451
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Cellular Effects of Pyocyanin, a Secreted Virulence Factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8080236. [PMID: 27517959 PMCID: PMC4999852 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8080236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyocyanin has recently emerged as an important virulence factor produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The redox-active tricyclic zwitterion has been shown to have a number of potential effects on various organ systems in vitro, including the respiratory, cardiovascular, urological, and central nervous systems. It has been shown that a large number of the effects to these systems are via the formation of reactive oxygen species. The limitations of studies are, to date, focused on the localized effect of the release of pyocyanin (PCN). It has been postulated that, given its chemical properties, PCN is able to readily cross biological membranes, however studies have yet to be undertaken to evaluate this effect. This review highlights the possible manifestations of PCN exposure; however, most studies to date are in vitro. Further high quality in vivo studies are needed to fully assess the physiological manifestations of PCN exposure on the various body systems.
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452
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Plasma glutathione and oxidized glutathione level, glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio, and albumin concentration in complicated and uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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453
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Calvo DJ, Beltrán González AN. Dynamic Regulation of the GABAA Receptor Function by Redox Mechanisms. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:326-33. [PMID: 27439531 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.105205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidizing and reducing agents, which are currently involved in cell metabolism and signaling pathways, can regulate fast inhibitory neurotransmission mediated by GABA receptors in the nervous system. A number of in vitro studies have shown that diverse redox compounds, including redox metabolites and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, modulate phasic and tonic responses mediated by neuronal GABAA receptors through both presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms. We review experimental data showing that many redox agents, which are normally present in neurons and glia or are endogenously generated in these cells under physiologic states or during oxidative stress (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, nitric oxide, ascorbic acid, and glutathione), induce potentiating or inhibiting actions on different native and recombinant GABAA receptor subtypes. Based on these results, it is thought that redox signaling might represent a homeostatic mechanism that regulates the function of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors in physiologic and pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Calvo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular ¨Dr. Héctor N. Torres¨ (INGEBI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (D.J.C., A.N.B.G.)
| | - Andrea N Beltrán González
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular ¨Dr. Héctor N. Torres¨ (INGEBI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (D.J.C., A.N.B.G.)
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454
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Sulfasalazine intensifies temozolomide cytotoxicity in human glioblastoma cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 418:167-78. [PMID: 27334753 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2742-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is an alkylating agent used to treat glioblastoma. This tumor type synthesizes the antioxidant glutathione through system X c (-) , which is inhibited by sulfasalazine (SAS). We exposed A172 and T98G human glioblastoma cells to a presumably clinically relevant concentration of TMZ (25 µM) and/or 0.5 mM SAS for 1, 3, or 5 days and assessed cell viability. For both cell lines, TMZ alone did not alter viability at any time point, while the coadministration of TMZ and SAS significantly reduced cell viability after 5 days. The drug combination exerted a synergistic effect on A172 cells after 3 and 5 days. Therefore, this particular lineage was subjected to complementary analyses on the genetic (transcriptome) and functional (glutathione and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein) levels. Cellular pathways containing differentially expressed genes related to the cell cycle were modified by TMZ alone. On the other hand, SAS regulated pathways associated with glutathione metabolism and synthesis, irrespective of TMZ. Moreover, SAS, but not TMZ, depleted the total glutathione level. Compared with the vehicle-treated cells, the level of PCNA protein was lower in cells treated with TMZ alone or in combination with SAS. In conclusion, our data showed that the association of TMZ and SAS is cytotoxic to T98G and A172 cells, thus providing useful insights for improving TMZ clinical efficacy through testing this novel drug combination. Moreover, the present study not only reports original information on differential gene expression in glioblastoma cells exposed to TMZ and/or SAS but also describes an antiproliferative effect of TMZ, which has not yet been observed in A172 cells.
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455
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Phenylketonuria and Gut Microbiota: A Controlled Study Based on Next-Generation Sequencing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157513. [PMID: 27336782 PMCID: PMC4918959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of metabolism associated with high blood levels of phenylalanine (Phe). A Phe-restricted diet supplemented with L-amino acids is the main treatment strategy for this disease; if started early, most neurological abnormalities can be prevented. The healthy human gut contains trillions of commensal bacteria, often referred to as the gut microbiota. The composition of the gut microbiota is known to be modulated by environmental factors, including diet. In this study, we compared the gut microbiota of 8 PKU patients on Phe-restricted dietary treatment with that of 10 healthy individuals. The microbiota were characterized by 16S rRNA sequencing using the Ion Torrent™ platform. The most dominant phyla detected in both groups were Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. PKU patients showed reduced abundance of the Clostridiaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, and Lachnospiraceae families, Clostridiales class, Coprococcus, Dorea, Lachnospira, Odoribacter, Ruminococcus and Veillonella genera, and enrichment of Prevotella, Akkermansia, and Peptostreptococcaceae. Microbial function prediction suggested significant differences in starch/glucose and amino acid metabolism between PKU patients and controls. Together, our results suggest the presence of distinct taxonomic groups within the gut microbiome of PKU patients, which may be modulated by their plasma Phe concentration. Whether our findings represent an effect of the disease itself, or a consequence of the modified diet is unclear.
