701
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Does Use Matter? Comparison of Environmental Impacts of Clothing Based on Fiber Type. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10072524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several tools have been developed to compare the environmental impact of textiles. The most widely used are Higg Materials Sustainability Index (MSI) and MADE-BY Fiber Benchmark. They use data from production to evaluate the environmental impacts of textiles differentiated by fiber type. The use phase is excluded from both tools. This article discusses whether there is evidence that the use of textiles differs systematically between different fiber types and examines the consequences of comparing the environmental impacts of clothing based on differences in production of fibers alone without including differences in their use. The empirical material in this paper is based on analysis of rating tools and a literature review on clothing use. It shows that fiber content contributes to the way consumers take care of and use their clothing. When use is omitted, major environmental problems associated with this stage, such as spread of microplastics, are also excluded. This one-sided focus on material production impacts also excludes the importance of product lifespans, quality, and functionality. The consequence is that short-lived disposable products are equated with durable products. Comparing dissimilar garments will not help consumers to make choices that will reduce the environmental burden of clothing. We need an informed discussion on how to use all materials in the most environmentally sustainable way possible.
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702
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Abstract
Seamounts are one of the major biomes of the global ocean. The last 25 years of research has seen considerable advances in the understanding of these ecosystems. The interactions between seamounts and steady and variable flows have now been characterised providing a better mechanistic understanding of processes influencing biology. Processes leading to upwelling, including Taylor column formation and tidal rectification, have now been defined as well as those leading to draw down of organic matter from the ocean surface to seamount summit and flanks. There is also an improved understanding of the interactions between seamounts, zooplankton and micronekton communities especially with respect to increased predation pressure in the vicinity of seamounts. Evidence has accumulated of the role of seamounts as hot spots for ocean predators including large pelagic fish, sharks, pinnipeds, cetaceans and seabirds. The complexity of benthic communities associated with seamounts is high and drivers of biodiversity are now being resolved. Claims of high endemism resulting from isolation of seamounts as islands of habitat and speciation have not been supported. However, for species characterised by low dispersal capability, such as some groups of benthic sessile or low-mobility invertebrates, low connectivity between seamount populations has been found with evidence of endemism at a local level. Threats to seamounts have increased in the last 25 years and include overfishing, destructive fishing, marine litter, direct and indirect impacts of climate change and potentially marine mining in the near future. Issues around these threats and their management are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex D Rogers
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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703
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Nelms SE, Galloway TS, Godley BJ, Jarvis DS, Lindeque PK. Investigating microplastic trophic transfer in marine top predators. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:999-1007. [PMID: 29477242 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are highly bioavailable to marine organisms, either through direct ingestion, or indirectly by trophic transfer from contaminated prey. The latter has been observed for low-trophic level organisms in laboratory conditions, yet empirical evidence in high trophic-level taxa is lacking. In natura studies face difficulties when dealing with contamination and differentiating between directly and indirectly ingested microplastics. The ethical constraints of subjecting large organisms, such as marine mammals, to laboratory investigations hinder the resolution of these limitations. Here, these issues were resolved by analysing sub-samples of scat from captive grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) and whole digestive tracts of the wild-caught Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) they are fed upon. An enzymatic digestion protocol was employed to remove excess organic material and facilitate visual detection of synthetic particles without damaging them. Polymer type was confirmed using Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Extensive contamination control measures were implemented throughout. Approximately half of scat subsamples (48%; n = 15) and a third of fish (32%; n = 10) contained 1-4 microplastics. Particles were mainly black, clear, red and blue in colour. Mean lengths were 1.5 mm and 2 mm in scats and fish respectively. Ethylene propylene was the most frequently detected polymer type in both. Our findings suggest trophic transfer represents an indirect, yet potentially major, pathway of microplastic ingestion for any species whose feeding ecology involves the consumption of whole prey, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Nelms
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK; Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Tamara S Galloway
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Brendan J Godley
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK; Environmental Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Dan S Jarvis
- Cornish Seal Sanctuary, Gweek, Helston, Cornwall, TR12 6UG, UK
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704
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Chubarenko IP, Esiukova EE, Bagaev AV, Bagaeva MA, Grave AN. Three-dimensional distribution of anthropogenic microparticles in the body of sandy beaches. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 628-629:1340-1351. [PMID: 30045555 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I P Chubarenko
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 36, Nahimovskiy prospekt, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - E E Esiukova
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 36, Nahimovskiy prospekt, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - A V Bagaev
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Marine Hydrophysical Institute of RAS", 2, Kapitanskaya str., Sevastopol 299011, Russia
| | - M A Bagaeva
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 36, Nahimovskiy prospekt, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - A N Grave
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 36, Nahimovskiy prospekt, Moscow 117997, Russia
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705
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Porter A, Lyons BP, Galloway TS, Lewis C. Role of Marine Snows in Microplastic Fate and Bioavailability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7111-7119. [PMID: 29782157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics contaminate global oceans and are accumulating in sediments at levels thought sufficient to leave a permanent layer in the fossil record. Despite this, the processes that vertically transport buoyant polymers from surface waters to the benthos are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that laboratory generated marine snows can transport microplastics of different shapes, sizes, and polymers away from the water surface and enhance their bioavailability to benthic organisms. Sinking rates of all tested microplastics increased when incorporated into snows, with large changes observed for the buoyant polymer polyethylene with an increase in sinking rate of 818 m day-1 and for denser polyamide fragments of 916 m day-1. Incorporation into snows increased microplastic bioavailability for mussels, where uptake increased from zero to 340 microplastics individual-1 for free microplastics to up to 1.6 × 105 microplastics individual-1 when incorporated into snows. We therefore propose that marine snow formation and fate has the potential to play a key role in the biogeochemical processing of microplastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Porter
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences: Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building , University of Exeter , Stocker Road , Exeter EX4 4QD , United Kingdom
| | - Brett P Lyons
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science , Weymouth Laboratory , Barrack Road, The Nothe , Weymouth , Dorset DT4 8UB , United Kingdom
| | - Tamara S Galloway
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences: Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building , University of Exeter , Stocker Road , Exeter EX4 4QD , United Kingdom
| | - Ceri Lewis
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences: Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building , University of Exeter , Stocker Road , Exeter EX4 4QD , United Kingdom
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706
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Carbery M, O'Connor W, Palanisami T. Trophic transfer of microplastics and mixed contaminants in the marine food web and implications for human health. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 115:400-409. [PMID: 29653694 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 598] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plastic litter has become one of the most serious threats to the marine environment. Over 690 marine species have been impacted by plastic debris with small plastic particles being observed in the digestive tract of organisms from different trophic levels. The physical and chemical properties of microplastics facilitate the sorption of contaminants to the particle surface, serving as a vector of contaminants to organisms following ingestion. Bioaccumulation factors for higher trophic organisms and impacts on wider marine food webs remain unknown. The main objectives of this review were to discuss the factors influencing microplastic ingestion; describe the biological impacts of associated chemical contaminants; highlight evidence for the trophic transfer of microplastics and contaminants within marine food webs and outline the future research priorities to address potential human health concerns. Controlled laboratory studies looking at the effects of microplastics and contaminants on model organisms employ nominal concentrations and consequently have little relevance to the real environment. Few studies have attempted to track the fate of microplastics and mixed contaminants through a complex marine food web using environmentally relevant concentrations to identify the real level of risk. To our knowledge, there has been no attempt to understand the transfer of microplastics and associated contaminants from seafood to humans and the implications for human health. Research is needed to determine bioaccumulation factors for popular seafood items in order to identify the potential impacts on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddison Carbery
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, The University of Newcastle, Australia
| | - Wayne O'Connor
- Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens, Australia
| | - Thavamani Palanisami
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, The University of Newcastle, Australia.
