651
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Early-Life Gut Dysbiosis: A Driver of Later-Life Fibrosis? J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:2253-2255. [PMID: 29055411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Using a novel mouse model of scleroderma induced by immunization with topoisomerase-I peptide-loaded dendritic cells, Mehta et al. found that early-life antibiotic exposure resulted in increased later-life fibrosis in the skin and lungs. These observations advance the novel concept that gut microbiome alterations caused by early-life exposures may contribute to scleroderma pathogenesis, and warrant in-depth characterization and validation in complementary disease models.
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652
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Lycke NY, Bemark M. The regulation of gut mucosal IgA B-cell responses: recent developments. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1361-1374. [PMID: 28745325 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The majority of activated B cells differentiate into IgA plasma cells, with the gut being the largest producer of immunoglobulin in the body. Secretory IgA antibodies have numerous critical functions of which protection against infections and the role for establishing a healthy microbiota appear most important. Expanding our knowledge of the regulation of IgA B-cell responses and how effective mucosal vaccines can be designed are of critical importance. Here we discuss recent developments in the field that shed light on the uniqueness and complexity of mucosal IgA responses and the control of protective IgA responses in the gut, specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Y Lycke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M Bemark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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653
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Colliou N, Ge Y, Sahay B, Gong M, Zadeh M, Owen JL, Neu J, Farmerie WG, Alonzo F, Liu K, Jones DP, Li S, Mohamadzadeh M. Commensal Propionibacterium strain UF1 mitigates intestinal inflammation via Th17 cell regulation. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3970-3986. [PMID: 28945202 PMCID: PMC5663347 DOI: 10.1172/jci95376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of human breast milk (HBM) attenuates the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), which remains a leading and intractable cause of mortality in preterm infants. Here, we report that this diminution correlates with alterations in the gut microbiota, particularly enrichment of Propionibacterium species. Transfaunation of microbiota from HBM-fed preterm infants or a newly identified and cultured Propionibacterium strain, P. UF1, to germfree mice conferred protection against pathogen infection and correlated with profound increases in intestinal Th17 cells. The induction of Th17 cells was dependent on bacterial dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (DlaT), a major protein expressed on the P. UF1 surface layer (S-layer). Binding of P. UF1 to its cognate receptor, SIGNR1, on dendritic cells resulted in the regulation of intestinal phagocytes. Importantly, transfer of P. UF1 profoundly mitigated induced NEC-like injury in neonatal mice. Together, these results mechanistically elucidate the protective effects of HBM and P. UF1-induced immunoregulation, which safeguard against proinflammatory diseases, including NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Colliou
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine
| | - Yong Ge
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine
| | - Bikash Sahay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology
| | - Minghao Gong
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine
| | - Mojgan Zadeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Josef Neu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - William G. Farmerie
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Francis Alonzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Ken Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shuzhao Li
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine
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654
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Rosshart SP, Vassallo BG, Angeletti D, Hutchinson DS, Morgan AP, Takeda K, Hickman HD, McCulloch JA, Badger JH, Ajami NJ, Trinchieri G, Pardo-Manuel de Villena F, Yewdell JW, Rehermann B. Wild Mouse Gut Microbiota Promotes Host Fitness and Improves Disease Resistance. Cell 2017; 171:1015-1028.e13. [PMID: 29056339 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory mice, while paramount for understanding basic biological phenomena, are limited in modeling complex diseases of humans and other free-living mammals. Because the microbiome is a major factor in mammalian physiology, we aimed to identify a naturally evolved reference microbiome to better recapitulate physiological phenomena relevant in the natural world outside the laboratory. Among 21 distinct mouse populations worldwide, we identified a closely related wild relative to standard laboratory mouse strains. Its bacterial gut microbiome differed significantly from its laboratory mouse counterpart and was transferred to and maintained in laboratory mice over several generations. Laboratory mice reconstituted with natural microbiota exhibited reduced inflammation and increased survival following influenza virus infection and improved resistance against mutagen/inflammation-induced colorectal tumorigenesis. By demonstrating the host fitness-promoting traits of natural microbiota, our findings should enable the discovery of protective mechanisms relevant in the natural world and improve the modeling of complex diseases of free-living mammals. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan P Rosshart
- Immunology Section, Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Brian G Vassallo
- Immunology Section, Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Davide Angeletti
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Diane S Hutchinson
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrew P Morgan
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kazuyo Takeda
- Microscopy and Imaging Core Facility, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, USA
| | - Heather D Hickman
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John A McCulloch
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jonathan H Badger
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nadim J Ajami
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fernando Pardo-Manuel de Villena
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan W Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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655
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Goudot C, Coillard A, Villani AC, Gueguen P, Cros A, Sarkizova S, Tang-Huau TL, Bohec M, Baulande S, Hacohen N, Amigorena S, Segura E. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Controls Monocyte Differentiation into Dendritic Cells versus Macrophages. Immunity 2017; 47:582-596.e6. [PMID: 28930664 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
After entering tissues, monocytes differentiate into cells that share functional features with either macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs). How monocyte fate is directed toward monocyte-derived macrophages (mo-Macs) or monocyte-derived DCs (mo-DCs) and which transcription factors control these differentiation pathways remains unknown. Using an in vitro culture model yielding human mo-DCs and mo-Macs closely resembling those found in vivo in ascites, we show that IRF4 and MAFB were critical regulators of monocyte differentiation into mo-DCs and mo-Macs, respectively. Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) promoted mo-DC differentiation through the induction of BLIMP-1, while impairing differentiation into mo-Macs. AhR deficiency also impaired the in vivo differentiation of mouse mo-DCs. Finally, AHR activation correlated with mo-DC infiltration in leprosy lesions. These results establish that mo-DCs and mo-Macs are controlled by distinct transcription factors and show that AHR acts as a molecular switch for monocyte fate specification in response to micro-environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Goudot
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alice Coillard
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexandra-Chloé Villani
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Paul Gueguen
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Adeline Cros
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Siranush Sarkizova
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tsing-Lee Tang-Huau
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; Sanofi, Breakthrough Laboratory, 1 impasse des ateliers, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Mylène Bohec
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, NGS platform, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Baulande
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, NGS platform, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Sebastian Amigorena
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Elodie Segura
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.