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456
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Patwardhan RS, Sharma D, Checker R, Thoh M, Sandur SK. Spatio-temporal changes in glutathione and thioredoxin redox couples during ionizing radiation-induced oxidative stress regulate tumor radio-resistance. Free Radic Res 2016; 49:1218-32. [PMID: 26021764 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1056180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR)-induced oxidative stress in tumor cells is effectively managed by constitutive and inducible antioxidant defense systems. This study was initiated to understand the relative contribution of different redox regulatory systems in determining the tumor radio-resistance. In this study, human T-cell lymphoma (Jurkat) cells were exposed to IR (4 Gy) and monitored for the spatio-temporal changes in cellular redox regulatory parameters. We monitored the changes in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (total, mitochondrial, primary, and secondary), thiols (total, surface, and intracellular), GSH/GSSG ratio, antioxidant enzyme activity viz. thioredoxin (Trx), Trx reductase (TrxR), glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase with respect to time. We have also measured protein glutathionylation. We observed that tumor cells mount a biphasic response after IR exposure which can be divided into early (0-6 h) and late (16-48 h) responses in terms of changes in cellular redox parameters. During early response, constitutively active GSH and Trx systems respond to restore cellular redox balance to pre-exposure levels and help in activation of redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf-2. During late response, increase in the levels of antioxidants GSH and Trx rescue cells against IR-mediated damage. We observed that disruption of either glutathione or thioredoxin metabolism led to partial impairment of ability of cells to survive against IR-induced damage. But simultaneous disruption of both the pathways significantly increased radio sensitivity of Jurkat cells. This highlighted the importance of these two antioxidant pathways in regulating redox homeostasis under conditions of IR-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Patwardhan
- a Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Modular Laboratories, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Trombay, Mumbai , India
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457
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Couto N, Wood J, Barber J. The role of glutathione reductase and related enzymes on cellular redox homoeostasis network. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 95:27-42. [PMID: 26923386 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this review article we examine the role of glutathione reductase in the regulation, modulation and maintenance of cellular redox homoeostasis. Glutathione reductase is responsible for maintaining the supply of reduced glutathione; one of the most abundant reducing thiols in the majority of cells. In its reduced form, glutathione plays key roles in the cellular control of reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species act as intracellular and extracellular signalling molecules and complex cross talk between levels of reactive oxygen species, levels of oxidised and reduced glutathione and other thiols, and antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione reductase determine the most suitable conditions for redox control within a cell or for activation of programmed cell death. Additionally, we discuss the translation and expression of glutathione reductase in a number of organisms including yeast and humans. In yeast and human cells, a single gene expresses more than one form of glutathione reductase, destined for residence in the cytoplasm or for translocation to different organelles; in plants, however, two genes encoding this protein have been described. In general, insects and kinetoplastids (a group of protozoa, including Plasmodia and Trypanosoma) do not express glutathione reductase or glutathione biosynthetic enzymes. Instead, they express either the thioredoxin system or the trypanothione system. The thioredoxin system is also present in organisms that have the glutathione system and there may be overlapping functions with cross-talk between the two systems. Finally we evaluate therapeutic targets to overcome oxidative stress associated cellular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narciso Couto
- Michael Barber Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Princess Road, Manchester M1 7DN, UK; ChELSI Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Jennifer Wood
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jill Barber
- Michael Barber Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Princess Road, Manchester M1 7DN, UK; Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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458
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Borvinskaya EV, Sukhovskaya IV, Kochneva AA, Vasilyeva OB, Nazarova MA, Smirnov LP, Nemova NN. Seasonal variability of some biochemical parameters in the whitefish (Coregonus muksun and Coregonus lavaretus). CONTEMP PROBL ECOL+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995425516020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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459
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The fine tuning of metabolism, autophagy and differentiation during in vitro myogenesis. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2168. [PMID: 27031965 PMCID: PMC4823951 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the mechanisms controlling skeletal muscle homeostasis have been identified, there is a lack of knowledge of the integrated dynamic processes occurring during myogenesis and their regulation. Here, metabolism, autophagy and differentiation were concomitantly analyzed in mouse muscle satellite cell (MSC)-derived myoblasts and their cross-talk addressed by drug and genetic manipulation. We show that increased mitochondrial biogenesis and activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 inactivation-independent basal autophagy characterize the conversion of myoblasts into myotubes. Notably, inhibition of autophagic flux halts cell fusion in the latest stages of differentiation and, conversely, when the fusion step of myocytes is impaired the biogenesis of autophagosomes is also impaired. By using myoblasts derived from p53 null mice, we show that in the absence of p53 glycolysis prevails and mitochondrial biogenesis is strongly impaired. P53 null myoblasts show defective terminal differentiation and attenuated basal autophagy when switched into differentiating culture conditions. In conclusion, we demonstrate that basal autophagy contributes to a correct execution of myogenesis and that physiological p53 activity is required for muscle homeostasis by regulating metabolism and by affecting autophagy and differentiation.
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460
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Antioxidant Effects of Sheep Whey Protein on Endothelial Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:6585737. [PMID: 27127549 PMCID: PMC4830741 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6585737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may cause endothelial dysfunction and consequently vascular disease. In the present study, the possible protective effects of sheep whey protein (SWP) from tert-butyl hydroperoxide- (tBHP-) induced oxidative stress in endothelial cells (EA.hy926) were assessed using oxidative stress biomarkers. These oxidative stress biomarkers were glutathione (GSH) and ROS levels determined by flow cytometry. Moreover, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyls (CARB), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were determined spectrophotometrically. The results showed that SWP at 0.78, 1.56, 3.12, and 6.24 mg of protein mL−1 increased GSH up to 141%, while it decreased GSSG to 46.7%, ROS to 58.5%, TBARS to 52.5%, and CARB to 49.0%. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated for the first time that SWP protected endothelial cells from oxidative stress. Thus, SWP may be used for developing food supplements or biofunctional foods to attenuate vascular disturbances associated with oxidative stress.
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461
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Hiraku Y, Guo F, Ma N, Yamada T, Wang S, Kawanishi S, Murata M. Multi-walled carbon nanotube induces nitrative DNA damage in human lung epithelial cells via HMGB1-RAGE interaction and Toll-like receptor 9 activation. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:16. [PMID: 27026438 PMCID: PMC4812657 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Carbon nanotube (CNT) is used for various industrial purposes, but exhibits carcinogenic effects in experimental animals. Chronic inflammation in the respiratory system may participate in CNT-induced carcinogenesis. 8-Nitroguanine (8-nitroG) is a mutagenic DNA lesion formed during inflammation. We have previously reported that multi-walled CNT (MWCNT) induced 8-nitroG formation in lung epithelial cells and this process involved endocytosis. To clarify the mechanism of CNT-induced carcinogenesis, we examined the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9, which resides in endosomes and lysosomes, in 8-nitroG formation in human lung epithelial cell lines. Methods We performed immunocytochemistry to examine 8-nitroG formation in A549 and HBEpC cells treated with MWCNT with a length of 1-2 μm (CNT-S) or 5-15 μm (CNT-L) and a diameter of 20-40 nm. We examined inhibitory effects of endocytosis inhibitors, small interfering RNA (siRNA) for TLR9, and antibodies against high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) and receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) on 8-nitroG formation. The release of HMGB1 and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) into the culture supernatant from MWCNT-treated cells was examined by ELISA and fluorometric analysis, respectively. The association of these molecules was examined by double immunofluorescent staining and co-immunoprecipitation. Results CNT-L significantly increased 8-nitroG formation at 0.05 μg/ml in A549 cells and its intensity reached a maximum at 1 μg/ml. CNT-L tended to induce stronger cytotoxicity and 8-nitroG formation than CNT-S. Endocytosis inhibitors, TLR9 siRNA and antibodies against HMGB1 and RAGE largely reduced MWCNT-induced 8-nitroG formation. MWCNT increased the release of HMGB1 and dsDNA from A549 cells into culture supernatant. The culture supernatant of MWCNT-exposed cells induced 8-nitroG formation in fresh A549 cells. Double immunofluorescent staining and co-immunoprecipitation showed that TLR9 was associated with HMGB1 and RAGE in lysosomes of MWCNT-treated cells. Conclusions MWCNT induces injury or necrosis of lung epithelial cells, which release HMGB1 and DNA into the extracellular space. The HMGB1-DNA complex binds to RAGE on neighboring cells and then CpG DNA is recognized by TLR9 in lysosomes, leading to generation of nitric oxide and 8-nitroG formation. This is the first study demonstrating that TLR9 and related molecules participate in MWCNT-induced genotoxicity and may contribute to carcinogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-016-0127-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hiraku
