701
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Repo H, Saxén L, Jäättelä M, Ristola M, Leirisalo-Repo M. Phagocyte function in juvenile periodontitis. Infect Immun 1990; 58:1085-92. [PMID: 2318531 PMCID: PMC258586 DOI: 10.1128/iai.58.4.1085-1092.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the chemotaxis of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and monocytes and the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha by monocytes of patients with juvenile periodontitis (JP). As a group, the patients' PMNs showed significantly increased chemotaxis determined by counting the number of migrating cells within a 3-microns-pore-size filter. Determined as distance of migration within the filter, as chemotactic increment based on checkerboard analysis, as leukotactic index calculated on the basis of distance of migration and cell count at different depths within a 3-microns-pore-size filter, as distance of migration under agarose, and as the number of PMNs migrating across a 5-microns-pore-size filter, the chemotactic migration rates of PMNs of patients were similar to those of controls. Evaluation of the data on an individual basis suggested that in terms of PMN chemotaxis some patients were hyperresponsive and some were hyporesponsive. Chemotaxis, spontaneous migration, and the rates of lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha production by JP monocytes were similar to those of control cells. Our results give credence to the view that there are minor aberrations in the functions of JP phagocytes, but the extent to which these aberrations are relevant to accumulation of PMNs at sites of infection and inflammation in vivo and possibly contribute to the pathogenesis of JP remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Repo
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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702
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Baldwin ET, Franklin KA, Appella E, Yamada M, Matsushima K, Wlodawer A, Weber IT. Crystallization of human interleukin-8. A protein chemotactic for neutrophils and T-lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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703
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Borish L, Rosenbaum R, McDonald B, Rosenwasser LJ. Recombinant interleukin-1 beta interacts with high-affinity receptors to activate neutrophil leukotriene B4 synthesis. Inflammation 1990; 14:151-62. [PMID: 2157662 DOI: 10.1007/bf00917454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of interleukin-1 (IL-1) to function as a neutrophil (PMN) activator has been the subject of controversy. While IL-1 purified from mononuclear cell supernatants induced PMN activation, these observations have not been confirmed with recombinant IL-1. To document a cellular basis for a putative PMN-IL-1 interaction, we investigated the presence of IL-1 receptors on the PMN. Using an [35S]methionine-labeled preparation, specific binding of IL-1 to PMNs was demonstrated. Through Scatchard analysis PMNs were calculated to have a mean of 469 +/- 337 receptors per PMN with an affinity (Kd) of 0.32 +/- 0.09 nM. As IL-1 frequently activates arachidonic acid metabolism in other cell types, we investigated eicosanoid production as a putative consequence of the IL-1-PMN interaction. HPLC analysis of extracted supernatants of IL-1-treated PMNs demonstrated the release of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), its oxidative products, and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE). Production of LTB4 was quantified using a commercial RIA. LTB4 secretion increased from 17.2 +/- 1.1 to 96.7 +/- 16.4 ng, also with 10.0 ng of IL-1. In time-course studies, it was shown that maximal eicosanoid secretion required a 30-min incubation with IL-1. These observations confirm the proinflammatory activity of IL-1 on neutrophils and resolve the controversy concerning a direct effect of IL-1 on neutrophils. In conclusion, recombinant IL-1 beta interacts with neutrophils through the presence on the PMN of a high-affinity receptor and results in the secretion of arachidonate metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Borish
- Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center, Tufts Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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704
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Donlon TA, Krensky AM, Wallace MR, Collins FS, Lovett M, Clayberger C. Localization of a human T-cell-specific gene, RANTES (D17S136E), to chromosome 17q11.2-q12. Genomics 1990; 6:548-53. [PMID: 1691736 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(90)90485-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We report here the localization of the gene for a human T-cell-specific molecule, designated RANTES, to human chromosome region 17q11.2-q12 by in situ hybridization and analysis of somatic cell hybrids using a cDNA probe to the gene. We have recently shown that this gene, which encodes a small, secreted, putative lymphokine, is a member of a larger gene family some of whose members reside on chromosome 4 but most of whose members have not to date been mapped. A secondary hybridization peak was noted on the region of human chromosome 5q31-q34, which may represent the location of other members of the gene family. Interestingly, this latter region overlaps with the location of an extended linked cluster of growth factor and receptor genes, some of which may be coregulated with members of the RANTES gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Donlon
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, California 94305
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705
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Abstract
The mouse fibroblast gene, JE, was one of the first platelet-derived growth factor-inducible genes to be described as such. The protein encoded by JE (mJE) is the prototype of a large family of secreted, cytokinelike glycoproteins, all of whose members are induced by a mitogenic or activation signal in monocytes macrophages, and T lymphocytes; JE is the only member to have been identified in fibroblasts. We report the identification of a human homolog for murine JE, cloned from human fibroblasts. The protein predicted by the coding sequence of human JE (hJE) is 55 amino acids shorter than mJE, and its sequence is identical to that of a recently purified monocyte chemoattractant. When expressed in COS cells, the human JE cDNA directed the secretion of N-glycosylated proteins of Mr 16,000 to 18,000 as well as proteins of Mr 15,500, 15,000, and 13,000. Antibodies raised against mJE recognized these hJE species, all of which were secreted by human fibroblasts. hJE expression was stimulated in HL60 cells during phorbol myristate acetate-induced monocytoid differentiation. However, resting human monocytes constitutively secreted hJE; treatment with gamma interferon did not enhance hJE expression in monocytes, and treatment with phorbol myristate acetate or lipopolysaccharide inhibited its expression. Thus, human JE encodes yet another member of the large family of JE-related cytokinelike proteins, in this case a novel human monocyte and fibroblast secretory protein.
