapy to more cancer patients. Neoantigens arise from ~ 10% of the non-synonymous somatic mutations in cancer cells, are important targets of T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity for individual patients. Advances in next generation sequencing technology and computational bioinformatics have enable the identification of genomic alterations, putative neoantigens, and gene expression profiling in individual tumors for personal oncology in a rapid and cost-effective way. Among the genomic biomarkers, defective mismatch DNA repair (dMMR), microsatellite instability high (MSI-H) and high tumor mutational burden (H-TMB) have received FDA approvals for selecting patients for ICI treatment. All these biomarkers measure high neoantigen load and tumor antigenicity, supporting the current development of neoantigen-based personalized cancer vaccines for patients with high TMB tumor. Several studies have shown neoantigen vaccines are feasible, safe and have promising clinical activity in patients with high TMB tumors in both metastatic and adjuvant settings. This review summarizes the emerging data and technologies for neoantigen-based personalized immunotherapy.
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452
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Tan Y, Chen Q, Li X, Zeng Z, Xiong W, Li G, Li X, Yang J, Xiang B, Yi M. Pyroptosis: a new paradigm of cell death for fighting against cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:153. [PMID: 33941231 PMCID: PMC8091792 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01959-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unraveling the mystery of cell death is one of the most fundamental progresses of life sciences during the past decades. Regulated cell death (RCD) or programmed cell death (PCD) is not only essential in embryonic development, but also plays an important role in the occurrence and progression of diseases, especially cancers. Escaping of cell death is one of hallmarks of cancer. MAIN BODY Pyroptosis is an inflammatory cell death usually caused by microbial infection, accompanied by activation of inflammasomes and maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18). Gasdermin family proteins are the executors of pyroptosis. Cytotoxic N-terminal of gasdermins generated from caspases or granzymes proteases mediated cleavage of gasdermin proteins oligomerizes and forms pore across cell membrane, leading to release of IL-1β, IL-18. Pyroptosis exerts tumor suppression function and evokes anti-tumor immune responses. Therapeutic regimens, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and immune therapy, induce pyroptosis in cancer, which potentiate local and systemic anti-tumor immunity. On the other hand, pyroptosis of normal cells attributes to side effects of anti-cancer therapies. CONCLUSION In this review, we focus on the regulatory mechanisms of pyroptosis and the tumor suppressive function of pyroptosis. We discuss the attribution of pyroptosis in reprogramming tumor microenvironments and restoration of anti-tumor immunity and its potential application in cancer immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Tan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, The Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Quanzhu Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xiayu Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jianbo Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Bo Xiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Mei Yi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China. .,Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, The Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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453
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Fang Y, He Y, Wu C, Zhang M, Gu Z, Zhang J, Liu E, Xu Q, Asrorov AM, Huang Y. Magnetism-mediated targeting hyperthermia-immunotherapy in "cold" tumor with CSF1R inhibitor. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:6860-6872. [PMID: 34093858 PMCID: PMC8171105 DOI: 10.7150/thno.57511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Immunotherapy has profoundly changed the landscape of cancer management and represented the most significant breakthrough. Yet, it is a formidable challenge that the majority of cancers - the so-called “cold” tumors - poorly respond to immunotherapy. To find a general immunoregulatory modality that can be applied to a broad spectrum of cancers is an urgent need. Methods: Magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) possesses promise in cancer therapy. We develop a safe and effective therapeutic strategy by using magnetism-mediated targeting MHT-immunotherapy in “cold” colon cancer. A magnetic liposomal system modified with cell-penetrating TAT peptide was developed for targeted delivery of a CSF1R inhibitor (BLZ945), which can block the CSF1-CSF1R pathway and reduce M2 macrophages. The targeted delivery strategy is characterized by its magnetic navigation and TAT-promoting intratumoral penetration. Results: The liposomes (termed TAT-BLZmlips) can induce ICD and cause excessive CRT exposure on the cell surface, which transmits an “eat-me” signal to DCs to elicit immunity. The combination of MHT and BLZ945 can repolarize M2 macrophages in the tumor microenvironment to relieve immunosuppression, normalize the tumor blood vessels, and promote T-lymphocyte infiltration. The antitumor effector CD8+ T cells were increased after treatment. Conclusion: This work demonstrated that TAT-BLZmlips with magnetic navigation and MHT can remodel tumor microenvironment and activate immune responses and memory, thus inhibiting tumor growth and recurrence.
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454
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Park KS, Nam J, Son S, Moon JJ. Personalized combination nano-immunotherapy for robust induction and tumor infiltration of CD8 + T cells. Biomaterials 2021; 274:120844. [PMID: 33962217 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Identification of tumor-specific mutations, called neoantigens, offers new exciting opportunities for personalized cancer immunotherapy. However, it remains challenging to achieve robust induction of neoantigen-specific T cells and drive their infiltration into the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we have developed a novel polyethyleneimine (PEI)-based personalized vaccine platform carrying neoantigen peptides and CpG adjuvants in a compact nanoparticle (NP) for their spatio-temporally concerted delivery. The NP vaccine significantly enhanced activation and antigen cross-presentation of dendritic cells, resulting in strong priming of neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells with the frequency in the systemic circulation reaching as high as 23 ± 7% after a single subcutaneous administration. However, activated CD8+ T cells in circulation exhibited limited tumor infiltration, leading to poor anti-tumor efficacy. Notably, local administration of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist promoted tumor infiltration of vaccine-primed CD8+ T cells, thereby overcoming one of the major challenges in achieving strong anti-tumor efficacy with cancer vaccination. The NP vaccination combined with STING agonist therapy eliminated tumors in murine models of MC-38 colon carcinoma and B16F10 melanoma and established long-term immunological memory. Our approach provides a novel therapeutic strategy based on combination nano-immunotherapy for personalized cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Soo Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jutaek Nam
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sejin Son
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - James J Moon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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455
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Bagherifar R, Kiaie SH, Hatami Z, Ahmadi A, Sadeghnejad A, Baradaran B, Jafari R, Javadzadeh Y. Nanoparticle-mediated synergistic chemoimmunotherapy for tailoring cancer therapy: recent advances and perspectives. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:110. [PMID: 33865432 PMCID: PMC8052859 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00861-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, a potent challenge in cancer treatment is considered the lack of efficacious strategy, which has not been able to significantly reduce mortality. Chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) as a promising approach in both for the first-line and relapsed therapy demonstrated particular benefit from two key gating strategies, including chemotherapy and immunotherapy to cancer therapy; therefore, the discernment of their participation and role of potential synergies in CIT approach is determinant. In this study, in addition to balancing the pros and cons of CIT with the challenges of each of two main strategies, the recent advances in the cancer CIT have been discussed. Additionally, immunotherapeutic strategies and the immunomodulation effect induced by chemotherapy, which boosts CIT have been brought up. Finally, harnessing and development of the nanoparticles, which mediated CIT have expatiated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafieh Bagherifar
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Kiaie
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zahra Hatami
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Ahmadi
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA
| | | | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Jafari
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd., P.O. BoX: 1138, 57147, Urmia, Iran.
- Department of Immunology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Yousef Javadzadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Science, 5166-15731, Tabriz, Iran.
