701
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Collen A, Hanemaaijer R, Lupu F, Quax PHA, van Lent N, Grimbergen J, Peters E, Koolwijk P, van Hinsbergh VWM. Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-mediated angiogenesis in a fibrin-collagen matrix. Blood 2003; 101:1810-7. [PMID: 12393408 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-05-1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult angiogenesis, associated with pathologic conditions, is often accompanied by the formation of a fibrinous exudate. This temporary matrix consists mainly of fibrin but is intermingled with plasma proteins and collagen fibers. The formation of capillary structures in a fibrinous matrix in vivo was mimicked by an in vitro model, in which human microvascular endothelial cells (hMVECs) seeded on top of a fibrin-10% collagen matrix form capillarylike tubular structures after stimulation with basic fibroblast growth factor/tumor necrosis factor alpha (bFGF/TNF-alpha) or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/TNF-alpha. In the fibrin-collagen matrix the metalloproteinase inhibitor BB94 inhibited tubule formation by 70% to 80%. Simultaneous inhibition of plasmin and metalloproteinases by aprotinin and BB94 caused a nearly complete inhibition of tubule formation. Adenoviral transduction of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) and TIMP-3 into endothelial cells revealed that TIMP-3 markedly inhibited angiogenesis, whereas TIMP-1 had only a minor effect. Immunohistochemical analysis showed the presence of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), MMP-2, and membrane-type 1 (MT1)-MMP, whereas MMP-9 was absent. The endothelial production of these MMPs was confirmed by antigen assays and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). MT1-MMP mRNA was markedly increased in endothelial cells under conditions that induced tubular structures. The presence of MMP-1, MMP-2, and MT1-MMP was also demonstrated in vivo in the newly formed vessels of a recanalized arterial mural thrombus. These data suggest that MMPs, in particular MT-MMPs, play a pivotal role in the formation of capillarylike tubular structures in a collagen-containing fibrin matrix in vitro and may be involved in angiogenesis in a fibrinous exudate in vivo.
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702
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Brun P, Panfilo S, Daga Gordini D, Cortivo R, Abatangelo G. The effect of hyaluronan on CD44-mediated survival of normal and hydroxyl radical-damaged chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003; 11:208-16. [PMID: 12623292 DOI: 10.1016/s1063-4584(02)00352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the CD44-receptor-mediated effects of 5-7 x 10(5)MW hyaluronan (HA, Hyalgan) on cell viability in normal and damaged human chondrocyte primary cultures isolated from articular cartilage. DESIGN Primary cultures of human chondrocytes were established from normal articular biopsies and expanded to the second culture passage. The dose-response effects of HA on the viability of normal cultures were identified. Chondrocytes were then treated with either hypoxanthine (2 mM) and xanthine oxidase (20-60 mU), or with activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) to induce injury. Damaged and control cells were then treated with 5-7 x 10(5)HA in the previously identified optimal dose of 0.05 mg/ml. Viability was assessed at specific time periods for the chemically and PMN-damaged cells. To identify if HA effects were mediated by the CD44 receptor, chondrocytes were incubated with anti-CD44 antibody at saturating concentrations (5 microg/ml for 100,000 cells) to produce a maximum inhibition of HA binding. Cells were evaluated using the MTT viability assay, histology, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Direct addition of HA (optimal dose, 0.5 mg/ml) significantly increased cell survival in normal chondrocyte primary cultures (P<0.05). Similarly, addition of this same dose of HA to cultures of free radical-damaged chondrocytes, restored the viability to baseline conditions. Cell viability rates dropped significantly (P<0.05) when CD44 receptor binding was inhibited, indicating that cell growth was mediated by the CD44 receptor. CONCLUSIONS HA (0.5 mg/ml of 5-7 x 10(5)) significantly increased the viability of normal human chondrocytes in primary culture and restored cell viability to near normal levels after oxidative cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brun
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
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703
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Park YD, Tirelli N, Hubbell JA. Photopolymerized hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels and interpenetrating networks. Biomaterials 2003; 24:893-900. [PMID: 12504509 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(02)00420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) was derivatized with methacrylic esters used for the preparation of hydrogels via photopolymerization. Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA) with a molecular weight of 570 was also used as a comacromonomer to improve elastic modulus and swelling behavior. The hydrogels were readily degraded by hyaluronidase and their mechanical properties could be modulated by HA molecular weight and concentration of PEG-DA. The incorporation of RGD peptides allowed modulation of the HA properties from cell non-adhesive to adhesive. Human dermal fibroblasts were cultured on the RGD, RDG, and non-functionalized HA hydrogels for up to 7d, showing adhesion and proliferation only with incorporated RGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Doo Park
- Department of Materials, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and University of Zürich, Moussonstrasse 18, CH-8044 Zürich, Switzerland
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704
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Tonello C, Zavan B, Cortivo R, Brun P, Panfilo S, Abatangelo G. In vitro reconstruction of human dermal equivalent enriched with endothelial cells. Biomaterials 2003; 24:1205-11. [PMID: 12527261 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(02)00450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Experiences coming from many cell-culture studies has brought about the concept that tissue and organ reconstruction should be performed in a three-dimensional environment as it normally occurs in vivo. As far as endothelial cell culture is concerned, it has been shown that angiogenesis can be successfully achieved only when cells are cultured in the presence of collagen-based matrices or basal membrane substrates. The aim of the present investigation is to demonstrate that human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) can be grown and differentiated on an artificial dermis obtained by fibroblasts cultured on hyaluronic acid-based scaffolds. For this purpose, we have cultured HUVEC, retrieved by collagenase digestion of perfused human umbilical vein either alone and with fibroblast at 1/1 ratio into HYAFF-11 non-woven mesh. Cultures were maintained for up to 3 weeks. Samples were taken at different time points within this period for the MTT proliferation test and for immunohistochemical analysis. Our results demonstrate that hyaluronan-based biomaterials (HYAFF-11 NW mesh) represent a suitable substrate for HUVEC adhesion, proliferation and reorganization in microcapillary network.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tonello
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnology, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 1-35121, Padova, Italy
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705
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Harty M, Neff AW, King MW, Mescher AL. Regeneration or scarring: an immunologic perspective. Dev Dyn 2003; 226:268-79. [PMID: 12557205 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.10239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete regeneration of complex tissues and organs is usually precluded by fibrotic reactions that lead to scarring. Fish, salamanders, and larval anurans are among the few vertebrates capable of regenerating lost appendages, and this process seems to recapitulate ontogenic development of the structure in most respects. Recent work has revealed a capacity for excellent regeneration in certain mammalian tissues: embryonic or fetal skin and the ear of the MRL mouse. Analyses of these two systems suggest that processes of regenerative growth and patterning for the formation of new structures such as hair follicles may involve modulation of the inflammatory response to the injury in a way that reduces fibrosis and formation of scar tissue. We review evidence that this modulation includes changes in cytokine signaling and may involve properties of the extracellular matrix mediated by factors that include hyaluronic acid and "anti-adhesive substrates" such as tenascin-C. New studies and classic work on the capacity for limb regeneration in amphibians are then reviewed, focusing on the loss of this ability in prometamorphic anuran hindlimbs and the view that changing properties of the immune system may also underlie the declining regenerative potential in this system. Finally, we review recent work in comparative and developmental immunology, which raises the possibility that phylogenetic changes in regenerative capacity may be the result of evolutionary changes in cellular activities of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Harty
- Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Medical Sciences, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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706
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Vazquez JR, Short B, Findlow AH, Nixon BP, Boulton AJM, Armstrong DG. Outcomes of hyaluronan therapy in diabetic foot wounds. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2003; 59:123-7. [PMID: 12560161 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8227(02)00197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate outcomes of persons with neuropathic diabetic foot wounds treated with a hyaluronan-containing dressing. Data were abstracted for 36 patients with diabetes, 72.2% male, aged 60.0+/-10.7 years and a mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) of 9.5+/-2.5% presenting for care at two large, multidisciplinary wound care centers. All patients received surgical debridement for their diabetic foot wounds and were placed on therapy consisting of hyaluronan dressing (Hyalofill, Convatec, USA) with dressing changes taking place every other day. Outcomes evaluated included time to complete wound closure and proportion of patients achieving wound closure in 20 weeks. Hyalofill therapy was used until the wound bed achieved 100% granulation tissue. Therapy was then followed by a moisture-retentive dressing until complete epithelialization. In total, 75.0% of wounds measuring a mean 2.2+/-2.2 cm(2) healed in the 20-week evaluation period. Of those that healed in this period, healing took place in a mean 10.0+/-4.8 weeks. The average duration of Hyalofill therapy in all patients was 8.6+/-4.2 weeks. Deeper (UT Grade 2A) wounds were over 15 times less likely to heal than superficial (1A) wounds (94.7 vs. 52.9%, Odds Ratio=15.9, 95% Confidence Interval=1.7-142.8, P=0.006). We conclude that a regimen consisting of moist wound healing using hyaluronan-containing dressings may be a useful adjunct to appropriate diabetic foot ulcer care. We await the completion of a multicenter randomized controlled trial in this area to either support or refute this initial assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Vazquez
- Department of Surgery, Southern Arizona Veterans Affairs Health Center, 3601 South Sixth Avenue, Tucson 85723, USA
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707
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Cassano N, Amoruso A, Masci S, De Paola S, Salvatori S, Agnusdei CP, Calabretta S, Callea A, Cellini F, Centofanti S, Cuomo M, Curia S, Dattola S, De Caro C, Del Brocco L, Donato L, Ferrari A, Lopreiato R, Puglisi A, Ruggiero G, Russo F, Valenti G, Vernaci R, Verrina F, Liotti G, Vena G. Evaluation of “Steroid-Sparing” Effects of Xanthena® Cream in Patients with Mild to Moderate Atopic Dermatitis. EUR J INFLAMM 2003. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x0300100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Emollients play an important role in the management of atopic dermatitis (AD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and the “steroid-sparing” activity of an emollient cream (Xanthena® cream) in patients with mild to moderate AD. Patients were asked to apply twice a day for 7 days a cream containing hydrocortisone butyrate on the lesionai skin and then to apply Xanthena® cream only on the left side of affected areas. During the 2-month study period, the use of the corticosteroid cream was resumed in case of flare-up in any side.The results obtained show significant differences of both the total severity score and the intensity of each symptom and sign of AD between the skin areas treated with Xanthena® cream and the control areas (P<0.05); a relevant reduction of steroid requirement was also noted in correlation with the use of this emollient cream (P<0.05). A significant improvement was observed even after the first month of therapy for most symptoms, except for excoriations/fissuring, oozing/crusting and burning which improved only at 2 months. Treatment was well-tolerated by the majority of patients; adverse local reactions, mostly transient and of mild intensity, were observed in 7% of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Cassano
- Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, I.D.I., I.R.C.C.S., Rome
| | - A. Amoruso
- Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases - Unit of Dermatology, University of Bari
| | - S. Masci
- Institute of Dermatology, University of Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - G.A. Vena
- Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases - Unit of Dermatology, University of Bari
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708
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Zhou B, Weigel JA, Saxena A, Weigel PH. Molecular cloning and functional expression of the rat 175-kDa hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis. Mol Biol Cell 2002; 13:2853-68. [PMID: 12181351 PMCID: PMC117947 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.02-03-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently purified the rat liver hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis (HARE) and found abundant expression of 175- and approximately 300-kDa HARE species in sinusoidal endothelial cells of the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. We report herein the first cloning and functional expression of the rat 175-kDa HARE. Peptide sequences were obtained from the purified 175-kDa HARE, and degenerate oligonucleotide primers were designed for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and cDNA cloning. Results of 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends, Northern analysis, N-terminal sequence, and antibody reactivity analyses indicated the absence of mRNA directly encoding the 175-kDa HARE. This protein is most likely derived from a larger precursor. Accordingly, we constructed an artificial 4.7-kb cDNA encoding the 1431 amino acid 175-kDa HARE. The predicted type I membrane protein has a mass of 156,393 Da and a pI of 7.86. The 175-kDa HARE cDNA, fused to the N-terminal leader sequence of the Ig kappa-chain, was transfected transiently into COS-7 cells and stably into SK-Hep-1 cells, respectively, to assess hyaluronan or hyaluronic acid (HA)-binding activity and endocytosis. In both cases, HARE expression and HA-binding activity were detected. Furthermore, stable SK-175HARE cells demonstrated specific endocytosis of (125)I-HA and receptor recycling. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis confirmed that recombinant HARE was expressed on the cell surface and that fluorescent HA uptake was inhibited by a specific blocking monoclonal antibody against HARE. Additionally, HARE was substantially colocalized with clathrin, but not with internalized HA that was delivered to lysosomes. The results confirm that recombinant 175-kDa HARE is an authentic endocytic receptor for HA and that this receptor can function independently of the approximately 300-kDa HARE. HARE is the first functionally identified member of a protein family that shares a similar organization of Fasciclin, epidermal growth factor-like, Xlink, and transmembrane domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73190, USA
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709
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Lee JE, Park JC, Lee KH, Oh SH, Kim JG, Suh H. An infection-preventing bilayered collagen membrane containing antibiotic-loaded hyaluronan microparticles: physical and biological properties. Artif Organs 2002; 26:636-46. [PMID: 12081522 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1594.2002.06847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An infection-preventing bilayered membrane consisting of a dense and porous collagen membrane has been developed. The membrane was fabricated using a combined freeze-drying/air-drying method. Hyaluronan (HA) microparticles containing silver sulfadiazine (AgSD) were fabricated by gelling an HA solution with calcium chloride and were incorporated into collagen layers to allow the sustained release of AgSD. In vitro biodegradability of the membrane and the release of AgSD from the membrane could be controlled by cross-linking the membrane with ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. In a cytotoxicity test, cellular damage was minimized by the sustained release of AgSD from dressings. The antibacterial capacity of the material against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated using the Bauer-Kirby disk diffusion test, and bacterial growth was found to be inhibited for 4 days. In vivo tests showed that the bilayered membrane was associated with greater tissue regeneration than a polymeric membrane and with no infection-related biological signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Eun Lee