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706
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Dixit VM, Green S, Sarma V, Holzman LB, Wolf FW, O'Rourke K, Ward PA, Prochownik EV, Marks RM. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induction of novel gene products in human endothelial cells including a macrophage-specific chemotaxin. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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707
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Harmsen AG, Havell EA. Roles of tumor necrosis factor and macrophages in lipopolysaccharide-induced accumulation of neutrophils in cutaneous air pouches. Infect Immun 1990; 58:297-302. [PMID: 2298481 PMCID: PMC258454 DOI: 10.1128/iai.58.2.297-302.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in macrophage-dependent neutrophil accumulation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was examined through the use of cutaneous air pouches formed on the backs of mice. To investigate the possibility that TNF functions in LPS-induced neutrophil accumulation, we injected LPS into newly formed air pouches (containing relatively few endogenous macrophages), 48-h-old air pouches (containing large numbers of endogenous macrophages), or newly formed air pouches instilled with 10(6) alveolar macrophages (AM). Six hours after LPS injection, air pouches possessing either AM or endogenous macrophages contained large numbers of neutrophils. Infusion of anti-TNF immunoglobulin G into the air pouches inhibited LPS-induced neutrophil accumulation by 84% in air pouches containing AM and 71% in air pouches containing large numbers of endogenous macrophages. TNF was also capable of including neutrophil accumulation when injected into air pouches containing relatively large numbers of either endogenous or exogenous macrophages but not when injected into air pouches containing small numbers of macrophages. In addition, incubation of AM in vitro with TNF induced the AM to cause neutrophil accumulation upon injection into newly formed air pouches. These results indicate that TNF functions in LPS-induced neutrophil accumulation. Furthermore, the results indicate that TNF functions by enhancing the ability of macrophages to cause neutrophil emigration. This is consistent with the possibility that LPS induces TNF production and that TNF, in turn, induces macrophages to produce cytokines with inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Harmsen
- Trudeau Institute, Inc., Saranac Lake, New York 12983
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708
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Disparate gene expression of chemotactic cytokines by human mononuclear phagocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 166:886-91. [PMID: 2405859 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)90893-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chemotactic cytokines are becoming increasingly recognized as important participants in the coordinate recruitment of specific inflammatory cells. In this manuscript we present data demonstrating that LPS challenged human mononuclear phagocytic cells can express mRNA for neutrophil chemotactic factor/interleukin-8 (NCF/IL-8), but do not express mRNA for monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP). The expression of NCF/IL-8 mRNA was time and dose dependent. This identical stimulus response was also found in peripheral blood neutrophils. These studies demonstrate a disparate production of chemotactic cytokines by macrophages and exemplify the dynamic nature of the chemotactic response.
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709
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Modi WS, Dean M, Seuanez HN, Mukaida N, Matsushima K, O'Brien SJ. Monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor (MDNCF/IL-8) resides in a gene cluster along with several other members of the platelet factor 4 gene superfamily. Hum Genet 1990; 84:185-7. [PMID: 1967588 DOI: 10.1007/bf00208938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor (MDNCF/IL-8, suggested gene symbol IL8) is a cytokine that chemoattracts and activates neutrophils. Using a panel of human-rodent cell hybrids that preferentially segregate human chromosomes and in situ hybridization, the MDNCF/IL-8 gene was placed on the human gene map at position 4q12-q21. This is the same location where at least three other members (platelet factor 4, melanoma growth stimulatory activity, and interferon-gamma induced factor) of the platelet factor 4 gene super-family reside. In addition, a restriction fragment length polymorphism was identified using MDNCF as a probe in screening genomic DNA digested with HindIII from unrelated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Modi
- Program Resources, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research Facility, MD 21701
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710
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Samanta AK, Oppenheim JJ, Matsushima K. Interleukin 8 (monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor) dynamically regulates its own receptor expression on human neutrophils. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)40213-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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711
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Chapter 22 Early Gene Expression in the Activation of Mononuclear Phagocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2161(08)60094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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712
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Remick DG, Strieter RM, Eskandari MK, Nguyen DT, Genord MA, Raiford CL, Kunkel SL. Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in lipopolysaccharide-induced pathologic alterations. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1990; 136:49-60. [PMID: 2297050 PMCID: PMC1877467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) has been implicated strongly as a principal mediator in the pathogenesis of septic shock. The authors investigated the in vivo production of TNF in CBA/J and CD-1 mice that had been primed by an intraperitoneal injection of complete Freund's adjuvant followed 2 weeks later by an intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TNF bioactivity peaked in both the ascites and plasma one hour after challenge, and TNF mRNA expression in the ascites cells peaked 30 minutes after LPS. After the induction of bioactivity, an interstitial pulmonary neutrophilic infiltrate occurred that was quantitated both morphometrically and by a myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay. Peripheral blood neutrophilia and lymphopenia developed after the LPS injection (PMNs: control, 46 +/- 2%; LPS, 65 +/- 3%; Lymphs control, 53 +/- 2%; LPS, 37 +/- 3%). Treatment with dexamethasone (Dex) completely inhibited the pulmonary neutrophilic infiltrate as measured by the (MPO) assay. Because Dex will inhibit the production of several cytokines, anti-TNF antiserum was given to mice at the same time as the LPS challenge to assess specifically the role of TNF in inducing these changes. This antiserum partially blocked the pulmonary neutrophil infiltrate, and completely blocked the peripheral blood changes at one hour after LPS. These data demonstrate that TNF plays an important role in the early pathophysiologic alterations that occur after systemic exposure to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Remick
- Department of Pathology University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
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713
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Jacob
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
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714
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Abstract