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456
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Santagata S, Ieranò C, Trotta AM, Capiluongo A, Auletta F, Guardascione G, Scala S. CXCR4 and CXCR7 Signaling Pathways: A Focus on the Cross-Talk Between Cancer Cells and Tumor Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2021; 11:591386. [PMID: 33937018 PMCID: PMC8082172 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.591386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and 7 (CXCR7) are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) activated through their shared ligand CXCL12 in multiple human cancers. They play a key role in the tumor/tumor microenvironment (TME) promoting tumor progression, targeting cell proliferation and migration, while orchestrating the recruitment of immune and stromal cells within the TME. CXCL12 excludes T cells from TME through a concentration gradient that inhibits immunoactive cells access and promotes tumor vascularization. Thus, dual CXCR4/CXCR7 inhibition will target different cancer components. CXCR4/CXCR7 antagonism should prevent the development of metastases by interfering with tumor cell growth, migration and chemotaxis and favoring the frequency of T cells in TME. Herein, we discuss the current understanding on the role of CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 cross-talk in tumor progression and immune cells recruitment providing support for a combined CXCR4/CXCR7 targeting therapy. In addition, we consider emerging approaches that coordinately target both immune checkpoints and CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Santagata
- Research Department, Microenvironment Molecular Targets, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione "G. Pascale", Napoli, Italy
| | - Caterina Ieranò
- Research Department, Microenvironment Molecular Targets, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione "G. Pascale", Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Trotta
- Research Department, Microenvironment Molecular Targets, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione "G. Pascale", Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Capiluongo
- Research Department, Microenvironment Molecular Targets, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione "G. Pascale", Napoli, Italy
| | - Federica Auletta
- Research Department, Microenvironment Molecular Targets, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione "G. Pascale", Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Guardascione
- Research Department, Microenvironment Molecular Targets, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione "G. Pascale", Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefania Scala
- Research Department, Microenvironment Molecular Targets, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione "G. Pascale", Napoli, Italy
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457
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Manz SM, Losa M, Fritsch R, Scharl M. Efficacy and side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2021; 14:17562848211002018. [PMID: 33948110 PMCID: PMC8053828 DOI: 10.1177/17562848211002018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancers (CRCs) remain one of the most common and challenging neoplasia in the Western world. The response rate of immunotherapeutic treatment approaches in a subset of advanced CRCs is remarkable and has sustainably changed treatment regimens. Unfortunately, currently available immunotherapeutics only displayed significant antitumoral activity - in terms of progression free survival (PFS) and objective response rate (ORR) - in microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H)/DNA mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) CRCs. Subsequently, these remarkable results had led to the US Food and Drug Administration's approval of both immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) pembrolizumab and nivolumab in the treatment of advanced MSI-H/dMMR CRCs. However, in microsatellite stable (MSS)/DNA mismatch repair proficient (pMMR) CRCs, ICIs have clearly failed to meet their expectations and are therefore not considered effective. As the vast majority of CRCs display a molecular MSS/pMMR profile, current treatment approaches endeavor to improve tumor immunogenicity that consecutively leads to increased proinflammatory cytokine levels as well as tumor infiltrating T-cells, which in turn may be targeted by various immunotherapeutic agents. Therefore, ongoing studies are investigating novel synergistic therapy modalities and approaches to overcome a "cold" to "hot" tumor conversion in MSS/pMMR CRCs. In this review, we summarize the efficacy and possible immune-related adverse events as well as novel therapeutic approaches of ICIs in the treatment of MSI-H/dMMR and MSS/pMMR CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomon M. Manz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Losa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Fritsch
- Center for Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, Zurich, CH-8091, Switzerland
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458
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Li Y, Wang X, Ma X, Liu C, Wu J, Sun C. Natural Polysaccharides and Their Derivates: A Promising Natural Adjuvant for Tumor Immunotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:621813. [PMID: 33935714 PMCID: PMC8080043 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.621813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment process of tumor is advanced with the development of immunotherapy. In clinical experience, immunotherapy has achieved very significant results. However, the application of immunotherapy is limited by a variety of immune microenvironment. For a long time in the past, polysaccharides such as lentinan and Ganoderma lucidum glycopeptide have been used in clinic as adjuvant drugs to widely improve the immunity of the body. However, their mechanism in tumor immunotherapy has not been deeply discussed. Studies have shown that natural polysaccharides can stimulate innate immunity by activating upstream immune cells so as to regulate adaptive immune pathways such as T cells and improve the effect of immunotherapy, suggesting that polysaccharides also have a promising future in cancer therapy. This review systematically discusses that polysaccharides can directly or indirectly activate macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells etc., binding to their surface receptors, inducing PI3K/Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinase, Notch and other pathways, promote their proliferation and differentiation, increasing the secretion of cytokines, and improve the state of immune suppression. These results provide relevant basis for guiding polysaccharide to be used as adjuvants of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoran Ma
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Cun Liu
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jibiao Wu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Changgang Sun
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, China.,Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China
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459
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Tissues and Tumor Microenvironment (TME) in 3D: Models to Shed Light on Immunosuppression in Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040831. [PMID: 33917037 PMCID: PMC8067689 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppression in cancer has emerged as a major hurdle to immunotherapy efforts. Immunosuppression can arise from oncogene-induced signaling within the tumor as well as from tumor-associated immune cells. Understanding various mechanisms by which the tumor can undermine and evade therapy is critical in improving current cancer immunotherapies. While mouse models have allowed for the characterization of key immune cell types and their role in tumor development, extrapolating these mechanisms to patients has been challenging. There is need for better models to unravel the effects of genetic alterations inherent in tumor cells and immune cells isolated from tumors on tumor growth and to investigate the feasibility of immunotherapy. Three-dimensional (3D) organoid model systems have developed rapidly over the past few years and allow for incorporation of components of the tumor microenvironment such as immune cells and the stroma. This bears great promise for derivation of patient-specific models in a dish for understanding and determining the impact on personalized immunotherapy. In this review, we will highlight the significance of current experimental models employed in the study of tumor immunosuppression and evaluate current tumor organoid-immune cell co-culture systems and their potential impact in shedding light on cancer immunosuppression.
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460
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Kimm MA, Klenk C, Alunni-Fabbroni M, Kästle S, Stechele M, Ricke J, Eisenblätter M, Wildgruber M. Tumor-Associated Macrophages-Implications for Molecular Oncology and Imaging. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040374. [PMID: 33918295 PMCID: PMC8066018 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent the largest group of leukocytes within the tumor microenvironment (TME) of solid tumors and orchestrate the composition of anti- as well as pro-tumorigenic factors. This makes TAMs an excellent target for novel cancer therapies. The plasticity of TAMs resulting in varying membrane receptors and expression of intracellular proteins allow the specific characterization of different subsets of TAMs. Those markers similarly allow tracking of TAMs by different means of molecular imaging. This review aims to provides an overview of the origin of tumor-associated macrophages, their polarization in different subtypes, and how characteristic markers of the subtypes can be used as targets for molecular imaging and theranostic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A. Kimm
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.A.K.); (C.K.); (M.A.-F.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Christopher Klenk
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.A.K.); (C.K.); (M.A.-F.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Marianna Alunni-Fabbroni
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.A.K.); (C.K.); (M.A.-F.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Sophia Kästle
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.A.K.); (C.K.); (M.A.-F.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Matthias Stechele
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.A.K.); (C.K.); (M.A.-F.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Jens Ricke
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.A.K.); (C.K.); (M.A.-F.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Michel Eisenblätter
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Freiburg University Hospital, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Moritz Wildgruber
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.A.K.); (C.K.); (M.A.-F.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-0-89-4400-76640
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461
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Jean-Baptiste SR, Feigenberg SJ, Dorsey JF, Kao GD. Personal and Prognostic: Tissue and Liquid Biomarkers of Radiotherapeutic Response in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol 2021; 31:149-154. [PMID: 33610272 PMCID: PMC9889131 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent treatment advances have improved outcomes for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), often utilizing tumor molecular characterization to identify targetable mutations. This is further enhanced by advancements in "liquid biopsies", using peripheral blood for noninvasive, serial sampling of tumor biology. While tumor genomic alterations have established therapeutic implications in metastatic NSCLC, research is also ongoing to develop applications for tissue and liquid biomarkers in earlier stage disease, such as patients treated with radiation for early stage or locoregional NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R. Jean-Baptiste
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
| | - Steven J. Feigenberg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
| | - Jay F. Dorsey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania,Corresponding Authors: Gary D. Kao, MD, Ph.D.: , Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Bldg 421 SCTR 8-134, 3400 Civic Center Blvd., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Office: 215-573-2285, Jay F. Dorsey, MD, Ph.D.: , Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Bldg 421 SCTR 8-135, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Office: (215) 662-2428, Fax: (215) 349-5445
| | - Gary D. Kao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania,Corresponding Authors: Gary D. Kao, MD, Ph.D.: , Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Bldg 421 SCTR 8-134, 3400 Civic Center Blvd., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Office: 215-573-2285, Jay F. Dorsey, MD, Ph.D.: , Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Bldg 421 SCTR 8-135, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Office: (215) 662-2428, Fax: (215) 349-5445
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Ollauri-Ibáñez C, Ayuso-Íñigo B, Pericacho M. Hot and Cold Tumors: Is Endoglin (CD105) a Potential Target for Vessel Normalization? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1552. [PMID: 33800564 PMCID: PMC8038031 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors are complex masses formed by malignant but also by normal cells. The interaction between these cells via cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and enzymes that remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM) constitutes the tumor microenvironment (TME). This TME can be determinant in the prognosis and the response to some treatments such as immunotherapy. Depending on their TME, two types of tumors can be defined: hot tumors, characterized by an immunosupportive TME and a good response to immunotherapy; and cold tumors, which respond poorly to this therapy and are characterized by an immunosuppressive TME. A therapeutic strategy that has been shown to be useful for the conversion of cold tumors into hot tumors is vascular normalization. In this review we propose that endoglin (CD105) may be a useful target of this strategy since it is involved in the three main processes involved in the generation of the TME: angiogenesis, inflammation, and cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) accumulation. Moreover, the analysis of endoglin expression in tumors, which is already used in the clinic to study the microvascular density and that is associated with worse prognosis, could be used to predict a patient's response to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miguel Pericacho
- Renal and Cardiovascular Research Unit, Group of Physiopathology of the Vascular Endothelium (ENDOVAS), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (C.O.-I.); (B.A.-Í.)
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Cohen G, Chandran P, Lorsung RM, Aydin O, Tomlinson LE, Rosenblatt RB, Burks SR, Frank JA. Pulsed-Focused Ultrasound Slows B16 Melanoma and 4T1 Breast Tumor Growth through Differential Tumor Microenvironmental Changes. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071546. [PMID: 33801627 PMCID: PMC8036693 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Focused ultrasound (FUS) has shown promise as a non-invasive treatment modality for solid malignancies. FUS targeting to tumors has been shown to initiate pro-inflammatory immune responses within the tumor microenvironment. Pulsed FUS (pFUS) can alter the expression of cytokines, chemokines, trophic factors, cell adhesion molecules, and immune cell phenotypes within tissues. Here, we investigated the molecular and immune cell effects of pFUS on murine B16 melanoma and 4T1 breast cancer flank tumors. Temporal changes following sonication were evaluated by proteomics, RNA-seq, flow-cytometry, and histological analyses. Proteomic profiling revealed molecular changes occurring over 24 h post-pFUS that were consistent with a shift toward inflamed tumor microenvironment. Over 5 days post-pFUS, tumor growth rates were significantly decreased while flow cytometric analysis revealed differences in the temporal migration of immune cells. Transcriptomic analyses following sonication identified differences in gene expression patterns between the two tumor types. Histological analyses further demonstrated reduction of proliferation marker, Ki-67 in 4T1, but not in B16 tumors, and activated cleaved-caspase 3 for apoptosis remained elevated up to 3 days post-pFUS in both tumor types. This study revealed diverse biological mechanisms following pFUS treatment and supports its use as a possible adjuvant to ablative tumor treatment to elicit enhanced anti-tumor responses and slow tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadi Cohen
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1074, USA; (R.M.L.); (O.A.); (L.E.T.); (R.B.R.); (S.R.B.)
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (P.C.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Parwathy Chandran
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1074, USA; (R.M.L.); (O.A.); (L.E.T.); (R.B.R.); (S.R.B.)
