601
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"A rose is a rose is a rose," but CVID is Not CVID common variable immune deficiency (CVID), what do we know in 2011? Adv Immunol 2011; 111:47-107. [PMID: 21970952 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385991-4.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Common variable immune deficiency (CVID) is the commonest symptomatic primary immunodeficiency and represents a heterogenous collection of disorders resulting mostly in antibody deficiency and recurrent infections. However, autoimmunity, granulomatous inflammation and malignancy frequently occur as part of the syndrome. The etiology of the condition has been poorly understood although in recent years, significant progress has been made in elucidating genetic mechanisms that can result in a CVID phenotype. In parallel to this, advances in treatment of the condition have also resulted in improved survival and quality of life for patients. There still remains significant work to be done in improving our understanding of the disease. In addition, recognition of the condition remains poor with significant diagnostic delays and avoidable morbidity. In this article, we review CVID with a particular focus on the areas of improving diagnosis and classification, recent developments in understanding the underlying etiology and genetics; and current treatment and monitoring recommendations for patients.
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602
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Tamura I, Saito M, Nishimura Y, Satoh M, Yamamoto H, Oyama Y. Elevation of Intracellular Ca2+ Level by Triclosan in Rat Thymic Lymphocytes: Increase in Membrane Ca2+ Permeability and Induction of Intracellular Ca2+ Release. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.57.540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ikumi Tamura
- Division of Environmental Symbiosis Studies, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima
| | - Minoru Saito
- Division of Environmental Symbiosis Studies, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima
| | - Yumiko Nishimura
- Division of Environmental Symbiosis Studies, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima
| | - Masaya Satoh
- Division of Environmental Symbiosis Studies, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Division of Environmental Symbiosis Studies, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima
| | - Yasuo Oyama
- Division of Environmental Symbiosis Studies, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima
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603
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Savignac M, Edir A, Simon M, Hovnanian A. Darier disease : a disease model of impaired calcium homeostasis in the skin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1813:1111-7. [PMID: 21167218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The importance of extracellular calcium in epidermal differentiation and intra-epidermal cohesion has been recognized for many years. Darier disease (DD) was the first genetic skin disease caused by abnormal epidermal calcium homeostasis to be identified. DD is characterized by loss of cell-to-cell adhesion and abnormal keratinization. DD is caused by genetic defects in ATP2A2 encoding the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase isoform 2 (SERCA2). SERCA2 is a calcium pump of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transporting Ca(2+) from the cytosol to the lumen of ER. ATP2A2 mutations lead to loss of Ca(2+) transport by SERCA2 resulting in decreased ER Ca(2+) concentration in Darier keratinocytes. Here, we review the role of SERCA2 pumps and calcium in normal epidermis, and we discuss the consequences of ATP2A2 mutations on Ca(2+) signaling in DD. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 11th European Symposium on Calcium.
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604
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Svensson L, McDowall A, Giles KM, Stanley P, Feske S, Hogg N. Calpain 2 controls turnover of LFA-1 adhesions on migrating T lymphocytes. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15090. [PMID: 21152086 PMCID: PMC2994845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune cells named T lymphocytes circulate around the body fulfilling their role in immunosurveillance by monitoring the tissues for injury or infection. To migrate from the blood into the tissues, they make use of the integrin LFA-1 which is exclusively expressed by immune cells. These highly motile cells attach and migrate on substrates expressing the LFA-1 ligand ICAM-1. The molecular events signaling LFA-1 activation and adhesion are now reasonably well identified, but the process of detaching LFA-1 adhesions is less understood. The cysteine protease calpain is involved in turnover of integrin-mediated adhesions in less motile cell types. In this study we have explored the involvement of calpain in turnover of LFA-1-mediated adhesions of T lymphocytes. Using live cell imaging and immunohistochemistry, we demonstrate that turnover of adhesions depends on the Ca2+-dependent enzyme, calpain 2. Inhibition of calpain activity by means of siRNA silencing or pharmacological inhibition results in inefficient disassembly of LFA-1 adhesions causing T lymphocyte elongation and shedding of LFA-1 clusters behind the migrating T lymphocytes. We show that calpain 2 is distributed throughout the T lymphocyte, but is most active at the trailing edge as detected by expression of its fluorescent substrate CMAC,t-BOC-Leu-Met. Extracellular Ca2+ entry is essential for the activity of calpain 2 that is constantly maintained as the T lymphocytes migrate. Use of T cells from a patient with mutation in ORAI1 revealed that the major calcium-release-activated-calcium channel is not the ion channel delivering the Ca2+. We propose a model whereby Ca2+ influx, potentially through stretch activated channels, is sufficient to activate calpain 2 at the trailing edge of a migrating T cell and this activity is essential for the turnover of LFA-1 adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Svensson
- Leukocyte Adhesion Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison McDowall
- Leukocyte Adhesion Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine M. Giles
- Leukocyte Adhesion Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Stanley
- Leukocyte Adhesion Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Feske
- Department of Pathology, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nancy Hogg
- Leukocyte Adhesion Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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605
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Abstract
Human SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency) is a prenatal disorder of T lymphocyte development, that depends on the expression of numerous genes. The knowledge of the genetic basis of SCID is essential for diagnosis (e.g., clinical phenotype, lymphocyte profile) and treatment (e.g., use and type of pre-hematopoietic stem cell transplant conditioning).Over the last years novel genetic defects causing SCID have been discovered, and the molecular and immunological mechanisms of SCID have been better characterized. Distinct forms of SCID show both common and peculiar (e.g., absence or presence of nonimmunological features) aspects, and they are currently classified into six groups according to prevalent pathophysiological mechanisms: impaired cytokine-mediated signaling; pre-T cell receptor defects; increased lymphocyte apoptosis; defects in thymus embryogenesis; impaired calcium flux; other mechanisms.This review is the updated, extended and largely modified translation of the article "Cossu F: Le basi genetiche delle SCID", originally published in Italian language in the journal "Prospettive in Pediatria" 2009, 156:228-238.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Cossu
- Pediatric HSCT Unit, 2 Pediatric Clinic of University, Ospedale Microcitemico, Via Jenner s/n, 09121 Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy.