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Feiye Guo
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Ning Ma
- Faculty of Nursing Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minami-Tamagaki-cho, Suzuka, Mie, 513-8670, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Yamada
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Shumin Wang
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Shosuke Kawanishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minami-Tamagaki-cho, Suzuka, Mie, 513-8670, Japan
| | - Mariko Murata
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
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462
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Redox Imbalance and Viral Infections in Neurodegenerative Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:6547248. [PMID: 27110325 PMCID: PMC4826696 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6547248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential molecules for many physiological functions and act as second messengers in a large variety of tissues. An imbalance in the production and elimination of ROS is associated with human diseases including neurodegenerative disorders. In the last years the notion that neurodegenerative diseases are accompanied by chronic viral infections, which may result in an increase of neurodegenerative diseases progression, emerged. It is known in literature that enhanced viral infection risk, observed during neurodegeneration, is partly due to the increase of ROS accumulation in brain cells. However, the molecular mechanisms of viral infection, occurring during the progression of neurodegeneration, remain unclear. In this review, we discuss the recent knowledge regarding the role of influenza, herpes simplex virus type-1, and retroviruses infection in ROS/RNS-mediated Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
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463
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Yin Q, Ge H, Liao CC, Liu D, Zhang S, Pan YH. Antioxidant Defenses in the Brains of Bats during Hibernation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152135. [PMID: 27010916 PMCID: PMC4806925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hibernation is a strategy used by some mammals to survive a cold winter. Small hibernating mammals, such as squirrels and hamsters, use species- and tissue-specific antioxidant defenses to cope with oxidative insults during hibernation. Little is known about antioxidant responses and their regulatory mechanisms in hibernating bats. We found that the total level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in the brain of each of the two distantly related hibernating bats M. ricketti and R. ferrumequinum at arousal was lower than that at torpid or active state. We also found that the levels of malondialdehyde (product of lipid peroxidation) of the two hibernating species of bats were significantly lower than those of non-hibernating bats R. leschenaultia and C. sphinx. This observation suggests that bats maintain a basal level of ROS/RNS that does no harm to the brain during hibernation. Results of Western blotting showed that hibernating bats expressed higher amounts of antioxidant proteins than non-hibernating bats and that M. ricketti bats upregulated the expression of some enzymes to overcome oxidative stresses, such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and catalase. In contrast, R. ferrumequinum bats maintained a relatively high level of superoxide dismutase 2, glutathione reductase, and thioredoxin-2 throughout the three different states of hibernation cycles. The levels of glutathione (GSH) were higher in M. ricketti bats than in R. ferrumequinum bats and were significantly elevated in R. ferrumequinum bats after torpor. These data suggest that M. ricketti bats use mainly antioxidant enzymes and R. ferrumequinum bats rely on both enzymes and low molecular weight antioxidants (e.g., glutathione) to avoid oxidative stresses during arousal. Furthermore, Nrf2 and FOXOs play major roles in the regulation of antioxidant defenses in the brains of bats during hibernation. Our study revealed strategies used by bats against oxidative insults during hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyuan Yin
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanxiao Ge
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Chong Liao
- Proteomic Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Di Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- * E-mail: (YP); (SZ)
| | - Yi-Hsuan Pan
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YP); (SZ)
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464
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Zhang DM, Feng LX, Liu M, Jin WH, Luo J, Nie AY, Zhou Y, Li Y, Wu WY, Jiang BH, Yang M, Hu LH, Guo DA, Liu X. Possible target-related proteins and signal network of bufalin in A549 cells suggested by both iTRAQ-based and label-free proteomic analysis. Proteomics 2016; 16:935-45. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacy; Lanzhou General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Command of Chinese PLA; Lanzhou P. R. China
| | - Li-Xing Feng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Miao Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
| | | | - Ji Luo
- AB Sciex; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Ai-Ying Nie
- Thermo Fisher Scientific; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Thermo Fisher Scientific; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yin Li
- Thomson Reuters; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Wan-Ying Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Bao-Hong Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Min Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Li-Hong Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - De-An Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
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465
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Castellano I, Migliaccio O, D’Aniello S, Merlino A, Napolitano A, Palumbo A. Shedding light on ovothiol biosynthesis in marine metazoans. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21506. [PMID: 26916575 PMCID: PMC4768315 DOI: 10.1038/srep21506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovothiol, isolated from marine invertebrate eggs, is considered one of the most powerful antioxidant with potential for drug development. However, its biological functions in marine organisms still represent a matter of debate. In sea urchins, the most accepted view is that ovothiol protects the eggs by the high oxidative burst at fertilization. In this work we address the role of ovothiol during sea urchin development to give new insights on ovothiol biosynthesis in metazoans. The gene involved in ovothiol biosynthesis OvoA was identified in Paracentrotus lividus genome (PlOvoA). PlOvoA embryo expression significantly increased at the pluteus stage and was up-regulated by metals at concentrations mimicking polluted sea-water and by cyclic toxic algal blooms, leading to ovothiol biosynthesis. In silico analyses of the PlOvoA upstream region revealed metal and stress responsive elements. Structural protein models highlighted conserved active site residues likely responsible for ovothiol biosynthesis. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that OvoA evolved in most marine metazoans and was lost in bony vertebrates during the transition from the aquatic to terrestrial environment. These results highlight the crucial role of OvoA in protecting embryos released in seawater from environmental cues, thus allowing the survival under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immacolata Castellano
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Oriana Migliaccio
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore D’Aniello
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy
| | | | - Anna Palumbo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
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466
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Estrela JM, Ortega A, Mena S, Sirerol JA, Obrador E. Glutathione in metastases: From mechanisms to clinical applications. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2016; 53:253-67. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2015.1136259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José M. Estrela
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology and
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Angel Ortega
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Mena
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - J. Antoni Sirerol
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Obrador
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology and
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Wojtunik-Kulesza KA, Oniszczuk A, Oniszczuk T, Waksmundzka-Hajnos M. The influence of common free radicals and antioxidants on development of Alzheimer's Disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 78:39-49. [PMID: 26898423 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is one of the most important neurodegenerative disorders in the 21st century for the continually aging population. Despite an increasing number of patients, there are only few drugs to treat the disease. Numerous studies have shown several causes of the disorder, one of the most important being oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is connected with a disturbance between the levels of free radicals and antioxidants in organisms. Solutions to this problem are antioxidants, which counteract the negative impact of the reactive molecules. Unfortunately, the currently available drugs against AD do not exhibit activity toward these structures. Due to the fact that natural substances are extremely significant in new drug development, numerous studies are focused on substances which exhibit a few activities including antioxidants and other anti-AD behaviors. This review article presents the most important studies connected with the influence of free radicals on development of AD and antioxidants as potential drugs toward AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Oniszczuk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Oniszczuk
- Department of Food Process Engineering, Lublin University of Life Sciences, 44 Doświadczalna Street, 20-236 Lublin, Poland.
