551
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Kong G, Zhao Y, Jing M, Huang J, Yang J, Xia Y, Kong L, Ye W, Xiong Q, Qiao Y, Dong S, Ma W, Wang Y. The Activation of Phytophthora Effector Avr3b by Plant Cyclophilin is Required for the Nudix Hydrolase Activity of Avr3b. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005139. [PMID: 26317500 PMCID: PMC4552650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens secrete an arsenal of effector proteins to impair host immunity. Some effectors possess enzymatic activities that can modify their host targets. Previously, we demonstrated that a Phytophthora sojae RXLR effector Avr3b acts as a Nudix hydrolase when expressed in planta; and this enzymatic activity is required for full virulence of P. sojae strain P6497 in soybean (Glycine max). Interestingly, recombinant Avr3b produced by E. coli does not have the hydrolase activity unless it was incubated with plant protein extracts. Here, we report the activation of Avr3b by a prolyl-peptidyl isomerase (PPIase), cyclophilin, in plant cells. Avr3b directly interacts with soybean cyclophilin GmCYP1, which activates the hydrolase activity of Avr3b in a PPIase activity-dependent manner. Avr3b contains a putative Glycine-Proline (GP) motif; which is known to confer cyclophilin-binding in other protein substrates. Substitution of the Proline (P132) in the putative GP motif impaired the interaction of Avr3b with GmCYP1; as a result, the mutant Avr3bP132A can no longer be activated by GmCYP1, and is also unable to promote Phytophthora infection. Avr3b elicits hypersensitive response (HR) in soybean cultivars producing the resistance protein Rps3b, but Avr3bP132A lost its ability to trigger HR. Furthermore, silencing of GmCYP1 rendered reduced cell death triggered by Avr3b, suggesting that GmCYP1-mediated Avr3b maturation is also required for Rps3b recognition. Finally, cyclophilins of Nicotiana benthamiana can also interact with Avr3b and activate its enzymatic activity. Overall, our results demonstrate that cyclophilin is a "helper" that activates the enzymatic activity of Avr3b after it is delivered into plant cells; as such, cyclophilin is required for the avirulence and virulence functions of Avr3b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Kong
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yeqiang Xia
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Kong
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Xiong
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongli Qiao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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552
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Eichmann R, Schäfer P. Growth versus immunity--a redirection of the cell cycle? CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 26:106-12. [PMID: 26190589 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Diseases caused by plant pathogens significantly reduce growth and yield in agricultural crop production. Raising immunity in crops is therefore a major aim in breeding programs. However, efforts to enhance immunity are challenged by the occurrence of growth inhibition triggered by immunity that can be as detrimental as diseases. In this review, we will propose molecular models to explain the inhibitory growth-immunity crosstalk. We will briefly discuss why the resource reallocation model might not represent the driving force for the observed growth-immunity trade-offs. We suggest a model in which immunity redirects and initiates hormone signalling activities that can impair plant growth by antagonising cell cycle regulation and meristem activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Eichmann
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, CV4 7AL Coventry, UK
| | - Patrick Schäfer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, CV4 7AL Coventry, UK; Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, CV4 7AL Coventry, UK.
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553
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Manosalva P, Manohar M, von Reuss SH, Chen S, Koch A, Kaplan F, Choe A, Micikas RJ, Wang X, Kogel KH, Sternberg PW, Williamson VM, Schroeder FC, Klessig DF. Conserved nematode signalling molecules elicit plant defenses and pathogen resistance. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7795. [PMID: 26203561 PMCID: PMC4525156 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-defense responses are triggered by perception of conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), for example, flagellin or peptidoglycan. However, it remained unknown whether plants can detect conserved molecular patterns derived from plant-parasitic animals, including nematodes. Here we show that several genera of plant-parasitic nematodes produce small molecules called ascarosides, an evolutionarily conserved family of nematode pheromones. Picomolar to micromolar concentrations of ascr#18, the major ascaroside in plant-parasitic nematodes, induce hallmark defense responses including the expression of genes associated with MAMP-triggered immunity, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, as well as salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-mediated defense signalling pathways. Ascr#18 perception increases resistance in Arabidopsis, tomato, potato and barley to viral, bacterial, oomycete, fungal and nematode infections. These results indicate that plants recognize ascarosides as a conserved molecular signature of nematodes. Using small-molecule signals such as ascarosides to activate plant immune responses has potential utility to improve economic and environmental sustainability of agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Manosalva
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Murli Manohar
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | - Shiyan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Aline Koch
- Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use, and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Fatma Kaplan
- Kaplan Schiller Research, LLC, Gainesville, Florida 32604, USA
| | - Andrea Choe
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Biology Division, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Robert J. Micikas
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, US Department of Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Karl-Heinz Kogel
- Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use, and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Paul W. Sternberg
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Biology Division, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Valerie M. Williamson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Frank C. Schroeder
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Daniel F. Klessig
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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554
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Bhattacharjee S, Noor JJ, Gohain B, Gulabani H, Dnyaneshwar IK, Singla A. Post-translational modifications in regulation of pathogen surveillance and signaling in plants: The inside- (and perturbations from) outside story. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:524-32. [PMID: 26177826 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In its lifetime a plant is exposed to pathogens of diverse types. Although methods of surveillance are broadly pathogen-individualized, immune signaling ultimately connect to common core networks maintained by key protein hubs. Defense elicitations modulate these hubs to re-allocate energy from central metabolic pathway into processes that execute immunity. Because unregulated defenses severely decrease growth and productivity of the host, signaling regulators within the networks function to achieve cellular equilibrium once the threat is minimized. Protein modifications by post-translational processes regulate the molecular switches and crosstalks between interconnected pathways spatially and temporally. Covalent modification of host targets connected to hubs are strategies used by most virulent effectors and result in re-routing signals to suppress host defenses. Resistance is a result of activation of specialized classes of receptors that short-circuit effector activities by co-localizing via post-translational modifications (PTMs) with effector targets. Despite advancement in proteome methodologies, our understanding of how PTMs regulate plant defenses remains elusive. This review presents protein-modifications as forefront regulators of plant innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Bhattacharjee
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Jewel Jameeta Noor
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Bornali Gohain
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Hitika Gulabani
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | | | - Ankit Singla
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
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555
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How eukaryotic filamentous pathogens evade plant recognition. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 26:92-101. [PMID: 26162502 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes employ sophisticated mechanisms for evading host recognition. After host penetration, many fungi and oomycetes establish a biotrophic interaction. It is assumed that different strategies employed by these pathogens to avoid triggering host defence responses, including establishment of biotrophic interfacial layers between the pathogen and host, masking of invading hyphae and active suppression of host defence mechanisms, are essential for a biotrophic parasitic lifestyle. During the infection process, filamentous plant pathogens secrete various effectors, which are hypothesized to be involved in facilitating effective host infection. Live-cell imaging of fungi and oomycetes secreting fluorescently labeled effector proteins as well as functional characterization of the components of biotrophic interfaces have led to the recent progress in understanding how eukaryotic filamentous pathogens evade plant recognition.