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (P.C.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Rebecca M. Lorsung
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1074, USA; (R.M.L.); (O.A.); (L.E.T.); (R.B.R.); (S.R.B.)
| | - Omer Aydin
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1074, USA; (R.M.L.); (O.A.); (L.E.T.); (R.B.R.); (S.R.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Lauren E. Tomlinson
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1074, USA; (R.M.L.); (O.A.); (L.E.T.); (R.B.R.); (S.R.B.)
| | - Robert B. Rosenblatt
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1074, USA; (R.M.L.); (O.A.); (L.E.T.); (R.B.R.); (S.R.B.)
| | - Scott R. Burks
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1074, USA; (R.M.L.); (O.A.); (L.E.T.); (R.B.R.); (S.R.B.)
| | - Joseph A. Frank
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1074, USA; (R.M.L.); (O.A.); (L.E.T.); (R.B.R.); (S.R.B.)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1074, USA
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (P.C.); (J.A.F.)
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Hu Q, Nonaka K, Wakiyama H, Miyashita Y, Fujimoto Y, Jogo T, Hokonohara K, Nakanishi R, Hisamatsu Y, Ando K, Kimura Y, Masuda T, Oki E, Mimori K, Oda Y, Mori M. Cytolytic activity score as a biomarker for antitumor immunity and clinical outcome in patients with gastric cancer. Cancer Med 2021; 10:3129-3138. [PMID: 33769705 PMCID: PMC8085935 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A simple measure of immune cytolytic activity (CYT) base on mRNA expression levels of two genes, GZMA and PRF1, was recently reported. Here, we aimed to evaluate the CYT score's potential as a measure of antitumor immunity and predictor of clinical outcome in gastric cancer (GC) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the correlations between tumor-infiltrating immune cells and the CYT score in 238 GC samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Next, we investigated CYT score associations with molecular subtypes, somatic mutation load, and immune checkpoint molecules in GC samples from TCGA and Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG). Moreover, we evaluated the clinical significance of the CYT score calculated by reverse transcription (RT)-quantitative PCR (qPCR) data in 123 GC samples and the association of the CYT score with the response to anti-PD-1 therapy in 7 GC samples from Kyushu University Hospital. RESULTS The CYT score positively correlated with the proportions of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and macrophages and negatively correlated with the proportion of regulatory T cells in GC tissues. A high CYT score was associated with common immune checkpoint molecules, a high mutation, the Epstein-Barr virus subtype, and the microsatellite instability subtype in GC. Moreover, a low CYT score was a poor prognosis factor in patients with GC. Finally, the CYT score was higher in a responder to anti-PD-1 therapy compared to nonresponders. CONCLUSION The CYT score reflects antitumor immunity and predicts clinical outcome in GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjiang Hu
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nonaka
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Wakiyama
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan
| | - Yu Miyashita
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Fujimoto
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Jogo
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hokonohara
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryota Nakanishi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hisamatsu
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koji Ando
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasue Kimura
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Masuda
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan
| | - Eiji Oki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koshi Mimori
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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465
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Budhwani M, Turrell G, Yu M, Frazer IH, Mehdi AM, Chandra J. Immune-Inhibitory Gene Expression is Positively Correlated with Overall Immune Activity and Predicts Increased Survival Probability of Cervical and Head and Neck Cancer Patients. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:622643. [PMID: 33834038 PMCID: PMC8021786 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.622643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Limited immunotherapy options are approved for the treatment of cervical cancer and only 10-25% of patients respond effectively to checkpoint inhibition monotherapy. To aid the development of novel therapeutic immune targets, we aimed to explore survival-associated immune biomarkers and co-expressed immune networks in cervical cancer. Methods: Using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma (CESC) data (n = 304), we performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and determined which co-expressed immune-related genes and networks are associated with survival probability in CESC patients under conventional therapy. A "Pan-Immune Score" and "Immune Suppression Score" was generated based on expression of survival-associated co-expressed immune networks and immune suppressive genes, which were subsequently tested for association with survival probablity using the TCGA Head Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) data (n = 528), representing a second SCC cancer type. Results: In CESC, WGCNA identified a co-expression module enriched in immune response related genes, including 462 genes where high expression was associated with increased survival probability, and enriched for genes associated with T cell receptor, cytokine and chemokine signaling. However, a high level of expression of 43 of the genes in this module was associated with decreased survival probability but were not enriched in particular pathways. Separately, we identified 20 genes associated with immune suppression including inhibitory immune checkpoint and regulatory T cell-related genes, where high expression was associated with increased survival probability. Expression of these 20 immune suppressive genes (represented as "Immune Suppression Score") was highly correlated with expression of overall survival-associated immune genes (represented as "Pan-Immune Score"). However, high expression of seven immune suppression genes, including TWEAK-R, CD73, IL1 family and TGFb family genes, was significantly associated with decreased survival probability. Both scores also significantly associated with survival probability in HNSCC, and correlated with the previously established "Immunophenoscore." Conclusion: CESC and HNSCC tumors expressing genes predictive of T cell infiltrates (hot tumors) have a better prognosis, despite simultaneous expression of many immune inhibitory genes, than tumors lacking expression of genes associated with T cell infiltrates (cold tumors) whether or not these tumor express immune inhibitory genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Budhwani
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Gavin Turrell
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Meihua Yu
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Ian H Frazer
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Ahmed M Mehdi
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Janin Chandra
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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Zheng Y, Wen Y, Cao H, Gu Y, Yan L, Wang Y, Wang L, Zhang L, Shao F. Global Characterization of Immune Infiltration in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:2085-2100. [PMID: 33790572 PMCID: PMC7997590 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s282763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). However, the therapy is constrained by drug resistance. Therefore, further characterization of immune infiltration in ccRCC is needed to improve its efficacy. Methods Here, we adopted the CIBERSORT method to analyze the level of 22 immune cells, and analyzed the correlation of immune cells and clinical parameters in ccRCC in The Cancer Genome Atlas. We used consensus clustering to cluster ccRCC and identified differently expressed genes (DEGs) between hot and cold tumors using the "Limma" package, and then performed enrichment analysis of DEGs. Finally, we constructed and validated a Cox regression model using the "survival", "glmnet", and "survivalROC" packages, implemented in R. Results Regulatory T cells upregulated in tumor tissue increased during tumor progression, and correlated with poor overall survival in ccRCC. Consensus clustering identified four clusters of ccRCC. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of immune cell infiltration, we subdivided these four clusters into two major types, immune hot and cold, and identified DEGs between them. The results revealed different transcription profiles in the two tumor types, with hot tumors being enriched in immune-related signaling, whereas cold tumors were enriched in extracellular matrix remodeling and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT (PI3K/AKT) pathway. We further identified hub genes and prognostic-related genes from the DEGs, and constructed a Cox regression model for predicting the overall survival of patients with ccRCC. The areas under the receiver operating characteristics curve for the risk model for the training, testing, and external Zhengzhou validation cohorts were 0.834, 0.733, and 0.812, respectively. Notably, gene sets in the prediction model could also predict the overall survival of patients receiving immunotherapy. Conclusion These findings provide a comprehensive characterization of immune infiltration in ccRCC, while the constructed model can be used effectively to predict the overall survival of ccRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zheng
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibo Wen
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Huixia Cao
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Gu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yan
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanliang Wang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Limeng Wang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengmin Shao
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
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467
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Köhler J, Jänne PA. If Virchow and Ehrlich Had Dreamt Together: What the Future Holds for KRAS-Mutant Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3025. [PMID: 33809660 PMCID: PMC8002337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) mutations has notoriously challenged oncologists and researchers for three notable reasons: (1) the historical assumption that KRAS is "undruggable", (2) the disease heterogeneity and (3) the shaping of the tumor microenvironment by KRAS downstream effector functions. Better insights into KRAS structural biochemistry allowed researchers to develop direct KRAS(G12C) inhibitors, which have shown early signs of clinical activity in NSCLC patients and have recently led to an FDA breakthrough designation for AMG-510. Following the approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors for PDL1-positive NSCLC, this could fuel yet another major paradigm shift in the treatment of advanced lung cancer. Here, we review advances in our understanding of the biology of direct KRAS inhibition and project future opportunities and challenges of dual KRAS and immune checkpoint inhibition. This strategy is supported by preclinical models which show that KRAS(G12C) inhibitors can turn some immunologically "cold" tumors into "hot" ones and therefore could benefit patients whose tumors harbor subtype-defining STK11/LKB1 co-mutations. Forty years after the discovery of KRAS as a transforming oncogene, we are on the verge of approval of the first KRAS-targeted drug combinations, thus therapeutically unifying Paul Ehrlich's century-old "magic bullet" vision with Rudolf Virchow's cancer inflammation theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Köhler
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Pasi A. Jänne
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Sciences, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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468
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Reprograming of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Breast Tumor-Bearing Mice under Chemotherapy by Targeting Heme Oxygenase-1. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030470. [PMID: 33809707 PMCID: PMC8002331 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent one of the most abundant components of the tumor microenvironment and play important roles in tumor development and progression. TAMs display plasticity and functional heterogeneity as reflected by distinct phenotypic subsets. TAMs with an M1 phenotype have proinflammatory and anti-tumoral properties whereas M2-like TAMs exert anti-inflammatory and pro-tumoral functions. Tumor cell debris generated during chemotherapy can stimulate primary tumor growth and recurrence. According to our previous study, phagocytic engulfment of breast tumor cell debris by TAMs attenuated chemotherapeutic efficacy through the upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). To verify the impact of HO-1 upregulation on the profile of macrophage polarization during cytotoxic therapy, we utilized a syngeneic murine breast cancer (4T1) model in which tumor bearing mice were treated with paclitaxel (PTX). PTX treatment markedly downregulated the surface expression of the M1 marker CD86 in infiltrated TAMs. Notably, there were significantly more cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in tumors of mice treated with PTX plus the HO-1 inhibitor, zinc protophorphyrin IX (ZnPP) than in mice treated with PTX alone. Interestingly, the tumor-inhibiting efficacy of PTX and ZnPP co-treatment was abrogated when macrophages were depleted by clodronate liposomes. Macrophage depletion also decreased the intratumoral CD8+ T cell population and downregulated the expression of Cxcl9 and Cxcl10. The expression of the M1 phenotype marker, CD86 was higher in mice injected with PTX plus ZnPP than that in mice treated with PTX alone. Conversely, the PTX-induced upregulation of the M2 marker gene, Il10 in CD11b+ myeloid cells from 4T1 tumor-bearing mice treated was dramatically reduced by the administration of the HO-1 inhibitor. Genetic ablation of HO-1 abolished the inhibitory effect of 4T1 tumor cell debris on expression of M1 marker genes, Tnf and Il12b, in LPS-stimulated BMDMs. HO-1-deficient BMDMs exposed to tumor cell debris also exhibited a diminished expression of the M2 macrophage marker, CD206. These findings, taken all together, provide strong evidence that HO-1 plays a pivotal role in the transition of tumor-inhibiting M1-like TAMs to tumor-promoting M2-like ones during chemotherapy.