- Deparment of Medical Engineering, Yonsei Unversity College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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710
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Tsatas D, Kanagasundaram V, Kaye A, Novak U. EGF receptor modifies cellular responses to hyaluronan in glioblastoma cell lines. J Clin Neurosci 2002; 9:282-8. [PMID: 12093135 DOI: 10.1054/jocn.2001.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell contact with the extracellular matrix component, hyaluronan, plays a pivotal role in glioma cell invasion and proliferation. Although it is well established that glioma cells can bind hyaluronan to their surface via the expression of CD44, the cellular responses following ligand-receptor interaction remain poorly understood. Given that a large proportion of human high grade gliomas over express the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and ErbB2, this study aimed to investigate whether an interaction exists between CD44 and these receptor tyrosine kinases. Here we present evidence that CD44 co-immunoprecipitates with EGFR and ErbB2 in the glioma cell lines U87MG and SMA560. Hyaluronan treatment mediated the rapid and transient phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1 and ERK2) in glioma cell lines. This response to hyaluronan was augmented by the co-expression of EGFR. EGFR also differentially modified the hyaluronan induced expression of a number of genes associated with cellular invasion and proliferation. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that genes encoding urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA), urokinase type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1) and c- myc were up-regulated in response to hyaluronan. Furthermore, zymographic analysis revealed increased levels of uPA in the conditioned medium of hyaluronan stimulated cells. These results indicate a novel functional relationship between CD44 and EGFR in glioma cell lines. The capacity of CD44 to form stable complexes with receptor tyrosine kinases may provide a versatile system for the regulation of cellular invasion and proliferation that allows hyaluronan to activate signal transduction pathways and modulate gene expression via an EGFR-dependent manner. These findings provide new insights into the mode by which hyaluronan regulates the malignant phenotype and also suggest a role for EGFR-CD44 interactions in glial tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Tsatas
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, 3052, Australia.
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711
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Moseley R, Leaver M, Walker M, Waddington RJ, Parsons D, Chen WYJ, Embery G. Comparison of the antioxidant properties of HYAFF-11p75, AQUACEL and hyaluronan towards reactive oxygen species in vitro. Biomaterials 2002; 23:2255-64. [PMID: 11962667 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(01)00360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In chronic wounds, a number of host factors are released which perpetuate the inflammatory process, including polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide radical (O2*-) and hydroxyl radical (*OH) species. The glycosaminoglycan. hyaluronan, has been shown to act as an antioxidant towards ROS, although the potential for biomaterials, such as HYAFF -11p75 (the 75% benzyl ester of hyaluronan) and AQUACEL (carboxymethylcellulose), to act in this manner has yet to be elucidated. This study compared the antioxidant properties of high and low molecular weight hyaluronan (HMWT HA and LMWT HA), HYAFF -11p75, AQUACEL and an AQUACEL /hyaluronan composite (AQUACEL /HA) against O2*- and *OH. The antioxidant capacities of each material were assessed by their ability to inhibit cytochrome C reduction by O2*- fluxes, generated via the oxidation of hypoxanthine by xanthine oxidase, and their inhibition of 2-deoxy-D-ribose degradation by *OH fluxes, generated by the reaction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and iron (Fe2+). All materials studied possessed dose dependent antioxidant properties towards O2*-, with HYAFF 11p75 having the greatest antioxidant potential towards these species, followed by AQUACEL, HMWT HA, AQUACEL /HA and LMWT HA. Only HMWT HA exhibited dose dependent antioxidant properties towards *OH at the fluxes examined. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis implied that ester bonds between the hyaluronan backbone and benzyl groups of HYAFF -11p75 are highly susceptible to O2*- hydrolysis, with the de-esterified benzyl alcohol being rapidly degraded in the presence of *OH. This data supports the hypothesis that HYAFF -11p75 has greater antioxidant capacity towards O2*-, due to the esterified benzyl groups providing alternative sites for O2*- attack other than the hyaluronan backbone of HYAFF -11p75 itself and explains the inability of HYAFF -11p75 to scavenge *OH, due to benzyl alcohol degradation by *OH. The antioxidant activities of these biomaterials, particularly HYAFF -11p75 and AQUACEL, towards O2*- could be beneficial, as the scavenging of PMN-derived O2*- may remove initial sources of O2*- and further prevent the secondary formation of *OH. These ROS are thought to be a primary causal factor for the extensive degradation and metabolic alterations observed in chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Moseley
- Department of Basic Dental Science, Dental School, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
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712
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Zimmerman E, Geiger B, Addadi L. Initial stages of cell-matrix adhesion can be mediated and modulated by cell-surface hyaluronan. Biophys J 2002; 82:1848-57. [PMID: 11916844 PMCID: PMC1301982 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(02)75535-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A conceptual temporal and spatial gap exists between the first encounter of a cell with an adhesive substrate and the advanced stages of focal adhesion formation. Although ample information is available on focal adhesions structure and function, the mechanism of the first interaction events and the nature of the molecules mediating them are largely unknown. In this paper we identify cell-surface-associated hyaluronan as a mediator and modulator of the first steps of adhesion of A6 and other cells to conventional tissue culture substrates as well as to the surfaces of calcium-(R,R)-tartrate tetrahydrate crystals. Treatment of A6 cells with hyaluronidase suppresses their rapid interactions with these adhesive substrates, and incubation of either the hyaluronidase-treated cells or the substrate with hyaluronan restores cell adhesion. In contrast, excess hyaluronan on both the cells and the substrate strongly inhibits adhesion. We thus propose that cell-surface-associated hyaluronan can mediate and modulate cell-matrix adhesion at the very first encounter with the substrate. It may promote it through the establishment of exquisitely stereospecific chemical interactions or inhibit it by virtue of steric exclusion and/or electrostatic repulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Zimmerman
- Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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713
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Abstract
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) affects about 1% of all children and carries an increased risk of pyelonephritis and long-term renal impairment. There are several approaches to the treatment of VUR: antibiotic prophylaxis (conservative treatment), open surgery, and endoscopic treatment. For many patients, endoscopic treatment cures VUR with a single procedure, eliminating the need for long-term antibiotic treatment and avoiding the trauma of a major surgical procedure. The choice of material for endoscopic treatment is of key importance, and, until recently, all available materials were associated with concerns regarding safety and efficacy. Emerging data demonstrate that dextranomer/hyaluronic acid (Dx/HA) copolymer has good long-term safety and efficacy in treating VUR. A new treatment algorithm is, therefore, proposed, recommending that most children with persistent VUR (longer than 1 year) be offered endoscopic treatment with Dx/HA copolymer as an alternative to prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis or open surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Stenberg
- Section of Urology, University Children's Hospital, S-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
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714