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556
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Serba DD, Uppalapati SR, Mukherjee S, Krom N, Tang Y, Mysore KS, Saha MC. Transcriptome Profiling of Rust Resistance in Switchgrass Using RNA-Seq Analysis. THE PLANT GENOME 2015; 8:eplantgenome2014.10.0075. [PMID: 33228298 DOI: 10.3835/plantgenome2014.10.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass rust caused by Puccinia emaculata is a major limiting factor for switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) production, especially in monoculture. Natural populations of switchgrass displayed diverse reactions to P. emaculata when evaluated in an Ardmore, OK, field. To identify the differentially expressed genes during the rust infection process and the mechanisms of switchgrass rust resistance, transcriptome analysis using RNA-Seq was conducted in two pseudo-F1 parents ('PV281' and 'NFGA472'), and three moderately resistant and three susceptible progenies selected from a three-generation, four-founder switchgrass population (K5 × A4) × (AP13 × VS16). On average, 23.5 million reads per sample (leaf tissue was collected at 0, 24, and 60 h post-inoculation (hpi)) were obtained from paired-end (2 × 100 bp) sequencing on the Illumina HiSeq2000 platform. Mapping of the RNA-Seq reads to the switchgrass reference genome (AP13 ver. 1.1 assembly) constructed a total of 84,209 transcripts from 98,007 gene loci among all of the samples. Further analysis revealed that host defense-related genes, including the nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat domain containing disease resistance gene analogs, play an important role in resistance to rust infection. Rust-induced gene (RIG) transcripts inherited across generations were identified. The rust-resistant gene transcripts can be a valuable resource for developing molecular markers for rust resistance. Furthermore, the rust-resistant genotypes and gene transcripts identified in this study can expedite rust-resistant cultivar development in switchgrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desalegn D Serba
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Pkwy., Ardmore, OK, 73401
- Department of Energy, BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, 37831
| | - Srinivasa Rao Uppalapati
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Pkwy., Ardmore, OK, 73401
- Dupont Pioneer, Dupont Knowledge Center, Turakapally, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, 500 078
| | - Shreyartha Mukherjee
- Computing Services, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Pkwy., Ardmore, OK, 73401
| | - Nick Krom
- Computing Services, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Pkwy., Ardmore, OK, 73401
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Pkwy., Ardmore, OK, 73401
- Department of Energy, BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, 37831
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Pkwy., Ardmore, OK, 73401
| | - Malay C Saha
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Pkwy., Ardmore, OK, 73401
- Department of Energy, BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, 37831
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557
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Bae C, Han SW, Song YR, Kim BY, Lee HJ, Lee JM, Yeam I, Heu S, Oh CS. Infection processes of xylem-colonizing pathogenic bacteria: possible explanations for the scarcity of qualitative disease resistance genes against them in crops. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2015; 128:1219-29. [PMID: 25917599 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Disease resistance against xylem-colonizing pathogenic bacteria in crops. Plant pathogenic bacteria cause destructive diseases in many commercially important crops. Among these bacteria, eight pathogens, Ralstonia solanacearum, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, X. campestris pv. campestris, Erwinia amylovora, Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, and Xylella fastidiosa, infect their host plants through different infection sites and paths and eventually colonize the xylem tissues of their host plants, resulting in wilting symptoms by blocking water flow or necrosis of xylem tissues. Noticeably, only a relatively small number of resistant cultivars in major crops against these vascular bacterial pathogens except X. oryzae pv. oryzae have been found or generated so far, although these pathogens threaten productivity of major crops. In this review, we summarize the lifestyles of major xylem-colonizing bacterial pathogens and then discuss the progress of current research on disease resistance controlled by qualitative disease resistance genes or quantitative trait loci against them. Finally, we propose infection processes of xylem-colonizing bacterial pathogens as one of possible reasons for why so few qualitative disease resistance genes against these pathogens have been developed or identified so far in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungyun Bae
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Korea
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558
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Lu F, Wang H, Wang S, Jiang W, Shan C, Li B, Yang J, Zhang S, Sun W. Enhancement of innate immune system in monocot rice by transferring the dicotyledonous elongation factor Tu receptor EFR. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:641-52. [PMID: 25358295 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) receptor (EFR) in cruciferous plants specifically recognizes the N-terminal acetylated elf18 region of bacterial EF-Tu and thereby activates plant immunity. It has been demonstrated that Arabidopsis EFR confers broad-spectrum bacterial resistance in the EFR transgenic solanaceous plants. Here, the transgenic rice plants (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica cv. Zhonghua 17) and cell cultures with constitutive expression of AtEFR were developed to investigate whether AtEFR senses EF-Tu and thus enhances bacterial resistance in the monocot plants. We demonstrated that the Xanthomonas oryzae-derived elf18 peptide induced oxidative burst and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in the AtEFR transgenic rice cells and plants, respectively. Pathogenesis-related genes, such as OsPBZ1, were upregulated dramatically in transgenic rice plant and cell lines in response to elf18 stimulation. Importantly, pretreatment with elf18 triggered strong resistance to X. oryzae pv. oryzae in the transgenic plants, which was largely dependent on the AtEFR expression level. These plants also exhibited enhanced resistance to rice bacterial brown stripe, but not to rice fungal blast. Collectively, the results indicate that the rice plants with heterologous expression of AtEFR recognize bacterial EF-Tu and exhibit enhanced broad-spectrum bacterial disease resistance and that pattern recognition receptor-mediated immunity may be manipulated across the two plant classes, dicots and monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Lu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory in Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huiqin Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory in Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory in Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wendi Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory in Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Changlin Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory in Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Rice Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Shiyong Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory in Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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559
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Richter KS, Jeske H. KU80, a key factor for non-homologous end-joining, retards geminivirus multiplication. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2913-2918. [PMID: 26297035 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
KU80 is well-known as a key component of the non-homologous end-joining pathway used to repair DNA double-strand breaks. In addition, the KU80-containing DNA-dependent protein kinase complex in mammals can act as a cytoplasmic sensor for viral DNA to activate innate immune response. We have now, to our knowledge for the first time, demonstrated that the speed of a systemic infection with a plant DNA geminivirus in Arabidopsis thaliana is KU80-dependent. The early emergence of Euphorbia yellow mosaic virus DNA was significantly increased in ku80 knockout mutants compared with wild-type sibling controls. The possible impact of KU80 on geminivirus multiplication by generating non-productive viral DNAs or its role as a pattern-recognition receptor against DNA virus infection is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin S Richter
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Holger Jeske
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany
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560
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Experimental approaches to investigate effector translocation into host cells in the Ustilago maydis/maize pathosystem. Eur J Cell Biol 2015; 94:349-58. [PMID: 26118724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Ustilago maydis is a pathogen that establishes a biotrophic interaction with Zea mays. The interaction with the plant host is largely governed by more than 300 novel, secreted protein effectors, of which only four have been functionally characterized. Prerequisite to examine effector function is to know where effectors reside after secretion. Effectors can remain in the extracellular space, i.e. the plant apoplast (apoplastic effectors), or can cross the plant plasma membrane and exert their function inside the host cell (cytoplasmic effectors). The U. maydis effectors lack conserved motifs in their primary sequences that could allow a classification of the effectome into apoplastic/cytoplasmic effectors. This represents a significant obstacle in functional effector characterization. Here we describe our attempts to establish a system for effector classification into apoplastic and cytoplasmic members, using U. maydis for effector delivery.
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561
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Schmelz EA. Impacts of insect oral secretions on defoliation-induced plant defense. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 9:7-15. [PMID: 32846712 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant responses to biotic stress involve non-self perception, signaling, and altered defense phenotypes. During attack, defoliating insects deposit gland secretions (GS) and complex foregut derived oral secretions (OS) that include GS and combined products of plant, insect, and microbial interactions. GS-derived and OS-derived biochemicals that trigger defense are termed Herbivore Associated Molecular Patterns (HAMPs) while those that promote susceptibility are termed effectors. These functions are highly context and species specific. The magnitude and direction of plant responses are orchestrated by the interaction of damage, OS/GS components, predicted receptor-ligand interactions, ion fluxes, protein kinase signaling cascades, phytohormone interactions, transcription factor activation, altered translation, and defense biosynthesis. Unlike plant-pathogen recognition, a remaining challenge is the discovery of plant receptors for defoliator-derived HAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Schmelz
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0380, United States.
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562
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Goggin FL, Zhu-Salzman K. Editorial overview: Pests and resistance: Social networking-studying the web of plant-insect interactions to improve host plant resistance. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 9:v-viii. [PMID: 32846717 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona L Goggin
- Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, 319 Agriculture Building, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States.
| | - Keyan Zhu-Salzman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States.