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469
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Batalha S, Ferreira S, Brito C. The Peripheral Immune Landscape of Breast Cancer: Clinical Findings and In Vitro Models for Biomarker Discovery. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1305. [PMID: 33804027 PMCID: PMC8001103 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the deadliest female malignancy worldwide and, while much is known about phenotype and function of infiltrating immune cells, the same attention has not been paid to the peripheral immune compartment of breast cancer patients. To obtain faster, cheaper, and more precise monitoring of patients' status, it is crucial to define and analyze circulating immune profiles. This review compiles and summarizes the disperse knowledge on the peripheral immune profile of breast cancer patients, how it departs from healthy individuals and how it changes with disease progression. We propose this data to be used as a starting point for validation of clinically relevant biomarkers of disease progression and therapy response, which warrants more thorough investigation in patient cohorts of specific breast cancer subtypes. Relevant clinical findings may also be explored experimentally using advanced 3D cellular models of human cancer-immune system interactions, which are under intensive development. We review the latest findings and discuss the strengths and limitations of such models, as well as the future perspectives. Together, the scientific advancement of peripheral biomarker discovery and cancer-immune crosstalk in breast cancer will be instrumental to uncover molecular mechanisms and putative biomarkers and drug targets in an all-human setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Batalha
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal;
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, University Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sofia Ferreira
- Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Catarina Brito
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal;
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, University Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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Oyarce C, Vizcaino-Castro A, Chen S, Boerma A, Daemen T. Re-polarization of immunosuppressive macrophages to tumor-cytotoxic macrophages by repurposed metabolic drugs. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1898753. [PMID: 33796407 PMCID: PMC7971325 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1898753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
M2-like tumor-associated macrophages promote tumor progression by establishing an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. The phenotype and activity of immunosuppressive macrophages are related to their mitochondrial metabolism. Thus, we studied if drugs targeting mitochondrial metabolic pathways can repolarize macrophages from M2 into an M1-like phenotype or can prevent M0-to-M2 polarization. The drugs selected are clinically approved or in clinical trials and target M2-specific metabolic pathways: fatty acid oxidation (Perhexiline and Trimetazidine), glutaminolysis (CB-839), PPAR activation (HX531), and mitochondrial electron transport chain (VLX-600). Murine bone marrow-derived macrophages were either polarized to M2 using IL-4 in the presence of the drugs or polarized first into M2 and then treated with the drugs in presence of IFN-γ for re-polarization. Targeting both fatty acid oxidation with Perhexiline or the electron transport chain with VLX-600 in the presence of IFN-γ, impaired mitochondrial basal, and maximal respiration and resulted in M2 to M1-like re-polarization (increased iNOS expression, NO production, IL-23, IL-27, and TNF-α secretion), similar to LPS+IFN-γ re-polarization. Moreover, drug-induced macrophage re-polarization resulted in a strong tumor-cytotoxic activity. Furthermore, the polarization of M0- to M2-like macrophages was impaired by CB-839, Trimetazidine, HX531, and Perhexiline, while Hx531 and Perhexiline also reduced MCP-1 secretion. Our results show that by targeting cell metabolism, macrophages could be re-polarized from M2- into an anti-tumoral M1-like phenotype and that M0-to-M2 polarization could be prevented. Overall, this study provides rational for the use of clinically applicable drugs to change an immunosuppressive tumor environment into a pro-inflammatory tumor environment that could support cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Oyarce
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Tumor Virology and Cancer Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Vizcaino-Castro
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Tumor Virology and Cancer Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shipeng Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Tumor Virology and Cancer Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Boerma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Tumor Virology and Cancer Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Toos Daemen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Tumor Virology and Cancer Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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471
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Bozic T, Sersa G, Kranjc Brezar S, Cemazar M, Markelc B. Gene electrotransfer of proinflammatory chemokines CCL5 and CCL17 as a novel approach of modifying cytokine expression profile in the tumor microenvironment. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 140:107795. [PMID: 33789177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of immunotherapy highly correlates with the degree and the type of infiltrated immune cells in the tumor tissue. Treatments based on modifying the immune cell infiltrate of the tumor microenvironment are thus gaining momentum. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the effects of gene therapy with two proinflammatory chemokines CCL5 and CCL17 on inflammatory cytokine expression profile and immune cell infiltrate in two murine breast tumor models, 4T1 and E0771, and two murine colon tumor models, CT26 and MC38. In vitro, lipofection of plasmid DNA encoding CCL5 or CCL17 resulted in changes in the cytokine expression profile similar to control plasmid DNA, implying that the main driver of these changes was the entry of foreign DNA into the cell's cytosol. In vivo, gene electrotransfer resulted in high expression levels of both Ccl5 and Ccl17 transgenes in the 4T1 and CT26 tumor models. Besides a minor increase in the survival of the treated mice, the therapy also resulted in increased expression of Cxcl9 and Ifnγ, potent activators of the immune system, in CT26 tumors. However, this was not recapitulated in changes of TME, implying that a further refinement of the dosing schedule is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bozic
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - G Sersa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - S Kranjc Brezar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Cemazar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia.
| | - B Markelc
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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472
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Tripodi L, Vitale M, Cerullo V, Pastore L. Oncolytic Adenoviruses for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052517. [PMID: 33802281 PMCID: PMC7959120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many immuno-therapeutic strategies are currently being developed to fight cancer. In this scenario, oncolytic adenoviruses (Onc.Ads) have an interesting role for their peculiar tumor selectivity, safety, and transgene-delivery capability. The major strength of the Onc.Ads is the extraordinary immunogenicity that leads to a strong T-cell response, which, together with the possibility of the delivery of a therapeutic transgene, could be more effective than current strategies. In this review, we travel in the adenovirus (Ads) and Onc.Ads world, focusing on a variety of strategies that can enhance Onc.Ads antitumoral efficacy, passing through tumor microenvironment modulation. Onc.Ads-based therapeutic strategies constitute additional weapons in the fight against cancer and appear to potentiate conventional and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)-based therapies leading to a promising scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorella Tripodi
- SEMM European School for Molecular Medicine, 20123 Milano, Italy;
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy;
| | - Maria Vitale
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cerullo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (L.P.); Tel.: +358-29-4159328 (V.C.); +39-0813737885 (L.P.)
| | - Lucio Pastore
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (L.P.); Tel.: +358-29-4159328 (V.C.); +39-0813737885 (L.P.)
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473
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Cheng H, Ma K, Zhang L, Li G. The tumor microenvironment shapes the molecular characteristics of exhausted CD8 + T cells. Cancer Lett 2021; 506:55-66. [PMID: 33662493 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The persistent antigen stimulation during chronic infections and cancer results in CD8+ T cell exhaustion. The exhausted T (Tex) cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) are characterized by increased expression of multiple co-inhibitory receptors simultaneously, progressive loss of effector function, poor proliferation and self-renewal capacity, and dysregulated metabolic activity. Emerging insights into molecular mechanisms underlying T cell exhaustion have proposed potential approaches to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy via restoring the effector function of Tex cells. In this review, we summarize the fundamental characteristics (e.g., inhibitory receptors and transcriptional factors) regarding Tex cell differentiation and discuss in particular how those exhaustion features are acquired and shaped by key factors within the TME. Additionally, we discuss the progress and limitations of current cancer immunotherapeutic strategies targeting Tex cells in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Cheng
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Element, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaili Ma
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China
| | - Lianjun Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China.