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Reijnen MMPJ, Holmdahl L, Kooistra T, Falk P, Hendriks T, van Goor H. Time course of peritoneal tissue plasminogen activator after experimental colonic surgery: effect of hyaluronan-based antiadhesive agents and bacterial peritonitis. Br J Surg 2002; 89:103-9. [PMID: 11851673 DOI: 10.1046/j.0007-1323.2001.01966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study assessed the peritoneal fibrinolytic response during the first week after colonic surgery in rats with and without bacterial peritonitis, and possible modulation of the response by two hyaluronan-based antiadhesive agents. METHODS A colonic anastomosis was constructed in 90 male Wistar rats. Peritonitis was induced in another 108 rats and a colonic anastomosis was constructed after 24 h. Rats in both groups were randomized into an untreated group or one of two groups treated with hyaluronan-based agents. One-third of each group was killed at each of days 1, 3 and 7 after operation, and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) antigen and activity were measured in peritoneal biopsies. RESULTS One day after colonic surgery in normal rats, tPA antigen concentration was significantly (P < 0.005) increased, whereas tPA activity levels were normal. By day 3 after operation tPA antigen had returned to baseline values while tPA activity was significantly increased (P < 0.05). One day after inducing peritonitis tPA antigen was significantly increased (P < 0.001), while tPA activity was significantly reduced (P < 0.05). Three and seven days after colonic surgery in rats with peritonitis tPA activity was increased (P < 0.001) while tPA antigen had returned to baseline values. Neither of the hyaluronan-based agents affected peritoneal tPA antigen levels or activity after colonic surgery. CONCLUSION Both abdominal surgery and infection caused an early increase in peritoneal tPA antigen levels, followed by an increase in tPA activity. Peritonitis severely depressed early tPA activity. Application of hyaluronan-based agents did not affect the peritoneal fibrinolytic response to surgery and/or infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M P J Reijnen
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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715
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The study sought to evaluate the effects of MeroGel (Medtronic Xomed Surgical Products, Jacksonville, FL) hyaluronic acid sinonasal implants by using a mouse model. We expected that this material would dissolve, elicit minimal inflammation, and leave intact mucosa. However, pilot data showed that MeroGel may be osteogenic. The present work focuses on the description and quantification of these bony changes. STUDY DESIGN Animal experiment. METHODS The effects of MeroGel were evaluated using sinonasal and calvarial implants in C57BL/6 mice. The calvarial experiments employed both light microscopy (bone histomorphometry) and fluorochrome labeling (mineral apposition). Each implant study was subdivided into normal control animals, sham-operated control animals, a foreign body control, and MeroGel implants. MeroGel was also placed within subcutaneous pockets remote from bone. All mice were killed 1 month after surgery. Both percentage of bone area within the sinonasal cavity and total calvarial bone area were quantified and compared. Fluorochrome images and the subcutaneous implants were examined qualitatively. RESULTS MeroGel placement engendered new bone formation within the nasal lumen of mice. Compared with normal control animals, sham-operated control animals, and a foreign body control, this increase was statistically significant. The calvaria from MeroGel-implanted mice were thickened as compared with normal animals, sham-operated control animals, and a foreign body control. Tetracycline labeling demonstrated mineral apposition along the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the calvaria and within enlarged marrow spaces. MeroGel placed subcutaneously did not engender bone formation. CONCLUSIONS MeroGel, a unique esterified form of hyaluronic acid, induced bone formation within the sinonasal cavity and on the calvaria of mice implanted with it. Our experiments suggest that, when placed adjacent to traumatized, remodeling bone, MeroGel may have osteogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Jacob
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid, Campus Box 8115, St. Louis, MO 63110, U.S.A.
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716
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Magee C, Nurminskaya M, Linsenmayer TF. UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase: up-regulation in hypertrophic cartilage and role in hyaluronan synthesis. Biochem J 2001; 360:667-74. [PMID: 11736658 PMCID: PMC1222271 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3600667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have performed subtractive hybridization to identify genes up-regulated in hypertrophic chondrocytes of the avian epiphyseal growth plate. In the present study, we report the identification of one of the clones as UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UDPG-PPase) and propose a possible function for this enzyme in regulating hyaluronan (HA) synthesis in hypertrophic cartilage. We have cloned the 2.6 kb full-length cDNA for avian UDPG-PPase and confirmed its up-regulation in hypertrophic versus non-hypertrophic cartilage by Northern-blot analysis. The 6-fold increase in mRNA was paralleled by an equivalent increase in enzymic activity. The enzyme catalyses the conversion of glucose 1-phosphate into UDP-glucose, which is used to synthesize a number of cellular components, including HA. Overexpression of enzymically active UDPG-PPase in non-hypertrophic chondrocytes resulted in a 2-3-fold increase in total HA, as determined by a competitive binding assay and immunohistochemistry. In the developing growth plate, HA synthesis was elevated in the hypertrophic zone along with the up-regulation of the HA synthase (HAS)-2 gene. Our data suggest that an increase in both activities, UDPG-PPase and HAS-2, is required for non-hypertrophic chondrocytes to synthesize an amount of HA comparable with that in hypertrophic chondrocytes. Therefore we conclude that HA synthesis during chondrocyte differentiation is regulated at the level of the substrate-provider gene, UDPG-PPase, as well as the HAS genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Magee
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University Medical School, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, U.S.A
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717
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Vines CA, Li MW, Deng X, Yudin AI, Cherr GN, Overstreet JW. Identification of a hyaluronic acid (HA) binding domain in the PH-20 protein that may function in cell signaling. Mol Reprod Dev 2001; 60:542-52. [PMID: 11746965 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The macaque sperm surface protein PH-20 is a hyaluronidase, but it also interacts with hyaluronic acid (HA) to increase internal calcium ( [Ca(2+)](i) ) in the sperm cell. A region of the PH-20 molecule, termed Peptide 2 (aa 205-235), has amino acid charge homology with other HA binding proteins. The Peptide 2 sequence was synthesized and two recombinant PH-20 proteins were developed, one containing the Peptide 2 region (G3, aa 143-510) and one without it (E12, aa 291-510). On Western blots, affinity-purified anti-Peptide 2 IgG recognized the 64 kDa band corresponding to PH-20 in acrosome intact sperm and, under reducing conditions, recognized the whole 67 kDa PH-20 and the endoproteolyzed N-terminal fragment of PH-20. HA conjugated to a photoaffinity substrate specifically bound to sperm surface PH-20. Indirect immunofluorescence demonstrated that Fab fragments of anti-Peptide 2 IgG bound to the head of live sperm. Biotinylated HA was bound by Peptide 2 and by sperm extracts in a microplate binding assay, and this binding was inhibited by Fab fragments of anti-Peptide 2 IgG. Biotinylated HA bound to the G3 protein and this binding was inhibited by anti-Peptide 2 Fab, but HA did not bind to the E12 protein. Fab fragments of anti-Peptide 2 IgG inhibited the increase in [Ca(2+)](i) induced in macaque sperm by HA. Our results suggest that the Peptide 2 region of PH-20 is involved in binding HA, which results in the cell signaling events related to the elevation of [Ca(2+)](i) during sperm penetration of the cumulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Vines
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Bodega Bay, California, USA
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718