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656
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Vuillermin PJ, Macia L, Nanan R, Tang ML, Collier F, Brix S. The maternal microbiome during pregnancy and allergic disease in the offspring. Semin Immunopathol 2017; 39:669-675. [PMID: 29038841 PMCID: PMC5711986 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-017-0652-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial epidemiological and mechanistic evidence that the increase in allergic disease and asthma in many parts of the world in part relates to changes in microbial exposures and diet acting via the composition and metabolic products of the intestinal microbiome. The majority of research in this field has focused on the gut microbiome during infancy, but it is increasingly clear that the maternal microbiome during pregnancy also has a key role in preventing an allergy-prone immune phenotype in the offspring. The mechanisms by which the maternal microbiome influences the developing fetal immune system include alignment between the maternal and infant regulatory immune status and transplacental passage of microbial metabolites and IgG. Interplay between microbial stimulatory factors such as lipopolysaccharides and regulatory factors such as short-chain fatty acids may also influence on fetal immune development. However, our understanding of these pathways is at an early stage and further mechanistic studies are needed. There are also no data from human studies relating the composition and metabolic activity of the maternal microbiome during pregnancy to the offspring's immune status at birth and risk of allergic disease. Improved knowledge of these pathways may inform novel strategies for tackling the increase in allergic disorders in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Vuillermin
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia. .,Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia. .,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia. .,Centre for Food and Allergy Research, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Laurence Macia
- Charles Perkins Centre, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ralph Nanan
- Charles Perkins Centre, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mimi Lk Tang
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.,The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Fiona Collier
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Susanne Brix
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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657
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The Bacteroidales produce an N-acylated derivative of glycine with both cholesterol-solubilising and hemolytic activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13270. [PMID: 29038461 PMCID: PMC5643525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of the gut microbiota to the metabolism of cholesterol is not well understood. In this study, we identify 21 fosmid clones from a human gut microbiome metagenomic library that, when expressed in Escherichia coli, produce halos on LB agar supplemented with 0.01% (w/v) cholesterol (LBC agar). Analysis of 14 of these clones revealed that they all share a fragment of DNA with homology to the genome of Bacteroides vulgatus. The gene responsible for halo production on LBC agar, named choA, was identified as an N-acyltransferase known to produce an acylated glycine molecule called commendamide. In this study we show that commendamide is capable of producing a halo on LBC agar suggesting that this molecule is solubilizing the cholesterol micelles in LBC agar. We also show that commendamide is responsible for the previously described hemolytic activity associated with the choA orthologue in Bacteroides fragilis. A functional analysis of ChoA identified 2 amino acids that are important for commendamide biosynthesis and we present phylogenetic and functional data showing that orthologues of choA are found only in the order Bacteroidales. Therefore, the production of commendamide may be an adaptation to the environments colonized by the Bacteroidales, including the mammalian gut.
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658
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Withers DR, Hepworth MR. Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells: Communications Hubs of the Intestinal Immune System. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1298. [PMID: 29085366 PMCID: PMC5649144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of mammalian health requires the generation of appropriate immune responses against a broad range of environmental and microbial challenges, which are continually encountered at barrier tissue sites including the skin, lung, and gastrointestinal tract. Dysregulated barrier immune responses result in inflammation, both locally and systemically in peripheral organs. Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) are constitutively present at barrier sites and appear to be highly specialized in their ability to sense a range of environmental and host-derived signals. Under homeostatic conditions, ILC3 respond to local cues to maintain tissue homeostasis and restrict inflammatory responses. In contrast, perturbations in the tissue microenvironment resulting from disease, infection, or tissue damage can drive dysregulated pro-inflammatory ILC3 responses and contribute to immunopathology. The tone of the ILC3 response is dictated by a balance of “exogenous” signals, such as dietary metabolites and commensal microbes, and “endogenous” host-derived signals from stromal cells, immune cells, and the nervous system. ILC3 must therefore have the capacity to simultaneously integrate a wide array of complex and dynamic inputs in order to regulate barrier function and tissue health. In this review, we discuss the concept of ILC3 as a “communications hub” in the intestinal tract and associated lymphoid tissues and address the variety of signals, derived from multiple biological systems, which are interpreted by ILC3 to modulate the release of downstream effector molecules and regulate cell–cell crosstalk. Successful integration of environmental cues by ILC3 and downstream propagation to the broader immune system is required to maintain a tolerogenic and anti-inflammatory tone and reinforce barrier function, whereas dysregulation of ILC3 responses can contribute to the onset or progression of clinically relevant chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Withers
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (III), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew R Hepworth
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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659
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Bifari F, Ruocco C, Decimo I, Fumagalli G, Valerio A, Nisoli E. Amino acid supplements and metabolic health: a potential interplay between intestinal microbiota and systems control. GENES & NUTRITION 2017; 12:27. [PMID: 29043007 PMCID: PMC5628494 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0582-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation of essential amino acids (EAAs) has been shown to promote healthspan. EAAs regulate, in fact, glucose and lipid metabolism and energy balance, increase mitochondrial biogenesis, and maintain immune homeostasis. Basic science and epidemiological results indicate that dietary macronutrient composition affects healthspan through multiple and integrated mechanisms, and their effects are closely related to the metabolic status to which they act. In particular, EAA supplementation can trigger different and even opposite effects depending on the catabolic and anabolic states of the organisms. Among others, gut-associated microbial communities (referred to as gut microbiota) emerged as a major regulator of the host metabolism. Diet and host health influence gut microbiota, and composition of gut microbiota, in turn, controls many aspects of host health, including nutrient metabolism, resistance to infection, and immune signals. Altered communication between the innate immune system and the gut microbiota might contribute to complex diseases. Furthermore, gut microbiota and its impact to host health change largely during different life phases such as lactation, weaning, and aging. Here we will review the accumulating body of knowledge on the impact of dietary EAA supplementation on the host metabolic health and healthspan from a holistic perspective. Moreover, we will focus on the current efforts to establish causal relationships among dietary EAAs, gut microbiota, and health during human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bifari
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Ruocco
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Decimo
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Guido Fumagalli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Valerio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enzo Nisoli
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
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660
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Jennewein MF, Abu-Raya B, Jiang Y, Alter G, Marchant A. Transfer of maternal immunity and programming of the newborn immune system. Semin Immunopathol 2017; 39:605-613. [PMID: 28971246 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-017-0653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As placental mammals, the pregnant women and the fetus have intense and prolonged interactions during gestation. There is increasing evidence that multiple molecular as well as cellular components originating in pregnant women are transferred to the fetus. The transfer of maternal antibodies has long been recognized as a central component of newborn immunity against pathogens. More recent studies indicate that inflammatory mediators, micronutrients, microbial products and maternal cells are transferred in utero and influence the fetal immune system. Together, these multiple signals are likely to form a complex network of interactions that program the neonatal immune system and tune its homeostatic regulation. Maternal disorders, in particular infectious diseases, modify these signals and may thereby alter immunity in early life. Understanding maternal programming of the newborn immune system could provide a basis for interventions promoting child health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bahaa Abu-Raya
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yiwei Jiang
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue Adrienne Bolland 8, 6041 Gosselies, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue Adrienne Bolland 8, 6041 Gosselies, Charleroi, Belgium.