| | - Guideng Li
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Element, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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474
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Draganov D, Han Z, Rana A, Bennett N, Irvine DJ, Lee PP. Ivermectin converts cold tumors hot and synergizes with immune checkpoint blockade for treatment of breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer 2021; 7:22. [PMID: 33654071 PMCID: PMC7925581 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-021-00229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that treatment with the FDA-approved anti-parasitic drug ivermectin induces immunogenic cancer cell death (ICD) and robust T cell infiltration into breast tumors. As an allosteric modulator of the ATP/P2X4/P2X7 axis which operates in both cancer and immune cells, ivermectin also selectively targets immunosuppressive populations including myeloid cells and Tregs, resulting in enhanced Teff/Tregs ratio. While neither agent alone showed efficacy in vivo, combination therapy with ivermectin and checkpoint inhibitor anti-PD1 antibody achieved synergy in limiting tumor growth (p = 0.03) and promoted complete responses (p < 0.01), also leading to immunity against contralateral re-challenge with demonstrated anti-tumor immune responses. Going beyond primary tumors, this combination achieved significant reduction in relapse after neoadjuvant (p = 0.03) and adjuvant treatment (p < 0.001), and potential cures in metastatic disease (p < 0.001). Statistical modeling confirmed bona fide synergistic activity in both the adjuvant (p = 0.007) and metastatic settings (p < 0.001). Ivermectin has dual immunomodulatory and ICD-inducing effects in breast cancer, converting cold tumors hot, thus represents a rational mechanistic partner with checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dobrin Draganov
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Zhen Han
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Aamir Rana
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Nitasha Bennett
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Peter P Lee
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
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475
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Yuan J, Ye D, Chen S, Chen H. Therapeutic ultrasound-enhanced immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2021; 9:636985. [PMID: 37994329 PMCID: PMC10664841 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2021.636985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are designed to reinvigorate antitumor immune responses by interrupting inhibitory signaling pathways and promoting the immune-mediated elimination of malignant cells. Although ICI therapy has transformed the landscape of cancer treatment, only a subset of patients achieve a complete response. Focused ultrasound (FUS) is a noninvasive, nonionizing, deep penetrating focal therapy that has great potential to improve the efficacy of ICIs in solid tumors. Five FUS modalities have been incorporated with ICIs to explore their antitumor effects in preclinical studies, namely, high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) thermal ablation, HIFU hyperthermia, HIFU mechanical ablation, ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD), and sonodynamic therapy (SDT). The enhancement of the antitumor immune responses by these FUS modalities demonstrates the great promise of FUS as a transformative cancer treatment modality to improve ICI therapy. Here, this review summarizes these emerging applications of FUS modalities in combination with ICIs. It discusses each FUS modality, the experimental protocol for each combination strategy, the induced immune effects, and therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyun Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Dezhuang Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63108, USA
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476
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Jindal A, Sarkar S, Alam A. Nanomaterials-Mediated Immunomodulation for Cancer Therapeutics. Front Chem 2021; 9:629635. [PMID: 33708759 PMCID: PMC7940769 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.629635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy holds great promise in overcoming the limitations of conventional regimens for cancer therapeutics. There is growing interest among researchers and clinicians to develop novel immune-strategies for cancer diagnosis and treatment with better specificity and lesser adversity. Immunomodulation-based cancer therapies are rapidly emerging as an alternative approach that employs the host’s own defense mechanisms to recognize and selectively eliminate cancerous cells. Recent advances in nanotechnology have pioneered a revolution in the field of cancer therapy. Several nanomaterials (NMs) have been utilized to surmount the challenges of conventional anti-cancer treatments like cytotoxic chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. NMs offer a plethora of exceptional features such as a large surface area to volume ratio, effective loading, and controlled release of active drugs, tunable dimensions, and high stability. Moreover, they also possess the inherent property of interacting with living cells and altering the immune responses. However, the interaction between NMs and the immune system can give rise to unanticipated adverse reactions such as inflammation, necrosis, and hypersensitivity. Therefore, to ensure a successful and safe clinical application of immunomodulatory nanomaterials, it is imperative to acquire in-depth knowledge and a clear understanding of the complex nature of the interactions between NMs and the immune system. This review is aimed at providing an overview of the recent developments, achievements, and challenges in the application of immunomodulatory nanomaterials (iNMs) for cancer therapeutics with a focus on elucidating the mechanisms involved in the interplay between NMs and the host’s immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajita Jindal
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sounik Sarkar
- Flowcytometry Facility, Modern Biology Department, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Aftab Alam
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Clare Hall, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Charles River Laboratories, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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477
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Lin X, Wang X, Gu Q, Lei D, Liu X, Yao C. Emerging nanotechnological strategies to reshape tumor microenvironment for enhanced therapeutic outcomes of cancer immunotherapy. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 33601351 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abe7b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy was emerged as a novel cancer treatment in the last decade, however, efficacious responses to mono-immunotherapy have only been achieved in a relatively small portion of patients whereas combinational immunotherapies often lead to concurrent side effects. It has been proved that the tumor microenvironment (TME) is responsible for tumor immune escape and the ultimate treatment failure. Recently, both the understanding of the TME and the applications of nanotechnological strategies have achieved remarkable progresses, and reviewing the emerging immune-regulatory nanosystems may provide valuable information for specifically modulating the TME at different immune stages. In this review, we focus on comprehending the recently proposed T-cell-based tumor classification and identifying the most promising targets for different tumor phenotypes, and then summarizing the nanotechnological strategies to best target corresponding immune-related factors. For future precise personalized immunotherapy, the tailor-made TME modulation strategies conducted by well-designed nanosystems to alleviate the suppressive TME and then promote anti-tumor immune responses will significantly benefit the clinical outcomes of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Lin
- Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Life Science and Technology, NO. 28 Xianning Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, CHINA
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, NO.15 Shangdian Road, Fuzhou, 350002, CHINA
| | - Qing Gu
- Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Life Science and Technology, NO.28 Xianning Xi Road, Xi'an, 710049, CHINA
| | - Dongqin Lei
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, NO.28 Xianning Xi Road, Xi'an, 710049, CHINA
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, NO.312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, CHINA
| | - Cuiping Yao
- Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Life Science and Technology, NO.28 Xianning Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, CHINA
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478
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Zhou J, Wang W, Li Q. Potential therapeutic targets in the tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma: reversing the protumor effect of tumor-associated macrophages. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:73. [PMID: 33596985 PMCID: PMC7890827 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01873-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In hepatocellular carcinoma patients, due to the microenvironmental specificity of liver, the tumor microenvironment exhibits high immunosuppression and drug resistance, resulting in excessive or insufficient responses to immunotherapy. The dynamic interactions between tumor cells and immune modulators in the TME significantly impact the occurrence and development of tumors, efficacy, and drug resistance, which can create a much more positive response to immunotherapy. Moreover, with the wide application of single-cell sequencing technology in the TME, increasing evidence shows an interaction network among cells. Sequencing results suggest that specific tumor-associated macrophages are a hub node, connecting different cell populations in the cell interaction network, and can could regulate tumor generation and antitumor immunity. This review focused on therapeutic targets that could be targeted to remodel the tumor microenvironment and reprogram the tumor-associated macrophage phenotype in hepatocellular carcinoma patients, thereby improving immunotherapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyu Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China.
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479
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Telli ML, Nagata H, Wapnir I, Acharya CR, Zablotsky K, Fox BA, Bifulco CB, Jensen SM, Ballesteros-Merino C, Le MH, Pierce RH, Browning E, Hermiz R, Svenson L, Bannavong D, Jaffe K, Sell J, Foerter KM, Canton DA, Twitty CG, Osada T, Lyerly HK, Crosby EJ. Intratumoral Plasmid IL12 Expands CD8 + T Cells and Induces a CXCR3 Gene Signature in Triple-negative Breast Tumors that Sensitizes Patients to Anti-PD-1 Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:2481-2493. [PMID: 33593880 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-3944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive disease with limited therapeutic options. Antibodies targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) have entered the therapeutic landscape in TNBC, but only a minority of patients benefit. A way to reliably enhance immunogenicity, T-cell infiltration, and predict responsiveness is critically needed. PATIENTS AND METHODS Using mouse models of TNBC, we evaluate immune activation and tumor targeting of intratumoral IL12 plasmid followed by electroporation (tavokinogene telseplasmid; Tavo). We further present a single-arm, prospective clinical trial of Tavo monotherapy in patients with treatment refractory, advanced TNBC (OMS-I140). Finally, we expand these findings using publicly available breast cancer and melanoma datasets. RESULTS Single-cell RNA sequencing of murine tumors identified a CXCR3 gene signature (CXCR3-GS) following Tavo treatment associated with enhanced antigen presentation, T-cell infiltration and expansion, and PD-1/PD-L1 expression. Assessment of pretreatment and posttreatment tissue from patients confirms enrichment of this CXCR3-GS in tumors from patients that exhibited an enhancement of CD8+ T-cell infiltration following treatment. One patient, previously unresponsive to anti-PD-L1 therapy, but who exhibited an increased CXCR3-GS after Tavo treatment, went on to receive additional anti-PD-1 therapy as their immediate next treatment after OMS-I140, and demonstrated a significant clinical response. CONCLUSIONS These data show a safe, effective intratumoral therapy that can enhance antigen presentation and recruit CD8 T cells, which are required for the antitumor efficacy. We identify a Tavo treatment-related gene signature associated with improved outcomes and conversion of nonresponsive tumors, potentially even beyond TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda L Telli
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| | - Hiroshi Nagata
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Irene Wapnir
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | - Kaitlin Zablotsky
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Bernard A Fox
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Carlo B Bifulco
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Shawn M Jensen
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Mai Hope Le
- OncoSec Medical Incorporated, San Diego, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kim Jaffe
- OncoSec Medical Incorporated, San Diego, California
| | - Jendy Sell
- OncoSec Medical Incorporated, San Diego, California
| | | | | | | | - Takuya Osada
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - H Kim Lyerly
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Erika J Crosby
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
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480
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Nelde A, Rammensee HG, Walz JS. The Peptide Vaccine of the Future. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100022. [PMID: 33583769 PMCID: PMC7950068 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r120.002309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The approach of peptide-based anticancer vaccination has proven the ability to induce cancer-specific immune responses in multiple studies for various cancer entities. However, clinical responses remain so far limited to single patients and broad clinical applicability was not achieved. Therefore, further efforts are required to improve peptide vaccination in order to integrate this low-side-effect therapy into the clinical routine of cancer therapy. To design clinically effective peptide vaccines in the future, different issues have to be addressed and optimized comprising antigen target selection as well as choice of optimal adjuvants and vaccination schedules. Furthermore, the combination of peptide-based vaccines with other immuno- and molecular targeted therapies as well as the development of predictive biomarkers could further improve efficacy. In this review, current approaches in the development of peptide-based vaccines and critical implications for optimal vaccine design are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Nelde
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Juliane S Walz
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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481
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Immune Therapy Resistance and Immune Escape of Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030551. [PMID: 33535559 PMCID: PMC7867077 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The genetic adaptability of malignant cells and their consequent heterogeneity even within the same patient poses a great obstacle to cancer patient treatment. This review summarizes the data obtained in the last decade on different preclinical mice models as well as on various immunotherapeutic clinical trials in distinct solid and hematopoietic cancers on how the immune system can be implemented in tumor therapy. Moreover, the different intrinsic and extrinsic escape strategies utilized by the tumor to avoid elimination by the immune system are recapitulated together with the different approaches proposed to overcome them in order to succeed and/or to enhance therapy efficacy. Abstract Immune therapy approaches such as checkpoint inhibitors or adoptive cell therapy represent promising therapeutic options for cancer patients, but their efficacy is still limited, since patients frequently develop innate or acquired resistances to these therapies. Thus, one major goal is to increase the efficiency of immunotherapies by overcoming tumor-induced immune suppression, which then allows for immune-mediated tumor clearance. Innate resistance to immunotherapies could be caused by a low immunogenicity of the tumor itself as well as an immune suppressive microenvironment composed of cellular, physical, or soluble factors leading to escape from immune surveillance and disease progression. So far, a number of strategies causing resistance to immunotherapy have been described in various clinical trials, which broadly overlap with the immunoediting processes of cancers. This review summarizes the novel insights in the development of resistances to immune therapy as well as different approaches that could be employed to overcome them.