The number of cytokine molecules identified and cloned grows almost weekly. Studies using pure preparations have shown that single entities, e.g. TGF beta and IL-1 act on a wide variety of target cells whereas other cytokines, e.g. G-CSF have a more restricted target cell population. The outcome of stimulation of a cell by a cytokine depends on the target cell type, the presence of other coexisting cytokines and, as the release of cytokines may be targeted in the direction of the stimulus, the orientation of producer and target cells. These modulating phenomena may enable a small number of cytokines to specifically define a much larger number of responses, so that maximum 'value' is obtained from the successful evolution of cytokine and receptor molecules. The current nomenclature has little regard for this, the names of cytokines often deriving from the first property observed in vitro. In many cases these are not the most important properties of the molecule and can be misleading, e.g. transforming growth factor beta, which is growth inhibitory in some systems; the antiviral action of interferon gamma is relatively minor compared to its role as a macrophage activation factor; and interleukin-1 is produced by, and acts on, many cells outside the lymphohaemopoietic system. In addition, although there is often a high degree of homology, the repertoire of activities may vary between species. For example, IL-5 is a growth factor for eosinophils, both in humans and mice, however, in the mouse it also acts as a B-cell differentiation factor--a property which has been less easy to identify in human IL-5.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- C Haworth
- Department of Haematology, Charing Cross Westminster Medical School, London, UK
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715
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Kunkel SL, Chensue SW, Strieter RM, Lynch JP, Remick DG. Cellular and molecular aspects of granulomatous inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1989; 1:439-47. [PMID: 2700306 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb/1.6.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in cellular and molecular biology have provided important new avenues to assess mechanisms of granuloma formation/regulation. For example, current studies have identified various cytokines that can exert a powerful influence on both immune and non-immune cells and dictate inflammatory processes. Some of these cytokines are potentially active during the initiation and maintenance of chronic inflammation, including tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 1, and a novel class of chemotactic cytokines. This latter group of mediators belongs to a super-gene family of immune signals that play a key role in the selective recruitment of inflammatory cells to an area of inflammation. The coordinated synthesis of these cytokines is likely important to the development of the granulomatous response. The participation of molecular signals produced by non-inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells, also warrants special consideration. These "bystander" cells appear to possess effector cell functions and likely serve an important role in inducing pulmonary granulomatous inflammation. Thus, a clear understanding of the cells and molecular signals involved in the initiation and maintenance of chronic pulmonary inflammation will be necessary to assess lesion development and design more selective/effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Kunkel
- Department of Pathology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109
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716
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Appelberg R, Silva MT. T cell-dependent chronic neutrophilia during mycobacterial infections. Clin Exp Immunol 1989; 78:478-83. [PMID: 2575473 PMCID: PMC1534828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Euthymic (nu/+) C57BL/6 mice intraperitoneally inoculated with 2.5 x 10(6) colony-forming units (CFU) of Mycobacterium avium developed a chronic peritoneal neutrophilic granulocytosis during the 30 days of infection studied; in contrast, congenitally athymic nude (nu/nu) mice of C57BL/6 background did not show such persistent neutrophil influx. The acute phase of peritoneal infection, characterized by an extensive accumulation of neutrophils peaking at 6 to 12 h post-inoculation, was similar in euthymic and athymic mice. Subcutaneous vaccination of C57BL/6 mice with BCG enhanced the peritoneal influx of granulocytes after the i.p. inoculation of 2.5 x 10(60 CFU of M. avium. Finally, spleen cells from M. avium-infected mice pulsed in vitro with mycobacterial antigen induced a higher neutrophil accumulation after inoculation into the peritoneal cavity of naive recipient mice than unpulsed spleen cells or spleen cells from noninfected mice. These data indicate that the immune system is involved in the regulation of the chronic neutrophil influx during mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Appelberg
- Centro de Citologia Experimental, University of Porto, Portugal
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717
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Butler LD, Layman NK, Cain RL, Riedl PE, Mohler KM, Bobbitt JL, Belagajie R, Sharp J, Bendele AM. Interleukin 1-induced pathophysiology: induction of cytokines, development of histopathologic changes, and immunopharmacologic intervention. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1989; 53:400-21. [PMID: 2680192 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(89)90003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we describe a murine system in which treatment with recombinant human interleukin 1 (IL-1) induced an acute lethal state with pathologic changes similar to septic shock at high doses and development of arthritic and other tissue changes following more prolonged treatment with lower doses. We have demonstrated that both recombinant human interleukin 1 alpha and recombinant human interleukin 1 beta could be administered to an endotoxin hyporesponsive strain, C3H/HeJ, and produce these pathologic changes. Induction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and colony-stimulating factor activity was noted. The ability to induce these changes was dose and time dependent. Histopathologic changes included lesions in the lung, heart, liver, adrenal glands, intestines, and joints. Neutrophil infiltration was a prominent feature in many organs. Drugs, immunotherapy, or other treatments which have been effective in delaying or preventing a lethal syndrome induced following high dose interleukin 2 therapy were not effective in preventing the interleukin 1-induced lethal syndrome. Interestingly, pretreatment with low nonlethal doses of IL-1 (but not lipopolysaccharides or TNF) could prevent deaths from an LD100 challenge dose of IL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Butler
- Department of Immunology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
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718
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Malik ST, Griffin DB, Fiers W, Balkwill FR. Paradoxical effects of tumour necrosis factor in experimental ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 1989; 44:918-25. [PMID: 2583871 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910440529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant human tumour necrosis factor (rhTNF) had anti-tumour activity against 2 of 3 human ovarian cancer xenografts growing intraperitoneally (i.p.) in nude mice, producing a moderate (2- to 3-fold) increase in mouse survival time. rhTNF therapy caused a marked influx of polymorphonuclear neutrophils into the peritoneal cavity during the first few days of daily therapy. This was accompanied by a decrease in the number of peritoneal macrophages and lymphocytes. rhTNF also caused an increase in peripheral blood neutrophils. With continuation of daily therapy, the peritoneal neutrophil influx diminished, with restoration of the macrophage and lymphocyte populations. After 2 to 3 weeks there was a small but significant increase in peritoneal Thy 1.2+ cells. In the peripheral blood, the neutrophilia was less marked than at the start of therapy. Mild myelosuppression was indicated by significant falls in haemoglobin and platelet counts. Within 24 hr of the start of therapy in the 2 responsive xenografts (HU and LA) tumour clumps in the peritoneum were surrounded by host inflammatory cells, and tumours fixed to the omentum were infiltrated by neutrophils and mononuclear cells. In both instances necrosis was evident by 4 to 7 days. The third xenograft (OS) grew although the rhTNF therapy induced the same inflammatory changes in the peritoneum. In contrast to its positive effect on the survival of tumour-bearing mice, rhTNF promoted the adhesion of tumour cells to the peritoneum and their establishment as tumour nodules below the mesothelial surface. This phenomenon was seen in all 3 xenografts including the OS xenograft which did not respond in any other way to rhTNF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Malik
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, UK
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719