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661
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Mulligan CM, Friedman JE. Maternal modifiers of the infant gut microbiota: metabolic consequences. J Endocrinol 2017; 235:R1-R12. [PMID: 28751453 PMCID: PMC5568816 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Transmission of metabolic diseases from mother to child is multifactorial and includes genetic, epigenetic and environmental influences. Evidence in rodents, humans and non-human primates support the scientific premise that exposure to maternal obesity or high-fat diet during pregnancy creates a long-lasting metabolic signature on the infant innate immune system and the juvenile microbiota, which predisposes the offspring to obesity and metabolic diseases. In neonates, gastrointestinal microbes introduced through the mother are noted for their ability to serve as direct inducers/regulators of the infant immune system. Neonates have a limited capacity to initiate an immune response. Thus, disruption of microbial colonization during the early neonatal period results in disrupted postnatal immune responses that highlight the neonatal period as a critical developmental window. Although the mechanisms are poorly understood, increasing evidence suggests that maternal obesity or poor diet influences the development and modulation of the infant liver and other end organs through direct communication via the portal system, metabolite production, alterations in gut barrier integrity and the hematopoietic immune cell axis. This review will focus on how maternal obesity and dietary intake influence the composition of the infant gut microbiota and how an imbalance or maladaptation in the microbiota, including changes in early pioneering microbes, might contribute to the programming of offspring metabolism with special emphasis on mechanisms that promote chronic inflammation in the liver. Comprehension of these pathways and mechanisms will elucidate our understanding of developmental programming and may expand the avenue of opportunities for novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Mulligan
- Section of NeonatologyDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jacob E Friedman
- Section of NeonatologyDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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662
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Turturice BA, Ranjan R, Nguyen B, Hughes LM, Andropolis KE, Gold DR, Litonjua AA, Oken E, Perkins DL, Finn PW. Perinatal Bacterial Exposure Contributes to IL-13 Aeroallergen Response. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:419-427. [PMID: 28443674 PMCID: PMC5650087 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0027oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a high prevalence of aeroallergen sensitivity in asthmatic populations, and seroreactivity to aeroallergens early in infancy is associated with increased risk of developing asthma later in life. In addition to allergen sensitivity, asthma development has been associated with differential microbial exposure and infection in early life. We have previously shown that cord blood mononuclear cells respond to common aeroallergens (i.e., house dust mite [Der f1] and cockroach [Bla g2]) as assayed by lymphoproliferation and cytokine (IL-13 and IFN-γ) production. We hypothesized that there is a relationship between perinatal microbial exposure and response to specific aeroallergens. To test this hypothesis, we isolated DNA from cord blood serum samples with known lymphoproliferative and cytokine responses to Bla g2 and Der f1. Bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA amplicon libraries were generated and analyzed using high throughput sequencing of cord blood serum samples. In our analysis, we identified major compositional differences, including diversity and abundance of specific taxa, between groups whose IL-13 response to Der f1 and Bla g2 differed. We demonstrate a strong association between the ratio of Acinetobacter to Proteobacteria and IL-13 production and the probability of IL-13 production after allergen exposure. IL-13 concentrations in serum were also significantly correlated with the diversity of bacterial DNA. Together, these results underscore the relationship between immune responses to allergens and bacterial exposure during perinatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Turturice
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, and
| | - Ravi Ranjan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, and
| | - Brian Nguyen
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, and
| | | | | | - Diane R. Gold
- Channing Division of Network Medicine and
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Augusto A. Litonjua
- Channing Division of Network Medicine and
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emily Oken
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David L. Perkins
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Patricia W. Finn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, and
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663
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Bunker JJ, Erickson SA, Flynn TM, Henry C, Koval JC, Meisel M, Jabri B, Antonopoulos DA, Wilson PC, Bendelac A. Natural polyreactive IgA antibodies coat the intestinal microbiota. Science 2017; 358:science.aan6619. [PMID: 28971969 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan6619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Large quantities of immunoglobulin A (IgA) are constitutively secreted by intestinal plasma cells to coat and contain the commensal microbiota, yet the specificity of these antibodies remains elusive. Here we profiled the reactivities of single murine IgA plasma cells by cloning and characterizing large numbers of monoclonal antibodies. IgAs were not specific to individual bacterial taxa but rather polyreactive, with broad reactivity to a diverse, but defined, subset of microbiota. These antibodies arose at low frequencies among naïve B cells and were selected into the IgA repertoire upon recirculation in Peyer's patches. This selection process occurred independent of microbiota or dietary antigens. Furthermore, although some IgAs acquired somatic mutations, these did not substantially influence their reactivity. These findings reveal an endogenous mechanism driving homeostatic production of polyreactive IgAs with innate specificity to microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Bunker
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Steven A Erickson
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Theodore M Flynn
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Carole Henry
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jason C Koval
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Marlies Meisel
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Bana Jabri
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dionysios A Antonopoulos
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Patrick C Wilson
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Albert Bendelac
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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664
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Liston A, Carr EJ, Linterman MA. Shaping Variation in the Human Immune System. Trends Immunol 2017; 37:637-646. [PMID: 27692231 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses demonstrate a high level of intra-species variation, compensating for the specialization capacity of pathogens. The recent advent of in-depth immune phenotyping projects in large-scale cohorts has allowed a first look into the factors that shape the inter-individual diversity of the human immune system. Genetic approaches have identified genetic diversity as drivers of 20-40% of the variation between the immune systems of individuals. The remaining 60-80% is shaped by intrinsic factors, with age being the predominant factor, as well as by environmental influences, where cohabitation and chronic viral infections were identified as key mediators. We review and integrate the recent in-depth large-scale studies on human immune diversity and its potential impact on health. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Liston
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Edward J Carr
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
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665
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Allergy prevention by breastfeeding: possible mechanisms and evidence from human cohorts. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 16:427-33. [PMID: 27518839 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Allergy is a modern disease which does not seem to benefit from breast milk preventive effects. We propose that maternal milk composition has not adapted to the needs of allergy prevention because of the recent and rapid increase of allergy. Modulation of breast milk composition may be the best strategy to counteract allergy development. We will review recent advances in understanding of allergy physiopathology and how breast milk factors may be specifically appropriate to interfere with allergy development in early life. RECENT FINDINGS There is strong evidence both from rodent and human studies that breast milk factors may impact on parameters which are now recognized to be essential for allergy physiopathology: infant gut barrier function, microbiota metabolites production, and oral tolerance induction. Data from human cohorts support the possibility to modify breast milk composition by selected interventions and to impact health outcomes in offspring. SUMMARY Nutritional intervention in lactating mothers should endow breast milk with the capacity to combat allergy epidemics in addition to infectious disease.