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606
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Abstract
Second messenger molecules relay, amplify, and diversify cell surface receptor signals. Two important examples are phosphorylated D-myo-inositol derivatives, such as phosphoinositide lipids within cellular membranes, and soluble inositol phosphates. Here, we review how phosphoinositide metabolism generates multiple second messengers with important roles in T-cell development and function. They include soluble inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate, long known for its Ca(2+)-mobilizing function, and phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)trisphosphate, whose generation by phosphoinositide 3-kinase and turnover by the phosphatases PTEN and SHIP control a key "hub" of TCR signaling. More recent studies unveiled important second messenger functions for diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, and soluble inositol(1,3,4,5)tetrakisphosphate (IP(4)) in immune cells. Inositol(1,3,4,5)tetrakisphosphate acts as a soluble phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)trisphosphate analog to control protein membrane recruitment. We propose that phosphoinositide lipids and soluble inositol phosphates (IPs) can act as complementary partners whose interplay could have broadly important roles in cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina H Huang
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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607
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Truta-Feles K, Lagadari M, Lehmann K, Berod L, Cubillos S, Piehler S, Herouy Y, Barz D, Kamradt T, Maghazachi A, Norgauer J. Histamine modulates γδ-T lymphocyte migration and cytotoxicity, via Gi and Gs protein-coupled signalling pathways. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 161:1291-300. [PMID: 20977468 PMCID: PMC3000654 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The biogenic amine, histamine plays a pathophysiological regulatory role in cellular processes of a variety of immune cells. This work analyses the actions of histamine on γδ-T lymphocytes, isolated from human peripheral blood, which are critically involved in immunological surveillance of tumours. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We have analysed effects of histamine on the intracellular calcium, actin reorganization, migratory response and the interaction of human γδ T cells with tumour cells such as the A2058 human melanoma cell line, the human Burkitt's Non-Hodgkin lymphoma cell line Raji, the T-lymphoblastic lymphoma cell line Jurkat and the natural killer cell-sensitive erythroleukaemia cell line, K562. KEY RESULTS γδ T lymphocytes express mRNA for different histamine receptor subtypes. In human peripheral blood γδ T cells, histamine stimulated Pertussis toxin-sensitive intracellular calcium increase, actin polymerization and chemotaxis. However, histamine inhibited the spontaneous cytolytic activity of γδ T cells towards several tumour cell lines in a cholera toxin-sensitive manner. A histamine H(4) receptor antagonist abolished the histamine induced γδ T cell migratory response. A histamine H(2) receptor agonist inhibited γδ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Histamine activated signalling pathways typical of chemotaxis (G(i) protein-dependent actin reorganization, increase of intracellular calcium) and induced migratory responses in γδ T lymphocytes, via the H(4) receptor, whereas it down-regulated γδ T cell mediated cytotoxicity through H(2) receptors and G(s) protein-coupled signalling. Our data suggest that histamine activated γδ T cells could modulate immunological surveillance of tumour tissue.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/physiology
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/physiology
- Histamine/metabolism
- Histamine/pharmacology
- Histamine/physiology
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- K562 Cells
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Histamine/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- K Truta-Feles
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
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608
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Ma J, McCarl CA, Khalil S, Lüthy K, Feske S. T-cell-specific deletion of STIM1 and STIM2 protects mice from EAE by impairing the effector functions of Th1 and Th17 cells. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:3028-42. [PMID: 21061435 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
T-cell function is dependent on store-operated Ca(2+) influx that is activated by the stromal interaction molecules (STIM) 1 and 2. We show that mice with T-cell-specific deletion of STIM1 or STIM2 are protected from EAE, a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS). While STIM1- and STIM2-deficient T cells could be successfully primed by autoantigen, they failed to produce the proinflammatory cytokines IL-17 and IFN-γ. STIM1-deficient T cells showed reduced expression of IL-23R, required for Th17 cell homeostasis, and had impaired chemokine-dependent T-cell migration caused by a lack of chemokine-induced Ca(2+) influx. Autoantigen-specific STIM1- or STIM2-deficient T cells failed to expand and accumulate in the CNS and lymph nodes following adoptive transfer to passively induce EAE, suggesting that autoantigen-specific restimulation or homeostasis of STIM1- and STIM2-deficient T cells are impaired. Combined deletion of both STIM1 and STIM2, previously shown to impair Treg development and function, completely protected mice from EAE. This indicates that, in the absence of Ca(2+) influx, autoreactive T cells are severely dysfunctional rendering Treg dispensable for the prevention of CNS inflammation. Our findings demonstrate that both STIM1 and STIM2 are critical for T-cell function and autoimmunity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ma
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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609
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McCarl CA, Khalil S, Ma J, Oh-hora M, Yamashita M, Roether J, Kawasaki T, Jairaman A, Sasaki Y, Prakriya M, Feske S. Store-operated Ca2+ entry through ORAI1 is critical for T cell-mediated autoimmunity and allograft rejection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5845-58. [PMID: 20956344 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
ORAI1 is the pore-forming subunit of the Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channel, which is responsible for store-operated Ca(2+) entry in lymphocytes. A role for ORAI1 in T cell function in vivo has been inferred from in vitro studies of T cells from human immunodeficient patients with mutations in ORAI1 and Orai1(-/-) mice, but a detailed analysis of T cell-mediated immune responses in vivo in mice lacking functional ORAI1 has been missing. We therefore generated Orai1 knock-in mice (Orai1(KI/KI)) expressing a nonfunctional ORAI1-R93W protein. Homozygosity for the equivalent ORAI1-R91W mutation abolishes CRAC channel function in human T cells resulting in severe immunodeficiency. Homozygous Orai1(KI/KI) mice die neonatally, but Orai1(KI/KI) fetal liver chimeric mice are viable and show normal lymphocyte development. T and B cells from Orai1(KI/KI) mice display severely impaired store-operated Ca(2+) entry and CRAC channel function resulting in a strongly reduced expression of several key cytokines including IL-2, IL-4, IL-17, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Cell-mediated immune responses in vivo that depend on Th1, Th2, and Th17 cell function were severely attenuated in ORAI1-deficient mice. Orai1(KI/KI) mice lacked detectable contact hypersensitivity responses and tolerated skin allografts significantly longer than wild-type mice. In addition, T cells from Orai1(KI/KI) mice failed to induce colitis in an adoptive transfer model of inflammatory bowel disease. These findings reaffirm the critical role of ORAI1 for T cell function and provide important insights into the in vivo functions of CRAC channels for T cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie-Ann McCarl
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
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610
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Wulff H. Spiro azepane-oxazolidinones as Kv1.3 potassium channel blockers: WO2010066840. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:1759-65. [PMID: 20954790 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2010.528392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This article evaluates a patent application from Solvay Pharmaceuticals, which claims spiro azepane-oxazolidinones as novel blockers of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 for the treatment of diabetes, psoriasis, obesity, transplant rejection and T-cell mediated autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and MS. The patent describes a new chemotype of Kv1.3 blockers and thus illustrates the growing interest of the pharmaceutical industry in Kv1.3 as a target of immunosuppression and metabolic disorders. This article briefly summarizes the chemistry and biological data provided in the patent and then compares the new compounds to Kv1.3 blockers previously disclosed by both academia and pharmaceutical companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Wulff
- University of California, Department of Pharmacology, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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611
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Guinamard R, Demion M, Launay P. Physiological roles of the TRPM4 channel extracted from background currents. Physiology (Bethesda) 2010; 25:155-64. [PMID: 20551229 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00004.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium-activated nonselective cationic currents have been known for 30 years, but their physiological implications have remained unresolved until the recent cloning of the TRPM4 ion channel. Since then, TRPM4 has been identified as a key modulator of numerous calcium-dependent mechanisms such as the immune response, insulin secretion, cerebral artery constriction, respiratory rhythm, and cardiac conduction.