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Pienimaki JP, Rilla K, Fulop C, Sironen RK, Karvinen S, Pasonen S, Lammi MJ, Tammi R, Hascall VC, Tammi MI. Epidermal growth factor activates hyaluronan synthase 2 in epidermal keratinocytes and increases pericellular and intracellular hyaluronan. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:20428-35. [PMID: 11262389 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007601200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan is an abundant and rapidly turned over matrix molecule between the vital cell layers of the epidermis. In this study, epidermal growth factor (EGF) induced a coat of hyaluronan and a 3-5-fold increase in its rate of synthesis in a rat epidermal keratinocyte cell line that has retained its ability for differentiation. EGF also increased hyaluronan in perinuclear vesicles, suggesting concurrent enhancement in its endocytosis. Cell-associated hyaluronan was most abundant in elongated cells that were stimulated to migrate by EGF, as determined in vitro in a wound healing assay. Large fluctuations in the pool size of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, the metabolic precursor of hyaluronan, correlated with medium glucose concentrations but not with EGF. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed no increase in hyaluronan synthases 1 and 3 (Has1 and Has3), whereas Has2 mRNA increased 2-3-fold in less than 2 h following the introduction of EGF, as estimated by quantitative RT-PCR with a truncated Has2 mRNA internal standard. The average level of Has2 mRNA increased from approximately 6 copies/cell in cultures before change of fresh medium, up to approximately 54 copies/cell after 6 h in EGF-containing medium. A control medium with 10% serum caused a maximum level of approximately 21 copies/cell at 6 h. The change in the Has2 mRNA levels and the stimulation of hyaluronan synthesis followed a similar temporal pattern, reaching a maximum level at 6 h and declining toward 24 h, a finding in line with a predominantly Has2-dependent hyaluronan synthesis and its transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Pienimaki
- Department of Anatomy, University of Kuopio, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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719
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Hollander DA, Soranzo C, Falk S, Windolf J. Extensive traumatic soft tissue loss: reconstruction in severely injured patients using cultured hyaluronan-based three-dimensional dermal and epidermal autografts. THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA 2001; 50:1125-36. [PMID: 11426129 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-200106000-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This report demonstrates the potential of two-stage autologous keratodermal grafting as a starting point for noninvasive reconstruction of extensive traumatic soft tissue defects. METHODS In three severely injured patients, skin biopsies for cell cultivation were taken. Cultured "neodermis" consisting of cultured autologous fibroblasts grown on biocompatible three-dimensional scaffolds made up of benzyl ester of hyaluronan was grafted on conditioned defect areas. After ingrowth of dermal substitutes, transplantation of cultured autologous keratinocytes on hyaluronan-based laser-perforated membranes was performed. Ten days later, a 0.2-mm thin, 1:6 meshed autograft was overlaid. Clinical follow-up, histologic, and immunohistochemical findings were documented. RESULTS Grafting with cultured autologous fibroblasts revealed a suitable dermal tissue replacement. Epithelialization was evident after transplantation of keratinocytes. Final closure of the defects with "normoelastic" tissue properties was achieved after thin mesh-grafting. CONCLUSION Preliminary findings with the described method seem to be very promising. As in all fields of tissue engineering, long-term studies and further follow-up are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Hollander
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
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720
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Tercan M, Cokkeser Y, Ozyazgan I, Bekerecioglu M, Sari I. Facilitated tissue expansion with topical estriol. Ann Plast Surg 2001; 46:617-20. [PMID: 11405361 DOI: 10.1097/00000637-200106000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tissue expansion is a helpful technique in reconstructive plastic surgery. Unfortunately, tissue expansion still needs to be improved. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were used to evaluate the effect of estriol on tissue expansion. The agents hyaluronidase, estriol, and base cream (as a control) were applied topically to separate animal groups for 5 weeks, and their effects were studied on tissue expansion. Both hyaluronidase (p < 0.05) and estriol (p < 0.001) enhanced the rate of expansion when compared with control animals. Estriol was more effective than hyaluronidase (p < 0.05). Breaking strengths were measured in the estriol and the control groups. Breaking strength was not evaluated in the hyaluronidase group because of the necrotic changes seen at the end of the fifth week. The breaking strength was higher in the control group than in the estriol group (p < 0.05). The authors suggest that topical estriol be used as an adjunctive agent to facilitate tissue expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tercan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Gaziantep University, Turkey
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721
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Pajulo OT, Pulkki KJ, Lertola KK, Alanen MS, Reunanen MS, Virtanen RV, Mattila-Vuori AI, Viljanto JA. Hyaluronic acid in incision wound fluid: a clinical study with the Cellstick device in children. Wound Repair Regen 2001; 9:200-4. [PMID: 11472616 DOI: 10.1046/j.1524-475x.2001.00200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
When inserted into a human incision wound, the Cellstick device harvests inflammatory cells and collects wound fluid, reflecting time-related changes in cell populations and in wound fluid composition. Hyaluronic acid has been postulated to be an important factor in scar reduction in wound healing and in scarless fetal wound healing. The aim of this work was to determine the concentration and variation of hyaluronic acid and proportions of wound cells in closed surgical wounds in children at two time points. The Cellstick device was inserted subcutaneously into the wound at the end of an elective inguinal hernia operation on 37 healthy boys, and the devices were removed 3+/-1 or 24+/-3 hours after surgery. Haluronic acid concentration was measured from the wound fluid and a differential count of the wound cells was performed. There was a significant decrease in hyaluronic acid concentration from 3+/-1 to 24+/-3 hours after surgery (p<0.001, Kruskal-Wallis anova). The variance of hyaluronic acid concentration in wound fluid differed between the wounds at the two time points (p<0.01, Levene test for homogeneity of variance). A positive correlation between hyaluronic acid concentration and patient age (r=0.91, p<0.05, Spearman) at 3+/-1 hours post surgery and between HA and wound lymphocytes (r=0.38, p<0.05, Spearman) was also found. We conclude that the hyaluronic acid concentration in wound fluid peaks early in children and decreases significantly by 3 to 24 hours after surgery, and the concentrations in the wound fluid of healthy boys are more variable 3 hours than at 24 hours after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- O T Pajulo
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland. olli
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722
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Haase HR, Bartold PM. Enamel matrix derivative induces matrix synthesis by cultured human periodontal fibroblast cells. J Periodontol 2001; 72:341-8. [PMID: 11327061 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2001.72.3.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal wound healing and regeneration require that new matrix be synthesized, creating an environment into which cells can migrate. One agent which has been described as promoting periodontal regeneration is an enamel matrix protein derivative (EMD). Since no specific growth factors have been identified in EMD preparations, it is postulated that EMD acts as a matrix enhancement factor. This study was designed to investigate the effect of EMD in vitro on matrix synthesis by cultured periodontal fibroblasts. METHODS The matrix response of the cells was evaluated by determination of the total proteoglycan synthesis, glycosaminoglycan profile, and hyaluronan synthesis by the uptake of radiolabeled precursors. The response of the individual proteoglycans, versican, decorin, and biglycan were examined at the mRNA level by Northern blot analysis. Hyaluronan synthesis was probed by identifying the isotypes of hyaluronan synthase (HAS) expressed in periodontal fibroblasts as HAS-2 and HAS-3 and the effect of EMD on the levels of mRNA for each enzyme was monitored by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR). Comparisons were made between gingival fibroblast (GF) cells and periodontal ligament (PDLF) cells. RESULTS EMD was found to significantly affect the synthesis of the mRNAs for the matrix proteoglycans versican, biglycan, and decorin, producing a response similar to, but potentially greater than, mitogenic cytokines. EMD also stimulated hyaluronan synthesis in both GF and PDLF cells. Although mRNA for HAS-2 was elevated in GF after exposure to EMD, the PDLF did not show a similar response. Therefore, the point at which the stimulation of hyaluronan becomes effective may not be at the level of stimulation of the mRNA for hyaluronan synthase, but, rather, at a later point in the pathway of regulation of hyaluronan synthesis. In all cases, GF cells appeared to be more responsive to EMD than PDLF cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS EMD has the potential to significantly modulate matrix synthesis in a manner consistent with early regenerative events.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Haase