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666
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Protecting the Newborn and Young Infant from Infectious Diseases: Lessons from Immune Ontogeny. Immunity 2017; 46:350-363. [PMID: 28329702 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Infections in the first year of life are common and often severe. The newborn host demonstrates both quantitative and qualitative differences to the adult in nearly all aspects of immunity, which at least partially explain the increased susceptibility to infection. Here we discuss how differences in susceptibility to infection result not out of a state of immaturity, but rather reflect adaptation to the particular demands placed on the immune system in early life. We review the mechanisms underlying host defense in the very young, and discuss how specific developmental demands increase the risk of particular infectious diseases. In this context, we discuss how this plasticity, i.e. the capacity to adapt to demands encountered in early life, also provides the potential to leverage protection of the young against infection and disease through a number of interventions.
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667
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Microbial communities in placentas from term normal pregnancy exhibit spatially variable profiles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11200. [PMID: 28894161 PMCID: PMC5593928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The placenta is the principal organ nurturing the fetus during pregnancy and was traditionally considered to be sterile. Recent work has suggested that the placenta harbours microbial communities, however the location and possible function of these microbes remain to be confirmed and elucidated. Here, we employed genomic DNA sequencing of multiple variable (V) regions of the bacterial 16S ribosomal gene, to interrogate microbial profiles in term pregnancies, from the basal plate, which is in direct contact with maternal uterine, endothelial, and immune cells; placental villi, which are bathed in maternal blood, and fetal membranes, which encapsulate the amniotic cavity. QIIME, R package “Phyloseq” analysis was used to assess alpha and beta diversity and absolute abundance of the 16S rRNA gene per location. We demonstrate that (1) microbiota exhibit spatially distinct profiles depending on the location within the placenta and (2) “semi-composite” 16S profiles using multiple V regions validated by quantitative PCR analysis confirmed that distinct bacterial taxa dominate in different placental niches. Finally, profiles are not altered by mode of delivery. Together these findings suggest that there is niche-specificity to the placental microbiota and placental microbiome studies should consider regional differences, which may affect maternal, fetal, and/or neonatal health and physiology.
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668
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Macpherson AJ, Heikenwalder M, Ganal-Vonarburg SC. The Liver at the Nexus of Host-Microbial Interactions. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 20:561-571. [PMID: 27832587 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver receives blood from the intestine, from the spleen, and directly from the heart and holds a vital position in vertebrate physiology. It plays a role in intermediary metabolism, bile secretion, maintaining blood sterility, serum homeostasis, xenobiotic detoxification, and immunological activity. This article provides our perspective on the liver as a nexus in establishing and maintaining host microbial mutualism. We discuss the role of the liver not only in sanitizing the blood stream from penetrant live microbes, but also in metabolizing xenobiotics that are synthesized or modified by intestinal microbes, and how microbiota modify the signaling potential of bile acids. The combination of bile acids as hormones and the metabolic control from pervasive effects of other absorbed microbial molecules powerfully shape hepatic metabolism. In addition, intestinal microbial metabolites can be sensed by liver-resident immune cells, which may disturb liver homeostasis, leading to fibrosis and liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Macpherson
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, Murtenstrasse 35, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Ganal-Vonarburg
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, Murtenstrasse 35, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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669
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Ley D, Desseyn JL, Mischke M, Knol J, Turck D, Gottrand F. Early-life origin of intestinal inflammatory disorders. Nutr Rev 2017; 75:175-187. [PMID: 28340001 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence supports the concept of perinatal programming through which the perinatal environment affects the development of the fetus and infant, thereby modifying the risk profile for disease later in life. Increasing attention is focusing on the role of the early environment in the development of chronic intestinal disorders. Epidemiological studies have highlighted the link between perinatal factors, such as breastfeeding, cesarean delivery, and antibiotic use, and an increased risk for inflammatory bowel disease and/or celiac disease. These links are consistent with the concept of perinatal programming of intestinal inflammatory disorders. Animal models have shown that the early-life environment affects the development of the gastrointestinal tract, but further experimental studies are needed to confirm the long-term effects of the perinatal environment on susceptibility to chronic intestinal disorders later in life. Changes in the development and composition of the intestinal microbiota as well as epigenetic changes are emerging as key mechanisms through which the perinatal environment determines susceptibility to intestinal inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Ley
- Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC) - UMR 995 Inserm, University Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Desseyn
- Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC) - UMR 995 Inserm, University Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Jan Knol
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - Dominique Turck
- Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC) - UMR 995 Inserm, University Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Frédéric Gottrand
- Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC) - UMR 995 Inserm, University Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
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670
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Stanislawski MA, Dabelea D, Wagner BD, Sontag MK, Lozupone CA, Eggesbø M. Pre-pregnancy weight, gestational weight gain, and the gut microbiota of mothers and their infants. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:113. [PMID: 28870230 PMCID: PMC5584478 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence supports that the maternal gut microbiota impacts the initial infant gut microbiota. Since the gut microbiota may play a causal role in the development of obesity, it is important to understand how pre-pregnancy weight and gestational weight gain (GWG) impact the gut microbiota of mothers at the time of delivery and their infants in early life. In this study, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing on gut microbiota samples from 169 women 4 days after delivery and from the 844 samples of their infants at six timepoints during the first 2 years of life. We categorized the women (1) according to pre-pregnancy body mass index into overweight/obese (OW/OB, BMI ≥ 25) or non-overweight/obese (BMI < 25) and (2) into excessive and non-excessive GWG in the subset of mothers of full-term singleton infants (N = 116). We compared alpha diversity and taxonomic composition of the maternal and infant samples by exposure groups. We also compared taxonomic similarity between maternal and infant gut microbiota. RESULTS Maternal OW/OB was associated with lower maternal alpha diversity. Maternal pre-pregnancy OW/OB and excessive GWG were associated with taxonomic differences in the maternal gut microbiota, including taxa from the highly heritable family Christensenellaceae, the genera Lachnospira, Parabacteroides, Bifidobacterium, and Blautia. These maternal characteristics were not associated with overall differences in the infant gut microbiota over the first 2 years of life. However, the presence of specific OTUs in maternal gut microbiota at the time of delivery did significantly increase the odds of presence in the infant gut at age 4-10 days for many taxa, and these included some lean-associated taxa. CONCLUSIONS Our results show differences in maternal gut microbiota composition at the time of delivery by pre-pregnancy weight and GWG, but these changes were only associated with limited compositional differences in the early life gut microbiota of their infants. Further work is needed to determine the degree to which these maternal microbiota differences at time of birth with OW/OB and GWG may affect the health of the infant over time and by what mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie A. Stanislawski
- Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado, Aurora USA
- VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, CO USA
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado, Aurora USA
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado, Aurora USA
| | | | | | | | - Merete Eggesbø
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, Oslo, Norway
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671
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Browne HP, Neville BA, Forster SC, Lawley TD. Transmission of the gut microbiota: spreading of health. Nat Rev Microbiol 2017; 15:531-543. [PMID: 28603278 PMCID: PMC5837012 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Transmission of commensal intestinal bacteria between humans could promote health by establishing, maintaining and replenishing microbial diversity in the microbiota of an individual. Unlike pathogens, the routes of transmission for commensal bacteria remain unappreciated and poorly understood, despite the likely commonalities between both. Consequently, broad infection control measures that are designed to prevent pathogen transmission and infection, such as oversanitation and the overuse of antibiotics, may inadvertently affect human health by altering normal commensal transmission. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms and factors that influence host-to-host transmission of the intestinal microbiota and examine how a better understanding of these processes will identify new approaches to nurture and restore transmission routes that are used by beneficial bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary P Browne