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707
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Harrison JP, Boardman C, O'Callaghan K, Delort AM, Song J. Biodegradability standards for carrier bags and plastic films in aquatic environments: a critical review. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171792. [PMID: 29892374 PMCID: PMC5990801 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plastic litter is encountered in aquatic ecosystems across the globe, including polar environments and the deep sea. To mitigate the adverse societal and ecological impacts of this waste, there has been debate on whether 'biodegradable' materials should be granted exemptions from plastic bag bans and levies. However, great care must be exercised when attempting to define this term, due to the broad and complex range of physical and chemical conditions encountered within natural ecosystems. Here, we review existing international industry standards and regional test methods for evaluating the biodegradability of plastics within aquatic environments (wastewater, unmanaged freshwater and marine habitats). We argue that current standards and test methods are insufficient in their ability to realistically predict the biodegradability of carrier bags in these environments, due to several shortcomings in experimental procedures and a paucity of information in the scientific literature. Moreover, existing biodegradability standards and test methods for aquatic environments do not involve toxicity testing or account for the potentially adverse ecological impacts of carrier bags, plastic additives, polymer degradation products or small (microscopic) plastic particles that can arise via fragmentation. Successfully addressing these knowledge gaps is a key requirement for developing new biodegradability standard(s) for lightweight carrier bags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse P. Harrison
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 9FD, UK
- Division of Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network ‘Chemistry Meets Microbiology’, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carl Boardman
- School of Engineering and Innovation, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | | | - Anne-Marie Delort
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, BP 10448, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jim Song
- Wolfson Centre for Materials Processing, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
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708
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Bour A, Haarr A, Keiter S, Hylland K. Environmentally relevant microplastic exposure affects sediment-dwelling bivalves. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:652-660. [PMID: 29433106 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Most microplastics are expected to sink and end up in marine sediments. However, very little is known concerning their potential impact on sediment-dwelling organisms. We studied the long-term impact of microplastic exposure on two sediment-dwelling bivalve species. Ennucula tenuis and Abra nitida were exposed to polyethylene microparticles at three concentrations (1; 10 and 25 mg/kg of sediment) for four weeks. Three size classes (4-6; 20-25 and 125-500 μm) were used to study the influence of size on microplastic ecotoxicity. Microplastic exposure did not affect survival, condition index or burrowing behaviour in either bivalve species. However, significant changes in energy reserves were observed. No changes were observed in protein, carbohydrate or lipid contents in E. tenuis, with the exception of a decrease in lipid content for one condition. However, total energy decreased in a dose-dependent manner for bivalves exposed to the largest particles. To the contrary, no significant changes in total energy were observed for A. nitida, although a significant decrease of protein content was observed for individuals exposed to the largest particles, at all concentrations. Concentration and particle size significantly influenced microplastic impacts on bivalves, the largest particles and higher concentrations leading to more severe effects. Several hypotheses are presented to explain the observed modulation of energy reserves, including the influence of microplastic size and concentration. Our results suggest that long-term exposure to microplastics at environmentally relevant concentrations can impact marine benthic biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Bour
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ane Haarr
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Steffen Keiter
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ketil Hylland
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
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709
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Ogonowski M, Motiei A, Ininbergs K, Hell E, Gerdes Z, Udekwu KI, Bacsik Z, Gorokhova E. Evidence for selective bacterial community structuring on microplastics. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:2796-2808. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ogonowski
- Department of Environmental Science & Analytical Chemistry (ACES); Stockholm University; Stockholm SE-106 91 Sweden
- Aquabiota Water Research AB; Stockholm SE-115 50 Sweden
| | - Asa Motiei
- Department of Environmental Science & Analytical Chemistry (ACES); Stockholm University; Stockholm SE-106 91 Sweden
| | - Karolina Ininbergs
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University; Stockholm SE-106 91 Sweden
| | - Eva Hell
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University; Stockholm SE-106 91 Sweden
| | - Zandra Gerdes
- Department of Environmental Science & Analytical Chemistry (ACES); Stockholm University; Stockholm SE-106 91 Sweden
| | - Klas I. Udekwu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University; Stockholm SE-106 91 Sweden
| | - Zoltan Bacsik
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry; Stockholm University; Stockholm SE-106 91 Sweden
| | - Elena Gorokhova
- Department of Environmental Science & Analytical Chemistry (ACES); Stockholm University; Stockholm SE-106 91 Sweden
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710
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Kosuth M, Mason SA, Wattenberg EV. Anthropogenic contamination of tap water, beer, and sea salt. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194970. [PMID: 29641556 PMCID: PMC5895013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic pollution has been well documented in natural environments, including the open waters and sediments within lakes and rivers, the open ocean and even the air, but less attention has been paid to synthetic polymers in human consumables. Since multiple toxicity studies indicate risks to human health when plastic particles are ingested, more needs to be known about the presence and abundance of anthropogenic particles in human foods and beverages. This study investigates the presence of anthropogenic particles in 159 samples of globally sourced tap water, 12 brands of Laurentian Great Lakes beer, and 12 brands of commercial sea salt. Of the tap water samples analyzed, 81% were found to contain anthropogenic particles. The majority of these particles were fibers (98.3%) between 0.1-5 mm in length. The range was 0 to 61 particles/L, with an overall mean of 5.45 particles/L. Anthropogenic debris was found in each brand of beer and salt. Of the extracted particles, over 99% were fibers. After adjusting for particles found in lab blanks for both salt and beer, the average number of particles found in beer was 4.05 particles/L with a range of 0 to 14.3 particles/L and the average number of particles found in each brand of salt was 212 particles/kg with a range of 46.7 to 806 particles/kg. Based on consumer guidelines, our results indicate the average person ingests over 5,800 particles of synthetic debris from these three sources annually, with the largest contribution coming from tap water (88%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kosuth
- University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sherri A. Mason
- State University of New York at Fredonia, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fredonia, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth V. Wattenberg
- University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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711
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Phuong NN, Poirier L, Pham QT, Lagarde F, Zalouk-Vergnoux A. Factors influencing the microplastic contamination of bivalves from the French Atlantic coast: Location, season and/or mode of life? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 129:664-674. [PMID: 29106937 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the presence of microplastics (MP) in marine organisms is currently of high importance. This paper presents the qualitative and quantitative MP contamination of two bivalves from the French Atlantic coasts: the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Three factors potentially influencing the contamination were investigated by collecting at different sampling sites and different seasons, organisms both wild and cultivated. Inter- and intra-species comparisons were also achieved. MP quantity in organisms was evaluated at 0.61±0.56 and 2.1±1.7MP per individual respectively for mussels and oysters. Eight different polymers were identified. Most of the MPs were fragments; about a half of MPs were grey colored and a half with a size ranging from 50 to 100μm for both studied species. Some inter-specific differences were found but no evidence for sampling site, season or mode of life effect was highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Ngoc Phuong
- Laboratoire Mer, Molécules, Santé (MMS, EA 2160), Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, Nantes F-44000, France; PhuTho college of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2201 Hung Vuong Boulevard, Viettri City, PhuTho Province 290000, Viet Nam
| | - Laurence Poirier
- Laboratoire Mer, Molécules, Santé (MMS, EA 2160), Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Quoc Tuan Pham
- PhuTho college of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2201 Hung Vuong Boulevard, Viettri City, PhuTho Province 290000, Viet Nam
| | - Fabienne Lagarde
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM, UMR CNRS 6283), Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, Le Mans F-72000, France
| | - Aurore Zalouk-Vergnoux
- Laboratoire Mer, Molécules, Santé (MMS, EA 2160), Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, Nantes F-44000, France.