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Rollins BJ, Stier P, Ernst T, Wong GG. The human homolog of the JE gene encodes a monocyte secretory protein. Mol Cell Biol 1989; 9:4687-95. [PMID: 2513477 PMCID: PMC363615 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.11.4687-4695.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse fibroblast gene, JE, was one of the first platelet-derived growth factor-inducible genes to be described as such. The protein encoded by JE (mJE) is the prototype of a large family of secreted, cytokinelike glycoproteins, all of whose members are induced by a mitogenic or activation signal in monocytes macrophages, and T lymphocytes; JE is the only member to have been identified in fibroblasts. We report the identification of a human homolog for murine JE, cloned from human fibroblasts. The protein predicted by the coding sequence of human JE (hJE) is 55 amino acids shorter than mJE, and its sequence is identical to that of a recently purified monocyte chemoattractant. When expressed in COS cells, the human JE cDNA directed the secretion of N-glycosylated proteins of Mr 16,000 to 18,000 as well as proteins of Mr 15,500, 15,000, and 13,000. Antibodies raised against mJE recognized these hJE species, all of which were secreted by human fibroblasts. hJE expression was stimulated in HL60 cells during phorbol myristate acetate-induced monocytoid differentiation. However, resting human monocytes constitutively secreted hJE; treatment with gamma interferon did not enhance hJE expression in monocytes, and treatment with phorbol myristate acetate or lipopolysaccharide inhibited its expression. Thus, human JE encodes yet another member of the large family of JE-related cytokinelike proteins, in this case a novel human monocyte and fibroblast secretory protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Rollins
- Division of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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720
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Matsushima K, Oppenheim JJ. Interleukin 8 and MCAF: novel inflammatory cytokines inducible by IL 1 and TNF. Cytokine 1989; 1:2-13. [PMID: 2491503 DOI: 10.1016/1043-4666(89)91043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Matsushima
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701-1013
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721
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Watanabe K, Konishi K, Fujioka M, Kinoshita S, Nakagawa H. The neutrophil chemoattractant produced by the rat kidney epithelioid cell line NRK-52E is a protein related to the KC/gro protein. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)47149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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722
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Sibille Y, Merrill WW, Naegel GP, Care SB, Cooper JA, Reynolds HY. Human alveolar macrophages release a factor that inhibits phagocyte function. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1989; 1:407-16. [PMID: 2561589 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb/1.5.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human alveolar macrophages release in vitro a factor that inhibits both random migration and chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). This factor is not cytotoxic and is recovered in culture supernatants of alveolar cells from most nonsmoking normal subjects. The inhibitor can be detected 30 min after cell cultures are established and is still produced after 24 h in culture. Its release was inhibited by cycloheximide. When supernatants are separated by molecular sieving (I-60 Waters HPLC column), most of the inhibitory activity is recovered in the low-molecular-weight fractions of the chromatogram (less than 1,000 D). The inhibitor has a broad spectrum of activity against known chemoattractants in that it reduces significantly the chemotaxis of PMN induced by the formyl peptide FMLP, by the complement fragment C5a, and by leukotriene B4; it also decreases the chemotactic activity associated with a monocyte-derived interleukin 1 preparation and the chemotactic activity derived from alveolar macrophage culture supernatants. The inhibitory factor is partially heat labile, is sensitive to aminopeptidase M, and is nonpolar. Both phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and FMLP-induced superoxide release by PMN are diminished significantly in the presence of this inhibitory factor (p less than 0.01 for PMA and p less than 0.05 for FMLP). The inhibitor also reduces monocyte chemotaxis but has no effect on monocyte random migration. Finally, studies with [3H]FMLP indicate that this inhibitor does not act at the site of receptor binding on PMN. Thus, human alveolar macrophages can release in vitro both neutrophil chemotactic factors and an apparent neutrophil-inhibiting factor that may modulate positively and negatively the movement and the respiratory burst of neutrophils in the alveolar space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sibille
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
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723
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Punturieri A, Santoni A, Ming WJ, Nobili N, Mantovani A, Bottazzi B. In vitro migration of rat large granular lymphocytes. Cell Immunol 1989; 123:257-63. [PMID: 2790962 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(89)90286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Rat peripheral blood large granular lymphocytes (LGL) were isolated by fractionation on discontinuous Percoll gradients. LGL migration was studied using nitrocellulose filters. Rat LGLs migrated into nitrocellulose filters in response to N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (f-MLP), casein, and serum components. Percoll-enriched high-density lymphocytes had small, but significant, migratory capacity in response to stimuli under these conditions. Removal of OX-19+ contaminating cells by panning confirmed the migratory capability of rat LGL/NK cells under these conditions. Checkerboard analysis of the LGL response to chemoattractants revealed that induction of migration involved chemokinesis although a chemotactic component was also discernible. The prompt migration of rat LGL in response to different stimuli is consistent with the hypothesis that these cells may represent one of the first easily mobilizable lines of resistance against noxious agents. In the rat combined in vitro/in vivo studies may provide a better understanding of the regulation of LGL recruitment and extravasation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Punturieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University La Sapienza Rome, Italy
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724
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Lohmann-Matthes
- Department of Immunobiology, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Aerosol Research, Hannover, FRG
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725
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Hugli
- Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California
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726
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Schell-Frederick E, Tepass T, Lorscheidt G, Pfreundschuh M, Schaadt M, Diehl V. Effects of recombinant tumor necrosis factor (rHuTNF alpha) on human neutrophils and monocytes: in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. Eur J Haematol Suppl 1989; 43:286-96. [PMID: 2555213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1989.tb00301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In in vitro experiments, tumor necrosis factor (rHuTNF alpha) was found to inhibit spontaneous and directed migration of normal human neutrophils and monocytes. RHuTNF alpha showed no chemoattractant activity. In conjunction with a Phase-2 clinical trial, we also studied in vivo rHuTNF alpha effects on neutrophil and monocyte number and function. At the time of maximal plasma TNF levels (30 min), marked neutropenia and monocytopenia were observed. Isolated neutrophils were activated for superoxide production but were unable to migrate. Monocyte migration was inhibited at later times. Neutrophil migratory function recovered between 4 and 8 h but was again depressed at 24 h. The data demonstrate the complexity of the response to TNF, comprising direct and indirect effects which are concentration-, time- and place-dependent. They further suggest that the only neutrophils and monocytes available for participation in an anti-tumor activity of TNF in vivo are those present in the tumor at the outset.