- Host-Microbiota Interactions Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - B Anne Neville
- Host-Microbiota Interactions Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Samuel C Forster
- Host-Microbiota Interactions Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Trevor D Lawley
- Host-Microbiota Interactions Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
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672
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Arkan MC. The intricate connection between diet, microbiota, and cancer: A jigsaw puzzle. Semin Immunol 2017; 32:35-42. [PMID: 28870704 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The microbial community has a decisive role in determining our health and disease susceptibility. Presumably, this is closely associated with the complex community network of bacteria, fungi, archaea and viruses that reside our guts. This dynamic ecosystem exists in a symbiotic relationship with its host and plays a fundamental role in the hosts' physiological functions. The microbial community is highly personalized and therefore exhibits a high degree of inter-individual variability, which is dependent on host specifics such as genetic background, physiology and lifestyle. Although the gut microbiota is shaped early on during birth, there are several factors that affect the composition of microbiota during childhood and adulthood. Among them diet appears to be a consistent and prominent one. The metabolic activity of bacteria affects food digestion, absorption, energy production, and immunity. Thus, definition of the microbiota composition and functional profiles in response to a particular diet may lead to critical information on the direct and indirect role/use of the bacterial community during health and disease. In this review, I discuss gut microbiota and its potential link to cancer with specific emphasis on metabolism and diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melek Canan Arkan
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Frankfurt, 60590, Germany; Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer Haus, Frankfurt, 60596, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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673
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McCoy KD, Ronchi F, Geuking MB. Host-microbiota interactions and adaptive immunity. Immunol Rev 2017; 279:63-69. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy D. McCoy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases; Cumming School of Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Francesca Ronchi
- Maurice Müller Laboratories; Department of Clinical Research (DKF); UVCM; University Hospital; Bern Switzerland
| | - Markus B. Geuking
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases; Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases; Cumming School of Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
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674
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Pabst O. Correlation, consequence, and functionality in microbiome-immune interplay. Immunol Rev 2017; 279:4-7. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Pabst
- Institute of Molecular Medicine; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
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675
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Abstract
In recent decades, the incidence of many apparently unrelated chronic diseases has markedly increased. Here, I theorize that losses of particular bacterial species of our ancestral microbiota have altered the context in which immunological, metabolic and cognitive development occur in early life, which results in increased disease. This ominous trend suggests that we must refocus efforts to understand and reverse the underlying circumstances that are responsible for our disappearing microbiota.
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676
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Kohl KD, Carey HV. A place for host-microbe symbiosis in the comparative physiologist's toolbox. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 219:3496-3504. [PMID: 27852759 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.136325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although scientists have long appreciated that metazoans evolved in a microbial world, we are just beginning to appreciate the profound impact that host-associated microbes have on diverse aspects of animal biology. The enormous growth in our understanding of host-microbe symbioses is rapidly expanding the study of animal physiology, both technically and conceptually. Microbes associate functionally with various body surfaces of their hosts, although most reside in the gastrointestinal tract. Gut microbes convert dietary and host-derived substrates to metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, thereby providing energy and nutrients to the host. Bacterial metabolites incorporated into the host metabolome can activate receptors on a variety of cell types and, in doing so, alter host physiology (including metabolism, organ function, biological rhythms, neural activity and behavior). Given that host-microbe interactions affect diverse aspects of host physiology, it is likely that they influence animal ecology and, if they confer fitness benefits, the evolutionary trajectory of a species. Multiple variables - including sampling regime, environmental parameters, host metadata and analytical methods - can influence experimental outcomes in host-microbiome studies, making careful experimental design and execution crucial to ensure reproducible and informative studies in the laboratory and field. Integration of microbiomes into comparative physiology and ecophysiological investigations can reveal the potential impacts of the microbiota on physiological responses to changing environments, and is likely to bring valuable insights to the study of host-microbiome interactions among a broad range of metazoans, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Kohl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 53705, USA
| | - Hannah V Carey
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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677
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Paun A, Yau C, Danska JS. The Influence of the Microbiome on Type 1 Diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:590-595. [PMID: 28069754 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells. The rapid rise in T1D incidence during the past 50 y suggests environmental factors contribute to the disease. The trillion symbiotic microorganisms inhabiting the mammalian gastrointestinal tract (i.e., the microbiota) influence numerous aspects of host physiology. In this study we review the evidence linking perturbations of the gut microbiome to pancreatic autoimmunity. We discuss data from rodent models demonstrating the essential role of the gut microbiota on the development and function of the host's mucosal and systemic immune systems. Furthermore, we review findings from human longitudinal cohort studies examining the influence of environmental and lifestyle factors on microbiota composition and pancreatic autoimmunity. Taken together, these data underscore the requirement for mechanistic studies to identify bacterial components and metabolites interacting with the innate and adaptive immune system, which would set the basis for preventative or therapeutic strategies in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Paun
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Christopher Yau
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Jayne S Danska
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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678
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Torow N, Hornef MW. The Neonatal Window of Opportunity: Setting the Stage for Life-Long Host-Microbial Interaction and Immune Homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:557-563. [PMID: 28069750 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The existence of a neonatal window was first highlighted by epidemiological studies that revealed the particular importance of this early time in life for the susceptibility to immune-mediated diseases in humans. Recently, the first animal studies emerged that present examples of early-life exposure-triggered persisting immune events, allowing a detailed analysis of the factors that define this particular time period. The enteric microbiota and the innate and adaptive immune system represent prime candidates that impact on the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases and are known to reach a lasting homeostatic equilibrium following a dynamic priming period after birth. In this review, we outline the postnatal establishment of the microbiota and maturation of the innate and adaptive immune system and discuss examples of early-life exposure-triggered immune-mediated diseases that start to shed light on the critical importance of the early postnatal period for life-long immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Torow
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mathias W Hornef
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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679
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Zhou M, He J, Shen Y, Zhang C, Wang J, Chen Y. New Frontiers in Genetics, Gut Microbiota, and Immunity: A Rosetta Stone for the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8201672. [PMID: 28831399 PMCID: PMC5558637 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8201672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which encompasses ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), is a complicated, uncontrolled, and multifactorial disorder characterized by chronic, relapsing, or progressive inflammatory conditions that may involve the entire gastrointestinal tract. The protracted nature has imposed enormous economic burdens on patients with IBD, and the treatment is far from optimal due to the currently limited comprehension of IBD pathogenesis. In spite of the exact etiology still remaining an enigma, four identified components, including personal genetic susceptibility, external environment, internal gut microbiota, and the host immune response, are responsible for IBD pathogenesis, and compelling evidence has suggested that IBD may be triggered by aberrant and continuing immune responses to gut microbiota in genetically susceptibility individuals. The past decade has witnessed the flourishing of research on genetics, gut microbiota, and immunity in patients with IBD. Therefore, in this review, we will comprehensively exhibit a series of novel findings and update the major advances regarding these three fields. Undoubtedly, these novel findings have opened a new horizon and shed bright light on the causality research of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yujie Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jiazheng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yingwei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai 200092, China