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482
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Wang Y, Ding Y, Yao D, Dong H, Ji C, Wu J, Hu Y, Yuan A. Copper-Based Nanoscale Coordination Polymers Augmented Tumor Radioimmunotherapy for Immunogenic Cell Death Induction and T-Cell Infiltration. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006231. [PMID: 33522120 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient T-cell infiltration seriously hinders the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy. Induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a potentially feasible approach to increase T-cell infiltration. Since ionizing radiation can only induce low-level ICD, this study constructs Cu-based nanoscale coordination polymers (Cu-NCPs) with mixed-valence (Cu+ /Cu2+ ), which can simultaneously and independently induce the generation of Cu+ -triggered hydroxyl radicals and Cu2+ -triggered GSH elimination, to synergize with radiation therapy for potent ICD induction. Markedly, this synergetic therapy remarkably enhances dendritic cell maturation and promotes antitumor CD8+ T-cell infiltration, thereby potentiating the development of checkpoint blockade immunotherapies against primary and metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School of Nanjing University and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yawen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School of Nanjing University and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Dan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School of Nanjing University and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Hong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School of Nanjing University and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Changwei Ji
- Urology Department, The Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jinhui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School of Nanjing University and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yiqiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School of Nanjing University and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Ahu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School of Nanjing University and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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483
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Milenova I, Lopez Gonzalez M, Quixabeira DCA, Santos JM, Cervera-Carrascon V, Dong W, Hemminki A, van Beusechem VW, van de Ven R, de Gruijl TD. Oncolytic Adenovirus ORCA-010 Activates Proinflammatory Myeloid Cells and Facilitates T Cell Recruitment and Activation by PD-1 Blockade in Melanoma. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:178-191. [PMID: 33470166 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have advanced the treatment of melanoma. Nevertheless, a majority of patients are resistant, or develop resistance, to immune checkpoint blockade, which may be related to prevailing immune suppression by myeloid regulatory cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). ORCA-010 is a novel oncolytic adenovirus that selectively replicates in, and lyses, cancer cells. We previously showed that ORCA-010 can activate melanoma-exposed conventional dendritic cells (cDCs). To study the effect of ORCA-010 on melanoma-conditioned macrophage development, we used an in vitro co-culture model of human monocytes with melanoma cell lines. We observed a selective survival and polarization of monocytes into M2-like macrophages (CD14+CD80-CD163+) in co-cultures with cell lines that expressed macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Oncolysis of these melanoma cell lines, effected by ORCA-010, activated the resulting macrophages and converted them to a more proinflammatory state, evidenced by higher levels of PD-L1, CD80, and CD86 and an enhanced capacity to prime allogenic T cells and induce a type-1 T cell response. To assess the effect of ORCA-010 on myeloid subset distribution and activation in vivo, ORCA-010 was intratumorally injected and tested for T cell activation and recruitment in the human adenovirus nonpermissive B16-OVA mouse melanoma model. While systemic PD-1 blockade in this model in itself did not modulate myeloid or T cell subset distribution and activation, when it was preceded by i.t. injection of ORCA-010, this induced an increased rate and activation state of CD8α+ cDC1, both in the TME and in the spleen. Observed increased rates of activated CD8+ T cells, expressing CD69 and PD-1, were related to both increased CD8α+ cDC1 rates and M1/M2 shifts in tumor and spleen. In conclusion, the myeloid modulatory properties of ORCA-010 in melanoma, resulting in recruitment and activation of T cells, could enhance the antitumor efficacy of PD-1 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Milenova
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,ORCA Therapeutics BV, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Lopez Gonzalez
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dafne C A Quixabeira
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joao Manuel Santos
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
| | - Victor Cervera-Carrascon
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wenliang Dong
- ORCA Therapeutics BV, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
| | - Victor W van Beusechem
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rieneke van de Ven
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Departments of Otolaryngology/Head-Neck Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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484
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Ene CI, Fueyo J, Lang FF. Delta-24 adenoviral therapy for glioblastoma: evolution from the bench to bedside and future considerations. Neurosurg Focus 2021; 50:E6. [PMID: 33524949 DOI: 10.3171/2020.11.focus20853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Delta-24-based oncolytic viruses are conditional replication adenoviruses developed to selectively infect and replicate in retinoblastoma 1 (Rb)-deficient cancer cells but not normal cell with intact Rb1 pathways. Over the years, there has been a significant evolution in the design of Delta-24 based on a better understanding of the underlying basis for infection, replication, and spread within cancer. One example is the development of Delta-24-RGD (DNX-2401), where the arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) domain enhances the infectivity of Delta-24 for cancer cells. DNX-2401 demonstrated objective biological and clinical responses during a phase I window of opportunity clinical trial for recurrent human glioblastoma. In long-term responders (> 3 years), there was evidence of immune infiltration (T cells and macrophages) into the tumor microenvironment with minimal toxicity. Although more in-depth analysis and phase III studies are pending, these results indicate that Delta-24-based adenovirus therapy may induce an antitumor response in glioblastoma, resulting in long-term antitumor immune response. In this review, the authors discuss the preclinical and clinical development of Delta-24 oncolytic adenoviral therapy for glioblastoma and describe structural improvements to Delta-24 that have enhanced its efficacy in vivo. They also highlight ongoing research that attempts to address the remaining obstacles limiting efficacy of Delta-24 adenovirus therapy for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Fueyo
- Departments of1Neurosurgery and.,2Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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485
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Wang Y. Advances in Hypofractionated Irradiation-Induced Immunosuppression of Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2021; 11:612072. [PMID: 33569059 PMCID: PMC7868375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.612072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypofractionated radiotherapy is external beam irradiation delivered at higher doses in fewer fractions than conventional standard radiotherapy, which can stimulate innate and adaptive immunity to enhance the body’s immune response against cancer. The enhancement effect of hypofractionated irradiation to immune response has been widely investigated, which is considered an approach to expand the benefit of immunotherapy. Meanwhile, increasing evidence suggests that hypofractionated irradiation may induce or enhance the suppression of immune microenvironments. However, the suppressive effects of hypofractionated irradiation on immunomicroenvironment and the molecular mechanisms involved in these conditions are largely unknown. In this context, we summarized the immune mechanisms associated with hypofractionated irradiation, highlighted the advances in its immunosuppressive effect, and further discussed the potential mechanism behind this effect. In our opinion, besides its immunogenic activity, hypofractionated irradiation also triggers homeostatic immunosuppressive mechanisms that may counterbalance antitumor effects. And this may suggest that a combination with immunotherapy could possibly improve the curative potential of hypofractionated radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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486
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Xu F, Shen J, Xu S. Integrated Bioinformatical Analysis Identifies GIMAP4 as an Immune-Related Prognostic Biomarker Associated With Remodeling in Cervical Cancer Tumor Microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:637400. [PMID: 33553190 PMCID: PMC7858649 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.637400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) is emerging as an essential part of cervical cancer (CC) tumorigenesis and development, becoming a hotspot of research these years. However, comprehending the specific composition of TME is still facing enormous challenges, especially the immune and stromal components. In this study, we downloaded the RNA-seq profiles and somatic mutation data of 309 CC cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, which were analyzed by integrative bioinformatical methods. Initially, ESTIMATE computational method was employed to calculate the amount of immune and stromal components. Then, based on the high- and low-immunity cohorts, we recognized the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) as well as the differentially mutated genes (DMGs). Additionally, we conducted an intersection analysis of DEGs and DMGs, ultimately determining an immune-related prognostic signature, GTPase, IMAP Family Member 4 (GIMAP4). Moreover, sequential analyses demonstrated that GIMAP4 was a protective factor in CC, positively correlated with the overall survival (OS) and negatively with distant metastasis. Besides, we utilized the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) to explore the enrichment-pathways in high and low-expression cohorts of GIMAP4. The results indicated that the genes of the high-expression cohort had a high enrichment in immune-related biological processes and metabolic activities in the low one. Furthermore, CIBERSORT analysis was applied to evaluate the proportion of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TICs), illustrating that several activated TICs were strongly associated with GIMAP4 expression, which suggested that GIMAP4 had the potential to be an indicator for the immune state in TME of CC. Hence, GIMAP4 contributed to predicting the CC patients’ clinical outcomes, such as survival rate, distant metastasis and immunotherapy response. Moreover, GIMAP4 could serve as a promising biomarker for TME remodeling, suggesting the possible underlying mechanisms of tumorigenesis and CC progression, which may provide different therapeutic perceptions of CC, and therefore improve treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Xu
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiacheng Shen
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaohua Xu
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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487
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Byrne NM, Tambe P, Coulter JA. Radiation Response in the Tumour Microenvironment: Predictive Biomarkers and Future Perspectives. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11010053. [PMID: 33467153 PMCID: PMC7830490 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is a primary treatment modality for a number of cancers, offering potentially curative outcomes. Despite its success, tumour cells can become resistant to RT, leading to disease recurrence. Components of the tumour microenvironment (TME) likely play an integral role in managing RT success or failure including infiltrating immune cells, the tumour vasculature and stroma. Furthermore, genomic profiling of the TME could identify predictive biomarkers or gene signatures indicative of RT response. In this review, we will discuss proposed mechanisms of radioresistance within the TME, biomarkers that may predict RT outcomes, and future perspectives on radiation treatment in the era of personalised medicine.