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727
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Abstract
A major theme in current developments in this field has been the realization that the target tissue, in particular the endothelium, has an active role in initiating and participating in inflammatory reactions and is not a passive target, as was previously thought. Attempts to delineate the mechanisms involved have benefited immeasurably from the application of the modern techniques of molecular and cellular biology, and will continue to do so. It is axiomatic that a fuller understanding of these mechanisms will result in the development of new strategies designed to block the acute inflammatory response more specifically and effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Ward
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
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728
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Nakagawa H, Miyai H, Hirata M, Watanabe K, Onuma I. Synergism between interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in production by 3T3 cells of a chemotactic factor for rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Inflammation 1989; 13:553-9. [PMID: 2807520 DOI: 10.1007/bf00916761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant human interleukin-1 beta (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) synergistically stimulated BALB/c 3T3 cells to produce a chemotactic factor for rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), whereas an addition of 10(-11)-10(-8) M IL-1 or TNF alone to the cell culture resulted in a slight increase in the production of chemotactic factor. The partially purified factor was not a chemokinetic but chemotactic factor for PMNs when analyzed by checkerboard analysis. The partially purified factor was trypsin sensitive and heat stable; its isoelectric point was 8.5-10, and its molecular weight was about 10 kDa as estimated by gel filtration. These results suggest that fibroblasts may participate in PMN migration to the inflammatory site where both IL-1 and TNF are released by activated inflammatory cells, including macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nakagawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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729
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Baggiolini M, Walz A, Kunkel SL. Neutrophil-activating peptide-1/interleukin 8, a novel cytokine that activates neutrophils. J Clin Invest 1989; 84:1045-9. [PMID: 2677047 PMCID: PMC329758 DOI: 10.1172/jci114265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1424] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Baggiolini
- Theodor-Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland
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730
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Schröder JM. The monocyte-derived neutrophil activating peptide (NAP/interleukin 8) stimulates human neutrophil arachidonate-5-lipoxygenase, but not the release of cellular arachidonate. J Exp Med 1989; 170:847-63. [PMID: 2549166 PMCID: PMC2189417 DOI: 10.1084/jem.170.3.847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
LPS and mitogen-stimulated mononuclear cells secrete a cytokine, which is able to activate the PMNL-arachidonate-5-lipoxygenase. This cytokine has been proven to be identical with the recently characterized novel neutrophil-activating peptide NAP/IL-8. NAP/IL-8 is able to activate human PMNL for release of LTB4, omega-oxidized LTB4, and 5-HETE in the presence of exogenous AA. Half-maximal concentration of NAP/IL-8 for release of LTB4 has been found to be near 4 x 10(-8) mol/liter. Time course studies revealed rapid activation of PMNL, with maximal release of LTB4 within the first 10 min with a decline up to 40 min. High amounts of omega-oxidized LTB4 were detected up to that time. Significant amounts of AA-5-LO-products can be detected only when PMNL were stimulated with NAP/IL-8 in the presence of exogenous AA. The concentration of AA necessary for half-maximal LTB4 release has been found to be 3 x 10(-6) mol/liter. In the presence of 8 x 10(-9) mol/liter [3H]AA, NAP/IL-8 (10(-9) to 10(-7) mol/liter) did not induce the production of LTB4, omega-oxidized LTB4, or 5-HETE. In addition, PMNL prelabeled with [3H]AA did not release either [3H]AA or 5-lipoxygenase metabolites when stimulated with NAP/IL-8 (10(-9) to 10(-7) mol/liter), indicating that NAP/IL-8 apparently does not activate cellular phospholipases/diacylglycerol-lipases. Apart from FMLP, C5a, and PAF NAP/IL-8 is the fourth clearly characterized neutrophil chemotaxin able to activate the PMNL-5-lipoxygenase. The detection of large amounts of NAP/IL-8, arachidonic acid, as well as LTB4-like material, in lesional material of patients with psoriasis points towards a possibly important role of NAP/IL-8 in amplifying inflammatory processes by induction of LTB4-production.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Schröder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany
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731
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Mrowietz U, Ternowitz T, Schröder JM, Christophers E. Recombinant human tumour necrosis factor beta (lymphotoxin) lacks chemotactic activity for human peripheral blood neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells. Scand J Immunol 1989; 30:373-7. [PMID: 2789431 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1989.tb01224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Human recombinant tumour necrosis factor beta (rhuTNF beta)/lymphotoxin was tested for human neutrophil granulocyte (PMN), monocytes (MO), and T-cell chemotactic activity by means of a modified Boyden chamber system. Over a wide range of concentrations (10(-7)-10(-14)M)rhuTNF beta showed no chemotactic activity for PMN, MO, or T cells. In contrast, strong chemotactic migration was elicited in PMN and MO with the tripeptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) and in T cells when complement split product C5a and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) were used as chemotaxins. The results of this study indicate that rhuTNF beta/lymphotoxin is not a chemotaxin for human PMN, MO, or T lymphocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Mrowietz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, FRG
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732
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Larsen CG, Anderson AO, Oppenheim JJ, Matsushima K. Production of interleukin-8 by human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes in response to interleukin-1 or tumour necrosis factor. Immunol Suppl 1989; 68:31-6. [PMID: 2478449 PMCID: PMC1385501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cultured normal human fibroblasts were stimulated to produce neutrophil-activating protein/interleukin-8 (IL-8) in response to IL-1 alpha (0.1-1000 U/ml) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) alpha (0.1-1000 U/ml). Induction of mRNA for IL-8 in fibroblasts was rapid (within 30 min) and maximal responses were obtained with either 100 U/ml IL-1 alpha or 100 U/ml TNF alpha. Expression of mRNA for IL-8 was accompanied by the production of high levels of neutrophil chemotactic activity. IL-1 alpha (1000 U/ml), but not TNF alpha, induced mRNA for IL-8 in cultured normal human keratinocytes. The relevance of production of IL-8 by these cell types was evaluated further by comparing the local inflammatory effects of IL-1 alpha, TNF alpha and IL-8. Intradermal injection of either recombinant IL-8, IL-1 alpha or TNF alpha lead to a similar in vivo effect, i.e. dose-dependent accumulation of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes at sites of injection. The in vivo attraction of neutrophils and lymphocytes to the site of injection by TNF or IL-1 (which is not chemotactic for neutrophils or lymphocytes in vitro), may be partly mediated by locally produced IL-8. Thus, IL-8 may be a vital participant in the cascade of interacting cytokines that is induced by tissue injury and immunologically induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Larsen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701-1013