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680
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Walker RW, Clemente JC, Peter I, Loos RJF. The prenatal gut microbiome: are we colonized with bacteria in utero? Pediatr Obes 2017; 12 Suppl 1:3-17. [PMID: 28447406 PMCID: PMC5583026 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The colonization of the gut with microbes in early life is critical to the developing newborn immune system, metabolic function and potentially future health. Maternal microbes are transmitted to offspring during childbirth, representing a key step in the colonization of the infant gut. Studies of infant meconium suggest that bacteria are present in the foetal gut prior to birth, meaning that colonization could occur prenatally. Animal studies have shown that prenatal transmission of microbes to the foetus is possible, and physiological changes observed in pregnant mothers indicate that in utero transfer is likely in humans as well. However, direct evidence of in utero transfer of bacteria in humans is lacking. Understanding the timing and mechanisms involved in the first colonization of the human gut is critical to a comprehensive understanding of the early life gut microbiome. This review will discuss the evidence supporting in utero transmission of microbes from mother to infants. We also review sources of transferred bacteria, physiological mechanisms of transfer and modifiers of maternal microbiomes and their potential role in early life infant health. Well-designed longitudinal birth studies that account for established modifiers of the gut microbiome are challenging, but will be necessary to confirm in utero transfer and further our knowledge of the prenatal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Walker
- Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | - Jose C Clemente
- Genetics and Genomic Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | - Inga Peter
- Genetics and Genomic Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | - Ruth JF Loos
- Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10025, USA
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681
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Correlation between early-life regulation of the immune system by microbiota and allergy development. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139:1084-1091. [PMID: 28390575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Early postnatal life is a key time for development of the immune system and colonization of the host by microbiota. Recent studies have shown that specific limbs of the immune system can be regulated by microbiota in a time-restricted period during early life. Studies in mouse models have shown that perturbations of the microbiota during early life can cause immune effects that can persist into adulthood and create increased host susceptibility to certain diseases. Here we discuss the role of early-life regulation of the immune system by the microbiota and how it can be related to allergy development.
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682
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Fleck AK, Schuppan D, Wiendl H, Klotz L. Gut-CNS-Axis as Possibility to Modulate Inflammatory Disease Activity-Implications for Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1526. [PMID: 28708108 PMCID: PMC5536015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade the role of environmental factors as modulators of disease activity and progression has received increasing attention. In contrast to classical environmental modulators such as exposure to sun-light or fine dust pollution, nutrition is an ideal tool for a personalized human intervention. Various studies demonstrate a key role of dietary factors in autoimmune diseases including Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS). In this review we discuss the connection between diet and inflammatory processes via the gut-CNS-axis. This axis describes a bi-directional communication system and comprises neuronal signaling, neuroendocrine pathways and modulation of immune responses. Therefore, the gut-CNS-axis represents an emerging target to modify CNS inflammatory activity ultimately opening new avenues for complementary and adjunctive treatment of autoimmune diseases such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Fleck
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
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683
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Laforest-Lapointe I, Arrieta MC. Patterns of Early-Life Gut Microbial Colonization during Human Immune Development: An Ecological Perspective. Front Immunol 2017; 8:788. [PMID: 28740492 PMCID: PMC5502328 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in gut microbial colonization during early life have been reported in infants that later developed asthma, allergies, type 1 diabetes, as well as in inflammatory bowel disease patients, previous to disease flares. Mechanistic studies in animal models have established that microbial alterations influence disease pathogenesis via changes in immune system maturation. Strong evidence points to the presence of a window of opportunity in early life, during which changes in gut microbial colonization can result in immune dysregulation that predisposes susceptible hosts to disease. Although the ecological patterns of microbial succession in the first year of life have been partly defined in specific human cohorts, the taxonomic and functional features, and diversity thresholds that characterize these microbial alterations are, for the most part, unknown. In this review, we summarize the most important links between the temporal mosaics of gut microbial colonization and the age-dependent immune functions that rely on them. We also highlight the importance of applying ecology theory to design studies that explore the interactions between this complex ecosystem and the host immune system. Focusing research efforts on understanding the importance of temporally structured patterns of diversity, keystone groups, and inter-kingdom microbial interactions for ecosystem functions has great potential to enable the development of biologically sound interventions aimed at maintaining and/or improving immune system development and preventing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Laforest-Lapointe
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Marie-Claire Arrieta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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684
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Grau T, Vilcinskas A, Joop G. Probiotic Enterococcus mundtii Isolate Protects the Model Insect Tribolium castaneum against Bacillus thuringiensis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1261. [PMID: 28736550 PMCID: PMC5500611 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus mundtii strains isolated from the larval feces of the Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuehniella show antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The in vitro probiotic characterization of one isolate revealed a high auto-aggregation score, a hydrophilic cell surface, tolerance for low pH, no hemolytic activity, and susceptibility to all tested antibiotics. We used the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, an established model organism, for the in vivo characterization of one probiotic E. mundtii isolate from E. kuehniella larvae. Tribolium castaneum larvae were fed orally with the probiotic isolate or the corresponding supernatant and then infected with either the entomopathogen Bacillus thuringiensis or Pseudomonas entomophila. Larvae exposed to the isolate or the supernatant showed increased survival following infection with B. thuringiensis but not P. entomophila. Heat treatment or treatment with proteinase K reduced the probiotic effect of the supernatant. However, the increased resistance attracts a fitness penalty manifested as a shorter lifespan and reduced fertility. T. castaneum has, pending on further research, the potential as an alternative model for the pre-screening of probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Grau
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University GiessenGiessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University GiessenGiessen, Germany
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied EcologyGiessen, Germany
| | - Gerrit Joop
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University GiessenGiessen, Germany
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685
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686
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Renz H, Holt PG, Inouye M, Logan AC, Prescott SL, Sly PD. An exposome perspective: Early-life events and immune development in a changing world. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:24-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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687
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Cui M, Xiao H, Li Y, Dong J, Luo D, Li H, Feng G, Wang H, Fan S. Total abdominal irradiation exposure impairs cognitive function involving miR-34a-5p/BDNF axis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2333-2341. [PMID: 28668331 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is often employed to treat abdominal and pelvic malignancies, but is frequently accompanied by diverse acute and chronic local injuries. It was previously unknown whether abdominal and pelvic radiotherapy impairs distant cognitive dysfunction. In the present study, we demonstrated that total abdominal irradiation (TAI) exposure caused cognitive deficits in mouse models. Mechanically, microarray assay analysis revealed that TAI elevated the expression level of miR-34a-5p in small intestine tissues and peripheral blood (PD), which targeted the 3'UTR of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) mRNA in hippocampus to mediate cognitive dysfunction. Tail intravenous injection of miR-34a-5p antagomir immediately after TAI exposure rescued TAI-mediated cognitive impairment via blocking the up-regulation of miR-34a-5p in PD, resulting in restoring the Bdnf expression in the hippocampus. More importantly, high throughput sequencing validated that the gut bacterial composition of mice was shifted after TAI exposure, which was retained by miR-34a-5p antagomir injection. Thus, our findings provide new insights into pathogenic mechanism underlying abdominal and pelvic radiotherapy-mediated distant cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Huiwen Xiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Jiali Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Hang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Guoxing Feng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China; Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Saijun Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China.