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468
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Ali F, Naqvi SAS, Bismillah M, Wajid N. Comparative analysis of biochemical parameters in diabetic and non-diabetic acute myocardial infarction patients. Indian Heart J 2016; 68:325-31. [PMID: 27316485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2015.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by enhanced production of free radicals hence oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of cardiac and antioxidant enzymes in diabetic and non-diabetic acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients. METHODS This case-control study was conducted on 450 subjects (70-85 years). Subjects were divided into three groups (Normal, N; Non-diabetic AMI, N-AMI; and Diabetic AMI, D-AMI). Each individual was subjected to a detailed history, clinical examination, and cardiovascular parameters analysis (fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, systolic and diasystolic blood pressure, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), TC/HDL and LDL/HDL ratios). Cardiac markers (Troponin-I, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)) and oxidative stress markers (superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT)) were also assessed. All these parameters were compared between diabetic and non-diabetic AMI patients. RESULTS D-AMI individuals had high level of TC, TG, LDL, and low level of HDL in comparison to N-AMI individuals. Study suggests that cardiac markers such as Troponin I, CPK, CK-MB, AST, LDH, and CRP levels were significantly increased in patients suffering from myocardial infarction with diabetes mellitus (DM) compared to patients of myocardial infarction without DM. The activity levels of antioxidant SOD and GSH were lower in D-AMI patients than in N-AMI. However, levels of MDA and CAT were higher in D-AMI than in N-AMI controls. CONCLUSION Study suggests elevated cardiac markers and reduced antioxidants in D-AMI patients compared to N-AMI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Ali
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB) & Centre for Research In Molecular Medicine (CRIMM), The University of Lahore, Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Ali Shabaz Naqvi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB) & Centre for Research In Molecular Medicine (CRIMM), The University of Lahore, Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Bismillah
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB) & Centre for Research In Molecular Medicine (CRIMM), The University of Lahore, Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Wajid
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB) & Centre for Research In Molecular Medicine (CRIMM), The University of Lahore, Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
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469
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Albino A, De Angelis A, Rullo R, Maranta C, Capasso A, Ruocco MR, Sica F, De Vendittis E. The cold way for glutathione biosynthesis in the psychrophile Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis. Redundancy and reaction rates. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15706h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the psychrophileP. haloplanktisGSH is formed in two consecutive steps coupled to ATP hydrolysis. Differently from other sources, two redundant γ-glutamyl cysteine ligases catalyse first step; overall GSH biosynthesis is rate-limited by second step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Albino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche
- Università di Napoli Federico II
- 80131 Napoli
- Italy
| | - Amalia De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche
- Università di Napoli Federico II
- 80131 Napoli
- Italy
| | - Rosario Rullo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche
- Università di Napoli Federico II
- 80131 Napoli
- Italy
- Istituto per il Sistema Produzione Animale in Ambiente Mediterraneo
| | - Chiara Maranta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università di Napoli Federico II
- Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo
- 80126 Napoli
- Italy
| | - Alessandra Capasso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche
- Università di Napoli Federico II
- 80131 Napoli
- Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Ruocco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche
- Università di Napoli Federico II
- 80131 Napoli
- Italy
| | - Filomena Sica
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università di Napoli Federico II
- Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo
- 80126 Napoli
- Italy
| | - Emmanuele De Vendittis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche
- Università di Napoli Federico II
- 80131 Napoli
- Italy
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470
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Pan X, Lu L, Zeng X, Chang Y, Hua X. Effects of Transportation on Antioxidant Status in Cynomolgus Macaques (Macaca fascicularis). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2016; 55:534-540. [PMID: 27657707 PMCID: PMC5029823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of transportation on oxidative stress in cynomolgus monkeys, we measured serum levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde, and protein carbonyl (PC) and the activities of total antioxidant capacity (TAOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase in cynomolgus macaques before transportation (day 0), on the day of arrival (day 1), and on days 7, 14, and 21 after transportation. Compared with that on day 0, TAOC and catalase activities on days 1, 7, and 14 after transportation were significantly decreased, reached their nadirs on day 7, and increased thereafter to reach their pretransportation levels by day 21 after transportation. Compared with day 0 levels, mean SOD activity and GSH concentration were decreased significantly on day 1; they thereafter increased to reach their pretransportation measures by day 7 after transportation. In contrast, PC and malondialdehyde concentrations in serum and the activity of GSH-Px were increased on day 1 compared with day 0 and thereafter decreased to reach their pretransportation levels by day 14 after transportation. In summary, GSH, TAOC, catalase, and SOD levels decreased and malondialdehyde, PC, and GSH-Px concentrations increased in cynomolgus macaques after transportation. These results suggest that transportation might imbalance oxidant and antioxidant levels to create excess oxidative stress in cynomolgus macaques. Therefore, cynomolgus macaques should have at least 21 d to recover after transportation and regain their healthy status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China; National Shanghai Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research (NCDSER), Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Lu
- National Shanghai Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research (NCDSER), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiancheng Zeng
- National Shanghai Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research (NCDSER), Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Chang
- National Shanghai Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research (NCDSER), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuguo Hua
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
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471
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Cheng J, Liu M, Shao B, Zhang S, Li J, Hu Y, Li X, Zang Y. Development of a novel H2S and GSH detection cocktail for fluorescence imaging. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra08998d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly sensitive fluorescent detection cocktail has been developed for the simultaneous imaging of H2S and GSH in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Meng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Baihao Shao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Yongzhou Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Yi Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
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472
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Nunes C, Teixeira N, Serra D, Freitas V, Almeida L, Laranjinha J. Red wine polyphenol extract efficiently protects intestinal epithelial cells from inflammation via opposite modulation of JAK/STAT and Nrf2 pathways. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:53-65. [PMID: 30090326 PMCID: PMC6061778 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of therapeutic approaches combining efficacy and safety represents an important goal in intestinal inflammation research. Recently, evidence has supported dietary polyphenols as useful tools in the treatment and prevention of chronic inflammatory diseases, but the mechanisms of action are still poorly understood. We here reveal molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory action of a non-alcoholic polyphenol red wine extract (RWE), operating at complementary levels via the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) and Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) pathways. RWE significantly reduced the nuclear levels of phosphorylated STAT1 and also the cellular levels of phosphorylated JAK1 induced by cytokines, suppressing the JAK/STAT inflammatory signalling cascade. In turn, RWE increased the Nrf2 nuclear level, activating the Nrf2 pathway, leading not only to an up-regulation of the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression but also to an increase of the glutamate-cysteine ligase subunit catalytic (GCLc) gene expression, enhancing the GSH synthesis, thereby counteracting GSH depletion that occurs under inflammatory conditions. Overall, data indicate that the anti-inflammatory action of RWE is exerted at complementary levels, via suppression of the JAK/STAT inflammatory pathway and positive modulation of the activity of Nrf2. These results point to the potential use of the RWE as an efficient, readily available and inexpensive therapeutic strategy in the context of gastrointestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Nunes
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology and Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Coimbra , Health Sciences Campus , Azinhaga de Santa Comba , 3000-548 Coimbra , Portugal .
| | - Natércia Teixeira
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Sciences , University of Porto , Portugal
| | - Diana Serra
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology and Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Coimbra , Health Sciences Campus , Azinhaga de Santa Comba , 3000-548 Coimbra , Portugal .
| | - Víctor Freitas
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Sciences , University of Porto , Portugal
| | - Leonor Almeida
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology and Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Coimbra , Health Sciences Campus , Azinhaga de Santa Comba , 3000-548 Coimbra , Portugal .
| | - João Laranjinha
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology and Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Coimbra , Health Sciences Campus , Azinhaga de Santa Comba , 3000-548 Coimbra , Portugal .