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733
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734
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Regulation of the mRNA for monocyte-derived neutrophil-activating peptide in differentiating HL60 promyelocytes. Mol Cell Biol 1989. [PMID: 2664463 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.5.1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A cDNA library was constructed from HL60 human promyelocyte poly(A)+ RNA harvested 3 h after induction of macrophage differentiation with 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate in the presence of cycloheximide. We isolated from this library a 1.6-kilobase full-length clone designated b4 whose corresponding mRNA was greatly increased in abundance in cytoplasmic RNA under these conditions. Dideoxy sequencing revealed that this mRNA encoded MONAP (monocyte-derived neutrophil-activating peptide), a 10-kilodalton monokine with neutrophil-specific chemotactic and enzyme-releasing activities. The 3' untranslated region of this mRNA was found to be 1.2 kilobases long and possessed nine copies of the AUUUA sequence known to be associated with regulation of mRNA stability. Actinomycin D chase experiments yielded evidence that cytoplasmic stabilization was one of the means of regulation of MONAP expression. Analysis of cytoplasmic poly(A)- RNA revealed the presence of several discrete truncated species that shared a common 5' end and appeared to be intermediates of degradation. S1 mapping showed that the 3' ends of these molecules were distributed throughout the 3' untranslated region, preferentially in A + U-rich regions, broadly correlating with the distribution of AUUUA sites. Nuclear run-on experiments indicated that transcriptional induction accounted for less than 15% of the accumulation of MONAP mRNA. This mRNA was induced in HL60 cells by treatment with several differentiation-inducing agents: 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-myristate alone, sodium butyrate, vitamin D3, and dimethyl sulfoxide. It was also induced in quiescent diploid lung fibroblasts stimulated to divide by serum, and it was constitutively overexpressed by some human tumor lines.
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735
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Duh EJ, Maury WJ, Folks TM, Fauci AS, Rabson AB. Tumor necrosis factor alpha activates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 through induction of nuclear factor binding to the NF-kappa B sites in the long terminal repeat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:5974-8. [PMID: 2762307 PMCID: PMC297754 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.15.5974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 584] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can be activated in a chronically infected T-cell line (ACH2 cells) by a cytokine, human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). TNF-alpha treatment of ACH2 cells resulted in an increase in steady-state levels of HIV RNA and HIV transcription. Gel mobility shift assays demonstrated that the transcriptional activation of the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) by TNF-alpha was associated with the induction of a nuclear factor(s) binding to the NF-kappa B sites in the LTR. Deletion of the NF-kappa B sites from the LTR eliminated activation by TNF-alpha in T cells transfected with plasmids in which the HIV LTR directed the expression of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. Thus, TNF-alpha appears to activate HIV RNA and virus production by ACH2 cells through the induction of transcription-activating factors that bind to the NF-kappa B sequences in the HIV LTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Duh
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892
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736
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Van Damme J, Decock B, Conings R, Lenaerts JP, Opdenakker G, Billiau A. The chemotactic activity for granulocytes produced by virally infected fibroblasts is identical to monocyte-derived interleukin 8. Eur J Immunol 1989; 19:1189-94. [PMID: 2668011 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830190706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
So far, the role of fibroblasts in inflammatory processes has been underestimated. We have previously shown that stimulation of fibroblasts with viruses or bacteria results in a simultaneous production of several cytokines, including interferon-beta, interleukin (IL) 6 and colony-stimulating factors. We here report that virally infected fibroblasts produce also a chemotactic factor for granulocytes. The activity is inducible not only by measles virus but also by IL 1 beta and the double-stranded RNA poly(rI).poly(rC). This factor, when purified to homogeneity, occurs as a 6-7-kDa protein doublet upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The pure protein is serologically related to a fully characterized granulocyte chemotactic peptide (GCP) from monocytes, designated IL8. Furthermore, the chemotactic factor from fibroblasts has an NH2-terminal sequence identical to that of GCP/IL8, small differences in NH2-terminal processing being observed. Finally, in addition to diploid fibroblasts, the osteosarcoma MG-63 cell line is also a producer of GCP/IL8. It can thus be concluded that GCP/IL8 can be produced by several cell types in response to infection and that fibroblasts can contribute to chemotaxis in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Van Damme
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Belgium
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737
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Rampart M, Van Damme J, Zonnekeyn L, Herman AG. Granulocyte chemotactic protein/interleukin-8 induces plasma leakage and neutrophil accumulation in rabbit skin. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1989; 135:21-5. [PMID: 2672824 PMCID: PMC1880227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Granulocyte chemotactic protein/Interleukin-8 (GCP/IL-8), purified to homogeneity from endotoxin- or mitogen-stimulated human mononuclear cells, was injected intradermally into rabbits to evaluate the proinflammatory properties of this novel cytokine. In the presence of a vasodilator substance, pmol amounts of GCP/IL-8 induced neutrophil accumulation that was fast in onset, relatively short of duration (half life 60 to 70 minutes), and was associated with a parallel time course of plasma protein extravasation. GCP/IL-8-induced edema formation was found to be neutrophil dependent. These data provide evidence that GCP/IL-8 fulfills two important criteria for consideration as an inflammatory mediator. It is possible that endogenous GCP/IL-8, if produced locally by tissue macrophages, may contribute to the initiation of the inflammatory response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rampart
