501
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Bauer S, Bauer-Gogonea S, Graz I, Kaltenbrunner M, Keplinger C, Schwödiauer R. 25th anniversary article: A soft future: from robots and sensor skin to energy harvesters. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:149-61. [PMID: 24307641 PMCID: PMC4240516 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201303349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Scientists are exploring elastic and soft forms of robots, electronic skin and energy harvesters, dreaming to mimic nature and to enable novel applications in wide fields, from consumer and mobile appliances to biomedical systems, sports and healthcare. All conceivable classes of materials with a wide range of mechanical, physical and chemical properties are employed, from liquids and gels to organic and inorganic solids. Functionalities never seen before are achieved. In this review we discuss soft robots which allow actuation with several degrees of freedom. We show that different actuation mechanisms lead to similar actuators, capable of complex and smooth movements in 3d space. We introduce latest research examples in sensor skin development and discuss ultraflexible electronic circuits, light emitting diodes and solar cells as examples. Additional functionalities of sensor skin, such as visual sensors inspired by animal eyes, camouflage, self-cleaning and healing and on-skin energy storage and generation are briefly reviewed. Finally, we discuss a paradigm change in energy harvesting, away from hard energy generators to soft ones based on dielectric elastomers. Such systems are shown to work with high energy of conversion, making them potentially interesting for harvesting mechanical energy from human gait, winds and ocean waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried Bauer
- Soft Matter Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
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502
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Wafer-scale design of lightweight and transparent electronics that wraps around hairs. Nat Commun 2014; 5:2982. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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503
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Piret G, Perez MT, Prinz CN. Substrate porosity induces phenotypic alterations in retinal cells cultured on silicon nanowires. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04121f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Limitations of silicon nanowire arrays produced using chemical etching for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Piret
- Division of Solid State Physics
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Neuronano Research Center
- Lund University
| | - Maria-Thereza Perez
- Department of Clinical Sciences
- Division of Ophthalmology
- Lund University
- SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
- The Nanometer Structure Consortium
| | - Christelle N. Prinz
- Division of Solid State Physics
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Neuronano Research Center
- Lund University
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504
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Kim YJ, Wu W, Chun SE, Whitacre JF, Bettinger CJ. Biologically derived melanin electrodes in aqueous sodium-ion energy storage devices. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:20912-7. [PMID: 24324163 PMCID: PMC3876213 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1314345110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable electronics represents an attractive and emerging paradigm in medical devices by harnessing simultaneous advantages afforded by electronically active systems and obviating issues with chronic implants. Integrating practical energy sources that are compatible with the envisioned operation of transient devices is an unmet challenge for biodegradable electronics. Although high-performance energy storage systems offer a feasible solution, toxic materials and electrolytes present regulatory hurdles for use in temporary medical devices. Aqueous sodium-ion charge storage devices combined with biocompatible electrodes are ideal components to power next-generation biodegradable electronics. Here, we report the use of biologically derived organic electrodes composed of melanin pigments for use in energy storage devices. Melanins of natural (derived from Sepia officinalis) and synthetic origin are evaluated as anode materials in aqueous sodium-ion storage devices. Na(+)-loaded melanin anodes exhibit specific capacities of 30.4 ± 1.6 mAhg(-1). Full cells composed of natural melanin anodes and λ-MnO2 cathodes exhibit an initial potential of 1.03 ± 0.06 V with a maximum specific capacity of 16.1 ± 0.8 mAhg(-1). Natural melanin anodes exhibit higher specific capacities compared with synthetic melanins due to a combination of beneficial chemical, electrical, and physical properties exhibited by the former. Taken together, these results suggest that melanin pigments may serve as a naturally occurring biologically derived charge storage material to power certain types of medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Sang-Eun Chun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403; and
| | - Jay F. Whitacre
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Departments of Engineering and Public Policy and
| | - Christopher J. Bettinger
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Biomedical Engineering,Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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505
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Stability of silk and collagen protein materials in space. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3428. [PMID: 24305951 PMCID: PMC3851920 DOI: 10.1038/srep03428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen and silk materials, in neat forms and as silica composites, were flown for 18 months on the International Space Station [Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE)-6] to assess the impact of space radiation on structure and function. As natural biomaterials, the impact of the space environment on films of these proteins was investigated to understand fundamental changes in structure and function related to the future utility in materials and medicine in space environments. About 15% of the film surfaces were etched by heavy ionizing particles such as atomic oxygen, the major component of the low-Earth orbit space environment. Unexpectedly, more than 80% of the silk and collagen materials were chemically crosslinked by space radiation. These findings are critical for designing next-generation biocompatible materials for contact with living systems in space environments, where the effects of heavy ionizing particles and other cosmic radiation need to be considered.