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612
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Han A, Zhang M, Zuo X, Zheng S, Zhao C, Feng J, Cheng C. Effect of acute heat stress on calcium concentration, proliferation, cell cycle, and interleukin-2 production in splenic lymphocytes from broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2010; 89:2063-70. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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613
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Shirakawa AK, Liao F, Zhang HH, Hedrick MN, Singh SP, Wu D, Farber JM. Pathway-selective suppression of chemokine receptor signaling in B cells by LPS through downregulation of PLC-β2. Cell Mol Immunol 2010; 7:428-39. [PMID: 20871625 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2010.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte activation leads to changes in chemokine receptor expression. There are limited data, however, on how lymphocyte activators can alter chemokine signaling by affecting downstream pathways. We hypothesized that B cell-activating agents might alter chemokine responses by affecting downstream signal transducers, and that such effects might differ depending on the activator. We found that activating mouse B cells using either anti-IgM or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased the surface expression of CCR6 and CCR7 with large increases in chemotaxis to their cognate ligands. By contrast, while anti-IgM also led to enhanced calcium responses, LPS-treated cells showed only small changes in calcium signaling as compared with cells that were freshly isolated. Of particular interest, we found that LPS caused a reduction in the level of B-cell phospholipase C (PLC)-β2 mRNA and protein. Data obtained using PLC-β2(-/-) mice showed that the β2 isoform mediates close to one-half the chemokine-induced calcium signal in resting and anti-IgM-activated B cells, and we found that calcium signals in the LPS-treated cells were boosted by increasing the level of PLC-β2 using transfection, consistent with a functional effect of downregulating PLC-β2. Together, our results show activator-specific effects on responses through B-cell chemokine receptors that are mediated by quantitative changes in a downstream signal-transducing protein, revealing an activity for LPS as a downregulator of PLC-β2, and a novel mechanism for controlling chemokine-induced signals in lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko-Konno Shirakawa
- Inflammation Biology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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614
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Li H, David Pauza C. Interplay of T-cell receptor and interleukin-2 signalling in Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell cytotoxicity. Immunology 2010; 132:96-103. [PMID: 20738419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human peripheral blood Vγ2Vδ2 T cells are important for host defence and tumour immunity. Their unusual T-cell receptor (TCR) recognizes small molecule phosphoantigens; stimulated cells produce inflammatory cytokines and are potently cytotoxic for a variety of tumours. However, molecular mechanisms linking phosphoantigen stimulation and cytotoxicity are incompletely understood. We know that isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) activates mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK/Erk) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K)/Akt pathways; specific inhibition of Erk or Akt significantly impairs the functional response to IPP. We now show that interleukin-2 also activates MEK/Erk and PI-3K/Akt pathways but on its own, fails to induce cytokine expression or cytotoxicity. Hence, MEK/Erk and PI-3K/Akt activation are necessary but not sufficient to induce effector responses in Vγ2Vδ2 T cells and a TCR-dependent signal is still required for tumour cell killing. Cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of calcineurin, blocked calcium-dependent nuclear translocation of nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT) and significantly reduced IPP-induced cytokine production, degranulation and cytotoxicity. The IPP-induced calcium mobilization and NFAT translocation were necessary to activate Vγ2Vδ2 effector functions; interleukin-2, acting on the MEK/Erk pathway, regulated the strength of these responses. The TCR has a specific role in Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell killing of tumour cells, which is distinct from its role in triggering cellular proliferation in response to phosphoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishan Li
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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615
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Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) was first identified more than two decades ago as a major stimulation-responsive DNA-binding factor and transcriptional regulator in T cells. It is now clear that NFAT proteins have important functions in other cells of the immune system and regulate numerous developmental programmes in vertebrates. Dysregulation of these programmes can lead to malignant growth and cancer. This Review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the transcriptional functions of NFAT proteins in the immune system and provides new insights into their potential roles in cancer development.
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616
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Hawkins BJ, Irrinki KM, Mallilankaraman K, Lien YC, Wang Y, Bhanumathy CD, Subbiah R, Ritchie MF, Soboloff J, Baba Y, Kurosaki T, Joseph SK, Gill DL, Madesh M. S-glutathionylation activates STIM1 and alters mitochondrial homeostasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 190:391-405. [PMID: 20679432 PMCID: PMC2922639 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201004152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidant stress induces constitutive calcium entry by tacking glutathiones onto the Orai CRAC channel activator STIM1. Oxidant stress influences many cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and cell death. A well-recognized link between these processes and oxidant stress is via alterations in Ca2+ signaling. However, precisely how oxidants influence Ca2+ signaling remains unclear. Oxidant stress led to a phenotypic shift in Ca2+ mobilization from an oscillatory to a sustained elevated pattern via calcium release–activated calcium (CRAC)–mediated capacitive Ca2+ entry, and stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1)– and Orai1-deficient cells are resistant to oxidant stress. Functionally, oxidant-induced Ca2+ entry alters mitochondrial Ca2+ handling and bioenergetics and triggers cell death. STIM1 is S-glutathionylated at cysteine 56 in response to oxidant stress and evokes constitutive Ca2+ entry independent of intracellular Ca2+ stores. These experiments reveal that cysteine 56 is a sensor for oxidant-dependent activation of STIM1 and demonstrate a molecular link between oxidant stress and Ca2+ signaling via the CRAC channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Hawkins
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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617
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Wijesundara DK, Kumar S, Alsharifi M, Müllbacher A, Regner M. Antigen-specific activation thresholds of CD8+ T cells are independent of IFN-I-mediated partial lymphocyte activation. Int Immunol 2010; 22:757-67. [PMID: 20682547 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxq064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-I IFN (IFN-I) are highly pleiotropic cytokines known to modulate immune responses and play an early central role in mediating antiviral defenses. We have shown that IFN-I mediate transient up-regulation of a distinct subset of lymphocyte surface activation markers on both B and T cells in vivo independent of cognate antigen: a state referred to as 'partial lymphocyte activation'. Here we investigated in vitro the possibility that partial lymphocyte activation may serve to lower the antigen-specific activation thresholds for T cells. We found that the kinetics of Ca(2+) flux in T cells responding to TCR cross-linking was not enhanced in partially activated T cells. Furthermore, following TCR stimulation with anti-cluster of differentiation (CD) 3 epsilon, a lower proportion of partially activated than naive T cells proliferated. In contrast, the proliferation of partially activated and naive ovalbumin peptide (OVAp, SIINFEKL) specific CD8(+) T cells (OT-I CD8(+) T cells) was similar when stimulated with OVAp. Surprisingly, using an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay for IFN-gamma secretion, we found that a higher number of partially activated OT-I CD8(+) T cells expressed effector functions than did naive OT-I CD8(+) T cells. This is most readily explained by an increased survival of activated antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells from a pool of partially activated T cells than naive T cells. Overall, when examining the effects of early (Ca(2+) flux), intermediate (proliferation) or late events (IFN-gamma secretion) of T-cell activation, we found that partial activation promotes the survival but does not alter the antigen-specific activation thresholds of CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danushka K Wijesundara
- Viral Immunology, Emerging Pathogens and Vaccines Program, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Acton, ACT 0200, Canberra, Australia.