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563
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Protein-carbohydrate interactions as part of plant defense and animal immunity. Molecules 2015; 20:9029-53. [PMID: 25996210 PMCID: PMC6272538 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20059029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system consists of a complex network of cells and molecules that interact with each other to initiate the host defense system. Many of these interactions involve specific carbohydrate structures and proteins that specifically recognize and bind them, in particular lectins. It is well established that lectin-carbohydrate interactions play a major role in the immune system, in that they mediate and regulate several interactions that are part of the immune response. Despite obvious differences between the immune system in animals and plants, there are also striking similarities. In both cases, lectins can play a role as pattern recognition receptors, recognizing the pathogens and initiating the stress response. Although plants do not possess an adaptive immune system, they are able to imprint a stress memory, a mechanism in which lectins can be involved. This review will focus on the role of lectins in the immune system of animals and plants.
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564
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565
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Tsuda K, Somssich IE. Transcriptional networks in plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:932-947. [PMID: 25623163 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Next to numerous abiotic stresses, plants are constantly exposed to a variety of pathogens within their environment. Thus, their ability to survive and prosper during the course of evolution was strongly dependent on adapting efficient strategies to perceive and to respond to such potential threats. It is therefore not surprising that modern plants have a highly sophisticated immune repertoire consisting of diverse signal perception and intracellular signaling pathways. This signaling network is intricate and deeply interconnected, probably reflecting the diverse lifestyles and infection strategies used by the multitude of invading phytopathogens. Moreover it allows signal communication between developmental and defense programs thereby ensuring that plant growth and fitness are not significantly retarded. How plants integrate and prioritize the incoming signals and how this information is transduced to enable appropriate immune responses is currently a major research area. An important finding has been that pathogen-triggered cellular responses involve massive transcriptional reprogramming within the host. Additional key observations emerging from such studies are that transcription factors (TFs) are often sites of signal convergence and that signal-regulated TFs act in concert with other context-specific TFs and transcriptional co-regulators to establish sensory transcription regulatory networks required for plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Tsuda
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Imre E Somssich
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
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Schoonbeek HJ, Wang HH, Stefanato FL, Craze M, Bowden S, Wallington E, Zipfel C, Ridout CJ. Arabidopsis EF-Tu receptor enhances bacterial disease resistance in transgenic wheat. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:606-13. [PMID: 25760815 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Perception of pathogen (or microbe)-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a key component of plant innate immunity. The Arabidopsis PRR EF-Tu receptor (EFR) recognizes the bacterial PAMP elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and its derived peptide elf18. Previous work revealed that transgenic expression of AtEFR in Solanaceae confers elf18 responsiveness and broad-spectrum bacterial disease resistance. In this study, we developed a set of bioassays to study the activation of PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) in wheat. We generated transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants expressing AtEFR driven by the constitutive rice actin promoter and tested their response to elf18. We show that transgenic expression of AtEFR in wheat confers recognition of elf18, as measured by the induction of immune marker genes and callose deposition. When challenged with the cereal bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. oryzae, transgenic EFR wheat lines had reduced lesion size and bacterial multiplication. These results demonstrate that AtEFR can be transferred successfully from dicot to monocot species, further revealing that immune signalling pathways are conserved across these distant phyla. As novel PRRs are identified, their transfer between plant families represents a useful strategy for enhancing resistance to pathogens in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk-Jan Schoonbeek
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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567
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Ranf S, Gisch N, Schäffer M, Illig T, Westphal L, Knirel YA, Sánchez-Carballo PM, Zähringer U, Hückelhoven R, Lee J, Scheel D. A lectin S-domain receptor kinase mediates lipopolysaccharide sensing in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:426-33. [PMID: 25729922 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The sensing of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) triggers innate immunity in animals and plants. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria is a potent MAMP for mammals, with the lipid A moiety activating proinflammatory responses via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Here we found that the plant Arabidopsis thaliana specifically sensed LPS of Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas. We isolated LPS-insensitive mutants defective in the bulb-type lectin S-domain-1 receptor-like kinase LORE (SD1-29), which were hypersusceptible to infection with Pseudomonas syringae. Targeted chemical degradation of LPS from Pseudomonas species suggested that LORE detected mainly the lipid A moiety of LPS. LORE conferred sensitivity to LPS onto tobacco after transient expression, which demonstrated a key function in LPS sensing and indicated the possibility of engineering resistance to bacteria in crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Ranf
- 1] Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany. [2] Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Immunochemistry/Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Milena Schäffer
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Tina Illig
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Lore Westphal
- Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Patricia M Sánchez-Carballo
- Division of Immunochemistry/Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Ulrich Zähringer
- Division of Immunochemistry/Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Justin Lee
- Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Dierk Scheel
- Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
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Jiao C, Gao M, Wang X, Fei Z. Transcriptome characterization of three wild Chinese Vitis uncovers a large number of distinct disease related genes. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:223. [PMID: 25888081 PMCID: PMC4373064 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1442-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grape is one of the most valuable fruit crops and can serve for both fresh consumption and wine production. Grape cultivars have been selected and evolved to produce high-quality fruits during their domestication over thousands of years. However, current widely planted grape cultivars suffer extensive loss to many diseases while most wild species show resistance to various pathogens. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation of wild grapes would contribute to the improvement of disease resistance in grape breeding programs. RESULTS We performed deep transcriptome sequencing of three Chinese wild grapes using the Illumina strand-specific RNA-Seq technology. High quality transcriptomes were assembled de novo and more than 93% transcripts were shared with the reference PN40024 genome. Over 1,600 distinct transcripts, which were absent or highly divergent from sequences in the reference PN40024 genome, were identified in each of the three wild grapes, among which more than 1,000 were potential protein-coding genes. Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway annotations of these distinct genes showed those involved in defense responses and plant secondary metabolisms were highly enriched. More than 87,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 2,000 small insertions or deletions (indels) were identified between each genotype and PN40024, and approximately 20% of the SNPs caused nonsynonymous mutations. Finally, we discovered 100 to 200 highly confident cis-natural antisense transcript (cis-NAT) pairs in each genotype. These transcripts were significantly enriched with genes involved in secondary metabolisms and plant responses to abiotic stresses. CONCLUSION The three de novo assembled transcriptomes provide a comprehensive sequence resource for molecular genetic research in grape. The newly discovered genes from wild Vitis, as well as SNPs and small indels we identified, may facilitate future studies on the molecular mechanisms related to valuable traits possessed by these wild Vitis and contribute to the grape breeding programs. Furthermore, we identified hundreds of cis-NAT pairs which showed their potential regulatory roles in secondary metabolism and abiotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China. .,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China. .,Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Min Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China. .,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Xiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China. .,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. .,USDA Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Soto JC, Ortiz JF, Perlaza-Jiménez L, Vásquez AX, Lopez-Lavalle LAB, Mathew B, Léon J, Bernal AJ, Ballvora A, López CE. A genetic map of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) with integrated physical mapping of immunity-related genes. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:190. [PMID: 25887443 PMCID: PMC4417308 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, is one of the most important crops world-wide representing the staple security for more than one billion of people. The development of dense genetic and physical maps, as the basis for implementing genetic and molecular approaches to accelerate the rate of genetic gains in breeding program represents a significant challenge. A reference genome sequence for cassava has been made recently available and community efforts are underway for improving its quality. Cassava is threatened by several pathogens, but the mechanisms of defense are far from being understood. Besides, there has been a lack of information about the number of genes related to immunity as well as their distribution and genomic organization in the cassava genome. RESULTS A high dense genetic map of cassava containing 2,141 SNPs has been constructed. Eighteen linkage groups were resolved with an overall size of 2,571 cM and an average distance of 1.26 cM between markers. More than half of mapped SNPs (57.4%) are located in coding sequences. Physical mapping of scaffolds of cassava whole genome sequence draft using the mapped markers as anchors resulted in the orientation of 687 scaffolds covering 45.6% of the genome. One hundred eighty nine new scaffolds are anchored to the genetic cassava map leading to an extension of the present cassava physical map with 30.7 Mb. Comparative analysis using anchor markers showed strong co-linearity to previously reported cassava genetic and physical maps. In silico based searching for conserved domains allowed the annotation of a repertory of 1,061 cassava genes coding for immunity-related proteins (IRPs). Based on physical map of the corresponding sequencing scaffolds, unambiguous genetic localization was possible for 569 IRPs. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study reported so far of an integrated high density genetic map using SNPs with integrated genetic and physical localization of newly annotated immunity related genes in cassava. These data build a solid basis for future studies to map and associate markers with single loci or quantitative trait loci for agronomical important traits. The enrichment of the physical map with novel scaffolds is in line with the efforts of the cassava genome sequencing consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana Carolina Soto