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506
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McCall JG, Kim TI, Shin G, Huang X, Jung YH, Al-Hasani R, Omenetto FG, Bruchas MR, Rogers JA. Fabrication and application of flexible, multimodal light-emitting devices for wireless optogenetics. Nat Protoc 2013; 8:2413-2428. [PMID: 24202555 PMCID: PMC4005292 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2013.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The rise of optogenetics provides unique opportunities to advance materials and biomedical engineering, as well as fundamental understanding in neuroscience. This protocol describes the fabrication of optoelectronic devices for studying intact neural systems. Unlike optogenetic approaches that rely on rigid fiber optics tethered to external light sources, these novel devices carry wirelessly powered microscale, inorganic light-emitting diodes (μ-ILEDs) and multimodal sensors inside the brain. We describe the technical procedures for construction of these devices, their corresponding radiofrequency power scavengers and their implementation in vivo for experimental application. In total, the timeline of the procedure, including device fabrication, implantation and preparation to begin in vivo experimentation, can be completed in ~3-8 weeks. Implementation of these devices allows for chronic (tested for up to 6 months) wireless optogenetic manipulation of neural circuitry in animals navigating complex natural or home-cage environments, interacting socially, and experiencing other freely moving behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan G. McCall
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Basic Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tae-il Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 440-746, Korea
- IBS Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gunchul Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Xian Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yei Hwan Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ream Al-Hasani
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Basic Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Fiorenzo G. Omenetto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Physics, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael R. Bruchas
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Basic Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John A. Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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507
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Nogaret A. Negative differential conductance materials for flexible electronics. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Nogaret
- Department of Physics; University of Bath; Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY United Kingdom
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508
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Hammock ML, Chortos A, Tee BCK, Tok JBH, Bao Z. 25th anniversary article: The evolution of electronic skin (e-skin): a brief history, design considerations, and recent progress. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:5997-6038. [PMID: 24151185 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 876] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Human skin is a remarkable organ. It consists of an integrated, stretchable network of sensors that relay information about tactile and thermal stimuli to the brain, allowing us to maneuver within our environment safely and effectively. Interest in large-area networks of electronic devices inspired by human skin is motivated by the promise of creating autonomous intelligent robots and biomimetic prosthetics, among other applications. The development of electronic networks comprised of flexible, stretchable, and robust devices that are compatible with large-area implementation and integrated with multiple functionalities is a testament to the progress in developing an electronic skin (e-skin) akin to human skin. E-skins are already capable of providing augmented performance over their organic counterpart, both in superior spatial resolution and thermal sensitivity. They could be further improved through the incorporation of additional functionalities (e.g., chemical and biological sensing) and desired properties (e.g., biodegradability and self-powering). Continued rapid progress in this area is promising for the development of a fully integrated e-skin in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory L Hammock
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 381 N. South Axis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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509
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Dagdeviren C, Hwang SW, Su Y, Kim S, Cheng H, Gur O, Haney R, Omenetto FG, Huang Y, Rogers JA. Transient, biocompatible electronics and energy harvesters based on ZnO. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:3398-404. [PMID: 23606533 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201300146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The combined use of ZnO, Mg, MgO, and silk provides routes to classes of thin-film transistors and mechanical energy harvesters that are soluble in water and biofluids. Experimental and theoretical studies of the operational aspects and dissolution properties of this type of transient electronics technology illustrate its various capabilities. Application opportunities range from resorbable biomedical implants, to environmentally dissolvable sensors, and degradable consumer electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan Dagdeviren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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510