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488
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Abstract
Bladder cancer has been successfully treated with immunotherapy, whereas prostate cancer is a cold tumor with inadequate immune-related treatment response. A greater understanding of the tumor microenvironment and methods for harnessing the immune system to address tumor growth will be needed to improve immunotherapies for both prostate and bladder cancer. Here, we provide an overview of prostate and bladder cancer, including fundamental aspects of the disease and treatment, the elaborate cellular makeup of the tumor microenvironment, and methods for exploiting relevant pathways to develop more effective treatments.
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489
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George JT, Levine H. Implications of Tumor-Immune Coevolution on Cancer Evasion and Optimized Immunotherapy. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:373-383. [PMID: 33446448 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer represents a diverse collection of diseases characterized by heterogeneous cell populations that dynamically evolve in their environment. As painfully evident in cases of treatment failure and recurrence, this general feature makes identifying long-term successful therapies difficult. It is now well-established that the adaptive immune system recognizes and eliminates cancer cells, and various immunotherapeutic strategies have emerged to augment this effect. These therapies, while promising, often fail as a result of immune-specific cancer evasion. Increasingly available empirical evidence details both cancer and immune system populations pre- and post-treatment, providing rich opportunity for mathematical models of the tumor-immune interaction and subsequent co-evolution. Integrated mathematical and experimental efforts bear immediate relevance for optimized therapies and will undoubtedly accelerate our understanding of this emergent field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T George
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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490
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Pye R, Darby J, Flies AS, Fox S, Carver S, Elmer J, Swift K, Hogg C, Pemberton D, Woods G, Lyons AB. Post-release immune responses of Tasmanian devils vaccinated with an experimental devil facial tumour disease vaccine. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/wr20210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
ContextDisease is increasingly becoming a driver of wildlife population declines and an extinction risk. Vaccines are one of the most successful health interventions in human history, but few have been tested for mitigating wildlife disease. The transmissible cancer, devil facial tumour disease (DFTD), triggered the Tasmanian devil’s (Sarcophilus harrisii) inclusion on the international endangered species list. In 2016, 33 devils from a DFTD-free insurance population were given an experimental DFTD vaccination before their wild release on the Tasmanian northern coast.
AimTo determine the efficacy of the vaccination protocol and the longevity of the induced responses.
MethodSix trapping trips took place over the 2.5 years following release, and both vaccinated and incumbent devils had blood samples and tumour biopsies collected.
Key resultsIn all, 8 of the 33 vaccinated devils were re-trapped, and six of those developed DFTD within the monitoring period. Despite the lack of protection provided by the vaccine, we observed signs of immune activation not usually found in unvaccinated devils. First, sera collected from the eight devils showed that anti-DFTD antibodies persisted for up to 2 years post-vaccination. Second, tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes were found in three of four biopsies collected from vaccinated devils, which contrasts with the ‘immune deserts’ typical of DFTs; only 1 of the 20 incumbent devils with DFTD had a tumour biopsy exhibiting immune-cell infiltrate. Third, immunohistochemical analysis of the vaccinated devils’ tumour biopsies identified the functional immune molecules associated with antigen-presenting cells (MHC-II) and T-cells (CD3), and the immune checkpoint molecule PD-1, all being associated with anti-tumour immunity in other species.
ConclusionsThese results correlate with our previous study on captive devils in which a prophylactic vaccine primed the devil immune system and, following DFTD challenge and tumour growth, immunotherapy induced complete tumour regressions. The field trial results presented here provide further evidence that the devil immune system can be primed to recognise DFTD cells, but additional immune manipulation could be needed for complete protection or induction of tumour regressions.
ImplicationsA protective DFTD vaccine would provide a valuable management approach for conservation of the Tasmanian devil.
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491
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Furukawa N, Popel AS. Peptides that immunoactivate the tumor microenvironment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1875:188486. [PMID: 33276025 PMCID: PMC8369429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has achieved positive clinical outcomes and is revolutionizing cancer treatment. However, cancer immunotherapy has thus far failed to improve outcomes for most "cold tumors", which are characterized by low infiltration of immune cells and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Enhancing the responsiveness of cold tumors to cancer immunotherapy by stimulating the components of the tumor microenvironment is a strategy pursued in the last decade. Currently, most of the agents used to modify the tumor microenvironment are small molecules or antibodies. Small molecules exhibit low affinity and specificity towards the target and antibodies have shortcomings such as poor tissue penetration and high production cost. Peptides may overcome these drawbacks and therefore are promising materials for immunomodulating agents. Here we systematically summarize the currently developed immunoactivating peptides and discuss the potential of peptide therapeutics in cancer immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Furukawa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
| | - Aleksander S Popel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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492
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ADAMTS proteases and the tumor immune microenvironment: Lessons from substrates and pathologies. Matrix Biol Plus 2020; 9:100054. [PMID: 33718860 PMCID: PMC7930849 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2020.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship of ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) proteases with inflammatory processes was anticipated since their discovery. Although knowledge of these extracellular proteases in different contexts continues to grow, many questions remain unanswered. In this review, we summarize the most important studies of ADAMTSs and their substrates in inflammation and in the immune system of non-oncological disorders. In addition, we update the findings on cancer and highlight their emerging role in the tumor immune microenvironment. Although the overall functions of extracellular molecules are known to be modulated by proteolysis, specific activities attributed to intact proteins and cleaved fragments in the context of inflammation are still subject to debate. A better understanding of ADAMTS activities will help to elucidate their contribution to the immune phenotype and to open up new therapeutic and diagnostic possibilities.
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493
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Ghahremanifard P, Chanda A, Bonni S, Bose P. TGF-β Mediated Immune Evasion in Cancer-Spotlight on Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123650. [PMID: 33291370 PMCID: PMC7762018 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Various components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) play a critical role in promoting tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis. One of the primary functions of the TME is to stimulate an immunosuppressive environment around the tumor through multiple mechanisms including the activation of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key cells in the TME that regulate the secretion of extracellular matrix (ECM) components under the influence of TGF-β. Recent reports from our group and others have described an ECM-related and CAF-associated novel gene signature that can predict resistance to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Importantly, studies have begun to test whether targeting some of these CAF-associated components can be used as a combinatorial approach with ICB. This perspective summarizes recent advances in our understanding of CAF and TGF-β-regulated immunosuppressive mechanisms and ways to target such signaling in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Ghahremanifard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (P.G.); (A.C.); (S.B.)
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ayan Chanda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (P.G.); (A.C.); (S.B.)
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shirin Bonni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (P.G.); (A.C.); (S.B.)
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Pinaki Bose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (P.G.); (A.C.); (S.B.)
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Ohlson Research Initiative, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-403-220-8507; Fax: +1-403-270-3145
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494
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Camelliti S, Le Noci V, Bianchi F, Moscheni C, Arnaboldi F, Gagliano N, Balsari A, Garassino MC, Tagliabue E, Sfondrini L, Sommariva M. Mechanisms of hyperprogressive disease after immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: what we (don't) know. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:236. [PMID: 33168050 PMCID: PMC7650183 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01721-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have made a breakthrough in the treatment of different types of tumors, leading to improvement in survival, even in patients with advanced cancers. Despite the good clinical results, a certain percentage of patients do not respond to this kind of immunotherapy. In addition, in a fraction of nonresponder patients, which can vary from 4 to 29% according to different studies, a paradoxical boost in tumor growth after ICI administration was observed: a completely unpredictable novel pattern of cancer progression defined as hyperprogressive disease. Since this clinical phenomenon has only been recently described, a universally accepted clinical definition is lacking, and major efforts have been made to uncover the biological bases underlying hyperprogressive disease. The lines of research pursued so far have focused their attention on the study of the immune tumor microenvironment or on the analysis of intrinsic genomic characteristics of cancer cells producing data that allowed us to formulate several hypotheses to explain this detrimental effect related to ICI therapy. The aim of this review is to summarize the most important works that, to date, provide important insights that are useful in understanding the mechanistic causes of hyperprogressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Camelliti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentino Le Noci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Bianchi
- Molecular Targets Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Moscheni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Arnaboldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Gagliano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Balsari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Chiara Garassino
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Elda Tagliabue
- Molecular Targets Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Sfondrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Sommariva
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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495
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Yamada K, Hazama S, Suzuki N, Xu M, Nakagami Y, Fujiwara N, Tsunedomi R, Yoshida S, Tomochika S, Matsukuma S, Matsui H, Tokumitsu Y, Kanekiyo S, Shindo Y, Watanabe Y, Iida M, Takeda S, Ioka T, Ueno T, Ogihara H, Hamamoto Y, Hoshii Y, Kawano H, Fujita T, Kawakami Y, Nagano H. Siglec-7 is a predictive biomarker for the efficacy of cancer vaccination against metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 21:10. [PMID: 33240416 PMCID: PMC7681234 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, including vaccination, is considered a major scientific and medical breakthrough. However, cancer immunotherapy does not result in durable objective responses against colorectal cancer (CRC). To improve the efficacy of immunotherapy, the present study investigated several biomarkers for selecting patients who were expected to respond well to immunotherapy. Firstly, a comprehensive proteomic analysis was performed using tumor tissue lysates from patients enrolled in a phase II study, in which five human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*24:02-restricted peptides were administered. Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin type lectin (Siglec)-7 was identified as a potential predictive biomarker. Subsequently, this biomarker was validated using western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence using tissue samples from the patients enrolled in the phase II study. The expression levels of Siglec-7 detected by immunofluorescence were quantified and their association with overall survival (OS) in patients treated with the peptide vaccine was examined. Furthermore, considering the important role of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) for CRC prognosis, the densities of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)+ T cells in CRC tissues were examined and compared with Siglec-7 expression. The mean expression levels of Siglec-7 were significantly higher in patients with poor prognosis, with an OS of ≤2 years, as shown in comprehensive proteomic analysis (P=0.016) and western blot analysis (P=0.025). Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that Siglec-7 was expressed in intratumoral macrophages. The OS in patients with high Siglec-7 expression was significantly shorter than in that in patients with low Siglec-7 expression (P=0.017) in the HLA-A*24:02-matched patients. However, this difference was not observed in the HLA-unmatched patients. There was no significant difference in OS between patients according to the numbers of TILs, nor significant correlation between TILs and Siglec-7 expression. In conclusion, Siglec-7 expression in macrophages in tumor tissue may be a novel predictive biomarker for the efficacy of immunotherapy against metastatic CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shoichi Hazama