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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738
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Watanabe K, Kinoshita S, Nakagawa H. Purification and characterization of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant produced by epithelioid cell line of normal rat kidney (NRK-52E cell). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 161:1093-9. [PMID: 2662972 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)91355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and lipopolysaccharide stimulated normal rat kidney cell line (NRK-52E) to produce a chemotactic factor for rat neutrophils. This cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) was purified to obtain a single band with a M.W. of 63,000 on SDS-PAGE. The purified CINC induced detectable migration and strong chemotaxis of neutrophils at concentrations of 10(-9)M and 10(-7) - 10(-8)M, respectively. Checkerboard analysis indicated that CINC was a real chemotactic factor. Amino acid composition of CINC showed that CINC has a resemblance to human monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor (MDNCF) rather than human complement fragment, C5a.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Watanabe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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739
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Gearing
- Immunobiology Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
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740
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Strieter RM, Phan SH, Showell HJ, Remick DG, Lynch JP, Genord M, Raiford C, Eskandari M, Marks RM, Kunkel SL. Monokine-induced Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor Gene Expression in Human Fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)81666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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741
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Larsen CG, Zachariae CO, Oppenheim JJ, Matsushima K. Production of monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF) by human dermal fibroblasts in response to interleukin 1 or tumor necrosis factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 160:1403-8. [PMID: 2471522 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(89)80160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Normal human dermal fibroblasts rapidly expressed (less than 30 min.) considerable mRNA for monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF) and released high levels of biological activity in response to interleukin 1 (IL 1) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF). In contrast, cultured normal human keratinocytes did not express MCAF mRNA when stimulated with IL 1 or TNF. These results suggest the important role of dermal fibroblasts, the predominant cells in dermal connective tissue, in the recruitment of monocytes during inflammation. This is the first report of the induction of MCAF by IL 1 or TNF in any cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Larsen
- Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701
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742
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Kowalski J, Denhardt DT. Regulation of the mRNA for monocyte-derived neutrophil-activating peptide in differentiating HL60 promyelocytes. Mol Cell Biol 1989; 9:1946-57. [PMID: 2664463 PMCID: PMC362986 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.5.1946-1957.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A cDNA library was constructed from HL60 human promyelocyte poly(A)+ RNA harvested 3 h after induction of macrophage differentiation with 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate in the presence of cycloheximide. We isolated from this library a 1.6-kilobase full-length clone designated b4 whose corresponding mRNA was greatly increased in abundance in cytoplasmic RNA under these conditions. Dideoxy sequencing revealed that this mRNA encoded MONAP (monocyte-derived neutrophil-activating peptide), a 10-kilodalton monokine with neutrophil-specific chemotactic and enzyme-releasing activities. The 3' untranslated region of this mRNA was found to be 1.2 kilobases long and possessed nine copies of the AUUUA sequence known to be associated with regulation of mRNA stability. Actinomycin D chase experiments yielded evidence that cytoplasmic stabilization was one of the means of regulation of MONAP expression. Analysis of cytoplasmic poly(A)- RNA revealed the presence of several discrete truncated species that shared a common 5' end and appeared to be intermediates of degradation. S1 mapping showed that the 3' ends of these molecules were distributed throughout the 3' untranslated region, preferentially in A + U-rich regions, broadly correlating with the distribution of AUUUA sites. Nuclear run-on experiments indicated that transcriptional induction accounted for less than 15% of the accumulation of MONAP mRNA. This mRNA was induced in HL60 cells by treatment with several differentiation-inducing agents: 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-myristate alone, sodium butyrate, vitamin D3, and dimethyl sulfoxide. It was also induced in quiescent diploid lung fibroblasts stimulated to divide by serum, and it was constitutively overexpressed by some human tumor lines.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Cell Differentiation
- Chemotactic Factors/genetics
- DNA/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Granulocytes/cytology
- Granulocytes/drug effects
- Granulocytes/metabolism
- Humans
- Interleukin-8
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/pathology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kowalski
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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743
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Van Damme J, Van Beeumen J, Conings R, Decock B, Billiau A. Purification of granulocyte chemotactic peptide/interleukin-8 reveals N-terminal sequence heterogeneity similar to that of beta-thromboglobulin. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 181:337-44. [PMID: 2523801 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated human peripheral blood leukocytes produce a chemotactic factor for granulocytes (granulocyte chemotactic peptide/interleukin-8; GCP/IL-8), which is structurally related to platelet-derived beta-thromboglobulin. Analytically pure CGP/IL-8 and beta-thromboglobulin could be obtained after three purification steps, comprising adsorption to silicic acid, heparin-Sepharose chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography. Although GCP/IL-8 and beta-thromboglobulin had a similar affinity for heparin, they could be separated on a cation-exchange column. Both molecules were heterogeneous in that 6-7-kDa protein doublets were detected upon SDS/PAGE. N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis revealed the presence of six immunologically related but differently truncated polypeptides of beta-thromboglobulin, of which only two corresponded to previously described forms. Similarly, apart from a major polypeptide, five minor species of GCP/IL-8 were detected that also differed by N-terminal truncation. The most processed forms of beta-thromboglobulin and GCP/IL-8 were found to have their N-terminus in that region of the primary structure where a significant similarity between the two molecules starts. GCP/IL-8 was found to be chemotactic for granulocytes with a specific activity of 10(5) units/mg, whereas none of the beta-thromboglobulin species possessed detectable chemotactic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Van Damme