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Lee CH, Kim JH, Zou C, Cho IS, Weisse JM, Nemeth W, Wang Q, van Duin ACT, Kim TS, Zheng X. Peel-and-stick: mechanism study for efficient fabrication of flexible/transparent thin-film electronics. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2917. [PMID: 24108063 PMCID: PMC3794378 DOI: 10.1038/srep02917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Peel-and-stick process, or water-assisted transfer printing (WTP), represents an emerging process for transferring fully fabricated thin-film electronic devices with high yield and fidelity from a SiO2/Si wafer to various non-Si based substrates, including papers, plastics and polymers. This study illustrates that the fundamental working principle of the peel-and-stick process is based on the water-assisted subcritical debonding, for which water reduces the critical adhesion energy of metal-SiO2 interface by 70 ~ 80%, leading to clean and high quality transfer of thin-film electronic devices. Water-assisted subcritical debonding is applicable for a range of metal-SiO2 interfaces, enabling the peel-and-stick process as a general and tunable method for fabricating flexible/transparent thin-film electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Hwan Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jae-Han Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Chenyu Zou
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-1414, USA
| | - In Sun Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jeffery M. Weisse
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, CA, 94305, USA
| | - William Nemeth
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Adri C. T. van Duin
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-1414, USA
| | - Taek-Soo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Xiaolin Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, CA, 94305, USA
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511
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Tian B, Shankarappa S, Chang HH, Tong R, Kohane DS. Biodegradable mesostructured polymer membranes. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:4410-4415. [PMID: 23964960 PMCID: PMC3799971 DOI: 10.1021/nl402251x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) has a quasi-ordered reticular mesostructure with feature sizes on the order of tenths of to a few hundred nanometers. Approaches to preparing biodegradable synthetic scaffolds for engineered tissues that have the critical mesostructure to mimic ECM are few. Here we present a simple and general solvent evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) approach to preparing concentrically reticular mesostructured polyol-polyester membranes. The mesostructures were formed by a novel self-assembly process without covalent or electrostatic interactions, which yielded feature sizes matching those of ECM. The mesostructured materials were nonionic, hydrophilic, and water-permeable and could be shaped into arbitrary geometries such as conformally molded tubular sacs and micropatterned meshes. Importantly, the mesostructured polymers were biodegradable and were used as ultrathin temporary substrates for engineering vascular tissue constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozhi Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Sahadev Shankarappa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Homer H. Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Rong Tong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Daniel S. Kohane
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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512
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Kaitz JA, Diesendruck CE, Moore JS. End Group Characterization of Poly(phthalaldehyde): Surprising Discovery of a Reversible, Cationic Macrocyclization Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:12755-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ja405628g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Kaitz
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Charles E. Diesendruck
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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513
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Hwang SW, Huang X, Seo JH, Song JK, Kim S, Hage-Ali S, Chung HJ, Tao H, Omenetto FG, Ma Z, Rogers JA. Materials for bioresorbable radio frequency electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:3526-3531. [PMID: 23681956 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201300920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Materials, device designs and manufacturing approaches are presented for classes of RF electronic components that are capable of complete dissolution in water or biofluids. All individual passive/active components as well as system-level examples such as wireless RF energy harvesting circuits exploit active materials that are biocompatible. The results provide diverse building blocks for physically transient forms of electronics, of particular potential value in bioresorbable medical implants with wireless power transmission and communication capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Won Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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514
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Zhu C, Bettinger CJ. Light-Induced Disintegration of Robust Physically Cross-Linked Polymer Networks. Macromol Rapid Commun 2013; 34:1446-51. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201300420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Christopher J. Bettinger
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine; 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300 Pittsburgh, PA 15219
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515