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.,Department of Translational Research and Developmental Therapeutics Against Cancer, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakagami
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.,Department of Translational Research and Developmental Therapeutics Against Cancer, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Tsunedomi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shin Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shinobu Tomochika
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsukuma
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroto Matsui
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yukio Tokumitsu
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kanekiyo
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshitaro Shindo
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yusaku Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Michihisa Iida
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shigeru Takeda
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ioka
- Oncology Center, Yamaguchi University Hospital, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Tomio Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ogihara
- Division of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hamamoto
- Division of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Hoshii
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Yamaguchi University Hospital, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroo Kawano
- Department of Basic Laboratory Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Fujita
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawakami
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
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496
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Kim K, Yang WH, Jung YS, Cha JH. A new aspect of an old friend: the beneficial effect of metformin on anti-tumor immunity. BMB Rep 2020. [PMID: 32731915 PMCID: PMC7607149 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2020.53.10.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell-based cancer immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cells, have significant anti-tumor effects against certain types of cancer, providing a new paradigm for cancer treatment. However, the activity of tumor infiltrating T-cells (TILs) can be effectively neutralized in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of most solid tumors, rich in various immunosuppressive factors and cells. Therefore, to improve the clinical outcomes of established T-cell-based immunotherapy, adjuvants that can comprehensively relieve multiple immunosuppressive mechanisms of TME are needed. In this regard, recent studies have revealed that metformin has several beneficial effects on anti-tumor immunity. In this mini-review, we understand the immunosuppressive properties of TME and how metformin comprehensively enhances anti-tumor immunity. Finally, we will discuss this old friend’s potential as an adjuvant for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- KyeongJin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Graduate School, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Wen-Hao Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Youn-Sang Jung
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Jong-ho Cha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Graduate School, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
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497
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Mei KC, Liao YP, Jiang J, Chiang M, Khazaieli M, Liu X, Wang X, Liu Q, Chang CH, Zhang X, Li J, Ji Y, Melano B, Telesca D, Xia T, Meng H, Nel AE. Liposomal Delivery of Mitoxantrone and a Cholesteryl Indoximod Prodrug Provides Effective Chemo-immunotherapy in Multiple Solid Tumors. ACS NANO 2020; 14:13343-13366. [PMID: 32940463 PMCID: PMC8023019 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We developed a custom-designed liposome carrier for codelivery of a potent immunogenic cell death (ICD) stimulus plus an inhibitor of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1) pathway to establish a chemo-immunotherapy approach for solid tumors in syngeneic mice. The carrier was constructed by remote import of the anthraquinone chemotherapeutic agent, mitoxantrone (MTO), into the liposomes, which were further endowed with a cholesterol-conjugated indoximod (IND) prodrug in the lipid bilayer. For proof-of-principle testing, we used IV injection of the MTO/IND liposome in a CT26 colon cancer model to demonstrate the generation of a robust immune response, characterized by the appearance of ICD markers (CRT and HMGB-1) as well as evidence of cytotoxic cancer cell death, mediated by perforin and granzyme B. Noteworthy, the cytotoxic effects involved natural killer (NK) cell, which suggests a different type of ICD response. The immunotherapy response was significantly augmented by codelivery of the IND prodrug, which induced additional CRT expression, reduced number of Foxp3+ Treg, and increased perforin release, in addition to extending animal survival beyond the effect of an MTO-only liposome. The outcome reflects the improved pharmacokinetics of MTO delivery to the cancer site by the carrier. In light of the success in the CT26 model, we also assessed the platform efficacy in further breast cancer (EMT6 and 4T1) and renal cancer (RENCA) models, which overexpress IDO-1. Encapsulated MTO delivery was highly effective for inducing chemo-immunotherapy responses, with NK participation, in all tumor models. Moreover, the growth inhibitory effect of MTO was enhanced by IND codelivery in EMT6 and 4T1 tumors. All considered, our data support the use of encapsulated MTO delivery for chemo-immunotherapy, with the possibility to boost the immune response by codelivery of an IDO-1 pathway inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Ching Mei
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yu-Pei Liao
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jinhong Jiang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Michelle Chiang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mercedeh Khazaieli
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiangsheng Liu
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiang Wang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Qi Liu
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chong Hyun Chang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
| | - Juan Li
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
| | - Ying Ji
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
| | - Brenda Melano
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Donatello Telesca
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
| | - Tian Xia
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Huan Meng
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
| | - Andre E. Nel
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
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498
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Iurescia S, Fioretti D, Rinaldi M. The Innate Immune Signalling Pathways: Turning RIG-I Sensor Activation Against Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3158. [PMID: 33121210 PMCID: PMC7693898 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last 15 years, the ability to harness a patient's own immune system has led to significant progress in cancer therapy. For instance, immunotherapeutic strategies, including checkpoint inhibitors or adoptive cell therapy using chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T), are specifically aimed at enhancing adaptive anti-tumour immunity. Several research groups demonstrated that adaptive anti-tumour immunity is highly sustained by innate immune responses. Host innate immunity provides the first line of defence and mediates recognition of danger signals through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as cytosolic sensors of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signals. The retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is a cytosolic RNA helicase, which detects viral double-strand RNA and, once activated, triggers signalling pathways, converging on the production of type I interferons, proinflammatory cytokines, and programmed cell death. Approaches aimed at activating RIG-I within cancers are being explored as novel therapeutic treatments to generate an inflammatory tumour microenvironment and to facilitate cytotoxic T-cell cross-priming and infiltration. Here, we provide an overview of studies regarding the role of RIG-I signalling in the tumour microenvironment, and the most recent preclinical studies that employ RIG-I agonists. Lastly, we present a selection of clinical trials designed to prove the antitumour role of RIG I and that may result in improved therapeutic outcomes for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Iurescia
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), Department of Biomedical Science, National Research Council (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Monica Rinaldi
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), Department of Biomedical Science, National Research Council (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy;
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499
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Hsu JBK, Lee GA, Chang TH, Huang SW, Le NQK, Chen YC, Kuo DP, Li YT, Chen CY. Radiomic Immunophenotyping of GSEA-Assessed Immunophenotypes of Glioblastoma and Its Implications for Prognosis: A Feasibility Study. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12103039. [PMID: 33086550 PMCID: PMC7603270 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Characterization of immunophenotypes in GBM is important for therapeutic stratification and helps predict treatment response and prognosis. However, identifying immunophenotypes of patients with GBM requires multiple laboratory experiments and is time consuming. We developed a non-invasive method to evaluate enrichment levels of CTL, aDC, Treg, and MDSC immune cells to classify immunophenotypes of GBM tumor microenvironment with radiomic features of MR imaging. Five immunophenotypes (G1–G5) of GBM can be classified with specific gene set enrichment analysis. G2 had the worst prognosis and comprised highly enriched MDSCs and lowly enriched CTLs. G3 had the best prognosis and comprised lowly enriched MDSCs and Tregs and highly enriched CTLs. Moreover, the developed radiomics models can successfully identified these two groups by immune cell subsets enriched levels prediction. Therefore, it is possible to characterize immunophenotypes of GBM and predict patient prognosis with radiomics methods. Abstract Characterization of immunophenotypes in glioblastoma (GBM) is important for therapeutic stratification and helps predict treatment response and prognosis. Radiomics can be used to predict molecular subtypes and gene expression levels. However, whether radiomics aids immunophenotyping prediction is still unknown. In this study, to classify immunophenotypes in patients with GBM, we developed machine learning-based magnetic resonance (MR) radiomic models to evaluate the enrichment levels of four immune subsets: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), activated dendritic cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Independent testing data and the leave-one-out cross-validation method were used to evaluate model effectiveness and model performance, respectively. We identified five immunophenotypes (G1 to G5) based on the enrichment level for the four immune subsets. G2 had the worst prognosis and comprised highly enriched MDSCs and lowly enriched CTLs. G3 had the best prognosis and comprised lowly enriched MDSCs and Tregs and highly enriched CTLs. The average accuracy of T1-weighted contrasted MR radiomics models of the enrichment level for the four immune subsets reached 79% and predicted G2, G3, and the “immune-cold” phenotype (G1) according to our radiomics models. Our radiomic immunophenotyping models feasibly characterize the immunophenotypes of GBM and can predict patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Bo-Kai Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (J.B.-K.H.); (G.A.L.); (S.-W.H.)
- Translational Imaging Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (D.-P.K.); (Y.-T.L.)
| | - Gilbert Aaron Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (J.B.-K.H.); (G.A.L.); (S.-W.H.)
- Translational Imaging Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (D.-P.K.); (Y.-T.L.)
| | - Tzu-Hao Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Clinical Big Data Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Wen Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (J.B.-K.H.); (G.A.L.); (S.-W.H.)
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Nguyen Quoc Khanh Le
- Professional Master Program in Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Research Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chieh Chen
- Translational Imaging Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (D.-P.K.); (Y.-T.L.)
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Duen-Pang Kuo
- Translational Imaging Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (D.-P.K.); (Y.-T.L.)
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tien Li
- Translational Imaging Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (D.-P.K.); (Y.-T.L.)
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Chen
- Translational Imaging Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (D.-P.K.); (Y.-T.L.)
- Professional Master Program in Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Research Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2737-2181
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500
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Rafia C, Harly C, Scotet E. Beyond CAR T cells: Engineered Vγ9Vδ2 T cells to fight solid tumors. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:117-133. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chirine Rafia
- INSERMCNRSCRCINAUniversité de Nantes Nantes France
- LabEx IGO “Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology” Nantes France
- ImCheck Therapeutics Marseille France
| | - Christelle Harly
- INSERMCNRSCRCINAUniversité de Nantes Nantes France
- LabEx IGO “Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology” Nantes France
| | - Emmanuel Scotet
- INSERMCNRSCRCINAUniversité de Nantes Nantes France
- LabEx IGO “Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology” Nantes France
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