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712
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Mai L, Bao LJ, Shi L, Wong CS, Zeng EY. A review of methods for measuring microplastics in aquatic environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:11319-11332. [PMID: 29536421 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1692-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of reports have been published concerning microplastic (MP) pollution in aquatic environments. Methods used in these studies continue to be updated and lack standardization, so that an up-to-date review pertaining methods for MP research is needed. This critical review examines the analytical methods, including sampling, identification, and quantitation, for MP research. Samples are generally collected from water, sediment, and biota gastrointestinal tract. Manta nets or trawls are prevalently used in surface water sampling, while direct shoveling or box-corer grab are commonly applied in sediment sampling. Microplastics in biota are generally obtained by dissecting organisms and separating livers, gills, and guts. Density separation is frequently chosen to separate MPs from sample matrices. Chemical digestion can dissolve other organic materials and isolate MPs for further identification. Visual sorting should be combined with chemical composition analysis to better identify the polymer type. Pyrolysis or thermal decomposition gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy are currently the main technologies for MP identification. Units prevalently used to express MP abundance in water, sediment, and biota are "particles per m3," "particles per m2," and "particles per individual," respectively. As MP abundances often varied with the methods used, we recommend that analytical protocols of MPs should better be standardized and optimized. Despite the important progress in analysis of MPs, detection technologies for identifying nano-sized plastic particles are still lacking, and therefore should be developed swiftly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Mai
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Charles S Wong
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences and Department of Chemistry, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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713
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Bagaev A, Khatmullina L, Chubarenko I. Anthropogenic microlitter in the Baltic Sea water column. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 129:918-923. [PMID: 29106941 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microlitter (0.5-5mm) concentrations in water column (depth range from 0 to 217.5m) of the main Baltic Proper basins are reported. In total, 95 water samples collected in 6 research cruises in 2015-2016 in the Bornholm, Gdansk, and Gotland basins were analysed. Water from 10- and 30-litre Niskin bathometers was filtered through the 174μm filters, and the filtrate was examined under optical microscope (40×). The bulk mean concentration was 0.40±0.58 items per litre, with fibres making 77% of them. Other types of particles are the paint flakes (19%) and fragments (4%); no microbeads or pellets. The highest concentrations are found in the near-bottom samples from the coastal zone (2.2-2.7 items per litre max) and from near-surface waters (0.5m) in the Bornholm basin (5 samples, 1.6-2.5 items per litre). Distribution of particles over depths, types, and geographical regions is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Bagaev
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 36, Nahimovskiy prospekt, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Liliya Khatmullina
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 36, Nahimovskiy prospekt, Moscow 117997, Russia; Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, A. Nevskogo Street, 14, Kaliningrad 236016, Russia
| | - Irina Chubarenko
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 36, Nahimovskiy prospekt, Moscow 117997, Russia
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714
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Cheung LTO, Lui CY, Fok L. Microplastic Contamination of Wild and Captive Flathead Grey Mullet (Mugil cephalus). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15040597. [PMID: 29587444 PMCID: PMC5923639 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A total of 60 flathead grey mullets were examined for microplastic ingestion. Thirty wild mullets were captured from the eastern coast of Hong Kong and 30 captive mullets were obtained from fish farms. Microplastic ingestion was detected in 60% of the wild mullets, with an average of 4.3 plastic items per mullet, while only 16.7% of captive mullets were found to have ingested microplastics, with an average of 0.2 items per mullet. The results suggested that wild mullets have a higher risk of microplastic ingestion than their captive counterparts. The most common plastic items were fibres that were green in colour and small in size (<2 mm). Polypropylene was the most common polymer (42%), followed by polyethylene (25%). In addition, the abundance of microplastics was positively correlated with larger body size among the mullets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis T O Cheung
- Department of Social Sciences, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ching Yee Lui
- Department of Social Sciences, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Lincoln Fok
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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715
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Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4666. [PMID: 29568057 PMCID: PMC5864935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22939-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocean plastic can persist in sea surface waters, eventually accumulating in remote areas of the world’s oceans. Here we characterise and quantify a major ocean plastic accumulation zone formed in subtropical waters between California and Hawaii: The Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP). Our model, calibrated with data from multi-vessel and aircraft surveys, predicted at least 79 (45–129) thousand tonnes of ocean plastic are floating inside an area of 1.6 million km2; a figure four to sixteen times higher than previously reported. We explain this difference through the use of more robust methods to quantify larger debris. Over three-quarters of the GPGP mass was carried by debris larger than 5 cm and at least 46% was comprised of fishing nets. Microplastics accounted for 8% of the total mass but 94% of the estimated 1.8 (1.1–3.6) trillion pieces floating in the area. Plastic collected during our study has specific characteristics such as small surface-to-volume ratio, indicating that only certain types of debris have the capacity to persist and accumulate at the surface of the GPGP. Finally, our results suggest that ocean plastic pollution within the GPGP is increasing exponentially and at a faster rate than in surrounding waters.
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716
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Bernardi Aubry F, Falcieri FM, Chiggiato J, Boldrin A, Luna GM, Finotto S, Camatti E, Acri F, Sclavo M, Carniel S, Bongiorni L. Massive shelf dense water flow influences plankton community structure and particle transport over long distance. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29540707 PMCID: PMC5852251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22569-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dense waters (DW) formation in shelf areas and their cascading off the shelf break play a major role in ventilating deep waters, thus potentially affecting ecosystem functioning and biogeochemical cycles. However, whether DW flow across shelves may affect the composition and structure of plankton communities down to the seafloor and the particles transport over long distances has not been fully investigated. Following the 2012 north Adriatic Sea cold outbreak, DW masses were intercepted at ca. 460 km south the area of origin and compared to resident ones in term of plankton biomass partitioning (pico to micro size) and phytoplankton species composition. Results indicated a relatively higher contribution of heterotrophs in DW than in deep resident water masses, probably as result of DW-mediated advection of fresh organic matter available to consumers. DWs showed unusual high abundances of Skeletonema sp., a diatom that bloomed in the north Adriatic during DW formation. The Lagrangian numerical model set up on this diatom confirmed that DW flow could be an important mechanism for plankton/particles export to deep waters. We conclude that the predicted climate-induced variability in DW formation events could have the potential to affect the ecosystem functioning of the deeper part of the Mediterranean basin, even at significant distance from generation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Bernardi Aubry
- Institute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council, Arsenale - Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122, Venice, Italy
| | - Francesco Marcello Falcieri
- Institute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council, Arsenale - Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122, Venice, Italy
| | - Jacopo Chiggiato
- Institute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council, Arsenale - Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122, Venice, Italy
| | - Alfredo Boldrin
- Institute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council, Arsenale - Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122, Venice, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Luna
- Institute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council, Largo Fiera della Pesca 2, 60125, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefania Finotto
- Institute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council, Arsenale - Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122, Venice, Italy
| | - Elisa Camatti
- Institute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council, Arsenale - Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122, Venice, Italy
| | - Francesco Acri
- Institute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council, Arsenale - Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122, Venice, Italy
| | - Mauro Sclavo
- Institute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council, Arsenale - Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122, Venice, Italy
| | - Sandro Carniel
- Institute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council, Arsenale - Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122, Venice, Italy
| | - Lucia Bongiorni
- Institute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council, Arsenale - Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122, Venice, Italy.
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717
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Monitoring Litter Inputs from the Adour River (Southwest France) to the Marine Environment. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse6010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rivers are major pathways for litter to enter the ocean, especially plastic debris. Yet, further research is needed to improve knowledge on rivers contribution, increase data availability, refine litter origins, and develop relevant solutions to limit riverine litter inputs. This study presents the results of three years of aquatic litter monitoring on the Adour river catchment (southwest of France). Litter monitoring consisted of collecting all litter stranded on river banks or stuck in the riparian vegetation in defined areas identified from cartographic and hydromorphological analyses, and with the support of local stakeholders. Litter samples were then sorted and counted according to a list of items containing 130 categories. Since 2014, 278 litter samplings were carried out, and 120,632 litter items were collected, sorted, and counted. 41% of litter could not be identified due to high degradation. Food and beverage packaging, smoking-related items, sewage related debris, fishery and mariculture gear, and common household items represented around 70% of identifiable items. Overall, the present study contributes to our knowledge of litter sources and pathways, with the target of reducing the amounts entering the ocean. The long-term application of this monitoring is a way forward to measure societal changes as well as assess effectiveness of measures.