- Manihot Biotec Laboratory, Biology Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Juan Felipe Ortiz
- Manihot Biotec Laboratory, Biology Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia. .,Present address Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Laura Perlaza-Jiménez
- Laboratory of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia. .,Present address Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Andrea Ximena Vásquez
- Manihot Biotec Laboratory, Biology Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | | | - Boby Mathew
- INRES-Plant Breeding University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jens Léon
- INRES-Plant Breeding University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Adriana Jimena Bernal
- Laboratory of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Agim Ballvora
- INRES-Plant Breeding University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Camilo Ernesto López
- Manihot Biotec Laboratory, Biology Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
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571
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Xu F, Zhu C, Cevik V, Johnson K, Liu Y, Sohn K, Jones JD, Holub EB, Li X. Autoimmunity conferred by chs3-2D relies on CSA1, its adjacent TNL-encoding neighbour. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8792. [PMID: 25740259 PMCID: PMC4350097 DOI: 10.1038/srep08792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant innate immunity depends on the function of a large number of intracellular immune receptor proteins, the majority of which are structurally similar to mammalian nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) proteins. CHILLING SENSITIVE 3 (CHS3) encodes an atypical Toll/Interleukin 1 Receptor (TIR)-type NLR protein with an additional Lin-11, Isl-1 and Mec-3 (LIM) domain at its C-terminus. The gain-of-function mutant allele chs3-2D exhibits severe dwarfism and constitutively activated defense responses, including enhanced resistance to virulent pathogens, high defence marker gene expression, and salicylic acid accumulation. To search for novel regulators involved in CHS3-mediated immune signaling, we conducted suppressor screens in the chs3-2D and chs3-2D pad4-1 genetic backgrounds. Alleles of sag101 and eds1-90 were isolated as complete suppressors of chs3-2D, and alleles of sgt1b were isolated as partial suppressors of chs3-2D pad4-1. These mutants suggest that SAG101, EDS1-90, and SGT1b are all positive regulators of CHS3-mediated defense signaling. Additionally, the TIR-type NLR-encoding CSA1 locus located genomically adjacent to CHS3 was found to be fully required for chs3-2D-mediated autoimmunity. CSA1 is located 3.9 kb upstream of CHS3 and is transcribed in the opposite direction. Altogether, these data illustrate the distinct genetic requirements for CHS3-mediated defense signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xu
- 1] Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada [2] Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Chipan Zhu
- 1] Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada [2] Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Volkan Cevik
- 1] University of Warwick, School of Life Sciences, Warwick Crop Centre, Wellesbourne, CV35 9EF, United Kingdom [2] Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Kaeli Johnson
- 1] Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada [2] Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kee Sohn
- 1] Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom [2] Bio-protection Research Centre, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North. 4442, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan D Jones
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Eric B Holub
- University of Warwick, School of Life Sciences, Warwick Crop Centre, Wellesbourne, CV35 9EF, United Kingdom
| | - Xin Li
- 1] Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada [2] Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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572
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Adachi H, Yoshioka H. Kinase-mediated orchestration of NADPH oxidase in plant immunity. Brief Funct Genomics 2015; 14:253-9. [PMID: 25740095 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elv004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signalling molecules, which participate in multiple physiological processes including immune response, development, cell elongation and hormonal signalling in plants. Plant NADPH oxidase, termed respiratory burst oxidase homologue (RBOH), is frequently studied as a main player for pathogen-responsive ROS burst. Our understanding of the activation mechanism of RBOH after pathogen recognition has increased in recent years. In this review, we focus on kinase-mediated regulatory mechanisms of RBOHs. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are well known to activate RBOHs by direct phosphorylation. In addition to functions of CDPKs in plants, we also describe the involvement of receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in fine-tuning RBOH activity at the post-translational and transcriptional levels, respectively.
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573
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Boyle PC, Martin GB. Greasy tactics in the plant-pathogen molecular arms race. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1607-16. [PMID: 25725095 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The modification of proteins by the attachment of fatty acids is a targeting tactic involved in mechanisms of both plant immunity and bacterial pathogenesis. The plant plasma membrane (PM) is a key battleground in the war against disease-causing microbes. This membrane is armed with an array of sensor proteins that function as a surveillance system to detect invading pathogens. Several of these sensor proteins are directed to the plasma membrane through the covalent addition of fatty acids, a process termed fatty acylation. Phytopathogens secrete effector proteins into the plant cell to subvert these surveillance mechanisms, rendering the host susceptible to infection. The targeting of effectors to specific locales within plant cells, particularly the internal face of the host PM, is critical for their virulence function. Several bacterial effectors hijack the host fatty acylation machinery to be modified and directed to this contested locale. To find and fight these fatty acylated effectors the plant leverages lipid-modified intracellular sensors. This review provides examples featuring how fatty acylation is a battle tactic used by both combatants in the molecular arms race between plants and pathogens. Also highlighted is the exploitation of a specific form of host-mediated fatty acid modification, which appears to be exclusively employed by phytopathogenic effector proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Boyle
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Gregory B Martin
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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574
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Gourion B, Berrabah F, Ratet P, Stacey G. Rhizobium-legume symbioses: the crucial role of plant immunity. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:186-94. [PMID: 25543258 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
New research results have significantly revised our understanding of the rhizobium-legume infection process. For example, Nod factors (NFs), previously thought to be absolutely essential for this symbiosis, were shown to be dispensable under particular conditions. Similarly, an NF receptor, previously considered to be solely involved in symbiosis, was shown to function during plant pathogen infections. Indeed, there is a growing realization that plant innate immunity is a crucial component in the establishment and maintenance of symbiosis. We review here the factors involved in the suppression of plant immunity during rhizobium-legume symbiosis, and we attempt to place this information into context with the most recent and sometimes surprising research results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gourion
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Saclay Plant Sciences, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France.
| | - Fathi Berrabah
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Saclay Plant Sciences, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Pascal Ratet
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Saclay Plant Sciences, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, C.S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65203, USA
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575
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Rigby RE, Rehwinkel J. RNA degradation in antiviral immunity and autoimmunity. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:179-88. [PMID: 25709093 PMCID: PMC4358841 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) pathway defends cells against RNA virus invasion. NMD targets viral RNAs for degradation, including by the RNA exosome. Genetic deficiencies in NMD and RNA exosome components cause autoimmunity. NMD and the RNA exosome prevent aberrant activation of innate immune responses.
Post-transcriptional control determines the fate of cellular RNA molecules. Nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) provides quality control of mRNA, targeting faulty cellular transcripts for degradation by multiple nucleases including the RNA exosome. Recent findings have revealed a role for NMD in targeting viral RNA molecules, thereby restricting virus infection. Interestingly, NMD is also linked to immune responses at another level: mutations affecting the NMD or RNA exosome machineries cause chronic activation of defence programmes, resulting in autoimmune phenotypes. Here we place these observations in the context of other links between innate antiviral immunity and type I interferon mediated disease and examine two models: one in which expression or function of pathogen sensors is perturbed and one wherein host-derived RNA molecules with a propensity to activate such sensors accumulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Rigby
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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576
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Abstract
Intracellular immune receptors with nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich domains (NLRs) are found in both plants and animals. Compared to animals, NLR-encoding gene families are expanded, more prevalent and have enriched diversity in higher plants. Strong host defense triggered by the recognition of specific pathogen effectors constitutes a major part of the plant immune response that has long been exploited to breed crops for enhanced resistance. Although the first plant NLR genes were cloned about 20 years ago, their signaling mechanisms remain obscure. Here we review recent progress in plant NLR studies, focusing on their pathogen recognition, homeostasis control and potential signaling activation mechanisms.