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688
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Abstract
Commensal microbes colonize the skin where they promote immune development and prevent infection without inducing damaging inflammatory responses. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Scharschmidt et al. (2017) show that during hair follicle development, commensals induce regulatory T cell migration to the skin to ensure cutaneous homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Campbell
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Meghan A Koch
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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689
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Abstract
The comparison of the immunological state of pregnancy to an immunosuppressed host-graft model continues to lead research and clinical practice to ill-defined approaches. This Review discusses recent evidence that supports the idea that immunological responses at the receptive maternal-fetal interface are not simply suppressed but are instead highly dynamic. We discuss the crucial role of trophoblast cells in shaping not only the way in which immune cells respond to the invading blastocyst but also how they collectively react to external stimuli. We also discuss the role of the microbiota in promoting a tolerogenic maternal immune system and highlight how subclinical viral infections can disrupt this status quo, leading to pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Mor
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Paulomi Aldo
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Ayesha B Alvero
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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690
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How nutrition and the maternal microbiota shape the neonatal immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 17:508-517. [PMID: 28604736 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal surfaces of mammals are densely colonized with microorganisms that are commonly referred to as the commensal microbiota. It is believed that the fetus in utero is sterile and that colonization with microorganisms starts only after birth. Nevertheless, the unborn fetus is exposed to a multitude of metabolites that originate from the commensal microbiota of the mother that reach systemic sites of the maternal body. The intestinal microbiota is strongly personalized and influenced by environmental factors, including nutrition. Members of the maternal microbiota can metabolize dietary components, pharmaceuticals and toxins, which can subsequently be passed to the developing fetus or the breast-feeding neonate. In this Review, we discuss the complex interplay between nutrition, the maternal microbiota and ingested chemicals, and summarize their effects on immunity in the offspring.
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691
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Contributions of the maternal oral and gut microbiome to placental microbial colonization in overweight and obese pregnant women. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2860. [PMID: 28588199 PMCID: PMC5460277 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A distinct bacterial signature of the placenta was reported, providing evidence that the fetus does not develop in a sterile environment. The oral microbiome was suggested as a possible source of the bacterial DNA present in the placenta based on similarities to the oral non-pregnant microbiome. Here, the possible origin of the placental microbiome was assessed, examining the gut, oral and placental microbiomes from the same pregnant women. Microbiome profiles from 37 overweight and obese pregnant women were examined by 16SrRNA sequencing. Fecal and oral contributions to the establishment of the placental microbiome were evaluated. Core phylotypes between body sites and metagenome predictive functionality were determined. The placental microbiome showed a higher resemblance and phylogenetic proximity with the pregnant oral microbiome. However, similarity decreased at lower taxonomic levels and microbiomes clustered based on tissue origin. Core genera: Prevotella, Streptococcus and Veillonella were shared between all body compartments. Pathways encoding tryptophan, fatty-acid metabolism and benzoate degradation were highly enriched specifically in the placenta. Findings demonstrate that the placental microbiome exhibits a higher resemblance with the pregnant oral microbiome. Both oral and gut microbiomes contribute to the microbial seeding of the placenta, suggesting that placental colonization may have multiple niche sources.
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692
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Pelzer E, Gomez-Arango LF, Barrett HL, Nitert MD. Review: Maternal health and the placental microbiome. Placenta 2017; 54:30-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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693
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Agace WW, McCoy KD. Regionalized Development and Maintenance of the Intestinal Adaptive Immune Landscape. Immunity 2017; 46:532-548. [PMID: 28423335 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal immune system has the daunting task of protecting us from pathogenic insults while limiting inflammatory responses against the resident commensal microbiota and providing tolerance to food antigens. This role is particularly impressive when one considers the vast mucosal surface and changing landscape that the intestinal immune system must monitor. In this review, we highlight regional differences in the development and composition of the adaptive immune landscape of the intestine and the impact of local intrinsic and environmental factors that shape this process. To conclude, we review the evidence for a critical window of opportunity for early-life exposures that affect immune development and alter disease susceptibility later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Agace
- Division of Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC D14, Sölvegatan 19, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Kathy D McCoy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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694
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Belkaid Y, Harrison OJ. Homeostatic Immunity and the Microbiota. Immunity 2017; 46:562-576. [PMID: 28423337 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 720] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota plays a fundamental role in the induction, education, and function of the host immune system. In return, the host immune system has evolved multiple means by which to maintain its symbiotic relationship with the microbiota. The maintenance of this dialogue allows the induction of protective responses to pathogens and the utilization of regulatory pathways involved in the sustained tolerance to innocuous antigens. The ability of microbes to set the immunological tone of tissues, both locally and systemically, requires tonic sensing of microbes and complex feedback loops between innate and adaptive components of the immune system. Here we review the dominant cellular mediators of these interactions and discuss emerging themes associated with our current understanding of the homeostatic immunological dialogue between the host and its microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIAID Microbiome Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Oliver J Harrison
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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695
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Graham C, Thorleifson M, Stefura WP, Funk DJ, HayGlass KT. Class II obese and healthy pregnant controls exhibit indistinguishable pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses to Caesarian section. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2017; 5:364-372. [PMID: 28544689 PMCID: PMC5569367 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Obesity during pregnancy is associated with meta‐inflammation and an increased likelihood of clinical complications. Surgery results in intense, acute inflammatory responses in any individual. Because obese individuals exhibit constitutive inflammatory responses and high rates of Caesarian section, it is important to understand the impact of surgery in such populations. Whether more pronounced pro‐inflammatory cytokine responses and/or counterbalancing changes in anti‐inflammatory immune modulators occurs is unknown. Here we investigated innate immune capacity in vivo and in vitro in non‐obese, term‐pregnant controls versus healthy, term‐pregnant obese women (Class II, BMI 35–40). Methods Systemic in vivo induction of eleven pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory biomarkers and acute phase proteins was assessed in plasma immediately prior to and again following Caesarian section surgery. Independently, innate immune capacity was examined by stimulating freshly isolated PBMC in vitro with a panel of defined PRR‐ligands for TLR4, TLR8, TLR3, and RLR 24 h post‐surgery. Results The kinetics and magnitude of the in vivo inflammatory responses examined were indistinguishable in the two populations across the broad range of biomarkers examined, despite the fact that obese women had higher baseline inflammatory status. Deliberate in vitro stimulation with a range of PRR ligands also elicited pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokine responses that were indistinguishable between control and obese mothers. Conclusions Acute in vivo innate immune responses to C‐section, as well as subsequent in vitro stimulation with a panel of microbial mimics, are not detectably altered in Class II obese women. The data argue that while Class II obesity is undesirable, it has minimal impact on the in vivo inflammatory response, or innate immunomodulatory capacity, in women selecting C‐section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Graham