- University of Queensland, Department of Dentistry, Brisbane, Australia
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723
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Pirinen R, Tammi R, Tammi M, Hirvikoski P, Parkkinen JJ, Johansson R, Böhm J, Hollmén S, Kosma VM. Prognostic value of hyaluronan expression in non-small-cell lung cancer: Increased stromal expression indicates unfavorable outcome in patients with adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 2001; 95:12-7. [PMID: 11241304 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(20010120)95:1<12::aid-ijc1002>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic value of hyaluronan (HA) was analyzed in a large number of patients (n = 261) with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by staining archived tumor samples with a biotinylated HA-specific probe. The level of HA in the tumor cells and surrounding stroma was scored and compared with parallel CD44 stainings, clinicopathological factors and survival data. Adenocarcinomas were characterized by a low percentage of HA-positive cells with low staining intensity compared with squamous-cell and large-cell/anaplastic carcinomas. The HA signal in the peri-tumoral stroma was often higher than that in the uninvolved stroma in all subgroups of NSCLC. CD44 and HA associated with the cancer cells showed a strong positive correlation with each other. In the whole tumor material, dominated by squamous-cell carcinomas (n = 168), recurrences were more often found in cases showing a low percentage of cancer cell-associated HA. However, within the adenocarcinoma subgroup (n = 68), a high percentage of cell-associated HA was correlated with poor tumor differentiation. Also specific for the adenocarcinoma subgroup was the increased number of recurrences in cases with a strong stromal HA signal. In survival analysis of the whole material (n = 189), a low percentage of HA-positive cancer cells was associated with a shortened disease-free survival (DFS) together with stage and tumor type. However, in the subgroup of patients with adenocarcinoma (n = 49), a strong stromal signal for HA predicted poor DFS. The level of HA in the stroma of adenocarcinomas retained its prognostic value in Cox's multivariate analysis. These results indicate that the frequency and intensity of HA has a significant prognostic value in NSCLC, particularly when the histological subtypes are analyzed as separate entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pirinen
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Kuopio and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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724
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Suzuki A, Toyoda H, Toida T, Imanari T. Preparation and inhibitory activity on hyaluronidase of fully O-sulfated hyaluro-oligosaccharides. Glycobiology 2001; 11:57-64. [PMID: 11181562 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/11.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan was partially depolymerized on a large-scale quantity using bacterial hyaluronidase (E.C. 4.2.2.1) for preparation of chemically fully O-sulfated oligosaccharides. The hyaluro-oligosaccharide (HAoligo) mixture obtained by partial digestion was repeatedly applied to low pressure gel permeation chromatographic separation to purify the size-unified oligosaccharide ranged from 4- to 20-mer. The purity and size of each HAoligo was confirmed by using proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) spectroscopy, capillary electrophoresis (CE) on normal polarity mode, and a newly established separation method by normal phase chromatography with Amide-80 column. The purified HAoligos ranged 4- to 20-mer were applied to chemically fully O-sulfation. Characterization of chemically fully O-sulfated HAoligos was performed by both chemical compositional analyses after hydrolysis and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. While the anti-factor IIa activity of 4- to 20-mer O-sulfated HAoligos was less than 3.1 units/mg, the inhibitory action for hyaluronidase (bovine testicular hyaluronidase (E.C.3.2.1.35)) of the oligosaccharides ranged 16- to 20-mer were corresponding to 79% of that shown by fully O-sulfated hyaluronan (MW 100 kDa) through both competitive and noncompetitive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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725
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726
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Siméon A, Wegrowski Y, Bontemps Y, Maquart FX. Expression of glycosaminoglycans and small proteoglycans in wounds: modulation by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu(2+). J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115:962-8. [PMID: 11121126 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycyl-histidyl-lysine-Cu(2+) is a tripeptide-copper complex previously shown to be an activator of wound healing. We have investigated the effects of glycyl-histidyl-lysine-Cu(2+) on the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans and small proteoglycans in a model of rat experimental wounds and in rat dermal fibroblast cultures. Repeated injections of glycyl-histidyl-lysine-Cu(2+) (2 mg per injection) stimulated the wound tissue production, as appreciated by dry weight and total protein measurements. This stimulation was accompanied by an increased production of type I collagen and glycosaminoglycans (assessed, respectively, by hydroxyproline and uronic acid contents of the chamber). Electrophoretic analysis of wound tissue glycosaminoglycans showed an accumulation of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate in control wound chambers, whereas the proportion of hyaluronic acid decreased with time. The accumulation of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate was enhanced by glycyl-histidyl-lysine-Cu(2+) treatment. The expression of two small proteoglycans of the dermis, decorin and biglycan, was analyzed by northern blot. The biglycan mRNA steady-state level in the chamber was maximal at day 12, whereas the decorin mRNA increased progressively until the end of the experiment (day 22). Glycyl-histidyl-lysine-Cu(2+) treatment increased the mRNA level of decorin and decreased those of biglycan. In dermal fibroblast cultures, the stimulation of decorin expression by glycyl-histidyl-lysine-Cu(2+) was also found. In contrast, biglycan expression was not modified. These results show that the expression of different proteoglycans in wound tissue are regulated in a different manner during wound healing. The glycyl-histidyl-lysine-Cu(2+) complex is able to modulate the expression of the extracellular matrix macromolecules differently during the wound repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Siméon
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et de Biologie Moléculaire, FRE CNRS 2260, IFR 53-Biomolécules, Faculté de Médecine, Reims, France
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727
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Suh JK, Matthew HW. Application of chitosan-based polysaccharide biomaterials in cartilage tissue engineering: a review. Biomaterials 2000; 21:2589-98. [PMID: 11071608 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(00)00126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1206] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Once damaged, articular cartilage has very little capacity for spontaneous healing because of the avascular nature of the tissue. Although many repair techniques have been proposed over the past four decades, none has sucessfully regenerated long-lasting hyaline cartilage tissue to replace damaged cartilage. Tissue engineering approaches, such as transplantation of isolated chondrocytes, have recently demonstrated tremendous clinical potential for regeneration of hyaline-like cartilage tissue and treatment of chondral lesions. As such a new approach emerges, new important questions arise. One of such questions is: what kinds of biomaterials can be used with chondrocytes to tissue-engineer articular cartilage? The success of chondrocyte transplantation and/or the quality of neocartilage formation strongly depend on the specific cell-carrier material. The present article reviews some of those biomaterials, which have been suggested to promote chondrogenesis and to have potentials for tissue engineering of articular cartilage. A new biomaterial, a chitosan-based polysaccharide hydrogel, is also introduced and discussed in terms of the biocompatibility with chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Suh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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728