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618
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Mikulski Z, Zasłona Z, Cakarova L, Hartmann P, Wilhelm J, Tecott LH, Lohmeyer J, Kummer W. Serotonin activates murine alveolar macrophages through 5-HT2Creceptors. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 299:L272-80. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00032.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT), known as neuromodulator, regulates immune responses and inflammatory cascades. The expression and function of 5-HT receptors on alveolar macrophages (AM), which are the major fraction of pulmonary immune cells, remain elusive. Therefore, we determined the expression of 5-HT type 2 receptors and investigated the effects evoked by stimulation with 5-HT in AM compared with alveolar epithelial cells (AEC). Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis revealed expression of the receptors 5-HT2Aand 5-HT2Bin AEC and of 5-HT2Cin AM. In AM, 5-HT (10−5M) induced a rise in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) that was initiated by release of Ca2+from intracellular stores and depended on extracellular Ca2+in a sustained phase. This 5-HT-induced increase in [Ca2+]iwas not observed in AM treated with the 5-HT2C-selective inhibitor RS-102221 and in AM derived from 5-HT2C-deficient mice. AM stimulated with 5-HT (10−5M) showed increased expression of CCL2 (MCP-1) mRNA as assayed by qPCR at 4 h and augmented production of CCL2 protein as determined by dot-blot assay and ELISA at 24 h. Notably, in 5-HT2C-deficient AM, CCL2 production was not induced by 5-HT treatment. Moreover, transcriptional responses to 5-HT exposure assayed by microarray experiments were only observed in AM from wild-type animals and not in AM derived from 5-HT2C-deficient mice. Taken together, these data demonstrate the presence of functional 5-HT2Creceptors on AM and suggest a role of 5-HT as novel modulator of AM function. These effects are exclusively driven by the 5-HT2Creceptor, thereby providing the potential for selective intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jochen Wilhelm
- Department of Pathology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Laurence H. Tecott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California
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619
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Xu Y, Madsen-Bouterse SA, Romero R, Hassan S, Mittal P, Elfline M, Zhu A, Petty HR. Leukocyte pyruvate kinase expression is reduced in normal human pregnancy but not in pre-eclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 64:137-51. [PMID: 20560913 PMCID: PMC3045787 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Emerging evidence suggests that metabolism influences immune cell signaling and immunoregulation. To examine the immunoregulatory role of glycolysis in pregnancy, we evaluated the properties of pyruvate kinase in leukocytes from non-pregnant women and those with normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. METHOD OF STUDY We evaluated pyruvate kinase expression in lymphocytes and neutrophils from non-pregnant, pregnant, and pre-eclampsia patients using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Leukocyte pyruvate kinase activity and pyruvate concentrations were also evaluated. To study pyruvate's effect on signaling, we labeled Jurkat T cells with Ca(2+) dyes and measured cell responses in the presence of agents influencing intracellular pyruvate. RESULTS The expression of pyruvate kinase is reduced in lymphocytes and neutrophils from normal pregnant women in comparison with those of non-pregnant women and pre-eclampsia patients. Similarly, the activity of pyruvate kinase and the intracellular pyruvate concentration are reduced in leukocytes of normal pregnant women in comparison with non-pregnant women and women with pre-eclampsia. Using Jurkat cells as a model of leukocyte signaling, we have shown that perturbations of intracellular pyruvate influence Ca(2+) signals. CONCLUSION Normal pregnancy is characterized by reduced pyruvate kinase expression within lymphocytes and neutrophils. We speculate that reduced pyruvate kinase expression modifies immune cell responses due to reduced pyruvate concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Sally A. Madsen-Bouterse
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) of NIH, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Roberto Romero
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) of NIH, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan 48201
- Center of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Hutzel Women's Hospital at the Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, 3990 John R. Rd., 4 Brush South, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Sonia Hassan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Pooja Mittal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Megan Elfline
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Aiping Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Howard R. Petty
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
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620
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Potula R, Hawkins BJ, Cenna JM, Fan S, Dykstra H, Ramirez SH, Morsey B, Brodie MR, Persidsky Y. Methamphetamine causes mitrochondrial oxidative damage in human T lymphocytes leading to functional impairment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2867-76. [PMID: 20668216 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) abuse is known to be associated with an inordinate rate of infections. Although many studies have described the association of METH exposure and immunosuppression, so far the underlying mechanism still remains elusive. In this study, we present evidence that METH exposure resulted in mitochondrial oxidative damage and caused dysfunction of primary human T cells. METH treatment of T lymphocytes led to a rise in intracellular calcium levels that enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species. TCR-CD28 linked calcium mobilization and subsequent uptake by mitochondria in METH-treated T cells correlated with an increase in mitochondrion-derived superoxide. Exposure to METH-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in the form of marked decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, increased mitochondrial mass, enhanced protein nitrosylation and diminished protein levels of complexes I, III, and IV of the electron transport chain. These changes paralleled reduced IL-2 secretion and T cell proliferative responses after TCR-CD28 stimulation indicating impaired T cell function. Furthermore, antioxidants attenuated METH-induced mitochondrial damage by preserving the protein levels of mitochondrial complexes I, III, and IV. Altogether, our data indicate that METH can cause T cell dysfunction via induction of oxidative stress and mitochondrial injury as underlying mechanism of immune impairment secondary to METH abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghava Potula
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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621
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Weber KS, Hildner K, Murphy KM, Allen PM. Trpm4 differentially regulates Th1 and Th2 function by altering calcium signaling and NFAT localization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2836-46. [PMID: 20656926 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Th cell subsets have unique calcium (Ca(2+)) signals when activated with identical stimuli. The regulation of these Ca(2+) signals and their correlation to the biological function of each T cell subset remains unclear. Trpm4 is a Ca(2+)-activated cation channel that we found is expressed at higher levels in Th2 cells compared with Th1 cells. Inhibition of Trpm4 expression increased Ca(2+) influx and oscillatory levels in Th2 cells and decreased influx and oscillations in Th1 cells. This inhibition of Trpm4 expression also significantly altered T cell cytokine production and motility. Our experiments revealed that decreasing Trpm4 levels divergently regulates nuclear localization of NFATc1. Consistent with this, gene profiling did not show Trpm4-dependent transcriptional regulation, and T-bet and GATA-3 levels remain identical. Thus, Trpm4 is expressed at different levels in Th cells and plays a distinctive role in T cell function by differentially regulating Ca(2+) signaling and NFATc1 localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Scott Weber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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622
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Cabral MD, Paulet PE, Robert V, Gomes B, Renoud ML, Savignac M, Leclerc C, Moreau M, Lair D, Langelot M, Magnan A, Yssel H, Mariamé B, Guéry JC, Pelletier L. Knocking Down Cav1 Calcium Channels Implicated in Th2 Cell Activation Prevents Experimental Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181:1310-7. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200907-1166oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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623
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Kawasaki T, Ueyama T, Lange I, Feske S, Saito N. Protein kinase C-induced phosphorylation of Orai1 regulates the intracellular Ca2+ level via the store-operated Ca2+ channel. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:25720-30. [PMID: 20534587 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.022996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca(2+) signals through store-operated Ca(2+) (SOC) channels, activated by the depletion of Ca(2+) from the endoplasmic reticulum, regulate various physiological events. Orai1 is the pore-forming subunit of the Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channel, the best characterized SOC channel. Orai1 is activated by stromal interaction molecule (STIM) 1, a Ca(2+) sensor located in the endoplasmic reticulum. Orai1 and STIM1 are crucial for SOC channel activation, but the molecular mechanisms regulating Orai1 function are not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrate that protein kinase C (PKC) suppresses store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) by phosphorylation of Orai1. PKC inhibitors and knockdown of PKCbeta both resulted in increased Ca(2+) influx. Orai1 is strongly phosphorylated by PKC in vitro and in vivo at N-terminal Ser-27 and Ser-30 residues. Consistent with these results, substitution of endogenous Orai1 with an Orai1 S27A/S30A mutant resulted in increased SOCE and CRAC channel currents. We propose that PKC suppresses SOCE and CRAC channel function by phosphorylation of Orai1 at N-terminal serine residues Ser-27 and Ser-30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kawasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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624
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Matias MG, Gomolplitinant KM, Tamang DG, Saier MH. Animal Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels appear to be homologous to and derived from the ubiquitous cation diffusion facilitators. BMC Res Notes 2010; 3:158. [PMID: 20525303 PMCID: PMC2894845 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-3-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antigen stimulation of immune cells triggers Ca2+ entry through Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels, promoting an immune response to pathogens. Defects in a CRAC (Orai) channel in humans gives rise to the hereditary Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID) syndrome. We here report results that define the evolutionary relationship of the CRAC channel proteins of animals, and the ubiquitous Cation Diffusion Facilitator (CDF) carrier proteins. FINDINGS CDF antiporters derived from a primordial 2 transmembrane spanner (TMS) hairpin structure by intragenic triplication to yield 6 TMS proteins. Four programs (IC/GAP, GGSEARCH, HMMER and SAM) were evaluated for identifying sequence similarity and establishing homology using statistical means. Overall, the order of sensitivity (similarity detection) was IC/GAP = GGSEARCH > HMMER > SAM, but the use of all four programs was superior to the use of any two or three of them. Members of the CDF family appeared to be homologous to members of the 4 TMS Orai channel proteins. CONCLUSIONS CRAC channels derived from CDF carriers by loss of the first two TMSs of the latter. Based on statistical analyses with multiple programs, TMSs 3-6 in CDF carriers are homologous to TMSs 1-4 in CRAC channels, and the former was the precursor of the latter. This is an unusual example of how a functionally and structurally more complex protein may have predated a simpler one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine G Matias
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| | - Kenny M Gomolplitinant
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| | - Dorjee G Tamang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| | - Milton H Saier
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
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625
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Straub RH, Cutolo M, Buttgereit F, Pongratz G. Energy regulation and neuroendocrine-immune control in chronic inflammatory diseases. J Intern Med 2010; 267:543-60. [PMID: 20210843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Energy regulation (EnR) is most important for homoeostatic regulation of physiological processes. Neuroendocrine pathways are involved in EnR. We can separate factors that provide energy-rich fuels to stores [parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS), insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, oestrogens, androgens and osteocalcin] and those that provide energy-rich substrates to consumers [sympathetic nervous system (SNS), hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, thyroid hormones, glucagon and growth hormone]. In chronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs), balanced energy-rich fuel allocation to stores and consumers, normally aligned with circadian rhythms, is largely disturbed due to the vast fuel consumption of an activated immune system (up to 2000 kJ day(-1)). Proinflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor or interleukins 1beta and 6, circulating activated immune cells and sensory nerve fibres signal immune activation to the rest of the body. This signal is an appeal for energy-rich fuels as regulators are switched on to supply energy-rich fuels ('energy appeal reaction'). During evolution, adequate EnR evolved to cope with nonlife-threatening diseases, not with CIDs (huge negative selection pressure and reduced reproduction). Thus, EnR is inadequate in CIDs leading to many abnormalities, including sickness behaviour, anorexia, hypovitaminosis D, cachexia, cachectic obesity, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinaemia, dyslipidaemia, fat deposits near inflamed tissue, hypoandrogenaemia, mild hypercortisolaemia, activation of the SNS (hypertension), CID-related anaemia and osteopenia. Many of these conditions can contribute to the metabolic syndrome. These signs and symptoms become comprehensible in the context of an exaggerated call for energy-rich fuels by the immune system. We propose that the presented pathophysiological framework may lead to new therapeutical approaches and to a better understanding of CID sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Straub
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrino-Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany.