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718
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Tamminga M, Hengstmann E, Fischer EK. Microplastic analysis in the South Funen Archipelago, Baltic Sea, implementing manta trawling and bulk sampling. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 128:601-608. [PMID: 29571412 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic contamination in surface waters of the South Funen Archipelago in Denmark was assessed. Therefore, ten manta trawls were conducted in June 2015. Moreover, 31 low-volume bulk samples were taken to evaluate, whether consistent results in comparison to the net-based approach can be obtained. Microplastic contamination in the South Funen Archipelago (0.07 ± 0.02 particles/m3) is slightly below values reported before. The sheltered position of the study area, low population pressure on adjacent islands and the absence of any major potential point sources were identified as major factors explaining the low concentration of microplastics. Within the Archipelago, harbors or marinas and the associated vessel traffic are the most probable sources of microplastics. The concentration of microplastics in low-volume bulk samples is not comparable to manta trawl results. This is mainly due to insufficient representativeness of the bulk sample volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Tamminga
- Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, Bundesstraße 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elena Hengstmann
- Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, Bundesstraße 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elke Kerstin Fischer
- Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, Bundesstraße 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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719
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Halstead JE, Smith JA, Carter EA, Lay PA, Johnston EL. Assessment tools for microplastics and natural fibres ingested by fish in an urbanised estuary. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 234:552-561. [PMID: 29220787 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics and fibres occur in high concentrations along urban coastlines, but the occurrence of microplastic ingestion by fishes in these areas requires further investigation. Herein, the ingestion of debris (i.e., synthetic and natural fibres and synthetic fragments of various polymer types) by three benthic-foraging fish species Acanthopagrus australis (yellowfin bream), Mugil cephalus (sea mullet) and Gerres subfasciatus (silverbiddy) in Sydney Harbour, Australia has been quantified and chemically speciated by vibrational spectroscopy to identify the polymer type. Ingested debris were quantified using gut content analysis, and identified using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and Raman microspectroscopies in combination with principal component analysis (PCA). The occurrence of debris ingestion at the time of sampling ranged from 21 to 64% for the three species, and the debris number ranged from 0.2 to 4.6 items per fish for the different species, with ∼53% of debris being microplastic. There was a significant difference in the amount of debris ingested among species; however, there was no difference among species when debris counts were standardised to fish weight or gut content weight, indicating that these species ingest a similar concentration of debris relative to their ingestion rate of other material. ATR-FTIR microspectroscopy successfully identified 72% of debris. Raman spectroscopy contributed an additional 1% of successful identification. In addition, PCA was used to non-subjectively classify the ATR-FTIR spectra resulting in the identification of an additional 9% of the debris. The most common microplastics found were polyester (PET), acrylic-polyester blend, and rayon (semi-synthetic) fibres. The potential of using Raman microspectroscopy for debris identification was investigated and provided additional information about the nature of the debris as well as the presence of specific dyes (and hence potential toxicity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Halstead
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - James A Smith
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Carter
- Vibrational Spectroscopy Core Facility, The School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Peter A Lay
- Vibrational Spectroscopy Core Facility, The School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Emma L Johnston
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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720
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Phuong NN, Zalouk-Vergnoux A, Kamari A, Mouneyrac C, Amiard F, Poirier L, Lagarde F. Quantification and characterization of microplastics in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis): protocol setup and preliminary data on the contamination of the French Atlantic coast. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:6135-6144. [PMID: 28382446 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8862-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) constitute a main environmental issue due to their threat to marine organisms and so far to humans. The lack of a fast standard protocol in MP isolation and identification from living organisms bring to challenge for the science. In this paper, an optimized protocol using potassium hydroxide 10% (KOH 10%; m/v) for digestion of mussel soft tissues (Mytilus edulis) and multi-steps of sedimentation has been developed. Efficiency higher than 99.9% of organic and mineral matter elimination was shown by application on mussels sampled on the French Atlantic coast. The identification of MPs was performed by FTIR microscopy straight on the filter and the whole analysis can be compatible with a routine goal. Fourteen MPs of four different chemical natures were found and identified in 5 pools of 3 sampled mussels. Their size ranged from 30 to 200 μm. Further investigations are now needed to evaluate the potential risk of such particles within this marine bivalve species and other filter feeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Ngoc Phuong
- Laboratoire de Mer, Molécules, Santé (MMS, EA 2160), Université de Nantes, F-44322, Nantes, France
- Laboratoire Mer, Molécules, Santé (MMS, EA 2160), Université Catholique de l'Ouest, F-49000, Angers, France
- PhuTho College of Pharmacy, Viettri City PhuTho Province, 290000, Vietnam
| | - Aurore Zalouk-Vergnoux
- Laboratoire de Mer, Molécules, Santé (MMS, EA 2160), Université de Nantes, F-44322, Nantes, France.
| | - Abderrahmane Kamari
- Laboratoire de Mer, Molécules, Santé (MMS, EA 2160), Université de Nantes, F-44322, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Mouneyrac
- Laboratoire Mer, Molécules, Santé (MMS, EA 2160), Université Catholique de l'Ouest, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Frederic Amiard
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM, UMR CNRS 6283), Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, F-72085, Le Mans, France
| | - Laurence Poirier
- Laboratoire de Mer, Molécules, Santé (MMS, EA 2160), Université de Nantes, F-44322, Nantes, France
| | - Fabienne Lagarde
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM, UMR CNRS 6283), Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, F-72085, Le Mans, France
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721
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Schneider F, Parsons S, Clift S, Stolte A, McManus MC. Collected marine litter - A growing waste challenge. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 128:162-174. [PMID: 29571359 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Marine litter, in particular plastic debris, poses a serious threat to marine life, human health and the economy. In order to reduce its impact, marine litter collections such as beach clean-ups are frequently conducted. This paper presents a systematic review of temporal developments, geographical distribution, quantities and waste treatment pathways of collected marine litter. Results from over 130 studies and projects highlight the worldwide increase in collection efforts. Many of these are in wealthy countries that do not primarily contribute to the problem. Over 250 thousand tonnes, have already been removed, but there is little or no information available regarding how this waste is treated or used post collection. This paper highlights the need for a whole-system quantitative assessment for the collection and waste treatment of marine litter, and identifies the challenges associated with utilising this waste in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Schneider
- University of Bath, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Claverton Down BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
| | - Sophie Parsons
- University of Bath, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Claverton Down BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Clift
- University of Bath, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Claverton Down BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Stolte
- WWF Germany, WWF-Ostseebüro, Knieperwall 1, 18439 Stralsund, Germany
| | - Marcelle C McManus
- University of Bath, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Claverton Down BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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722
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Compa M, Ventero A, Iglesias M, Deudero S. Ingestion of microplastics and natural fibres in Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792) and Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) along the Spanish Mediterranean coast. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 128:89-96. [PMID: 29571417 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The ingestion of microplastics and natural fibres (<5 mm) was assessed for two commercial fish species in the western Mediterranean Sea: Sardina pilchardus and Engraulis encrasicolus. Gastrointestinal tracts from 210 individuals from 14 stations were examined with 14.28-15.24% of the small pelagic fish S. pilchardus and E. encrasicolus having ingested microplastics and natural fibres. A latitudinal increase in condition index (Fulton's K) of S. pilchardus gave an indication that larger individuals with better physical condition are less likely to ingest microplastics and natural fibres. Fibres were the most frequent particle type (83%) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis indicated polyethylene terephthalate was the most common microplastics material (30%). Results from this study show that both microplastics and natural fibres of anthropogenic origin are common throughout the pelagic environment along the Spanish Mediterranean coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Compa
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Muelle de Poniente s/n, 07015 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Ana Ventero
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Muelle de Poniente s/n, 07015 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Magdalena Iglesias
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Muelle de Poniente s/n, 07015 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Salud Deudero
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Muelle de Poniente s/n, 07015 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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723
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Hendrickson E, Minor EC, Schreiner K. Microplastic Abundance and Composition in Western Lake Superior As Determined via Microscopy, Pyr-GC/MS, and FTIR. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:1787-1796. [PMID: 29345465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