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Polysaccharide immunomodulators as therapeutic agents: structural aspects and biologic function. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000. [PMID: 11023954 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.13.4.523-533.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide immunomodulators were first discovered over 40 years ago. Although very few have been rigorously studied, recent reports have revealed the mechanism of action and structure-function attributes of some of these molecules. Certain polysaccharide immunomodulators have been identified that have profound effects in the regulation of immune responses during the progression of infectious diseases, and studies have begun to define structural aspects of these molecules that govern their function and interaction with cells of the host immune system. These polymers can influence innate and cell-mediated immunity through interactions with T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and polymorphonuclear lymphocytes. The ability to modulate the immune response in an appropriate way can enhance the host's immune response to certain infections. In addition, this strategy can be utilized to augment current treatment regimens such as antimicrobial therapy that are becoming less efficacious with the advent of antibiotic resistance. This review focuses on recent studies that illustrate the structural and biologic activities of specific polysaccharide immunomodulators and outlines their potential for clinical use.
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729
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Hollander D, Schmandra T, Windolf J. Using an esterified hyaluronan fleece to promote healing in difficult-to-treat wounds. J Wound Care 2000; 9:463-6. [PMID: 11933450 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2000.9.10.26295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid enhances angiogenesis and promotes re-epithelialisation and scar formation. Two case studies illustrate how a dressing that creates a hyaluronan-rich environment at the wound surface achieved full healing in two patients with underlying physiological problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hollander
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Johann Wolfgan Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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730
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Tzianabos AO. Polysaccharide immunomodulators as therapeutic agents: structural aspects and biologic function. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13:523-33. [PMID: 11023954 PMCID: PMC88946 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.13.4.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide immunomodulators were first discovered over 40 years ago. Although very few have been rigorously studied, recent reports have revealed the mechanism of action and structure-function attributes of some of these molecules. Certain polysaccharide immunomodulators have been identified that have profound effects in the regulation of immune responses during the progression of infectious diseases, and studies have begun to define structural aspects of these molecules that govern their function and interaction with cells of the host immune system. These polymers can influence innate and cell-mediated immunity through interactions with T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and polymorphonuclear lymphocytes. The ability to modulate the immune response in an appropriate way can enhance the host's immune response to certain infections. In addition, this strategy can be utilized to augment current treatment regimens such as antimicrobial therapy that are becoming less efficacious with the advent of antibiotic resistance. This review focuses on recent studies that illustrate the structural and biologic activities of specific polysaccharide immunomodulators and outlines their potential for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Tzianabos
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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731
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Epperlein HH, Radomski N, Wonka F, Walther P, Wilsch M, Müller M, Schwarz H. Immunohistochemical demonstration of hyaluronan and its possible involvement in axolotl neural crest cell migration. J Struct Biol 2000; 132:19-32. [PMID: 11121304 DOI: 10.1006/jsbi.2000.4298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA), an extracellular matrix component, is involved mainly in the control of cell proliferation, neural crest and tumor cell migration, and wound repair. We investigated the effect of hyaluronan on neural crest (NC) cell migration and its ultrastructural localization in dark (wild-type) and white mutant embryos of the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum, Amphibia). The axolotl system is an accepted model for studying mechanisms of NC cell migration. Using a biotinylated hyaluronan binding protein (HABP), major extracellular matrix (ECM) spaces, including those of NC cell migration, reacted equally positive on cryosections through dark and white embryos. Since neural crest-derived pigment cells migrate only in subepidermal spaces of dark embryos, HA does not seem to influence crest cell migration in vivo. However, when tested on different alternating substrates in vitro, migrating NC cells in dark and white embryos prefer HA to fibronectin. In vivo, such an HA migration stimulating effect might exist as well, but be counteracted to differing degrees in dark and white embryos. The ultrastructural localization of HA was studied by means of transmission electron microscopic immunohistochemistry using HABP and different protocols of standard chemical fixation, cryofixation, embedding, and immunolabeling. The binding reaction of HA to HABP was strong and showed an equal distribution throughout ECM spaces after both standard chemical fixation/freeze substitution and cryofixation. A preference for the somite or subepidermal side was not observed. Following standard fixation/freeze substitution HABP-labeled "honeycomb"-like networks reminiscent of fixation artifacts were more prominent than labeled fibrillar or irregular net-like structures. The latter predominated in adequately frozen specimens following high-pressure freezing/freeze substitution. For this reason fibrillar or irregular net-like structures very likely represent hyaluronan in the complex subepidermal matrix of the axolotl embryo in its native arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Epperlein
- Institut für Anatomie, Technische Universität, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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732
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Verkoelen CF, Van Der Boom BG, Romijn JC. Identification of hyaluronan as a crystal-binding molecule at the surface of migrating and proliferating MDCK cells. Kidney Int 2000; 58:1045-54. [PMID: 10972669 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adherence of calcium oxalate crystals to the renal tubule epithelium is considered a critical event in the pathophysiology of calcium nephrolithiasis. Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals cannot adhere to the surface of a functional Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) monolayer, but they bind avidly to the surface of proliferating and migrating cells. METHODS To identify crystal-binding molecules (CBMs) at the surface of crystal-attracting cells, we applied metabolic labeling protocols in combination with differential enzymatic digestion and gel filtration, which was compared with [14C]COM crystal binding and confirmed by confocal microscopy. RESULTS The indication that hyaluronan [hyaluronic acid (HA)] might act as a CBM in subconfluent cultures came from studies with glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-degrading enzymes. Subsequently, metabolic-labeling studies revealed that hyaluronidase cleaved significantly more radiolabeled glycoconjugates from crystal-attracting cells than from cells without affinity for crystals. During wound repair, crystal binding could be prevented by pretreating the healing cultures with hyaluronate lyase, an enzyme that specifically hydrolyzes HA. Binding to immobilized HA provided evidence that COM crystals physically can become associated with this polysaccharide. Finally, confocal microscopy demonstrated that fluorescently labeled HA binding protein (HABP) adhered to the surface of proliferating cells in subconfluent cultures as well as to cells involved in closing a wound, but not to cells in confluent monolayers. CONCLUSIONS These results identify HA as binding molecule for COM crystals at the surface of migrating and proliferating MDCK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Verkoelen
- Erasmus Urological Stone Treatment and Research Rotterdam (Eurostarr), and Department Urology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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733
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Abstract
This review examines several of the recently introduced wound care products that have been put forward as treatment modalities for the diabetic foot ulcer. Discussed are the results of clinical trials with the platelet-derived growth factor, becaplermin, the tissue-engineered products Dermagraft and Apligraf, and Hyaff which is an ester of hyaluronic acid. In patients with an infected foot ulcer, encouraging results were obtained with the granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, Filgrastim.