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Mullein Thorleifson
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | - Duane J Funk
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Kent T HayGlass
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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696
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Amenyogbe N, Kollmann TR, Ben-Othman R. Early-Life Host-Microbiome Interphase: The Key Frontier for Immune Development. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:111. [PMID: 28596951 PMCID: PMC5442244 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human existence can be viewed as an "animal in a microbial world." A healthy interaction of the human host with the microbes in and around us heavily relies on a well-functioning immune system. As development of both the microbiota and the host immune system undergo rapid changes in early life, it is not surprising that even minor alterations during this co-development can have profound consequences. Scrutiny of existing data regarding pre-, peri-, as well as early postnatal modulators of newborn microbiota indeed suggest strong associations with several immune-mediated diseases with onset far beyond the newborn period. We here summarize these data and extract overarching themes. This same effort in turn sets the stage to guide effective countermeasures, such as probiotic administration. The objective of our review is to highlight the interaction of host immune ontogeny with the developing microbiome in early life as a critical window of susceptibility for lifelong disease, as well as to identify the enormous potential to protect and promote lifelong health by specifically targeting this window of opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Amenyogbe
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tobias R. Kollmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rym Ben-Othman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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697
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Haque SZ, Haque M. The ecological community of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic gastrointestinal microorganisms - an appraisal. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2017; 10:91-103. [PMID: 28503071 PMCID: PMC5426469 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s126243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is inhabited by a vast population of bacteria, numbering ~100 trillion. These microorganisms have been shown to play a significant role in digestion, metabolism, and the immune system. The aim of this study was to review and discuss how the human body interacts with its gut microbiome and in turn the effects that the microorganisms have on its host, overall resulting in a true mutualistic relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seraj Zohurul Haque
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Mainul Haque
- Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defense Health, National Defense University of Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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698
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Man WH, de Steenhuijsen Piters WA, Bogaert D. The microbiota of the respiratory tract: gatekeeper to respiratory health. Nat Rev Microbiol 2017; 15:259-270. [PMID: 28316330 PMCID: PMC7097736 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 725] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory tract is a complex organ system that is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The human respiratory tract spans from the nostrils to the lung alveoli and is inhabited by niche-specific communities of bacteria. The microbiota of the respiratory tract probably acts as a gatekeeper that provides resistance to colonization by respiratory pathogens. The respiratory microbiota might also be involved in the maturation and maintenance of homeostasis of respiratory physiology and immunity. The ecological and environmental factors that direct the development of microbial communities in the respiratory tract and how these communities affect respiratory health are the focus of current research. Concurrently, the functions of the microbiome of the upper and lower respiratory tract in the physiology of the human host are being studied in detail. In this Review, we will discuss the epidemiological, biological and functional evidence that support the physiological role of the respiratory microbiota in the maintenance of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Ho Man
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, 3584 EA The Netherlands
- Spaarne Gasthuis Academy, Spaarnepoort 1, Hoofddorp, 2134 TM The Netherlands
| | - Wouter A.A. de Steenhuijsen Piters
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, 3584 EA The Netherlands
- The University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ UK
| | - Debby Bogaert
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, 3584 EA The Netherlands
- The University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ UK
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699
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hornef
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - J Penders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism & Caphri School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Perez-Muñoz ME, Arrieta MC, Ramer-Tait AE, Walter J. A critical assessment of the "sterile womb" and "in utero colonization" hypotheses: implications for research on the pioneer infant microbiome. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:48. [PMID: 28454555 PMCID: PMC5410102 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
After more than a century of active research, the notion that the human fetal environment is sterile and that the neonate's microbiome is acquired during and after birth was an accepted dogma. However, recent studies using molecular techniques suggest bacterial communities in the placenta, amniotic fluid, and meconium from healthy pregnancies. These findings have led many scientists to challenge the "sterile womb paradigm" and propose that microbiome acquisition instead begins in utero, an idea that would fundamentally change our understanding of gut microbiota acquisition and its role in human development. In this review, we provide a critical assessment of the evidence supporting these two opposing hypotheses, specifically as it relates to (i) anatomical, immunological, and physiological characteristics of the placenta and fetus; (ii) the research methods currently used to study microbial populations in the intrauterine environment; (iii) the fecal microbiome during the first days of life; and (iv) the generation of axenic animals and humans. Based on this analysis, we argue that the evidence in support of the "in utero colonization hypothesis" is extremely weak as it is founded almost entirely on studies that (i) used molecular approaches with an insufficient detection limit to study "low-biomass" microbial populations, (ii) lacked appropriate controls for contamination, and (iii) failed to provide evidence of bacterial viability. Most importantly, the ability to reliably derive axenic animals via cesarean sections strongly supports sterility of the fetal environment in mammals. We conclude that current scientific evidence does not support the existence of microbiomes within the healthy fetal milieu, which has implications for the development of clinical practices that prevent microbiome perturbations after birth and the establishment of future research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisa Perez-Muñoz
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Sciences, 4-126 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Marie-Claire Arrieta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Amanda E. Ramer-Tait
- Department of Food Science and Technology, 260 Food Innovation Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 N 21st Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-6205 USA
| | - Jens Walter
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Sciences, 4-126 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, 7-142 Katz Group Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
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