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Lee SK, Rana K, Ahn JH. Graphene Films for Flexible Organic and Energy Storage Devices. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:831-841. [PMID: 26281940 DOI: 10.1021/jz400005k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Graphene and its derivatives have been the subject of extensive research in fundamental science and have viable applications in current and future technology. The exceptionally high electronic and thermal conductivity, optical transparency, and high specific surface area, combined with excellent mechanical flexibility and environmental stability leave graphene poised to be a material of the future. This perspective introduces the importance of graphene electrodes, discusses the synthesis of graphene and transfer onto desired substrates and the role of graphene in electrodes for a broad range of flexible devices such as photovoltaic, electronic, and electrochemical energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung-Ki Lee
- †School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
- ‡School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Kuldeep Rana
- ‡School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Ahn
- ‡School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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516
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Meredith P, Bettinger CJ, Irimia-Vladu M, Mostert AB, Schwenn PE. Electronic and optoelectronic materials and devices inspired by nature. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2013; 76:034501. [PMID: 23411598 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/76/3/034501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic semiconductors permeate virtually every sphere of modern human existence. Micro-fabricated memory elements, processors, sensors, circuit elements, lasers, displays, detectors, etc are ubiquitous. However, the dawn of the 21st century has brought with it immense new challenges, and indeed opportunities-some of which require a paradigm shift in the way we think about resource use and disposal, which in turn directly impacts our ongoing relationship with inorganic semiconductors such as silicon and gallium arsenide. Furthermore, advances in fields such as nano-medicine and bioelectronics, and the impending revolution of the 'ubiquitous sensor network', all require new functional materials which are bio-compatible, cheap, have minimal embedded manufacturing energy plus extremely low power consumption, and are mechanically robust and flexible for integration with tissues, building structures, fabrics and all manner of hosts. In this short review article we summarize current progress in creating materials with such properties. We focus primarily on organic and bio-organic electronic and optoelectronic systems derived from or inspired by nature, and outline the complex charge transport and photo-physics which control their behaviour. We also introduce the concept of electrical devices based upon ion or proton flow ('ionics and protonics') and focus particularly on their role as a signal interface with biological systems. Finally, we highlight recent advances in creating working devices, some of which have bio-inspired architectures, and summarize the current issues, challenges and potential solutions. This is a rich new playground for the modern materials physicist.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Meredith
- Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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517
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Kim YJ, Chun SE, Whitacre J, Bettinger CJ. Self-deployable current sources fabricated from edible materials. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:3781-3788. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20183j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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518
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Thakor NV. In the Spotlight: Neuroengineering. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2013. [DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2012.2228515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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519
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520
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Peel-and-stick: fabricating thin film solar cell on universal substrates. Sci Rep 2012; 2:1000. [PMID: 23277871 PMCID: PMC3533453 DOI: 10.1038/srep01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabrication of thin-film solar cells (TFSCs) on substrates other than Si and glass has been
challenging because these nonconventional substrates are not suitable for the current TFSC
fabrication processes due to poor surface flatness and low tolerance to high temperature and
chemical processing. Here, we report a new peel-and-stick process that circumvents
these fabrication challenges by peeling off the fully fabricated TFSCs from the original Si
wafer and attaching TFSCs to virtually any substrates regardless of materials, flatness and
rigidness. With the peel-and-stick process, we integrated hydrogenated amorphous
silicon (a-Si:H) TFSCs on paper, plastics, cell phone and building windows while maintaining
the original 7.5% efficiency. The new peel-and-stick process enables further
reduction of the cost and weight for TFSCs and endows TFSCs with flexibility and
attachability for broader application areas. We believe that the peel-and-stick
process can be applied to thin film electronics as well.
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521
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Research Highlights. Nat Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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522
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Bourzac K. Biodegradable electronics here today, gone tomorrow. Nature 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/nature.2012.11497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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