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626
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Biasiotto R, Aguiari P, Rizzuto R, Pinton P, D'Agostino DM, Ciminale V. The p13 protein of human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) modulates mitochondrial membrane potential and calcium uptake. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1797:945-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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627
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Schell MJ. Inositol trisphosphate 3-kinases: focus on immune and neuronal signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:1755-78. [PMID: 20066467 PMCID: PMC11115942 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The localized control of second messenger levels sculpts dynamic and persistent changes in cell physiology and structure. Inositol trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P(3)] 3-kinases (ITPKs) phosphorylate the intracellular second messenger Ins(1,4,5)P(3). These enzymes terminate the signal to release Ca(2+) from the endoplasmic reticulum and produce the messenger inositol tetrakisphosphate [Ins(1,3,4,5)P(4)]. Independent of their enzymatic activity, ITPKs regulate the microstructure of the actin cytoskeleton. The immune phenotypes of ITPK knockout mice raise new questions about how ITPKs control inositol phosphate lifetimes within spatial and temporal domains during lymphocyte maturation. The intense concentration of ITPK on actin inside the dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons suggests a role in signal integration and structural plasticity in the dendrite, and mice lacking neuronal ITPK exhibit memory deficits. Thus, the molecular and anatomical features of ITPKs allow them to regulate the spatiotemporal properties of intracellular signals, leading to the formation of persistent molecular memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Schell
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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628
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Roberts-Thomson SJ, Peters AA, Grice DM, Monteith GR. ORAI-mediated calcium entry: mechanism and roles, diseases and pharmacology. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 127:121-30. [PMID: 20546784 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ORAI1 is a protein located on the plasma membrane that acts as a calcium channel. Calcium enters via ORAI1 as a mechanism to refill the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium stores, the depletion of which can be detected by the sensor protein STIM1. Isoforms of these proteins ORAI2, ORAI3 and STIM2 also have roles in cellular calcium homeostasis but are less well characterized. This pathway of filling the calcium stores is termed store-operated calcium entry and while the pathway itself was proposed in 1986, the identity of the key molecular components was only discovered in 2005 and 2006. The characterization of the ORAI and STIM proteins has provided clearer information on some calcium-regulated pathways that are important in processes from gene transcription to immune cell function. Recent studies have also suggested the importance of the components of ORAI-mediated calcium entry in some diseases or processes significant in disease including the migration of breast cancer cells and thrombus formation. This review will provide a brief overview of ORAI-mediated calcium entry, its role in physiological and pathophysiological processes, as well as current and potential pharmacological modulators of the components of this important cellular calcium entry pathway.
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629
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Nedellec S, Sabourin C, Bonneville M, Scotet E. NKG2D Costimulates Human Vγ9Vδ2 T Cell Antitumor Cytotoxicity through Protein Kinase Cθ-Dependent Modulation of Early TCR-Induced Calcium and Transduction Signals. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:55-63. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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630
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Foerster C, Voelxen N, Rakhmanov M, Keller B, Gutenberger S, Goldacker S, Thiel J, Feske S, Peter HH, Warnatz K. B Cell Receptor-Mediated Calcium Signaling Is Impaired in B Lymphocytes of Type Ia Patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:7305-13. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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631
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Suzuki Y, Inoue T, Ra C. NSAIDs, Mitochondria and Calcium Signaling: Special Focus on Aspirin/Salicylates. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:1594-1613. [PMID: 27713319 PMCID: PMC4033999 DOI: 10.3390/ph3051594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is a well-known nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that has long been used as an anti-pyretic and analgesic drug. Recently, much attention has been paid to the chemopreventive and apoptosis-inducing effects of NSAIDs in cancer cells. These effects have been thought to be primarily attributed to the inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity and prostaglandin synthesis. However, recent studies have demonstrated unequivocally that certain NSAIDs, including aspirin and its metabolite salicylic acid, exert their anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive effects independently of cyclooxygenase activity and prostaglandin synthesis inhibition. It is becoming increasingly evident that two potential common targets of NSAIDs are mitochondria and the Ca2+ signaling pathway. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the roles of mitochondria and Ca2+ in the apoptosis-inducing effects as well as some side effects of aspirin, salicylates and other NSAIDs, and introducing the emerging role of L-type Ca2+ channels, a new Ca2+ entry pathway in non-excitable cells that is up-regulated in human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Cell Immunology and Allergology, Nihon University Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Toshio Inoue
- Division of Molecular Cell Immunology and Allergology, Nihon University Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chisei Ra
- Division of Molecular Cell Immunology and Allergology, Nihon University Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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632
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Fooksman DR, Vardhana S, Vasiliver-Shamis G, Liese J, Blair DA, Waite J, Sacristán C, Victora GD, Zanin-Zhorov A, Dustin ML. Functional anatomy of T cell activation and synapse formation. Annu Rev Immunol 2010; 28:79-105. [PMID: 19968559 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T cell activation and function require a structured engagement of antigen-presenting cells. These cell contacts are characterized by two distinct dynamics in vivo: transient contacts resulting from promigratory junctions called immunological kinapses or prolonged contacts from stable junctions called immunological synapses. Kinapses operate in the steady state to allow referencing to self-peptide-MHC (pMHC) and searching for pathogen-derived pMHC. Synapses are induced by T cell receptor (TCR) interactions with agonist pMHC under specific conditions and correlate with robust immune responses that generate effector and memory T cells. High-resolution imaging has revealed that the synapse is highly coordinated, integrating cell adhesion, TCR recognition of pMHC complexes, and an array of activating and inhibitory ligands to promote or prevent T cell signaling. In this review, we examine the molecular components, geometry, and timing underlying kinapses and synapses. We integrate recent molecular and physiological data to provide a synthesis and suggest ways forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Fooksman
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA.