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577
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Djami-Tchatchou AT, Maake MP, Piater LA, Dubery IA. Isonitrosoacetophenone drives transcriptional reprogramming in Nicotiana tabacum cells in support of innate immunity and defense. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117377. [PMID: 25658943 PMCID: PMC4319752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to various stress stimuli by activating broad-spectrum defense responses both locally as well as systemically. As such, identification of expressed genes represents an important step towards understanding inducible defense responses and assists in designing appropriate intervention strategies for disease management. Genes differentially expressed in tobacco cell suspensions following elicitation with isonitrosoacetophenone (INAP) were identified using mRNA differential display and pyro-sequencing. Sequencing data produced 14579 reads, which resulted in 198 contigs and 1758 singletons. Following BLAST analyses, several inducible plant defense genes of interest were identified and classified into functional categories including signal transduction, transcription activation, transcription and protein synthesis, protein degradation and ubiquitination, stress-responsive, defense-related, metabolism and energy, regulation, transportation, cytoskeleton and cell wall-related. Quantitative PCR was used to investigate the expression of 17 selected target genes within these categories. Results indicate that INAP has a sensitising or priming effect through activation of salicylic acid-, jasmonic acid- and ethylene pathways that result in an altered transcriptome, with the expression of genes involved in perception of pathogens and associated cellular re-programming in support of defense. Furthermore, infection assays with the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci confirmed the establishment of a functional anti-microbial environment in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mmapula P Maake
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Lizelle A Piater
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Ian A Dubery
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
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578
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Targeting of plant pattern recognition receptor-triggered immunity by bacterial type-III secretion system effectors. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 23:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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579
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Conrath U, Beckers GJM, Langenbach CJG, Jaskiewicz MR. Priming for enhanced defense. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 53:97-119. [PMID: 26070330 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
When plants recognize potential opponents, invading pathogens, wound signals, or abiotic stress, they often switch to a primed state of enhanced defense. However, defense priming can also be induced by some natural or synthetic chemicals. In the primed state, plants respond to biotic and abiotic stress with faster and stronger activation of defense, and this is often linked to immunity and abiotic stress tolerance. This review covers recent advances in disclosing molecular mechanisms of priming. These include elevated levels of pattern-recognition receptors and dormant signaling enzymes, transcription factor HsfB1 activity, and alterations in chromatin state. They also comprise the identification of aspartyl-tRNA synthetase as a receptor of the priming activator β-aminobutyric acid. The article also illustrates the inheritance of priming, exemplifies the role of recently identified priming activators azelaic and pipecolic acid, elaborates on the similarity to defense priming in mammals, and discusses the potential of defense priming in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Conrath
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52056, Germany; , , ,
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580
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Murata Y, Mori IC, Munemasa S. Diverse stomatal signaling and the signal integration mechanism. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 66:369-92. [PMID: 25665132 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043014-114707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Guard cells perceive a variety of chemicals produced metabolically in response to abiotic and biotic stresses, integrate the signals into reactive oxygen species and calcium signatures, and convert these signatures into stomatal movements by regulating turgor pressure. Guard cell behaviors in response to such complex signals are critical for plant growth and sustenance in stressful, ever-changing environments. The key open question is how guard cells achieve the signal integration to optimize stomatal aperture. Abscisic acid is responsible for stomatal closure in plants in response to drought, and its signal transduction has been well studied. Other plant hormones and low-molecular-weight compounds function as inducers of stomatal closure and mediators of signaling in guard cells. In this review, we summarize recent advances in research on the diverse stomatal signaling pathways, with specific emphasis on signal integration and signal interaction in guard cell movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; ,
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581
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Yeh YH, Chang YH, Huang PY, Huang JB, Zimmerli L. Enhanced Arabidopsis pattern-triggered immunity by overexpression of cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:322. [PMID: 26029224 PMCID: PMC4429228 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Upon recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) such as the bacterial flagellin (or the derived peptide flg22) by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) such as the FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2), plants activate the pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) response. The L-type lectin receptor kinase-VI.2 (LecRK-VI.2) is a positive regulator of Arabidopsis thaliana PTI. Cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases (CRKs) possess two copies of the C-X8-C-X2-C (DUF26) motif in their extracellular domains and are thought to be involved in plant stress resistance, but data about CRK functions are scarce. Here, we show that Arabidopsis overexpressing the LecRK-VI.2-responsive CRK4, CRK6, and CRK36 demonstrated an enhanced PTI response and were resistant to virulent bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Notably, the flg22-triggered oxidative burst was primed in CRK4, CRK6, and CRK36 transgenics and up-regulation of the PTI-responsive gene FLG22-INDUCED RECEPTOR-LIKE 1 (FRK1) was potentiated upon flg22 treatment in CRK4 and CRK6 overexpression lines or constitutively increased by CRK36 overexpression. PTI-mediated callose deposition was not affected by overexpression of CRK4 and CRK6, while CRK36 overexpression lines demonstrated constitutive accumulation of callose. In addition, Pst DC3000-mediated stomatal reopening was blocked in CRK4 and CRK36 overexpression lines, while overexpression of CRK6 induced constitutive stomatal closure suggesting a strengthening of stomatal immunity. Finally, bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation analyses in Arabidopsis protoplasts suggested that the plasma membrane localized CRK4, CRK6, and CRK36 associate with the PRR FLS2. Association with FLS2 and the observation that overexpression of CRK4, CRK6, and CRK36 boosts specific PTI outputs and resistance to bacteria suggest a role for these CRKs in Arabidopsis innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Laurent Zimmerli
- *Correspondence: Laurent Zimmerli, Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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582
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Cui H, Tsuda K, Parker JE. Effector-triggered immunity: from pathogen perception to robust defense. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 66:487-511. [PMID: 25494461 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-040012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 752] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plant innate immunity, individual cells have the capacity to sense and respond to pathogen attack. Intracellular recognition mechanisms have evolved to intercept perturbations by pathogen virulence factors (effectors) early in host infection and convert it to rapid defense. One key to resistance success is a polymorphic family of intracellular nucleotide-binding/leucine-rich-repeat (NLR) receptors that detect effector interference in different parts of the cell. Effector-activated NLRs connect, in various ways, to a conserved basal resistance network in order to transcriptionally boost defense programs. Effector-triggered immunity displays remarkable robustness against pathogen disturbance, in part by employing compensatory mechanisms within the defense network. Also, the mobility of some NLRs and coordination of resistance pathways across cell compartments provides flexibility to fine-tune immune outputs. Furthermore, a number of NLRs function close to the nuclear chromatin by balancing actions of defense-repressing and defense-activating transcription factors to program cells dynamically for effective disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Cui
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany; , ,
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583