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473
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VOKURKOVÁ M, RAUCHOVÁ H, ŘEZÁČOVÁ L, VANĚČKOVÁ I, ZICHA J. NADPH Oxidase Activity and Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Brain and Kidney of Adult Male Hypertensive Ren-2 Transgenic Rats. Physiol Res 2015; 64:849-56. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) play an important role in brain control of blood pressure (BP). One of the important mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension is the elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. The aim of our present study was to investigate NADPH oxidase-mediated superoxide (O2-) production and to search for the signs of lipid peroxidation in hypothalamus and medulla oblongata as well as in renal medulla and cortex of hypertensive male rats transgenic for the murine Ren-2 renin gene (Ren-2 TGR) and their age-matched normotensive controls ‒ Hannover Sprague Dawley rats (HanSD). We found no difference in the activity of NADPH oxidase measured as a lucigenin-mediated O2- production in the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. However, we observed significantly elevated NADPH oxidase in both renal cortex and medulla of Ren-2 TGR compared with HanSD. Losartan (LOS) treatment (10 mg/kg body weight/day) for 2 months (Ren-2 TGR+LOS) did not change NADPH oxidase-dependent O2- production in the kidney. We detected significantly elevated indirect markers of lipid peroxidation measured as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in Ren-2 TGR, while they were significantly decreased in Ren-2 TGR+LOS. In conclusion, the present study shows increased NADPH oxidase activities in renal cortex and medulla with significantly increased TBARS in renal cortex. No significant changes of NADPH oxidase and markers of lipid peroxidation were detected in the studied brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H. RAUCHOVÁ
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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474
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Pallichankandy S, Rahman A, Thayyullathil F, Galadari S. ROS-dependent activation of autophagy is a critical mechanism for the induction of anti-glioma effect of sanguinarine. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:708-20. [PMID: 26472194 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.10.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are notoriously resistant to therapies that induce apoptosis, but are less resistant to therapies that induce autophagy. Therefore, drugs targeting autophagy are promising candidates in the treatment of malignant gliomas. In this study, we investigated the anti-glioma potential of sanguinarine (SNG) in vitro, and further examined the molecular mechanisms of SNG-induced cell death. In human malignant glioma cells SNG activated autophagic cell death pathway characterized by increased acidic vesicular organelles formation, GFP-LC3 punctate formation, LC3-II conversion, and expression of autophagy related proteins, such as Atg5 and Beclin-1. The autophagy inhibitor bafilomycin A1 or knockdown of Atg5 markedly inhibited the SNG-induced autophagic cell death. Apart from inducing autophagic cell death, SNG has also been shown to induce apoptotic cell death in these cell lines. Importantly, the study also identified the crucial role of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) in the facilitation of SNG-induced autophagic cell death. Antioxidants, such as glutathione and N-acetyl cysteine, significantly abrogated ROS production, ERK1/2 activation, and in turn, prevented SNG-induced autophagic cell death. Moreover, scavengers of H2O2 (sodium pyruvate and catalase) significantly attenuated the activity of SNG. Down-regulation of ERK1/2 activity, by using selective ERK1/2 inhibitor (U0126) or siERK1/2, led to an inhibition of SNG-induced autophagic cell death. Furthermore, tumor cells transfected with constitutively active ERK2-MEK1-LA fusion protein accentuated SNG-induced autophagic cell death. Overall, our findings unveil a novel anti-tumor mechanism of action of SNG in human malignant glioma cells, opening up the possibility of using SNG based pro-autophagic drugs for the treatment of malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siraj Pallichankandy
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Anees Rahman
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Faisal Thayyullathil
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Sehamuddin Galadari
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE; Al Jalila Foundation Research Centre, P.O. Box 300100, Dubai, UAE.
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475
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Shaghaghi H, Kadlecek S, Siddiqui S, Pourfathi M, Hamedani H, Clapp J, Profka H, Rizi R. Ascorbic acid prolongs the viability and stability of isolated perfused lungs: A mechanistic study using 31P and hyperpolarized 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:62-71. [PMID: 26165188 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) has recently shown promise as a means of more accurately gauging the health of lung grafts and improving graft performance post-transplant. However, reperfusion of ischemic lung promotes the depletion of high-energy compounds and a progressive loss of normal mitochondrial function, and it remains unclear how and to what extent the EVLP approach contributes to this metabolic decline. Although ascorbate has been used to mitigate the effects of ischemia-reperfusion injury, the nature of its effects during EVLP are also not clear. To address these uncertainties, this study monitored the energy status of lungs during EVLP and after the administration of ascorbate using (31)P and hyperpolarized (13)C NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance). Our experiments demonstrated that the oxidative phosphorylation capacity and pyruvate dehydrogenase flux of lungs decline during ex vivo perfusion. The addition of ascorbate to the perfusate prolonged lung viability by 80% and increased the hyperpolarized (13)C bicarbonate signal by a factor of 2.7. The effect of ascorbate is apparently due not to its antioxidant quality but rather to its ability to energize cellular respiration given that it increased the lung's energy charge significantly, whereas other antioxidants (glutathione and α-lipoic acid) did not alter energy metabolism. During ascorbate administration, inhibition of mitochondrial complex I with rotenone depressed energy charge and shifted the metabolic state of the lung toward glycolysis; reenergizing the electron transport chain with TMPD (N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine) recovered metabolic activity. This indicates that ascorbate slows the decline of the ex vivo perfused lung's mitochondrial activity through an independent interaction with the electron transport chain complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoora Shaghaghi
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephen Kadlecek
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sarmad Siddiqui
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mehrdad Pourfathi
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hooman Hamedani
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Justin Clapp
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Harrilla Profka
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rahim Rizi
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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476
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Significance of Polymorphisms and Expression of Enzyme-Encoding Genes Related to Glutathione in Hematopoietic Cancers and Solid Tumors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:853573. [PMID: 26682223 PMCID: PMC4670853 DOI: 10.1155/2015/853573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidant compounds such as glutathione and its enzymes have become the focus of attention of medical sciences. Glutathione, a specific tripeptide, is involved in many intercellular processes. The glutathione concentration is determined by the number of GAG repeats in gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. GAG polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia, berylliosis, diabetes, lung cancer, and nasopharyngeal tumors. Cancer cells with high glutathione concentration are resistant to chemotherapy treatment. The oxidized form of glutathione is formed by glutathione peroxidases (GPXs). The changes in activity of GPX1, GPX2, and GPX3 isoforms may be associated with the development of cancers, for example, prostate cancer or even colon cancer. Detoxification of glutathione conjugates is possible due to activity of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Polymorphisms in GSTM1, GSTP1, and GSTO1 enzymes increase the risk of developing breast cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidases (GGTs) are responsible for glutathione degradation. Increased activity of GGT correlates with adverse prognosis in patients with breast cancer. Studies on genes encoding glutathione enzymes are continued in order to determine the correlation between DNA polymorphisms in cancer patients.