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734
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Abstract
CTCF is an essential factor for optimal transcription from the amyloid beta-protein precursor promoter. A proteolytic activity detected in bovine, rabbit, horse, and human serum cleaves CTCF at three major sites, resulting in a modified mobility shift pattern of the fragments that retain DNA binding ability. The protease was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity, partially sequenced, and identified as the plasma hyaluronan-binding protein. The proteolytic activity was selectively abolished by various serine protease inhibitors, including the Kunitz-type protease inhibitor domain of amyloid beta-protein precursor. Reduction with beta-mercaptoethanol showed that the 70-kDa protein consists of two polypeptides with apparent molecular masses of 44 and 30 kDa. The serine protease domain was localized to the 30-kDa polypeptide as determined by [(3)H]diisopropylfluorophosphate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Vostrov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8101, USA
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735
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Gómez-Alejandre S, de la Blanca ES, de Usera CA, Rey-Stolle MF, Hernández-Fuentes I. Partial specific volume of hyaluronic acid in different media and conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2000; 27:287-90. [PMID: 10921855 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-8130(00)00130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Density measurements of hyaluronic acid in different media and conditions have been made in order to determine the partial specific volumes, v0(2). We have studied the effects of temperature, type of cation, cation concentration, pH and solvent polarity on v0(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gómez-Alejandre
- Dpto. de Química Fisica, Fac CC Quimicas, Univ Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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736
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Kennedy CI, Diegelmann RF, Haynes JH, Yager DR. Proinflammatory cytokines differentially regulate hyaluronan synthase isoforms in fetal and adult fibroblasts. J Pediatr Surg 2000; 35:874-9. [PMID: 10873029 DOI: 10.1053/jpsu.2000.6869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Fetal wound healing is a relatively scarless process that occurs in an hyaluronan-rich environment. Understanding the regulation of hyaluronan expression may provide insight into the process of fetal repair. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the regulation of hyaluronan and hyaluronan synthase transcripts by the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in human adult and fetal fibroblasts. METHODS Hyaluronan deposited in the medium of untreated fibroblasts or fibroblasts treated with either IL-1beta or TNF-alpha was determined by an assay utilizing iodine I 125-hyaluronan binding protein. HAS transcript levels were compared in using a ribonuclease protection assay. RESULTS IL-1beta induced an increase in hyaluronan accumulation by both fetal and adult fibroblasts. In contrast, TNF-alpha induced higher levels of hyaluronan only in fetal fibroblasts. HAS-2 and HAS-3 transcript levels were constitutively expressed by both fetal and adult fibroblasts. Proinflammatory cytokines induced a differential increase in HAS-1 and HAS-3 transcript levels. CONCLUSIONS Differential regulation was observed in hyaluronan accumulation and for HAS transcript levels in fetal and adult dermal fibroblasts. The muted response of fetal fibroblasts to cytokines may be relevant to the minimal inflammation associated with fetal repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I Kennedy
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Virginia Hospitals, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
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737
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Oliferenko S, Kaverina I, Small JV, Huber LA. Hyaluronic acid (HA) binding to CD44 activates Rac1 and induces lamellipodia outgrowth. J Cell Biol 2000; 148:1159-64. [PMID: 10725329 PMCID: PMC2174315 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.148.6.1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Both cell adhesion protein CD44 and its main ligand hyaluronic acid (HA) are thought to be involved in several processes ultimately requiring cytoskeleton rearrangements. Here, we show that the small guanine nucleotide (GTP)-binding protein, Rac1, can be activated upon HA binding to CD44. When applied locally to a passive cell edge, HA promoted the formation of lamellipodial protrusions in the direction of the stimulus. This process was inhibited by the prior injection of cells with dominant-negative N17Rac recombinant protein or by pretreatment of cells with monoclonal anti-CD44 antibodies, interfering with HA binding, implying the direct involvement of CD44 in signaling to Rac1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina Kaverina
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - J. Victor Small
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lukas A. Huber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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738
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Frank C, Shrive N, Hiraoka H, Nakamura N, Kaneda Y, Hart D. Optimisation of the biology of soft tissue repair. J Sci Med Sport 1999; 2:190-210. [PMID: 10668758 DOI: 10.1016/s1440-2440(99)80173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As identified in this review, over the past twenty years there have been a number of very exciting new developments in the quest to optimise soft tissue repair. Comparing fetal soft tissue injuries, which heal by regeneration, to the adult processes of healing by inflammation-induced scar formation has led to a number of insights into how the latter may be improved. Seeding wounds with embryonic stem cells, bridging gaps with cell-derived "engineered tissues", addition of exogenous hyaluronic acid and modification of wounds to either enhance the growth factors which have been implicated in regeneration (e.g. TGF-B3) or block those implicated in scar formation (eg. TGF-B1) have all shown promise. Our group has quantified numerous cellular, molecular, biomechanical and matrix abnormalities of scar in a rabbit model of ligament healing. Based on these studies which we review here, three matrix deficiencies have been identified which appear to have specific implications to scar weakness: organisational "flaws", abnormal hydroxypyridinoline collagen cross-link densities and abnormally small, slow-maturing collagen fibrils. In tests aimed at finding therapeutic solutions in this model, the addition of a 7ug bolus of TGF-B1 at day 21 or 2.5ng/day of TGF-B1 being pumped into a wound x 21 days increased the size of ligament scars but did not improve their material strength. It also did not alter any of the above-noted matrix deficiencies. A liposome-mediated anti-sense gene therapy approach aimed at decreasing the expression of the proteoglycan decorin in 21-day scars, however, has significantly increased the size of scar collagen fibrils as well as improved these scars mechanically. Based on these positive results from a single dose of only one targeted molecule, we believe that this gene therapy approach has great potential for further scar improvement. If combined with some of the other biological strategies reviewed above, a repair which is closer to true regenerative healing of ligaments, and all soft tissues, may eventually be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Frank
- McCaig Centre for Joint Injury and Arthritis Research, Faculties of Medicine and Engineering, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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