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Gupta R, Lee SE, Agrawal GK, Rakwal R, Park S, Wang Y, Kim ST. Understanding the plant-pathogen interactions in the context of proteomics-generated apoplastic proteins inventory. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:352. [PMID: 26082784 PMCID: PMC4451336 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular space between cell wall and plasma membrane acts as the first battle field between plants and pathogens. Bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes that colonize the living plant tissues are encased in this narrow region in the initial step of infection. Therefore, the apoplastic region is believed to be an interface which mediates the first crosstalk between host and pathogen. The secreted proteins and other metabolites, derived from both host and pathogen, interact in this apoplastic region and govern the final relationship between them. Hence, investigation of protein secretion and apoplastic interaction could provide a better understanding of plant-microbe interaction. Here, we are briefly discussing the methods available for the isolation and normalization of the apoplastic proteins, as well as the current state of secretome studies focused on the in-planta interaction between the host and the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Gupta
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National UniversityMiryang, South Korea
| | - So Eui Lee
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National UniversityMiryang, South Korea
| | - Ganesh K. Agrawal
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and BiochemistryKathmandu, Nepal
- Global Research Arch for Developing Education (GRADE), Academy Private LimitedBirgunj, Nepal
| | - Randeep Rakwal
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and BiochemistryKathmandu, Nepal
- Global Research Arch for Developing Education (GRADE), Academy Private LimitedBirgunj, Nepal
- Organization for Educational Initiatives, University of TsukubaTsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Tsukuba International Academy for Sport Studies, University of TsukubaTsukuba, Japan
| | - Sangryeol Park
- Bio-crop Development Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development AdministrationJeonju, South Korea
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sun Tae Kim, Department of Plant Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, South Korea
| | - Sun T. Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National UniversityMiryang, South Korea
- Yiming Wang, Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne weg 10, Cologne 50829, Germany
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584
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Tóth K, Stacey G. Does plant immunity play a critical role during initiation of the legume-rhizobium symbiosis? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:401. [PMID: 26082790 PMCID: PMC4451252 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to many different microbes in their habitats. These microbes may be benign or pathogenic, but in some cases they are beneficial for the host. The rhizosphere provides an especially rich palette for colonization by beneficial (associative and symbiotic) microorganisms, which raises the question as to how roots can distinguish such 'friends' from possible 'foes' (i.e., pathogens). Plants possess an innate immune system that can recognize pathogens, through an arsenal of protein receptors, including receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs) located at the plasma membrane. In addition, the plant host has intracellular receptors (so called NBS-LRR proteins or R proteins) that directly or indirectly recognize molecules released by microbes into the plant cell. A successful cooperation between legume plants and rhizobia leads to beneficial symbiotic interaction. The key rhizobial, symbiotic signaling molecules [lipo-chitooligosaccharide Nod factors (NF)] are perceived by the host legume plant using lysin motif-domain containing RLKs. Perception of the symbiotic NFs trigger signaling cascades leading to bacterial infection and accommodation of the symbiont in a newly formed root organ, the nodule, resulting in a nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis. The net result of this symbiosis is the intracellular colonization of the plant with thousands of bacteria; a process that seems to occur in spite of the immune ability of plants to prevent pathogen infection. In this review, we discuss the potential of the invading rhizobial symbiont to actively avoid this innate immune response, as well as specific examples of where the plant immune response may modulate rhizobial infection and host range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary Stacey
- *Correspondence: Gary Stacey, Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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585
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Akamatsu A, Uno K, Kato M, Wong HL, Shimamoto K, Kawano Y. New insights into the dimerization of small GTPase Rac/ROP guanine nucleotide exchange factors in rice. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1044702. [PMID: 26251883 PMCID: PMC4622004 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1044702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Molecular links between receptor-kinases and Rac/ROP family small GTPases mediated by activator guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) govern diverse biological processes. However, it is unclear how the Rac/ROP GTPases orchestrate such a wide variety of activities. Here, we show that rice OsRacGEF1 forms homodimers, and heterodimers with OsRacGEF2, at the plasma membrane (PM) and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). OsRacGEF2 does not bind directly to the receptor-like kinase (RLK) OsCERK1, but forms a complex with OsCERK1 through OsRacGEF1 at the ER. This complex is transported from ER to the PM and there associates with OsRac1, resulting in the formation of a stable immune complex. Such RLK-GEF heterodimer complexes may explain the diversity of Rac/ROP family GTPase signalings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Akamatsu
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics; Graduate School of Biological Sciences; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; Ikoma, Japan
- Cell and Developmental Biology; John Innes Center; Norwich, United Kingdom
- These authors equally contributed to this work
| | - Kazumi Uno
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics; Graduate School of Biological Sciences; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; Ikoma, Japan
- These authors equally contributed to this work
| | - Midori Kato
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics; Graduate School of Biological Sciences; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; Ikoma, Japan
| | - Hann Ling Wong
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics; Graduate School of Biological Sciences; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; Ikoma, Japan
- Deptartment of Biological Science; University Tunku Abdul Rahman Jalan Universiti; Bandar Barat Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Ko Shimamoto
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics; Graduate School of Biological Sciences; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; Ikoma, Japan
| | - Yoji Kawano
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics; Graduate School of Biological Sciences; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; Ikoma, Japan
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology; Shanghai, PR China
- Correspondence to: Yoji Kawano;
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586
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Smith DL, Praslickova D, Ilangumaran G. Inter-organismal signaling and management of the phytomicrobiome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:722. [PMID: 26442036 PMCID: PMC4568390 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The organisms of the phytomicrobiome use signal compounds to regulate aspects of each other's behavior. Legumes use signals (flavonoids) to regulate rhizobial nod gene expression during establishment of the legume-rhizobia N2-fixation symbiosis. Lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs) produced by rhizobia act as return signals to the host plant and are recognized by specific lysine motif receptor like kinases, which triggers a signal cascade leading to nodulation of legume roots. LCOs also enhance plant growth, particularly when plants are stressed. Chitooligosaccharides activate plant immune responses, providing enhanced resistance against diseases. Co-inoculation of rhizobia with other plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can improve nodulation and crop growth. PGPR also alleviate plant stress by secreting signal compounds including phytohormones and antibiotics. Thuricin 17, a small bacteriocin produced by a phytomicrobiome member promotes plant growth. Lumichrome synthesized by soil rhizobacteria function as stress-sensing cues. Inter-organismal signaling can be used to manage/engineer the phytomicrobiome to enhance crop productivity, particularly in the face of stress. Stressful conditions are likely to become more frequent and more severe because of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L. Smith
- *Correspondence: Donald L. Smith, Plant Science Department, McGill University/Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada,
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587