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477
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Lin CH, Lin XX, Lin L, Wang JM, Lin ZX, Lin JM. Development of LC–MS method for analysis of paclitaxel-inhibited growth and enhanced therapeutic response in human glioblastoma cells. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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478
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Curtis MM, Hu Z, Klimko C, Narayanan S, Deberardinis R, Sperandio V. The gut commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron exacerbates enteric infection through modification of the metabolic landscape. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 16:759-69. [PMID: 25498343 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The enteric pathogen enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) causes severe diarrhea, but the influence of the gut microbiota on EHEC infection is largely unknown. A predominant member of the microbiota, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Bt), is resident at EHEC attachment sites. We show that Bt enhances EHEC virulence gene expression through the transcription factor Cra, which is functionally sensitive to sugar concentrations. This enhanced virulence accompanies increased formation of attaching and effacing (AE) lesions requisite for EHEC colonization. Infection with Citrobacter rodentium, a natural mouse pathogen homologous to EHEC, in Bt-reconstituted mice results in increased gut permeability along with exacerbated host pathology and mortality compared to mice deplete of microflora. Bt modifies the metabolite environment at infection sites, increasing metabolites involved in gluconeogenesis, with stark increases in succinate, which can be sensed by Cra. Our findings suggest that microbiota composition affects disease outcome and may explain links between microbiota composition and disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith M Curtis
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zeping Hu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Claire Klimko
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sanjeev Narayanan
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Ralph Deberardinis
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Vanessa Sperandio
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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479
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Wrotek S, Jędrzejewski T, Nowakowska A, Kozak W. Glutathione deficiency attenuates endotoxic fever in rats. Int J Hyperthermia 2015; 31:793-9. [DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2015.1067333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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480
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Lettieri Barbato D, Tatulli G, Maria Cannata S, Bernardini S, Aquilano K, Ciriolo MR. Glutathione Decrement Drives Thermogenic Program In Adipose Cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13091. [PMID: 26260892 PMCID: PMC4531326 DOI: 10.1038/srep13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue metabolically adapts to external stimuli. We demonstrate that the induction of the thermogenic program in white adipocytes, through cold exposure in mice or in vitro adrenergic stimulation, is accompanied by a decrease in the intracellular content of glutathione (GSH). Moreover, the treatment with a GSH depleting agent, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), recapitulates the effect of cold exposure resulting in the induction of thermogenic program. In particular, BSO treatment leads to enhanced uncoupling respiration as demonstrated by increased expression of thermogenic genes (e.g. Ucp1, Ppargc1a), augmented oxygen consumption and decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Buffering GSH decrement by pre-treatment with GSH ester prevents the up-regulation of typical markers of uncoupling respiration. We demonstrate that FoxO1 activation is responsible for the conversion of white adipocytes into a brown phenotype as the “browning” effects of BSO are completely abrogated in cells down-regulating FoxO1. In mice, the BSO-mediated up-regulation of uncoupling genes results in weight loss that is at least in part ascribed to adipose tissue mass reduction. The induction of thermogenic program has been largely proposed to counteract obesity-related diseases. Based on these findings, we propose GSH as a novel therapeutic target to increase energy expenditure in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lettieri Barbato
- Dept. Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tatulli
- Scientific Institute for Research Hospitalization and Health Care and Università Telematica San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Maria Cannata
- Dept. Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Dept. Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Aquilano
- 1] Dept. Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy [2] Scientific Institute for Research Hospitalization and Health Care and Università Telematica San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria R Ciriolo
- 1] Dept. Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy [2] Scientific Institute for Research Hospitalization and Health Care and Università Telematica San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
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481
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Xc- inhibitor sulfasalazine sensitizes colorectal cancer to cisplatin by a GSH-dependent mechanism. Cancer Lett 2015; 368:88-96. [PMID: 26254540 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sulfasalazine (SSZ) is an anti-inflammatory drug that has been demonstrated to induce apoptosis and tumor regression through inhibition of plasma membrane cystine transporter xc(-). Cysteine is a rate-limiting precursor for intracellular glutathione (GSH) synthesis, which is vital for compound detoxification and maintaining redox balance. Platinum-based chemotherapy is an important regimen used in clinics for various cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC). We hypothesized that targeting xc(-) transporter by SSZ may annihilate cellular detoxification through interruption of GSH synthesis and may enhance the anti-cancer activity of cisplatin (CDDP) by increasing drug transport. In the present study, we revealed that xCT, the active subunit of xc(-), is highly expressed in CRC cell lines and human colorectal carcinoma tissues compared with their normal counterparts. SSZ effectively depleted cellular GSH, leading to significant accumulation of reactive oxygen species and growth inhibition in CRC cells. In contrast, the normal epithelial cells of colon origin were less sensitive to SSZ, showing a moderate ROS elevation. Importantly, SSZ effectively enhanced the intracellular platinum level and cytotoxicity of CDDP in CRC cells. The synergistic effect of SSZ and CDDP was reversed by antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). Together, these results suggest that SSZ, a relatively non-toxic drug that targets cystine transporter, may, in combination with CDDP, have effective therapy for colorectal cancer.
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482
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Mischley LK, Leverenz JB, Lau RC, Polissar NL, Neradilek MB, Samii A, Standish LJ. A randomized, double-blind phase I/IIa study of intranasal glutathione in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2015; 30:1696-701. [PMID: 26230671 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depletion of reduced glutathione is associated with PD and glutathione augmentation has been proposed as a disease-modifying strategy. The aim of this study was to determine the safety and tolerability of intranasal reduced glutathione in individuals with PD. METHODS Thirty individuals with PD were randomized to either placebo (saline), 300 mg/day, or 600 mg/day of intranasal glutathione in three divided daily doses. Follow-up visits included side effect screening of PD symptoms and cognition, blood chemistry, sinus irritation, and hyposmia. Tolerability was measured by frequency and severity of reported adverse events, compliance, and withdrawals from the study. RESULTS After 3 months, there were no substantial differences between groups in the number of adverse events reported or observed among all safety measures assessed. All groups met tolerability criteria. CONCLUSIONS These data support the safety and tolerability of intranasal glutathione in this population. Pharmacokinetic and dose-finding studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie K Mischley
- Bastyr University Research Institute, Kenmore, Washington, USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James B Leverenz
- Cleveland Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard C Lau
- Bastyr University Research Institute, Kenmore, Washington, USA.,School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | | | | | - Ali Samii
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington; Northwest PADRECC at the Seattle VA Medical Center, Washington, USA
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483
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Castellano I, Ercolesi E, Romano G, Ianora A, Palumbo A. The diatom-derived aldehyde decadienal affects life cycle transition in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis through nitric oxide/ERK signalling. Open Biol 2015; 5:140182. [PMID: 25788553 PMCID: PMC4389792 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.140182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) are fatty-acid-derived metabolites produced by some microalgae, including different diatom species. PUAs are mainly produced as a wound-activated defence mechanism against microalgal predators or released from senescent cells at the end of a bloom. PUAs, including 2,4-trans-decadienal (DD), induce deleterious effects on embryonic and larval development of several planktonic and benthic organisms. Here, we report on the effects of DD on larval development and metamorphosis of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Ciona larval development is regulated by the cross-talking of different molecular events, including nitric oxide (NO) production, ERK activation and caspase 3-dependent apoptosis. We report that treatment with DD at the competence larval stage results in a delay in metamorphosis. DD affects redox balance by reducing total glutathione and NO levels. By biochemical and quantitative gene expression analysis, we identify the NO-signalling network affected by DD, including the upregulation of ERK phosphatase mkp1 and consequent reduction of ERK phosphorylation, with final changes in the expression of downstream ERK target genes. Overall, these results give new insights into the molecular pathways induced in marine organisms after exposure to PUAs during larval development, demonstrating that this aldehyde affects key checkpoints of larval transition from the vegetative to the reproductive life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Ercolesi
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Romano
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Adrianna Ianora
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Palumbo
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
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484