While plastic pollution in marine and freshwater systems is an active area of research, there is not yet an in-depth understanding of the distributions, chemical compositions, and fates of plastics in aquatic environments. In this study, the magnitude, distribution, and common polymers of microplastic pollution in surface waters in western Lake Superior are determined. Analytical methodology, including estimates of ambient contamination during sample collection and processing, are described and employed. Microscopy, pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Pyr-GC/MS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to quantify and identify microplastic particles. In surface waters, fibers were the most frequently observed morphology, and, based upon PyGC/MS analysis, polyvinyl chloride was the most frequently observed polymer, followed by polypropylene and polyethylene. The most common polymer identified by FTIR was polyethylene. Despite the low human population in Lake Superior's watershed, microplastic particles (particularly fibers, fragments, and films) were identified in western-lake surface waters at levels comparable to average values reported in studies within Lake Michigan, the North Atlantic Ocean, and the South Pacific Ocean. This study provides insight into the magnitude of microplastic pollution in western Lake Superior, and describes in detail methodology to improve future microplastics studies in aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hendrickson
- Water Resources Science Program, University of Minnesota , 2205 East Fifth St., Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Elizabeth C Minor
- Large Lakes Observatory and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth , 2205 East Fifth St. Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Kathryn Schreiner
- Large Lakes Observatory and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth , 2205 East Fifth St. Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
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724
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De Clercq R, Dusselier M, Makshina E, Sels BF. Catalytic Gas-Phase Production of Lactide from Renewable Alkyl Lactates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:3074-3078. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rik De Clercq
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Michiel Dusselier
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Ekaterina Makshina
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
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725
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De Clercq R, Dusselier M, Makshina E, Sels BF. Catalytic Gas-Phase Production of Lactide from Renewable Alkyl Lactates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rik De Clercq
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Michiel Dusselier
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Ekaterina Makshina
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
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726
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Caron AGM, Thomas CR, Berry KLE, Motti CA, Ariel E, Brodie JE. Ingestion of microplastic debris by green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the Great Barrier Reef: Validation of a sequential extraction protocol. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 127:743-751. [PMID: 29475719 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ocean contamination by plastics is a global issue. Although ingestion of plastic debris by sea turtles has been widely documented, contamination by microplastics (<5mm) is poorly known and likely to be under-reported. We developed a microplastic extraction protocol for examining green turtle (Chelonia mydas) chyme, which is multifarious in nature, by modifying and combining pre-established methods used to separate microplastics from organic matter and sediments. This protocol consists of visual inspection, nitric acid digestion, emulsification of residual fat, density separation, and chemical identification by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. This protocol enables the extraction of polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, (aminoethyl) polystyrene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride microplastics >100μm. Two macroplastics and seven microplastics (two plastic paint chips and five synthetic fabric particles) were isolated from subsamples of two green turtles. Our results highlight the need for more research towards understanding the impact of microplastics on these threatened marine reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G M Caron
- Australian Institute of Marine Science PM3, Townsville MC, QLD 4810, Australia; Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia.
| | - Colette R Thomas
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia; SEED Science, Sandgate 4017, Australia
| | - Kathryn L E Berry
- Australian Institute of Marine Science PM3, Townsville MC, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Cherie A Motti
- Australian Institute of Marine Science PM3, Townsville MC, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Ellen Ariel
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia
| | - Jon E Brodie
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia.
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727
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Hodgson DJ, Bréchon AL, Thompson RC. Ingestion and fragmentation of plastic carrier bags by the amphipod Orchestia gammarellus: Effects of plastic type and fouling load. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 127:154-159. [PMID: 29475648 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Inappropriate disposal of plastic debris has led to the contamination of marine habitats worldwide. This debris can be ingested by organisms; however, the extent to which chewing and gut transit modifies plastic debris is unclear. Detritivores, such as amphipods, ingest and shred natural organic matter and are fundamental to its breakdown. Here we examine ingestion and shredding of plastic carrier bags by Orchestia gammarellus. A laboratory experiment showed these amphipods shredded plastic carrier bags, generating numerous microplastic fragments (average diameter 488.59μm). The presence of a biofilm significantly increased the amount of shredding, but plastic type (conventional, degradable and biodegradable) had no effect. Subsequent field observations confirmed similar shredding occurred on the strandline. Rates of shredding will vary according to amphipod density; however, our data indicates that shredding by organisms could substantially accelerate the formation microplastics in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Hodgson
- School of Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - A L Bréchon
- School of Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - R C Thompson
- School of Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
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728
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Gago J, Carretero O, Filgueiras AV, Viñas L. Synthetic microfibers in the marine environment: A review on their occurrence in seawater and sediments. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 127:365-376. [PMID: 29475673 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to summarize information on microfibers in seawater and sediments from available scientific information. Microfibers were found in all reviewed documents. An heterogeneous approach is observed, with regard to sampling methodologies and units. Microfibers in sediments range from 1.4 to 40 items per 50mL or 13.15 to 39.48 items per 250g dry weight. In the case of water, microfibers values ranges from 0 to 450items·m-3 or from 503 to 459,681items·km-2. Blue is the most common color in seawater and sediments, followed by transparent and black in the case of seawater, and black and colorful in sediments. Related with polymer type, polypropylene is the most common in water and sediments, followed by polyethylene in water and polyester in water and sediments. Some polymers were described only in water samples: high-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene and cellophane, whilst only rayon was reported in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gago
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro, 50-52, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | - O Carretero
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro, 50-52, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - A V Filgueiras
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro, 50-52, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - L Viñas
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro, 50-52, 36390 Vigo, Spain
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729
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Harrison JP, Hoellein TJ, Sapp M, Tagg AS, Ju-Nam Y, Ojeda JJ. Microplastic-Associated Biofilms: A Comparison of Freshwater and Marine Environments. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-61615-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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730
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731
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732
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Erni-Cassola G, Gibson MI, Thompson RC, Christie-Oleza JA. Lost, but Found with Nile Red: A Novel Method for Detecting and Quantifying Small Microplastics (1 mm to 20 μm) in Environmental Samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13641-13648. [PMID: 29112813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Marine plastic debris is a global environmental problem. Surveys have shown that <5 mm plastic particles, known as microplastics, are significantly more abundant in surface seawater and on shorelines than larger plastic particles are. Nevertheless, quantification of microplastics in the environment is hampered by a lack of adequate high-throughput methods for distinguishing and quantifying smaller size fractions (<1 mm), and this has probably resulted in an underestimation of actual microplastic concentrations. Here we present a protocol that allows high-throughput detection and automated quantification of small microplastic particles (20-1000 μm) using the dye Nile red, fluorescence microscopy, and image analysis software. This protocol has proven to be highly effective in the quantification of small polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and nylon-6 particles, which frequently occur in the water column. Our preliminary results from sea surface tows show a power-law increase in small microplastics (i.e., <1 mm) with a decreasing particle size. Hence, our data help to resolve speculation about the "apparent" loss of this fraction from surface waters. We consider that this method presents a step change in the ability to detect small microplastics by substituting the subjectivity of human visual sorting with a sensitive and semiautomated procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew I Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Richard C Thompson
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University , Plymouth PL4 8AA, U.K
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733