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633
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Hogan PG, Lewis RS, Rao A. Molecular basis of calcium signaling in lymphocytes: STIM and ORAI. Annu Rev Immunol 2010; 28:491-533. [PMID: 20307213 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 599] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+) entry into cells of the peripheral immune system occurs through highly Ca(2+)-selective channels known as CRAC (calcium release-activated calcium) channels. CRAC channels are a very well-characterized example of store-operated Ca(2+) channels, so designated because they open when the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) store becomes depleted. Physiologically, Ca(2+) is released from the ER lumen into the cytoplasm when activated receptors couple to phospholipase C and trigger production of the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)). IP(3) binds to IP(3) receptors in the ER membrane and activates Ca(2+) release. The proteins STIM and ORAI were discovered through limited and genome-wide RNAi screens, respectively, performed in Drosophila cells and focused on identifying modulators of store-operated Ca(2+) entry. STIM1 and STIM2 sense the depletion of ER Ca(2+) stores, whereas ORAI1 is a pore subunit of the CRAC channel. In this review, we discuss selected aspects of Ca(2+) signaling in cells of the immune system, focusing on the roles of STIM and ORAI proteins in store-operated Ca(2+) entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Hogan
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Immune Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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634
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Pereira VG, Gazarini ML, Rodrigues LC, da Silva FH, Han SW, Martins AM, Tersariol ILS, D'Almeida V. Evidence of lysosomal membrane permeabilization in mucopolysaccharidosis type I: rupture of calcium and proton homeostasis. J Cell Physiol 2010; 223:335-42. [PMID: 20082302 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is caused by a deficiency of alpha-iduronidase (IDUA), which leads to intralysosomal accumulation of glysosaminoglycans. Patients with MPS I present a wide range of clinical manifestations, but the mechanisms by which these alterations occur are still not fully understood. Genotype-phenotype correlations have not been well established for MPS I; hence, it is likely that secondary and tertiary alterations in cellular metabolism and signaling may contribute to the physiopathology of the disease. The aim of this study was to analyze Ca(2+) and H(+) homeostasis, lysosomal leakage of cysteine proteases, and apoptosis in a murine model of MPS I. After exposition to specific drugs, cells from Idua-/- mice were shown to release more Ca(2+) from the lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum than Idua+/+ control mice, suggesting a higher intraorganelle store of this ion. A lower content of H(+) in the lysosomes and in the cytosol was found in cells from Idua-/- mice, suggesting an alteration of pH homeostasis. In addition, Idua-/- cells presented a higher activity of cysteine proteases in the cytosol and an increased rate of apoptotic cells when compared to the control group, indicating that lysosomal membrane permeabilization might occur in this model. Altogether, our results suggest that secondary alterations-as changes in Ca(2+) and H(+) homeostasis and lysosomal membrane permeabilization-may contribute for cellular damage and death in the physiopathology of MPS I.
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635
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Robinson LJ, Blair HC, Barnett JB, Zaidi M, Huang CLH. Regulation of bone turnover by calcium-regulated calcium channels. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1192:351-7. [PMID: 20392259 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Calcium plays multiple roles in osteoclast formation, survival, and activity. Intracellular calcium is determined both by the release of intracellular stores and the influx of extracellular calcium through a variety of calcium channels. Osteoclasts express several classes of calcium channels, including ryanodine receptors (RyRs), inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP(3)Rs), and calcium release-activated calcium channels (CRACs), which respond to depletion of intracellular stores. IP(3)R2 is expressed in osteoclast precursors and activated by cytokines that stimulate osteoclast differentiation. In mature osteoclasts, the IP(3)R1 isoform is highly expressed and is implicated in nitric oxide-cGMP-stimulated processes. RyR calcium channels may contribute to the release of intracellular calcium stores, while RyR2 in the plasma membrane may act to limit osteoclast activity based on extracellular calcium concentration. Orai, through regulation by endoplasmic reticular store-sensing proteins, including Stim-1, may also mediate calcium influx and act as a signal amplifier for calcium release by other calcium channels. Together, these receptors allow intracellular Ca(2+) signals to modulate bone turnover and, through calcium-sensing functions, allow coupling of osteoclast activity to extracellular conditions and integrating additional cytokine and nitric oxide signals via transient intracellular calcium signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Robinson
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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636
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Edin S, Oruganti SR, Grundström C, Grundström T. Interaction of calmodulin with Bcl10 modulates NF-kappaB activation. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:2057-64. [PMID: 20439115 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Calcium signals resulting from antigen receptor activation are important in determining the responses of a T or B lymphocyte to an antigen. Calmodulin (CaM), a multi-functional sensor of intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) signals in cells, is required in the pathway from the T cell receptor (TCR) to activation of the key transcription factor NF-kappaB. Here we searched for a partner in direct interaction with CaM in the pathway, and found that CaM interacts specifically with the signaling adaptor Bcl10. The binding is Ca(2+) dependent and of high affinity, with a K(d) of approximately 160 nM. Proximity of CaM and Bcl10 in vivo is induced by increases in the intracellular Ca(2+) level. The interaction is localized to the CARD domain of Bcl10, which interacts with the CARD domain of the upstream signaling partner Carma1. Binding of CaM to Bcl10 is shown to inhibit the ability of Bcl10 to interact with Carma1, an interaction that is required for signaling from the TCR to NF-kappaB. Furthermore, a mutant of Bcl10 with reduced binding to CaM shows increased activation of an NF-kappaB reporter, which is further enhanced by activating stimuli. We propose a novel mechanism whereby the Ca(2+) sensor CaM regulates T cell responses to antigens by binding to Bcl10, thereby modulating its interaction with Carma1 and subsequent activation of NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Edin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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637
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Cramoll 1,4 lectin increases ROS production, calcium levels, and cytokine expression in treated spleen cells of rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 342:163-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0480-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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638
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Srikanth S, Jung HJ, Kim KD, Souda P, Whitelegge J, Gwack Y. A novel EF-hand protein, CRACR2A, is a cytosolic Ca2+ sensor that stabilizes CRAC channels in T cells. Nat Cell Biol 2010; 12:436-46. [PMID: 20418871 PMCID: PMC2875865 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Orai1 and STIM1 are critical components of Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels that mediate store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) in immune cells. Although it is known that Orai1 and STIM1 co-cluster and physically interact to mediate SOCE, the cytoplasmic machinery modulating these functions remains poorly understood. We sought to find modulators of Orai1 and STIM1 using affinity protein purification and identified a novel EF-hand protein, CRACR2A (also called CRAC regulator 2A, EFCAB4B or FLJ33805). We show that CRACR2A interacts directly with Orai1 and STIM1, forming a ternary complex that dissociates at elevated Ca(2+) concentrations. Studies using knockdown mediated by small interfering RNA (siRNA) and mutagenesis show that CRACR2A is important for clustering of Orai1 and STIM1 upon store depletion. Expression of an EF-hand mutant of CRACR2A enhanced STIM1 clustering, elevated cytoplasmic Ca(2+) and induced cell death, suggesting its active interaction with CRAC channels. These observations implicate CRACR2A, a novel Ca(2+) binding protein that is highly expressed in T cells and conserved in vertebrates, as a key regulator of CRAC channel-mediated SOCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Srikanth
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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639
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Motiani RK, Abdullaev IF, Trebak M. A novel native store-operated calcium channel encoded by Orai3: selective requirement of Orai3 versus Orai1 in estrogen receptor-positive versus estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:19173-83. [PMID: 20395295 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.102582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Store-operated calcium (Ca(2+)) entry (SOCE) mediated by STIM/Orai proteins is a ubiquitous pathway that controls many important cell functions including proliferation and migration. STIM proteins are Ca(2+) sensors in the endoplasmic reticulum and Orai proteins are channels expressed at the plasma membrane. The fall in endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) causes translocation of STIM1 to subplasmalemmal puncta where they activate Orai1 channels that mediate the highly Ca(2+)-selective Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) current (I(CRAC)). Whereas Orai1 has been clearly shown to encode SOCE channels in many cell types, the role of Orai2 and Orai3 in native SOCE pathways remains elusive. Here we analyzed SOCE in ten breast cell lines picked in an unbiased way. We used a combination of Ca(2+) imaging, pharmacology, patch clamp electrophysiology, and molecular knockdown to show that native SOCE and I(CRAC) in estrogen receptor-positive (ER(+)) breast cancer cell lines are mediated by STIM1/2 and Orai3 while estrogen receptor-negative (ER(-)) breast cancer cells use the canonical STIM1/Orai1 pathway. The ER(+) breast cancer cells represent the first example where the native SOCE pathway and I(CRAC) are mediated by Orai3. Future studies implicating Orai3 in ER(+) breast cancer progression might establish Orai3 as a selective target in therapy of ER(+) breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajender K Motiani
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA
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640
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Gene expression profiling of PBMCs from Holstein and Jersey cows sub-clinically infected with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 137:1-11. [PMID: 20447698 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Infection of calves with intracellular Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) commonly results in a granulomatous, chronic inflammatory bowel disease known as Johne's disease. The asymptomatic stage of this infection can persist for the entire production life of an adult cow, resulting in reduced performance and premature culling, as well as transmission of MAP to progeny and herd-mates. It has been previously shown that the gene expression profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy cows, and those chronically infected with MAP are inherently different, and that these changes may be indicative of disease progression. Since resistance to MAP infection is a heritable trait, and has been proposed to differ amongst domestic dairy cattle breeds, the objective of the present study was to compare gene expression profiles of PBMCs from healthy adult Holstein and Jersey cows to those considered to be sub-clinically infected with MAP, as indicated by serum ELISA. Microarray analysis using a platform containing more than 10,000 probes and ontological analysis identified differences in gene expression between a) healthy and infected cows, including genes involved in the inflammatory response, and calcium binding, and b) infected Holsteins and Jerseys, including genes involved in the immune response, and antigen processing and presentation. These results suggest a mixed pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotype of PBMCs from MAP-infected as compared to healthy control animals, and inherently different levels of immune and inflammatory-related gene expression between MAP-infected Holsteins and Jerseys.