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Mathys L, Balzarini J. The role of cellular oxidoreductases in viral entry and virus infection-associated oxidative stress: potential therapeutic applications. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 20:123-43. [PMID: 26178644 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1068760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cellular oxidoreductases catalyze thiol/disulfide exchange reactions in susceptible proteins and contribute to the cellular defense against oxidative stress. Oxidoreductases and oxidative stress are also involved in viral infections. In this overview, different aspects of the role of cellular oxidoreductases and oxidative stress during viral infections are discussed from a chemotherapeutic viewpoint. AREAS COVERED Entry of enveloped viruses into their target cells is triggered by the interaction of viral envelope glycoproteins with cellular (co)receptor(s) and depends on obligatory conformational changes in these viral envelope glycoproteins and/or cellular receptors. For some viruses, these conformational changes are mediated by cell surface-associated cellular oxidoreductases, which mediate disulfide bridge reductions in viral envelope glycoprotein(s). Therefore, targeting these oxidoreductases using oxidoreductase inhibitors might yield an interesting strategy to block viral entry of these viruses. Furthermore, since viral infections are often associated with systemic oxidative stress, contributing to disease progression, the enhancement of the cellular antioxidant defense systems might have potential as an adjuvant antiviral strategy, slowing down disease progression. EXPERT OPINION Promising antiviral data were obtained for both strategies. However, potential pitfalls have also been identified for these strategies, indicating that it is important to carefully assess the benefits versus risks of these antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Mathys
- a 1 Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , Minderbroedersstraat 10 blok x - bus 1030, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- b 2 Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , Minderbroedersstraat 10 blok x - bus 1030, Leuven, Belgium +32 16 3 37352 ; +32 16 3 37340 ;
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485
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Saltman AE. d-ribose-l-cysteine supplementation enhances wound healing in a rodent model. Am J Surg 2015; 210:153-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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486
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Menger KE, James AM, Cochemé HM, Harbour ME, Chouchani ET, Ding S, Fearnley IM, Partridge L, Murphy MP. Fasting, but Not Aging, Dramatically Alters the Redox Status of Cysteine Residues on Proteins in Drosophila melanogaster. Cell Rep 2015; 11:1856-65. [PMID: 26095360 PMCID: PMC4508341 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Altering the redox state of cysteine residues on protein surfaces is an important response to environmental challenges. Although aging and fasting alter many redox processes, the role of cysteine residues is uncertain. To address this, we used a redox proteomic technique, oxidative isotope-coded affinity tags (OxICAT), to assess cysteine-residue redox changes in Drosophila melanogaster during aging and fasting. This approach enabled us to simultaneously identify and quantify the redox state of several hundred cysteine residues in vivo. Cysteine residues within young flies had a bimodal distribution with peaks at ∼10% and ∼85% reversibly oxidized. Surprisingly, these cysteine residues did not become more oxidized with age. In contrast, 24 hr of fasting dramatically oxidized cysteine residues that were reduced under fed conditions while also reducing cysteine residues that were initially oxidized. We conclude that fasting, but not aging, dramatically alters cysteine-residue redox status in D. melanogaster. The redox state and identity of cysteine residues in flies can be determined by OxICAT Overall cysteine-residue redox state does not change with age H2O2 and paraquat have surprisingly distinct effects on cysteine-residue redox state Fasting for 24 hr dramatically alters the redox state of cysteine residues
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja E Menger
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | - Helena M Cochemé
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and GEE, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne 50931, Germany; MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | | | - Edward T Chouchani
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115-5730, USA
| | - Shujing Ding
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | | | - Linda Partridge
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and GEE, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne 50931, Germany
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487
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Goutzourelas N, Stagos D, Housmekeridou A, Karapouliou C, Kerasioti E, Aligiannis N, Skaltsounis AL, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis AM, Kouretas D. Grape pomace extract exerts antioxidant effects through an increase in GCS levels and GST activity in muscle and endothelial cells. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:433-41. [PMID: 26082074 PMCID: PMC4501638 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we demonstrated that a grape pomace extract (GPE) exerted antioxidant activity in endothelial (EA.hy926) and muscle (C2C12) cells through an increase in glutathione (GSH) levels. In the present study, in order to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the antioxidant activity of GPE, its effects on the expression of critical antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD)1, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS) were assessed in EA.hy926 and C2C12 cells. Moreover, the effects of GPE on CAT, SOD and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymatic activity were evaluated. For this purpose, the C2C12 and EA.hy926 cells were treated with GPE at low and non-cytotoxic concentrations (2.5 and 10 µg/ml for the C2C12 cells; 0.068 and 0.250 µg/ml for the EA.hy926 cells) for 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h. Following incubation, enzymatic expression and activity were assessed. The results revealed that treatment with GPE significantly increased GCS levels and GST activity in both the C2C12 and EA.hy926 cells. However, GPE significantly decreased CAT levels and activity, but only in the muscle cells, while it had no effect on CAT levels and activity in the endothelial cells. Moreover, treatment with GPE had no effect on HO-1 and SOD expression and activity in both cell lines. Therefore, the present results provide further evidence of the crucial role of GSH systems in the antioxidant effects exerted by GPE. Thus, GPE may prove to be effective for use as a food supplement for the treatment of oxidative stress-induced pathological conditions of the cardiovascular and skeletal muscle systems, particularly those associated with low GSH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Goutzourelas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41221, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Stagos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41221, Greece
| | | | - Christina Karapouliou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41221, Greece
| | - Efthalia Kerasioti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41221, Greece
| | - Nektarios Aligiannis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Alexios L Skaltsounis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion 71409, Greece
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Demetrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41221, Greece
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488
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Pompella A, Corti A. Editorial: the changing faces of glutathione, a cellular protagonist. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:98. [PMID: 26029106 PMCID: PMC4432574 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Pompella
- Department of Translational Research NTMC, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corti
- Department of Translational Research NTMC, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy
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489
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Aoyama K, Nakaki T. Glutathione in Cellular Redox Homeostasis: Association with the Excitatory Amino Acid Carrier 1 (EAAC1). Molecules 2015; 20:8742-58. [PMID: 26007177 PMCID: PMC6272787 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20058742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are by-products of the cellular metabolism of oxygen consumption, produced mainly in the mitochondria. ROS are known to be highly reactive ions or free radicals containing oxygen that impair redox homeostasis and cellular functions, leading to cell death. Under physiological conditions, a variety of antioxidant systems scavenge ROS to maintain the intracellular redox homeostasis and normal cellular functions. This review focuses on the antioxidant system’s roles in maintaining redox homeostasis. Especially, glutathione (GSH) is the most important thiol-containing molecule, as it functions as a redox buffer, antioxidant, and enzyme cofactor against oxidative stress. In the brain, dysfunction of GSH synthesis leading to GSH depletion exacerbates oxidative stress, which is linked to a pathogenesis of aging-related neurodegenerative diseases. Excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1) plays a pivotal role in neuronal GSH synthesis. The regulatory mechanism of EAAC1 is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshio Nakaki
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-3-3964-3793; Fax: +81-3-3964-0602
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490
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Crawford RR, Prescott ET, Sylvester CF, Higdon AN, Shan J, Kilberg MS, Mungrue IN. Human CHAC1 Protein Degrades Glutathione, and mRNA Induction Is Regulated by the Transcription Factors ATF4 and ATF3 and a Bipartite ATF/CRE Regulatory Element. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15878-15891. [PMID: 25931127 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.635144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Using an unbiased systems genetics approach, we previously predicted a role for CHAC1 in the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway, linked functionally to activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) following treatment with oxidized phospholipids, a model for atherosclerosis. Mouse and yeast CHAC1 homologs have been shown to degrade glutathione in yeast and a cell-free system. In this report, we further defined the ATF4-CHAC1 interaction by cloning the human CHAC1 promoter upstream of a luciferase reporter system for in vitro assays in HEK293 and U2OS cells. Mutation and deletion analyses defined two major cis DNA elements necessary and sufficient for CHAC1 promoter-driven luciferase transcription under conditions of ER stress or ATF4 coexpression: the -267 ATF/cAMP response element (CRE) site and a novel -248 ATF/CRE modifier (ACM) element. We also examined the ability of the CHAC1 ATF/CRE and ACM sequences to bind ATF4 and ATF3 using immunoblot-EMSA and confirmed ATF4, ATF3, and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β binding at the human CHAC1 promoter in the proximity of the ATF/CRE and ACM using ChIP. To further validate the function of CHAC1 in a human cell model, we measured glutathione levels in HEK293 cells with enhanced CHAC1 expression. Overexpression of CHAC1 led to a robust depletion of glutathione, which was alleviated in a CHAC1 catalytic mutant. These results suggest an important role for CHAC1 in oxidative stress and apoptosis with implications for human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Crawford
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Eugenia T Prescott
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Charity F Sylvester
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Ashlee N Higdon
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Jixiu Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shands Cancer Center and Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Michael S Kilberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shands Cancer Center and Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Imran N Mungrue
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112.