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Mgcina LS, Dubery IA, Piater LA. Comparative conventional- and quantum dot-labeling strategies for LPS binding site detection in Arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll protoplasts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:335. [PMID: 26029233 PMCID: PMC4428080 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria is recognized as a microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) and not only induces an innate immune response in plants, but also stimulates the development of characteristic defense responses. However, identification and characterization of a cell surface LPS-receptor/binding site, as described in mammals, remains elusive in plants. As an amphiphilic, macromolecular lipoglycan, intact LPS potentially contains three MAMP-active regions, represented by the O-polysaccharide chain, the core and the lipid A. Binding site studies with intact labeled LPS were conducted in Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts and quantified using flow cytometry fluorescence changes. Quantum dots (Qdots), which allow non-covalent, hydrophobic labeling were used as a novel strategy in this study and compared to covalent, hydrophilic labeling with Alexa 488. Affinity for LPS-binding sites was clearly demonstrated by concentration-, temperature-, and time-dependent increases in protoplast fluorescence following treatment with the labeled LPS. Moreover, this induced fluorescence increase was convincingly reduced following pre-treatment with excess unlabeled LPS, thereby indicating reversibility of LPS binding. Inhibition of the binding process is also reported using endo- and exocytosis inhibitors. Here, we present evidence for the anticipated presence of LPS-specific binding sites in Arabidopsis protoplasts, and furthermore propose Qdots as a more sensitive LPS-labeling strategy in comparison to the conventional Alexa 488 hydrazide label for binding studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lizelle A. Piater
- *Correspondence: Lizelle A. Piater, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Corner of Kingsway and University Road, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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588
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Tanaka S, Han X, Kahmann R. Microbial effectors target multiple steps in the salicylic acid production and signaling pathway. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:349. [PMID: 26042138 PMCID: PMC4436567 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microbes attempting to colonize plants are recognized through the plant immune surveillance system. This leads to a complex array of global as well as specific defense responses, which are often associated with plant cell death and subsequent arrest of the invader. The responses also entail complex changes in phytohormone signaling pathways. Among these, salicylic acid (SA) signaling is an important pathway because of its ability to trigger plant cell death. As biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens need to invade living plant tissue to cause disease, they have evolved efficient strategies to downregulate SA signaling by virulence effectors, which can be proteins or secondary metabolites. Here we review the strategies prokaryotic pathogens have developed to target SA biosynthesis and signaling, and contrast this with recent insights into how plant pathogenic eukaryotic fungi and oomycetes accomplish the same goal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Regine Kahmann
- *Correspondence: Regine Kahmann, Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, D-35043 Marburg, Germany,
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589
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Coker TLR, Cevik V, Beynon JL, Gifford ML. Spatial dissection of the Arabidopsis thaliana transcriptional response to downy mildew using Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:527. [PMID: 26217372 PMCID: PMC4498041 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Changes in gene expression form a crucial part of the plant response to infection. In the last decade, whole-leaf expression profiling has played a valuable role in identifying genes and processes that contribute to the interactions between the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and a diverse range of pathogens. However, with some pathogens such as downy mildew caused by the biotrophic oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa), whole-leaf profiling may fail to capture the complete Arabidopsis response encompassing responses of non-infected as well as infected cells within the leaf. Highly localized expression changes that occur in infected cells may be diluted by the comparative abundance of non-infected cells. Furthermore, local and systemic Hpa responses of a differing nature may become conflated. To address this we applied the technique of Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS), typically used for analyzing plant abiotic responses, to the study of plant-pathogen interactions. We isolated haustoriated (Hpa-proximal) and non-haustoriated (Hpa-distal) cells from infected seedling samples using FACS, and measured global gene expression. When compared with an uninfected control, 278 transcripts were identified as significantly differentially expressed, the vast majority of which were differentially expressed specifically in Hpa-proximal cells. By comparing our data to previous, whole organ studies, we discovered many highly locally regulated genes that can be implicated as novel in the Hpa response, and that were uncovered for the first time using our sensitive FACS technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L. R. Coker
- Systems Biology Doctoral Training Centre, University of WarwickCoventry, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of WarwickCoventry, UK
| | - Volkan Cevik
- School of Life Sciences, University of WarwickCoventry, UK
| | - Jim L. Beynon
- School of Life Sciences, University of WarwickCoventry, UK
| | - Miriam L. Gifford
- School of Life Sciences, University of WarwickCoventry, UK
- *Correspondence: Miriam L. Gifford, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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590
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Trdá L, Boutrot F, Claverie J, Brulé D, Dorey S, Poinssot B. Perception of pathogenic or beneficial bacteria and their evasion of host immunity: pattern recognition receptors in the frontline. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:219. [PMID: 25904927 PMCID: PMC4389352 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants are continuously monitoring the presence of microorganisms to establish an adapted response. Plants commonly use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to perceive microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs/PAMPs) which are microorganism molecular signatures. Located at the plant plasma membrane, the PRRs are generally receptor-like kinases (RLKs) or receptor-like proteins (RLPs). MAMP detection will lead to the establishment of a plant defense program called MAMP-triggered immunity (MTI). In this review, we overview the RLKs and RLPs that assure early recognition and control of pathogenic or beneficial bacteria. We also highlight the crucial function of PRRs during plant-microbe interactions, with a special emphasis on the receptors of the bacterial flagellin and peptidoglycan. In addition, we discuss the multiple strategies used by bacteria to evade PRR-mediated recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Trdá
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes - ERL CNRS 6300Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of Czech RepublicPrague, Czech Republic
| | - Freddy Boutrot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research ParkNorwich, UK
| | - Justine Claverie
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes - ERL CNRS 6300Dijon, France
| | - Daphnée Brulé
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes - ERL CNRS 6300Dijon, France
| | - Stephan Dorey
- Laboratoire Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, URVVC EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-ArdenneReims, France
| | - Benoit Poinssot
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes - ERL CNRS 6300Dijon, France
- *Correspondence: Benoit Poinssot, Université de Bourgogne, UMR 1347 Agroécologie INRA – uB – Agrosup, 17 rue Sully, 21000 Dijon, France
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591
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Luallen RJ, Troemel ER. Breaking barriers: a GPCR triggers immunity in nematodes. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:826-8. [PMID: 25137464 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Luallen
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Emily R Troemel
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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592
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McKenna JF, Tolmie AF, Runions J. Across the great divide: the plant cell surface continuum. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 22:132-140. [PMID: 25460078 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall, plasma membrane and cytoskeleton exist as a cell surface continuum. This interconnection of organelles forms the interface between the plant cell and the external environment and is important for detecting the presence of a diverse range of stimuli. A plethora of plasma membrane microdomains with putative roles in membrane localized enzymatic or signalling processes have been described. While regulation of cell wall composition is defined by proteins within the plasma membrane, the cell wall has been shown to have an anchoring role on plasma membrane proteins which affects their lateral mobility. This interplay between plasma membrane and cell wall components is necessary for plasma membrane microdomain function. Actin and microtubule cytoskeletons are also involved in maintenance and function of the cell surface continuum. Investigation of the interactions between organellar components of this mechanism are important if we are to understand how cells respond to external signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F McKenna
- Plant Cell Biology, Oxford Brookes University, Department of Biological & Medical Sciences, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - A Frances Tolmie
- Plant Cell Biology, Oxford Brookes University, Department of Biological & Medical Sciences, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - John Runions
- Plant Cell Biology, Oxford Brookes University, Department of Biological & Medical Sciences, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.