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Courtene-Jones W, Quinn B, Gary SF, Mogg AOM, Narayanaswamy BE. Microplastic pollution identified in deep-sea water and ingested by benthic invertebrates in the Rockall Trough, North Atlantic Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:271-280. [PMID: 28806692 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are widespread in the natural environment and present numerous ecological threats. While the ultimate fate of marine microplastics are not well known, it is hypothesized that the deep sea is the final sink for this anthropogenic contaminant. This study provides a quantification and characterisation of microplastic pollution ingested by benthic macroinvertebrates with different feeding modes (Ophiomusium lymani, Hymenaster pellucidus and Colus jeffreysianus) and in adjacent deep water > 2200 m, in the Rockall Trough, Northeast Atlantic Ocean. Despite the remote location, microplastic fibres were identified in deep-sea water at a concentration of 70.8 particles m-3, comparable to that in surface waters. Of the invertebrates examined (n = 66), 48% ingested microplastics with quantities enumerated comparable to coastal species. The number of ingested microplastics differed significantly between species and generalized linear modelling identified that the number of microplastics ingested for a given tissue mass was related to species and not organism feeding mode or the length or overall weight of the individual. Deep-sea microplastics were visually highly degraded with surface areas more than double that of pristine particles. The identification of synthetic polymers with densities greater and less than seawater along with comparable quantities to the upper ocean indicates processes of vertical re-distribution. This study presents the first snapshot of deep ocean microplastics and the quantification of microplastic pollution in the Rockall Trough. Additional sampling throughout the deep-sea is required to assess levels of microplastic pollution, vertical transportation and sequestration, which have the potential to impact the largest global ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Courtene-Jones
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Brian Quinn
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research (IBEHR), School of Science & Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, Scotland, UK
| | - Stefan F Gary
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, Scotland, UK
| | - Andrew O M Mogg
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, Scotland, UK
| | - Bhavani E Narayanaswamy
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, Scotland, UK
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734
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Bagaev A, Mizyuk A, Khatmullina L, Isachenko I, Chubarenko I. Anthropogenic fibres in the Baltic Sea water column: Field data, laboratory and numerical testing of their motion. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:560-571. [PMID: 28494282 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Distribution of microplastics particles (MPs) in the water column is investigated on the base of 95 water samples collected from various depths in the Baltic Sea Proper in 2015-2016. Fibres are the prevalent type of MPs: 7% of the samples contained small films; about 40% had (presumably) paint flakes, while 63% contained coloured fibres in concentrations from 0.07 to 2.6 items per litre. Near-surface and near-bottom layers (defined as one tenth of the local depth) have 3-5 times larger fibre concentrations than intermediate layers. Laboratory tests demonstrated that sinking behaviour of a small and flexible fibre can be complicated, with 4-fold difference in sinking velocity for various random fibres' curvature during its free fall. Numerical tests on transport of fibres in the Baltic Sea Proper were performed using HIROMB reanalysis data (2007) for the horizontal velocity field and laboratory order-of-magnitude estimates for the sinking velocity of fibres. The model takes into account (i) motion of fibres together with currents, (ii) their very slow sinking, and (iii) their low re-suspension threshold. Sensitivity of the final distribution of fibres to variations of those parameters is examined. These experiments are the first step towards modelling of transport of fibres in marine environment and they seem to reproduce the main features of fibres distribution quite well.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bagaev
- Atlantic Branch of P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Mira, 1, Kaliningrad 236022, Russia.
| | - A Mizyuk
- Marine Hydrophysical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kapitanskaya str., 31, Sevastopol 299011, Russia
| | - L Khatmullina
- Atlantic Branch of P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Mira, 1, Kaliningrad 236022, Russia
| | - I Isachenko
- Atlantic Branch of P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Mira, 1, Kaliningrad 236022, Russia
| | - I Chubarenko
- Atlantic Branch of P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Mira, 1, Kaliningrad 236022, Russia
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735
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Blumenröder J, Sechet P, Kakkonen JE, Hartl MGJ. Microplastic contamination of intertidal sediments of Scapa Flow, Orkney: A first assessment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 124:112-120. [PMID: 28709522 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of microplastic particles and fibres was determined in the intertidal sediments at selected sites in Scapa Flow, Orkney, using a super-saturated NaCl flotation technique to extract the plastic and FT-IR spectroscopy to determine the polymer types. Mean concentrations were 730 and 2300kg-1 sediment (DW), respectively. Detailed spatial and quantitative analysis revealed that their distribution was a function of proximity to populated areas and associated wastewater effluent, industrial installations, degree of shore exposure and complex tidal flow patterns. Sediment samples from Orkney showed similar levels of microplastic contamination as in two highly populate industrialized mainland UK areas, The Clyde and the Firth of Forth. It was concluded that relative remoteness and a comparative small island population are not predictors of lower microplastic pollution. Furthermore, a larger concerted effort across Scotland and the UK is required to establish a baseline microplastic database for the evaluation of future policy measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Blumenröder
- Institute of Life & Earth Sciences, Centre for Marine Biodiversity & Biotechnology, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - P Sechet
- Institute of Life & Earth Sciences, Centre for Marine Biodiversity & Biotechnology, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | | | - M G J Hartl
- Institute of Life & Earth Sciences, Centre for Marine Biodiversity & Biotechnology, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
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736
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Waller CL, Griffiths HJ, Waluda CM, Thorpe SE, Loaiza I, Moreno B, Pacherres CO, Hughes KA. Microplastics in the Antarctic marine system: An emerging area of research. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 598:220-227. [PMID: 28441600 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
It was thought that the Southern Ocean was relatively free of microplastic contamination; however, recent studies and citizen science projects in the Southern Ocean have reported microplastics in deep-sea sediments and surface waters. Here we reviewed available information on microplastics (including macroplastics as a source of microplastics) in the Southern Ocean. We estimated primary microplastic concentrations from personal care products and laundry, and identified potential sources and routes of transmission into the region. Estimates showed the levels of microplastic pollution released into the region from ships and scientific research stations were likely to be negligible at the scale of the Southern Ocean, but may be significant on a local scale. This was demonstrated by the detection of the first microplastics in shallow benthic sediments close to a number of research stations on King George Island. Furthermore, our predictions of primary microplastic concentrations from local sources were five orders of magnitude lower than levels reported in published sampling surveys (assuming an even dispersal at the ocean surface). Sea surface transfer from lower latitudes may contribute, at an as yet unknown level, to Southern Ocean plastic concentrations. Acknowledging the lack of data describing microplastic origins, concentrations, distribution and impacts in the Southern Ocean, we highlight the urgent need for research, and call for routine, standardised monitoring in the Antarctic marine system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huw J Griffiths
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claire M Waluda
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sally E Thorpe
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Iván Loaiza
- Carrera de Biología Marina, Científica del Sur University, Peru
| | - Bernabé Moreno
- Carrera de Biología Marina, Científica del Sur University, Peru
| | | | - Kevin A Hughes
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
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737
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Mistri M, Infantini V, Scoponi M, Granata T, Moruzzi L, Massara F, De Donati M, Munari C. Small plastic debris in sediments from the Central Adriatic Sea: Types, occurrence and distribution. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 124:435-440. [PMID: 28779887 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This is the first survey to investigate the occurrence and extent of microplastic contamination in sediments collected along a coast-open sea 140km-long transect in the Central Adriatic Sea. Plastic debris extracted from 64 samples of sediments were counted, weighted and identified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Several types of plastic particles were observed in 100% of the stations. Plastic particles ranged from 1 to 30mm in length. The primary shape types by number were filaments (69.3%), followed by fragments (16.4%), and film (14.3%). Microplastics (1-5mm) accounted for 65.1% of debris, mesoplastics (5-20mm) made up 30.3% of total amount, while macro debris (>20mm) accounted for 4.6% of total plastics collected. Identification through FT-IR spectroscopy evidenced the presence of 6 polymer types: the majority of plastic debris were nylon, polyethylene and ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer. Our data are a baseline for microplastic research in the Adriatic Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Mistri
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Vanessa Infantini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Scoponi
- ISOF-CNR at Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; Advanced Polymer Materials, Via G. Saragat 9, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Cristina Munari
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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738
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Renner G, Schmidt TC, Schram J. A New Chemometric Approach for Automatic Identification of Microplastics from Environmental Compartments Based on FT-IR Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12045-12053. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Renner
- Instrumental
Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Frankenring 20, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany
- Instrumental
Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research
(ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten C. Schmidt
- Instrumental
Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research
(ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schram
- Instrumental
Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Frankenring 20, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany
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739