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491
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Yang H, Mu J, Chen L, Feng J, Hu J, Li L, Zhou JM, Zuo J. S-nitrosylation positively regulates ascorbate peroxidase activity during plant stress responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:1604-15. [PMID: 25667317 PMCID: PMC4378166 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.255216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are two classes of key signaling molecules involved in various developmental processes and stress responses in plants. The burst of NO and ROS triggered by various stimuli activates downstream signaling pathways to cope with abiotic and biotic stresses. Emerging evidence suggests that the interplay of NO and ROS plays a critical role in regulating stress responses. However, the underpinning molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we show that NO positively regulates the activity of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase1 (APX1). We found that S-nitrosylation of APX1 at cysteine (Cys)-32 enhances its enzymatic activity of scavenging hydrogen peroxide, leading to the increased resistance to oxidative stress, whereas a substitution mutation at Cys-32 causes the reduction of ascorbate peroxidase activity and abolishes its responsiveness to the NO-enhanced enzymatic activity. Moreover, S-nitrosylation of APX1 at Cys-32 also plays an important role in regulating immune responses. These findings illustrate a unique mechanism by which NO regulates hydrogen peroxide homeostasis in plants, thereby establishing a molecular link between NO and ROS signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Y., J.M., L.C., J.F., J.H., L.L., J.-M.Z., J.Z.); andThe University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (H.Y., L.C., L.L.)
| | - Jinye Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Y., J.M., L.C., J.F., J.H., L.L., J.-M.Z., J.Z.); andThe University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (H.Y., L.C., L.L.)
| | - Lichao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Y., J.M., L.C., J.F., J.H., L.L., J.-M.Z., J.Z.); andThe University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (H.Y., L.C., L.L.)
| | - Jian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Y., J.M., L.C., J.F., J.H., L.L., J.-M.Z., J.Z.); andThe University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (H.Y., L.C., L.L.)
| | - Jiliang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Y., J.M., L.C., J.F., J.H., L.L., J.-M.Z., J.Z.); andThe University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (H.Y., L.C., L.L.)
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Y., J.M., L.C., J.F., J.H., L.L., J.-M.Z., J.Z.); andThe University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (H.Y., L.C., L.L.)
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Y., J.M., L.C., J.F., J.H., L.L., J.-M.Z., J.Z.); andThe University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (H.Y., L.C., L.L.)
| | - Jianru Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Y., J.M., L.C., J.F., J.H., L.L., J.-M.Z., J.Z.); andThe University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (H.Y., L.C., L.L.)
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492
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El-Sayed YS, Lebda MA, Hassinin M, Neoman SA. Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) root extract regulates the oxidative status and antioxidant gene transcripts in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121549. [PMID: 25807561 PMCID: PMC4373694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of Cichorium intybus root extract (chicory extract) to protect against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity was evaluated in male rats. The rats were divided into four groups according to treatment: saline (control); chicory extract (100 mg/kg body weight daily, given orally for 2 weeks); CCl4 (1 ml/kg body weight by intraperitoneal injection for 2 consecutive days only); or chicory extract (100 mg/kg body weight daily for 2 weeks) + CCl4 injection on days 16 and 17. The levels of hepatic lipid peroxidation, antioxidants, and molecular biomarkers were estimated twenty-four hours after the last CCl4 injection. Pretreatment with chicory extract significantly reduced CCl4-induced elevation of malondialdehyde levels and nearly normalized levels of glutathione and activity of glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase, catalase (CAT), paraoxonase-1 (PON1), and arylesterase in the liver. Chicory extract also attenuated CCl4-induced downregulation of hepatic mRNA expression levels of GPx1, CAT and PON1 genes. Results of DNA fragmentation support the ability of chicory extract to ameliorate CCl4-induced liver toxicity. Taken together, our results demonstrate that chicory extract is rich in natural antioxidants and able to attenuate CCl4-induced hepatocellular injury, likely by scavenging reactive free radicals, boosting the endogenous antioxidant defense system, and overexpressing genes encoding antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser S. El-Sayed
- Department of Veterinary Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Lebda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Hassinin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Saad A. Neoman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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493
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Jagetia GC, Rajanikant GK. Curcumin Stimulates the Antioxidant Mechanisms in Mouse Skin Exposed to Fractionated γ-Irradiation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2015; 4:25-41. [PMID: 26785336 PMCID: PMC4665571 DOI: 10.3390/antiox4010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fractionated irradiation is one of the important radiotherapy regimens to treat different types of neoplasia. Despite of the immense therapeutic gains accrued by delivering fractionated irradiation to tumors, the radiation burden on skin increases significantly. Low doses of irradiation to skin adversely affect its molecular and metabolic status. The use of antioxidant/s may help to alleviate the radiation-induced changes in the skin and allow delivering a higher dose of radiation to attain better therapeutic gains. Curcumin is an antioxidant and a free radical scavenging dietary supplement, commonly used as a flavoring agent in curries. Therefore, the effect of 100 mg/kg body weight curcumin was studied on the antioxidant status of mice skin exposed to a total dose of 10, 20 and 40 Gy γ-radiation below the rib cage delivered as a single fraction of 2 Gy per day for 5, 10 or 20 days. Skin biopsies from both the curcumin treated or untreated irradiated groups were collected for the biochemical estimations at various post-irradiation times. The irradiation of animals caused a dose dependent decline in the glutathione concentration, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities and increased the lipid peroxidation in the irradiated skin. Curcumin treatment before irradiation resulted in a significant rise in the glutathione concentration and activities of both the glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes in mouse skin, whereas lipid peroxidation declined significantly. The present study indicates that curcumin treatment increased the antioxidant status of mouse exposed to different doses of fractionated γ-radiation.
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494
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Zhang J. Reduced Glutathione Promotes Implants Osseointegration in Rabbits with Diabetes Mellitus: An Experimental Study. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.24.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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495
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Pompella A, Corti A. Editorial: the changing faces of glutathione, a cellular protagonist. Front Pharmacol 2015. [PMID: 26029106 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00098/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Pompella
- Department of Translational Research NTMC, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corti
- Department of Translational Research NTMC, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy
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