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593
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Ao Y, Li Z, Feng D, Xiong F, Liu J, Li JF, Wang M, Wang J, Liu B, Wang HB. OsCERK1 and OsRLCK176 play important roles in peptidoglycan and chitin signaling in rice innate immunity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:1072-84. [PMID: 25335639 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-triggered immunity plays critical roles in the basal resistance defense response in plants. Chitin and peptidoglycan (PGN) are major molecular patterns for fungi and bacteria, respectively. Two rice (Oryza sativa) lysin motif-containing proteins, OsLYP4 and OsLYP6, function as receptors that sense bacterial PGN and fungal chitin. These membrane receptors, which lack intracellular kinase domains, likely contain another component for transmembrane immune signal transduction. Here, we demonstrate that the rice LysM receptor-like kinase OsCERK1, a key component of the chitin elicitor signaling pathway, also plays an important role in PGN-triggered immunity in rice. Silencing of OsCERK1 suppressed PGN-induced (and chitin-induced) immunity responses, including reactive oxygen species generation, defense gene expression, and callose deposition, indicating that OsCERK1 is essential for both PGN and chitin signaling initiated by OsLYP4 and OsLYP6. OsLYP4 associated with OsLYP6 and the rice chitin receptor chitin oligosaccharide elicitor-binding protein (CEBiP) in the absence of PGN or chitin, and treatment with PGN or chitin led to their disassociation in vivo. OsCERK1 associated with OsLYP4 or OsLYP6 when induced by PGN but it associated with OsLYP4, OsLYP6, or CEBiP under chitin treatment, suggesting the presence of different patterns of ligand-induced heterooligomeric receptor complexes. Furthermore, the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase OsRLCK176 functions downstream of OsCERK1 in the PGN and chitin signaling pathways, suggesting that these MAMPs share overlapping intracellular signaling components. Therefore, OsCERK1 plays dual roles in PGN and chitin signaling in rice innate immunity and as an adaptor involved in signal transduction at the plasma membrane in conjunction with OsLYP4 and OsLYP6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
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594
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Huang PY, Zimmerli L. Enhancing crop innate immunity: new promising trends. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:624. [PMID: 25414721 PMCID: PMC4222232 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to potentially pathogenic microbes present in their surrounding environment. Due to the activation of the pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) response that largely relies on accurate detection of pathogen- or microbe-associated molecular patterns by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), plants are resistant to the majority of potential pathogens. However, adapted pathogens may avoid recognition or repress plant PTI and resulting diseases significantly affect crop yield worldwide. PTI provides protection against a wide range of pathogens. Reinforcement of PTI through genetic engineering may thus generate crops with broad-spectrum field resistance. In this review, new approaches based on fundamental discoveries in PTI to improve crop immunity are discussed. Notably, we highlight recent studies describing the interfamily transfer of PRRs or key regulators of PTI signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Yao Huang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Laurent Zimmerli
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
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595
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Monaghan J, Matschi S, Shorinola O, Rovenich H, Matei A, Segonzac C, Malinovsky F, Rathjen J, MacLean D, Romeis T, Zipfel C. The Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase CPK28 Buffers Plant Immunity and Regulates BIK1 Turnover. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 16:605-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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596
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Griebel T, Maekawa T, Parker JE. NOD-like receptor cooperativity in effector-triggered immunity. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:562-70. [PMID: 25308923 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are basic elements of innate immunity in plants and animals. Whereas animal NLRs react to conserved microbe- or damage-associated molecular patterns, plant NLRs intercept the actions of diverse pathogen virulence factors (effectors). In this review, we discuss recent genetic and molecular evidence for functional NLR pairs, and discuss the significance of NLR self-association and heteromeric NLR assemblies in the triggering of downstream signaling pathways. We highlight the versatility and impact of cooperating NLR pairs that combine pathogen sensing with the initiation of defense signaling in both plant and animal immunity. We propose that different NLR receptor molecular configurations provide opportunities for fine-tuning resistance pathways and enhancing the host's pathogen recognition spectrum to keep pace with rapidly evolving microbial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Griebel
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Takaki Maekawa
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
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597
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Heil M, Land WG. Danger signals - damaged-self recognition across the tree of life. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:578. [PMID: 25400647 PMCID: PMC4215617 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms suffer injury and serve as hosts for microorganisms. Therefore, they require mechanisms to detect injury and to distinguish the self from the non-self and the harmless non-self (microbial mutualists and commensals) from the detrimental non-self (pathogens). Danger signals are "damage-associated molecular patterns" (DAMPs) that are released from the disrupted host tissue or exposed on stressed cells. Seemingly ubiquitous DAMPs are extracellular ATP or extracellular DNA, fragmented cell walls or extracellular matrices, and many other types of delocalized molecules and fragments of macromolecules that are released when pre-existing precursors come into contact with enzymes from which they are separated in the intact cell. Any kind of these DAMPs enable damaged-self recognition, inform the host on tissue disruption, initiate processes aimed at restoring homeostasis, such as sealing the wound, and prepare the adjacent tissues for the perception of invaders. In mammals, antigen-processing and -presenting cells such as dendritic cells mature to immunostimulatory cells after the perception of DAMPs, prime naïve T-cells and elicit a specific adaptive T-/B-cell immune response. We discuss molecules that serve as DAMPs in multiple organisms and their perception by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Ca(2+)-fluxes, membrane depolarization, the liberation of reactive oxygen species and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades are the ubiquitous molecular mechanisms that act downstream of the PRRs in organisms across the tree of life. Damaged-self recognition contains both homologous and analogous elements and is likely to have evolved in all eukaryotic kingdoms, because all organisms found the same solutions for the same problem: damage must be recognized without depending on enemy-derived molecules and responses to the non-self must be directed specifically against detrimental invaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heil
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional-IrapuatoIrapuato, México
- *Correspondence: Martin Heil, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato- León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico e-mail:
| | - Walter G. Land
- Molecular ImmunoRheumatology, INSERM UMR S1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, Faculty of Medicine, University of StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
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598
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Mott GA, Middleton MA, Desveaux D, Guttman DS. Peptides and small molecules of the plant-pathogen apoplastic arena. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:677. [PMID: 25506352 PMCID: PMC4246658 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants reside within an environment rich in potential pathogens. Survival in the presence of such threats requires both effective perception of, and appropriate responses to, pathogenic attack. While plants lack an adaptive immune system, they have a highly developed and responsive innate immune system able to detect and inhibit the growth of the vast majority of potential pathogens. Many of the critical interactions that characterize the relationship between plants and pathogens are played out in the intercellular apoplastic space. The initial perception of pathogen invasion is often achieved through specific plant receptor-like kinases that recognize conserved molecular patterns presented by the pathogen or respond to the molecular debris caused by cellular damage. The perception of either microbial or damage signals by these receptors initiates a response that includes the production of peptides and small molecules to enhance cellular integrity and inhibit pathogen growth. In this review, we discuss the roles of apoplastic peptides and small molecules in modulating plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Adam Mott
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONCanada
- *Correspondence: G. Adam Mott, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada e-mail:
| | - Maggie A. Middleton
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONCanada
| | - Darrell Desveaux
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONCanada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONCanada
| | - David S. Guttman
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONCanada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONCanada
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599
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Tanaka K, Choi J, Cao Y, Stacey G. Extracellular ATP acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signal in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:446. [PMID: 25232361 PMCID: PMC4153020 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have evolved effective mechanisms to protect themselves from environmental stresses. Damaged (i.e., wounded) plants recognize a variety of endogenous molecules as danger signals, referred to as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). ATP is among the molecules that are released by cell damage, and recent evidence suggests that ATP can serve as a DAMP. Although little studied in plants, extracellular ATP is well known for its signaling roles in animals, including acting as a DAMP during the inflammatory response and wound healing. If ATP acts outside the cell, then it is reasonable to expect that it is recognized by a plasma membrane-localized receptor. Recently, DORN1, a lectin receptor kinase, was shown to recognize extracellular ATP in Arabidopsis. DORN1 is the founding member of a new purinoceptor subfamily, P2K (P2 receptor kinase), which is plant-specific. P2K1 (DORN1) is required for ATP-induced cellular responses (e.g., cytosolic Ca(2+) elevation, MAPK phosphorylation, and gene expression). Genetic analysis of loss-of-function mutants and overexpression lines showed that P2K1 participates in the plant wound response, consistent with the role of ATP as a DAMP. In this review, we summarize past research on the roles and mechanisms of extracellular ATP signaling in plants, and discuss the direction of future research on extracellular ATP as a DAMP signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State UniversityPullman, WA, USA
- *Correspondence: Kiwamu Tanaka, Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. BOX 646430, Pullman, WA 99164, USA e-mail:
| | - Jeongmin Choi
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Yangrong Cao
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
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600
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Tanaka K, Choi J, Cao Y, Stacey G. Extracellular ATP acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signal in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014. [PMID: 25232361 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00446.ecollection] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have evolved effective mechanisms to protect themselves from environmental stresses. Damaged (i.e., wounded) plants recognize a variety of endogenous molecules as danger signals, referred to as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). ATP is among the molecules that are released by cell damage, and recent evidence suggests that ATP can serve as a DAMP. Although little studied in plants, extracellular ATP is well known for its signaling roles in animals, including acting as a DAMP during the inflammatory response and wound healing. If ATP acts outside the cell, then it is reasonable to expect that it is recognized by a plasma membrane-localized receptor. Recently, DORN1, a lectin receptor kinase, was shown to recognize extracellular ATP in Arabidopsis. DORN1 is the founding member of a new purinoceptor subfamily, P2K (P2 receptor kinase), which is plant-specific. P2K1 (DORN1) is required for ATP-induced cellular responses (e.g., cytosolic Ca(2+) elevation, MAPK phosphorylation, and gene expression). Genetic analysis of loss-of-function mutants and overexpression lines showed that P2K1 participates in the plant wound response, consistent with the role of ATP as a DAMP. In this review, we summarize past research on the roles and mechanisms of extracellular ATP signaling in plants, and discuss the direction of future research on extracellular ATP as a DAMP signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jeongmin Choi
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Yangrong Cao
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
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