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Belgium
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744
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745
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Golds EE, Mason P, Nyirkos P. Inflammatory cytokines induce synthesis and secretion of gro protein and a neutrophil chemotactic factor but not beta 2-microglobulin in human synovial cells and fibroblasts. Biochem J 1989; 259:585-8. [PMID: 2655583 PMCID: PMC1138548 DOI: 10.1042/bj2590585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of human synovial cells and fibroblasts in monolayer culture to interleukin 1 results in prominent secretion of proteins with Mr values of 6000 and 7000. By N-terminal sequence analysis, the Mr-6000 protein is identified as the protein encoded by a recently described gro mRNA. The Mr-7000 protein is identical to a neutrophil chemotactic factor released from monocytes. Stimulation of normal human fibroblasts with tumour necrosis factor alpha also results in expression and secretion of these two proteins. In addition to these cytokine-induced proteins, we have identified beta 2-microglobulin as an Mr-8000 protein constitutively secreted by synovial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Golds
- Joint Diseases Laboratory, Shriners Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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746
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Matsushima K, Larsen CG, DuBois GC, Oppenheim JJ. Purification and characterization of a novel monocyte chemotactic and activating factor produced by a human myelomonocytic cell line. J Exp Med 1989; 169:1485-90. [PMID: 2926331 PMCID: PMC2189236 DOI: 10.1084/jem.169.4.1485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 562] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel basic heparin-binding monocyte chemotactic factor (MCF) was purified to homogeneity from the conditioned media of human myelomonocytic cell line THP-1 based on its in vitro monocyte chemotactic activity. The purified MCF was homogenous and estimated to be 15 kD on SDS-PAGE. Purified MCF stimulated normal human monocytes to be growth inhibitory in vitro at 2-3 d for several human tumor cell lines. This represents the first report of the identification and purification of a chemoattractant cytokine that also activates monocytes but is distinct from interferons and other known cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matsushima
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701
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747
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Obaru K, Hattori T, Yamamura Y, Takatsuki K, Nomiyama H, Maeda S, Shimada K. A cDNA clone inducible in human tonsillar lymphocytes by a tumor promoter codes for a novel protein of the beta-thromboglobulin superfamily. Mol Immunol 1989; 26:423-6. [PMID: 2524001 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(89)90131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Obaru
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kumamoto University Medical School, Japan
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748
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Colditz I, Zwahlen R, Dewald B, Baggiolini M. In vivo inflammatory activity of neutrophil-activating factor, a novel chemotactic peptide derived from human monocytes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1989; 134:755-60. [PMID: 2650556 PMCID: PMC1879797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil-activating factor (NAF), a 72-amino acid peptide produced by human monocytes, induced plasma leakage and neutrophil accumulation after intradermal injection in rabbits (10(-11) to 10(-9) mol/site). NAF was about three times more potent than fMet-Leu-Phe, but considerably less potent than endotoxin. The response to NAF was not inhibited by the endotoxin inhibitor polymyxin B or the protein synthesis inhibitor actinomycin D. Histology of NAF-induced lesions showed large numbers of neutrophils, but no monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, or lymphocytes were observed. Intravascular neutrophil accumulation, aggregate formation, and venular wall damage were also apparent. In vitro, NAF stimulated rabbit neutrophils as shown by the release of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase. This study demonstrates that NAF elicits a rapid inflammatory response in vivo with massive neutrophil emigration, which is qualitatively similar to that observed with other chemotactic agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Colditz
- Preclinical Research, Sandoz AG, Basel, Switzerland
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749
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Larsen CG, Anderson AO, Appella E, Oppenheim JJ, Matsushima K. The neutrophil-activating protein (NAP-1) is also chemotactic for T lymphocytes. Science 1989; 243:1464-6. [PMID: 2648569 DOI: 10.1126/science.2648569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 752] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
T lymphocyte chemotactic factor (TCF) was purified to homogeneity from the conditioned media of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human blood mononuclear leukocytes by a sequence of chromatography procedures. The amino-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified TCF showed identity with neutrophil-activating protein (NAP-1). Both TCF and recombinant NAP-1 (rNAP-1) were chemotactic for neutrophils and T lymphocytes in vitro supporting the identity of TCF with NAP-1. Injection of rNAP-1 into lymphatic drainage areas of lymph nodes in Fisher rats caused accelerated emigration of only lymphocytes in high endothelial venules. Intradermal injection of rNAP-1 caused dose-dependent accumulation of neutrophils and lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Larsen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701
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750
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Strieter RM, Kunkel SL, Showell HJ, Remick DG, Phan SH, Ward PA, Marks RM. Endothelial cell gene expression of a neutrophil chemotactic factor by TNF-alpha, LPS, and IL-1 beta. Science 1989; 243:1467-9. [PMID: 2648570 DOI: 10.1126/science.2648570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 597] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Human endothelial cells produced a neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) upon stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The expression of endothelial cell-derived NCF messenger RNA and biological activity was both time- and concentration-dependent. Maximal NCF mRNA expression occurred at 10 and at 2 nanograms per milliliter for TNF and IL-1 beta, respectively; mRNA expression was first observed 1 hour after stimulation and was maintained for at least 24 hours. In situ hybridization analysis showed that NCF mRNA peaked in treated cells by 24 hours, whereas unstimulated cells were negative. These studies demonstrated that endothelial cells may participate in neutrophil-mediated inflammation by synthesizing a chemotactic factor in response to specific monokines and LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Strieter
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109
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