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641
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Sauer K, Cooke MP. Regulation of immune cell development through soluble inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10:257-71. [PMID: 20336153 PMCID: PMC2922113 DOI: 10.1038/nri2745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdInsP(3)) regulates membrane receptor signalling in many cells, including immunoreceptor signalling. Here, we review recent data that have indicated essential roles for the soluble PtdInsP(3) analogue inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (InsP(4)) in T cell, B cell and neutrophil development and function. Decreased InsP(4) production in leukocytes causes immunodeficiency in mice and might contribute to inflammatory vasculitis in Kawasaki disease in humans. InsP(4)-producing kinases could therefore provide attractive drug targets for inflammatory and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Sauer
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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642
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Bogeski I, Kummerow C, Al-Ansary D, Schwarz EC, Koehler R, Kozai D, Takahashi N, Peinelt C, Griesemer D, Bozem M, Mori Y, Hoth M, Niemeyer BA. Differential redox regulation of ORAI ion channels: a mechanism to tune cellular calcium signaling. Sci Signal 2010; 3:ra24. [PMID: 20354224 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in many physiological and pathophysiological cellular processes. We used lymphocytes, which are exposed to highly oxidizing environments during inflammation, to study the influence of ROS on cellular function. Calcium ion (Ca(2+)) influx through Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels composed of proteins of the ORAI family is essential for the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of T lymphocytes, but whether and how ROS affect ORAI channel function have been unclear. Here, we combined Ca(2+) imaging, patch-clamp recordings, and measurements of cell proliferation and cytokine secretion to determine the effects of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) on ORAI channel activity and human T helper lymphocyte (T(H) cell) function. ORAI1, but not ORAI3, channels were inhibited by oxidation by H(2)O(2). The differential redox sensitivity of ORAI1 and ORAI3 channels depended mainly on an extracellularly located reactive cysteine, which is absent in ORAI3. T(H) cells became progressively less redox-sensitive after differentiation into effector cells, a shift that would allow them to proliferate, differentiate, and secrete cytokines in oxidizing environments. The decreased redox sensitivity of effector T(H) cells correlated with increased expression of Orai3 and increased abundance of several cytosolic antioxidants. Knockdown of ORAI3 with small-interfering RNA rendered effector T(H) cells more redox-sensitive. The differential expression of Orai isoforms between naïve and effector T(H) cells may tune cellular responses under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Bogeski
- Department of Biophysics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
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643
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Bolin AP, Macedo RC, Marin DP, Barros MP, Otton R. Astaxanthin prevents in vitro auto-oxidative injury in human lymphocytes. Cell Biol Toxicol 2010; 26:457-67. [PMID: 20229275 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-010-9156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Upon mitogen sensitization, lymphocytes undergo proliferation by oxyradical-based mechanisms. Through continuous resting-restimulation cycles, lymphocytes accumulate auto-induced oxidative lesions which lead to cell dysfunction and limit their viability. Astaxanthin (ASTA) is a nutritional carotenoid that shows notable antioxidant properties. This study aims to evaluate whether the in vitro ASTA treatment can limit oxyradical production and auto-oxidative injury in human lymphocytes. Activated lymphocytes treated with 5 microM ASTA showed immediate lower rates of O(2)(*-) /H(2)O(2) production whilst NO* and intracellular Ca(2+) levels were concomitantly enhanced (<or=4 h). In long-term treatments (>24 h), the cytotoxicity test for ASTA showed a sigmoidal dose-response curve (LC50 = 11.67 +/- 0.42 microM), whereas higher activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in 5 microM ASTA-treated lymphocytes were associated to significant lower indexes of oxidative injury. On the other hand, lower proliferative scores of ASTA lymphocytes might be a result of diminished intracellular levels of pivotal redox signaling molecules, such as H(2)O(2). Further studies are necessary to establish the ASTA-dose compensation point between minimizing oxidative damages and allowing efficient redox-mediated immune functions, such as proliferation, adhesion, and oxidative burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaysa P Bolin
- Cellular Physiology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program-Health Science, CBS, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Tatuapé, São Paulo, Brazil
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644
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Suzuki Y, Inoue T, Ra C. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase is essential for nitric oxide generation, L-type Ca2+ channel activation and survival in RBL-2H3 mast cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1803:372-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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645
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Feske S, Picard C, Fischer A. Immunodeficiency due to mutations in ORAI1 and STIM1. Clin Immunol 2010; 135:169-82. [PMID: 20189884 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte activation requires Ca(2+) influx through specialized Ca(2+) channels in the plasma membrane. In T cells the predominant Ca(2+) channel is the Ca(2+) release activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channel encoded by the gene ORAI1. ORAI1 is activated by stromal interaction molecule (STIM) 1 that is localized in the ER where it senses the concentration of stored Ca(2+). Following antigen binding to immunoreceptors such as the TCR, ER Ca(2+) stores are depleted, STIM1 is activated and ORAI1-CRAC channels open resulting in what is referred to as store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE). Mutations in ORAI1 and STIM1 genes in human patients that lead to expression of non-functional ORAI1 or complete lack of ORAI1 or STIM1 protein are associated with a unique clinical phenotype that is characterized by immunodeficiency, muscular hypotonia and anhydrotic ectodermal dysplasia, as well as, in the case of STIM1 deficiency, autoimmunity and lymphoproliferative disease. The immunodeficiency in these patients is due to a severe defect in T cell activation but not in lymphocyte development. This review describes the immunological and non-immunological phenotypes of patients with defects in SOCE and CRAC channel function and discusses them in the context of similar immunodeficiency diseases and animal models of ORAI1 and STIM1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Feske
- Department of Pathology, New York University, Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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646
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Numaga T, Nishida M, Kiyonaka S, Kato K, Katano M, Mori E, Kurosaki T, Inoue R, Hikida M, Putney JW, Mori Y. Ca2+ influx and protein scaffolding via TRPC3 sustain PKCbeta and ERK activation in B cells. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:927-38. [PMID: 20179100 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.061051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca(2+) signaling mediated by phospholipase C that produces inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P(3)] and diacylglycerol (DAG) controls lymphocyte activation. In contrast to store-operated Ca(2+) entry activated by Ins(1,4,5)P(3)-induced Ca(2+) release from endoplasmic reticulum, the importance of DAG-activated Ca(2+) entry remains elusive. Here, we describe the physiological role of DAG-activated Ca(2+) entry channels in B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling. In avian DT40 B cells, deficiency of transient receptor potential TRPC3 at the plasma membrane (PM) impaired DAG-activated cation currents and, upon BCR stimulation, the sustained translocation to the PM of protein kinase Cbeta (PKCbeta) that activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Notably, TRPC3 showed direct association with PKCbeta that maintained localization of PKCbeta at the PM. Thus, TRPC3 functions as both a Ca(2+)-permeable channel and a protein scaffold at the PM for downstream PKCbeta activation in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Numaga
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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647