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Bergmann M, Wirzberger V, Krumpen T, Lorenz C, Primpke S, Tekman MB, Gerdts G. High Quantities of Microplastic in Arctic Deep-Sea Sediments from the HAUSGARTEN Observatory. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11000-11010. [PMID: 28816440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although mounting evidence suggests the ubiquity of microplastic in aquatic ecosystems worldwide, our knowledge of its distribution in remote environments such as Polar Regions and the deep sea is scarce. Here, we analyzed nine sediment samples taken at the HAUSGARTEN observatory in the Arctic at 2340-5570 m depth. Density separation by MicroPlastic Sediment Separator and treatment with Fenton's reagent enabled analysis via Attenuated Total Reflection FTIR and μFTIR spectroscopy. Our analyses indicate the wide spread of high numbers of microplastics (42-6595 microplastics kg-1). The northernmost stations harbored the highest quantities, indicating sea ice as a possible transport vehicle. A positive correlation between microplastic abundance and chlorophyll a content suggests vertical export via incorporation in sinking (ice-) algal aggregates. Overall, 18 different polymers were detected. Chlorinated polyethylene accounted for the largest proportion (38%), followed by polyamide (22%) and polypropylene (16%). Almost 80% of the microplastics were ≤25 μm. The microplastic quantities are among the highest recorded from benthic sediments. This corroborates the deep sea as a major sink for microplastics and the presence of accumulation areas in this remote part of the world, fed by plastics transported to the North via the Thermohaline Circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Bergmann
- HGF-MPG Group for Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung , Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Vanessa Wirzberger
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Kurpromenade , 27498 Helgoland, Germany
- Department of Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry , Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Krumpen
- Climate Sciences, Sea Ice Physics, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung , Bussestraße 24, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Claudia Lorenz
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Kurpromenade , 27498 Helgoland, Germany
| | - Sebastian Primpke
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Kurpromenade , 27498 Helgoland, Germany
| | - Mine B Tekman
- HGF-MPG Group for Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung , Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Gunnar Gerdts
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Kurpromenade , 27498 Helgoland, Germany
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740
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Vaughan R, Turner SD, Rose NL. Microplastics in the sediments of a UK urban lake. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:10-18. [PMID: 28575711 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
While studies on microplastics in the marine environment show their wide-distribution, persistence and contamination of biota, the freshwater environment remains comparatively neglected. Where studies on freshwaters have been undertaken these have been on riverine systems or very large lakes. We present data on the distribution of microplastic particles in the sediments of Edgbaston Pool, a shallow eutrophic lake in central Birmingham, UK. These data provide, to our knowledge, the first assessment of microplastic concentrations in the sediments of either a small or an urban lake and the first for any lake in the UK. Maximum concentrations reached 25-30 particles per 100 g dried sediment (equivalent to low hundreds kg-1) and hence are comparable with reported river sediment studies. Fibres and films were the most common types of microplastic observed. Spatial distributions appear to be due to similar factors to other lake studies (i.e. location of inflow; prevailing wind directions; propensity for biofouling; distribution of macroplastic debris) and add to the growing burden of evidence for microplastic ubiquity in all environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Vaughan
- Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Simon D Turner
- Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Neil L Rose
- Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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741
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Martin J, Lusher A, Thompson RC, Morley A. The Deposition and Accumulation of Microplastics in Marine Sediments and Bottom Water from the Irish Continental Shelf. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10772. [PMID: 28883417 PMCID: PMC5589889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Microplastics are widely dispersed throughout the marine environment. An understanding of the distribution and accumulation of this form of pollution is crucial for gauging environmental risk. Presented here is the first record of plastic contamination, in the 5 mm-250 μm size range, of Irish continental shelf sediments. Sixty-two microplastics were recovered from 10 of 11 stations using box cores. 97% of recovered microplastics were found to reside shallower than 2.5 cm sediment depth, with the area of highest microplastic concentration being the water-sediment interface and top 0.5 cm of sediments (66%). Microplastics were not found deeper than 3.5 ± 0.5 cm. These findings demonstrate that microplastic contamination is ubiquitous within superficial sediments and bottom water along the western Irish continental shelf. Results highlight that cores need to be at least 4-5 cm deep to quantify the standing stock of microplastics within marine sediments. All recovered microplastics were classified as secondary microplastics as they appear to be remnants of larger items; fibres being the principal form of microplastic pollution (85%), followed by broken fragments (15%). The range of polymer types, colours and physical forms recovered suggests a variety of sources. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms influencing microplastic transport, deposition, resuspension and subsequent interactions with biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Martin
- School of Geography and Archaeology, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Amy Lusher
- School of Geography and Archaeology, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Richard C Thompson
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Audrey Morley
- School of Geography and Archaeology, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland.
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742
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Long M, Paul-Pont I, Hégaret H, Moriceau B, Lambert C, Huvet A, Soudant P. Interactions between polystyrene microplastics and marine phytoplankton lead to species-specific hetero-aggregation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 228:454-463. [PMID: 28558286 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To understand the fate and impacts of microplastics (MP) in the marine ecosystems, it is essential to investigate their interactions with phytoplankton as these may affect MP bioavailability to marine organisms as well as their fate in the water column. However, the behaviour of MP with marine phytoplanktonic cells remains little studied and thus unpredictable. The present study assessed the potential for phytoplankton cells to form hetero-aggregates with small micro-polystyrene (micro-PS) particles depending on microalgal species and physiological status. A prymnesiophycea, Tisochrysis lutea, a dinoflagellate, Heterocapsa triquetra, and a diatom, Chaetoceros neogracile, were exposed to micro-PS (2 μm diameter; 3.96 μg L-1) during their growth culture cycles. Micro-PS were quantified using an innovative flow-cytometry approach, which allowed the monitoring of the micro-PS repartition in microalgal cultures and the distinction between free suspended micro-PS and hetero-aggregates of micro-PS and microalgae. Hetero-aggregation was observed for C. neogracile during the stationary growth phase. The highest levels of micro-PS were "lost" from solution, sticking to flasks, with T. lutea and H. triquetra cultures. This loss of micro-PS sticking to the flask walls increased with the age of the culture for both species. No effects of micro-PS were observed on microalgal physiology in terms of growth and chlorophyll fluorescence. Overall, these results highlight the potential for single phytoplankton cells and residual organic matter to interact with microplastics, and thus potentially influence their distribution and bioavailability in experimental systems and the water column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Long
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France; School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Ika Paul-Pont
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Brivaela Moriceau
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Christophe Lambert
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Arnaud Huvet
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Philippe Soudant
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
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743
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Abstract
Marine debris is widely recognized as a global environmental problem. One of its main components, microplastics, has been found in several sea salt samples from different countries, indicating that sea products are irremediably contaminated by microplastics. Previous studies show very confusing results, reporting amounts of microparticles (MPs) in salt ranging from zero to 680 MPs/kg, with no mention of the possible causes of such differences. Several errors in the experimental procedures used were found and are reported in the present work. Likewise, 21 different samples of commercial table salt from Spain have been analyzed for MPs content and nature. The samples comprise sea salts and well salts, before and after packing. The microplastic content found was of 50–280 MPs/kg salt, being polyethylene-terephthalate (PET) the most frequently found polymer, followed by polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE), with no significant differences among all the samples. The results indicate that even though the micro-particles might originate from multiple sources, there is a background presence of microplastics in the environment.
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744
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Katija K, Choy CA, Sherlock RE, Sherman AD, Robison BH. From the surface to the seafloor: How giant larvaceans transport microplastics into the deep sea. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700715. [PMID: 28835922 PMCID: PMC5559207 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste is a pervasive feature of marine environments, yet little is empirically known about the biological and physical processes that transport plastics through marine ecosystems. To address this need, we conducted in situ feeding studies of microplastic particles (10 to 600 μm in diameter) with the giant larvacean Bathochordaeus stygius. Larvaceans are abundant components of global zooplankton assemblages, regularly build mucus "houses" to filter particulate matter from the surrounding water, and later abandon these structures when clogged. By conducting in situ feeding experiments with remotely operated vehicles, we show that giant larvaceans are able to filter a range of microplastic particles from the water column, ingest, and then package microplastics into their fecal pellets. Microplastics also readily affix to their houses, which have been shown to sink quickly to the seafloor and deliver pulses of carbon to benthic ecosystems. Thus, giant larvaceans can contribute to the vertical flux of microplastics through the rapid sinking of fecal pellets and discarded houses. Larvaceans, and potentially other abundant pelagic filter feeders, may thus comprise a novel biological transport mechanism delivering microplastics from surface waters, through the water column, and to the seafloor. Our findings necessitate the development of tools and sampling methodologies to quantify concentrations and identify environmental microplastics throughout the water column.