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Paolino M, Penninger JM. Cbl-b in T-cell activation. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 32:137-48. [PMID: 20458601 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-010-0197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral activation of antigen-specific T cells is stringently controlled to prevent immune responses against self-antigens. Only after a T cell is presented with two signals, an antigen and a co-stimulatory signal, can they be fully activated. In case antigen presentation occurs without co-stimulation, T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathways are regulated to prevent T-cell activation and induce T-cell tolerance. Thus, for a productive T-cell response to occur, co-stimulatory receptors need to serve the dual role of amplifying the TCR signaling while concomitantly releasing T cells from suppression. Biochemical and genetic studies during the last 10 years have documented the critical role of the E3 ubiquitin-ligase Cbl-b in this fundamental two-signal modulation of T-cell responses. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding on how Cbl-b controls T-cell activation and tolerance, its in vivo implications, as well as mechanisms for tuning T-cell-mediated immune responses by this essential E3 ligase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Paolino
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Bohrgasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
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648
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Chen JL, Morgan AJ, Stewart-Jones G, Shepherd D, Bossi G, Wooldridge L, Hutchinson SL, Sewell AK, Griffiths GM, van der Merwe PA, Jones EY, Galione A, Cerundolo V. Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum of NY-ESO-1-specific T cells is modulated by the affinity of TCR and by the use of the CD8 coreceptor. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 184:1829-1839. [PMID: 20053942 PMCID: PMC4222200 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although several cancer immunotherapy strategies are based on the use of analog peptides and on the modulation of the TCR affinity of adoptively transferred T cells, it remains unclear whether tumor-specific T cell activation by strong and weak TCR stimuli evoke different Ca(2+) signatures from the Ca(2+) intracellular stores and whether the amplitude of Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can be further modulated by coreceptor binding to peptide/MHC. In this study, we combined functional, structural, and kinetic measurements to correlate the intensity of Ca(2+) signals triggered by the stimulation of the 1G4 T cell clone specific to the tumor epitope NY-ESO-1(157-165). Two analogs of the NY-ESO-1(157-165) peptide, having similar affinity to HLA-A2 molecules, but a 6-fold difference in binding affinity for the 1G4 TCR, resulted in different Ca(2+) signals and T cell activation. 1G4 stimulation by the stronger stimulus emptied the ER of stored Ca(2+), even in the absence of CD8 binding, resulting in sustained Ca(2+) influx. In contrast, the weaker stimulus induced only partial emptying of stored Ca(2+), resulting in significantly diminished and oscillatory Ca(2+) signals, which were enhanced by CD8 binding. Our data define the range of TCR/peptide MHC affinities required to induce depletion of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores and provide insights into the ability of T cells to tailor the use of the CD8 coreceptor to enhance Ca(2+) release from the ER. This, in turn, modulates Ca(2+) influx from the extracellular environment, ultimately controlling T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Li Chen
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, OX3 9DS, Oxford
| | - Anthony J. Morgan
- Dept of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Guillaume Stewart-Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Dawn Shepherd
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, OX3 9DS, Oxford
| | - Giovanna Bossi
- Immunocore, Limited, 57c Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RX, UK
| | - Linda Wooldridge
- Dept of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, The Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN
| | | | - Andrew K. Sewell
- Dept of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, The Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN
| | - Gillian M. Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 139, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | | | - E. Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Antony Galione
- Dept of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
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649
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Kim YD, Choi SC, Oh TY, Chun JS, Jun CD. Eupatilin inhibits T-cell activation by modulation of intracellular calcium flux and NF-kappaB and NF-AT activity. J Cell Biochem 2010; 108:225-36. [PMID: 19565564 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Eupatilin, one of the pharmacologically active ingredients of Artemisia princeps, exhibits a potent anti-ulcer activity, but its effects on T-cell immunity have not been investigated. Here, we show that eupatilin has a profound inhibitory effect on IL-2 production in Jurkat T cells as well as in human peripheral blood leukocytes. Eupatilin neither influenced clustering of CD3 and LFA-1 to the immunological synapse nor inhibited conjugate formation between T cells and B cells in the presence or absence of superantigen (SEE). Eupatilin also failed to inhibit T-cell receptor (TCR) internalization, thereby, suggesting that eupatilin does not interfere with TCR-mediated signals on the membrane proximal region. In unstimulated T cells, eupatilin significantly induced apoptotic cell death, as evidenced by an increased population of annexin V(+)/PI(+) cells and cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP. To our surprise, however, once cells were activated, eupatilin had little effect on apoptosis, and instead slightly protected cells from activation-induced cell death, suggesting that apoptosis also is not a mechanism for eupatilin-induced T-cell suppression. On the contrary, eupatilin dramatically inhibited I-kappaBalpha degradation and NF-AT dephosphorylation and, consequently, inhibited NF-kappaB and NF-AT promoter activities in PMA/A23187-stimulated T cells. Interestingly, intracellular calcium flux was significantly perturbed in cells pre-treated with eupatilin, suggesting that calcium-dependent cascades might be targets for eupatilin action. Collectively, our results provide evidence for dual regulatory functions of eupatilin: (1) a pro-apoptotic effect on resting T cells and (2) an immunosuppressive effect on activated T cells, presumably through modulation of Ca(2+) flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Dae Kim
- Department of Life Science, Cell Dynamics Research Center, BioImaging Research Center, and Research Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnology, GIST, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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650
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Abstract
The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of smooth muscles presents many intriguing facets and questions concerning its roles, especially as these change with development, disease, and modulation of physiological activity. The SR's function was originally perceived to be synthetic and then that of a Ca store for the contractile proteins, acting as a Ca amplification mechanism as it does in striated muscles. Gradually, as investigators have struggled to find a convincing role for Ca-induced Ca release in many smooth muscles, a role in controlling excitability has emerged. This is the Ca spark/spontaneous transient outward current coupling mechanism which reduces excitability and limits contraction. Release of SR Ca occurs in response to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, Ca, and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and depletion of SR Ca can initiate Ca entry, the mechanism of which is being investigated but seems to involve Stim and Orai as found in nonexcitable cells. The contribution of the elemental Ca signals from the SR, sparks and puffs, to global Ca signals, i.e., Ca waves and oscillations, is becoming clearer but is far from established. The dynamics of SR Ca release and uptake mechanisms are reviewed along with the control of luminal Ca. We review the growing list of the SR's functions that still includes Ca storage, contraction, and relaxation but has been expanded to encompass Ca homeostasis, generating local and global Ca signals, and contributing to cellular microdomains and signaling in other organelles, including mitochondria, lysosomes, and the nucleus. For an integrated approach, a review of aspects of the SR in health and disease and during development and aging are also included. While the sheer versatility of smooth muscle makes it foolish to have a "one model fits all" approach to this subject, we have tried to synthesize conclusions wherever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Wray
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside L69 3BX, United Kingdom.
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