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745
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Kooi M, Nes EHV, Scheffer M, Koelmans AA. Ups and Downs in the Ocean: Effects of Biofouling on Vertical Transport of Microplastics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7963-7971. [PMID: 28613852 PMCID: PMC6150669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest size-selective removal of small plastic particles from the ocean surface, an observation that remains unexplained. We studied one of the hypotheses regarding this size-selective removal: the formation of a biofilm on the microplastics (biofouling). We developed the first theoretical model that is capable of simulating the effect of biofouling on the fate of microplastic. The model is based on settling, biofilm growth, and ocean depth profiles for light, water density, temperature, salinity, and viscosity. Using realistic parameters, the model simulates the vertical transport of small microplastic particles over time, and predicts that the particles either float, sink to the ocean floor, or oscillate vertically, depending on the size and density of the particle. The predicted size-dependent vertical movement of microplastic particles results in a maximum concentration at intermediate depths. Consequently, relatively low abundances of small particles are predicted at the ocean surface, while at the same time these small particles may never reach the ocean floor. Our results hint at the fate of "lost" plastic in the ocean, and provide a start for predicting risks of exposure to microplastics for potentially vulnerable species living at these depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel Kooi
- Aquatic
Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental
Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
| | - Egbert H. van Nes
- Aquatic
Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental
Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marten Scheffer
- Aquatic
Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental
Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert A. Koelmans
- Aquatic
Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental
Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Marine
Research, P.O. Box 68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands
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746
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Biodegradable and Petroleum-Based Microplastics Do Not Differ in Their Ingestion and Excretion but in Their Biological Effects in a Freshwater Invertebrate Gammarus fossarum. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14070774. [PMID: 28703776 PMCID: PMC5551212 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14070774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Research on the uptake and effects of bioplastics by aquatic organisms is still in its infancy. Here, we aim to advance the field by comparing uptake and effects of microplastic particles (MPP) of a biodegradable bioMPP (polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)) and petroleum-based MPP (polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)) in the freshwater amphipod Gammarus fossarum. Ingestion of both MPP in different particle sizes (32–250 µm) occurred after 24 h, with highest ingestion of particles in the range 32–63 µm and almost complete egestion after 64 h. A four-week effect-experiment showed a significant decrease of the assimilation efficiency in amphipods exposed to the petroleum-based MPP from week two onwards. The petroleum-based PMMA affected assimilation efficiency significantly in contrast to the biodegradable PHB, but overall differences in direct comparison of MPP types were small. Both MPP types led to a significantly lower wet weight gain relative to the control treatments. After four weeks, differences between both MPP types and silica, used as a natural particle control, were detected. In summary, these results suggest that both MPP types provoke digestive constraints on the amphipods, which go beyond those of natural non-palatable particles. This highlights the need for more detailed research comparing environmental effects of biodegradable and petroleum-based MPP and testing those against naturally occurring particle loads.
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747
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Avio CG, Gorbi S, Regoli F. Plastics and microplastics in the oceans: From emerging pollutants to emerged threat. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 128:2-11. [PMID: 27233985 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plastic production has increased dramatically worldwide over the last 60 years and it is nowadays recognized as a serious threat to the marine environment. Plastic pollution is ubiquitous, but quantitative estimates on the global abundance and weight of floating plastics are still limited, particularly for the Southern Hemisphere and the more remote regions. Some large-scale convergence zones of plastic debris have been identified, but there is the urgency to standardize common methodologies to measure and quantify plastics in seawater and sediments. Investigations on temporal trends, geographical distribution and global cycle of plastics have management implications when defining the origin, possible drifting tracks and ecological consequences of such pollution. An elevated number of marine species is known to be affected by plastic contamination, and a more integrated ecological risk assessment of these materials has become a research priority. Beside entanglement and ingestion of macro debris by large vertebrates, microplastics are accumulated by planktonic and invertebrate organisms, being transferred along food chains. Negative consequences include loss of nutritional value of diet, physical damages, exposure to pathogens and transport of alien species. In addition, plastics contain chemical additives and efficiently adsorb several environmental contaminants, thus representing a potential source of exposure to such compounds after ingestion. Complex ecotoxicological effects are increasingly reported, but the fate and impact of microplastics in the marine environment are still far to be fully clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Giacomo Avio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefania Gorbi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Regoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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748
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Tavares DC, de Moura JF, Merico A, Siciliano S. Incidence of marine debris in seabirds feeding at different water depths. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 119:68-73. [PMID: 28431744 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Marine debris such as plastic fragments and fishing gears are accumulating in the ocean at alarming rates. This study assesses the incidence of debris in the gastrointestinal tracts of seabirds feeding at different depths and found stranded along the Brazilian coast in the period 2010-2013. More than half (55%) of the species analysed, corresponding to 16% of the total number of individuals, presented plastic particles in their gastrointestinal tracts. The incidence of debris was higher in birds feeding predominantly at intermediate (3-6m) and deep (20-100m) waters than those feeding at surface (<2m). These results suggest that studying the presence of debris in organisms mainly feeding at the ocean surface provides a limited view about the risks that this form of pollution has on marine life and highlight the ubiquitous and three-dimensional distribution of plastic in the oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Tavares
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil.
| | - J F de Moura
- Systems Ecology, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Bremen, Germany
| | - A Merico
- Systems Ecology, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Bremen, Germany; Physics & Earth Sciences, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany
| | - S Siciliano
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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749
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Abstract
Microplastics are a pollutant of environmental concern. Their presence in food destined for human consumption and in air samples has been reported. Thus, microplastic exposure via diet or inhalation could occur, the human health effects of which are unknown. The current review article draws upon cross-disciplinary scientific literature to discuss and evaluate the potential human health impacts of microplastics and outlines urgent areas for future research. Key literature up to September 2016 relating to accumulation, particle toxicity, and chemical and microbial contaminants was critically examined. Although microplastics and human health is an emerging field, complementary existing fields indicate potential particle, chemical and microbial hazards. If inhaled or ingested, microplastics may accumulate and exert localized particle toxicity by inducing or enhancing an immune response. Chemical toxicity could occur due to the localized leaching of component monomers, endogenous additives, and adsorbed environmental pollutants. Chronic exposure is anticipated to be of greater concern due to the accumulative effect that could occur. This is expected to be dose-dependent, and a robust evidence-base of exposure levels is currently lacking. Although there is potential for microplastics to impact human health, assessing current exposure levels and burdens is key. This information will guide future research into the potential mechanisms of toxicity and hence therein possible health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Wright
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Analytical and Environmental Sciences, King's College London , London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Analytical and Environmental Sciences, King's College London , London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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750
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McDevitt JP, Criddle CS, Morse M, Hale RC, Bott CB, Rochman CM. Addressing the Issue of Microplastics in the Wake of the Microbead-Free Waters Act-A New Standard Can Facilitate Improved Policy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6611-6617. [PMID: 28505424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The United States Microbead-Free Waters Act was signed into law in December 2015. It is a bipartisan agreement that will eliminate one preventable source of microplastic pollution in the United States. Still, the bill is criticized for being too limited in scope, and also for discouraging the development of biodegradable alternatives that ultimately are needed to solve the bigger issue of plastics in the environment. Due to a lack of an acknowledged, appropriate standard for environmentally safe microplastics, the bill banned all plastic microbeads in selected cosmetic products. Here, we review the history of the legislation and how it relates to the issue of microplastic pollution in general, and we suggest a framework for a standard (which we call "Ecocyclable") that includes relative requirements related to toxicity, bioaccumulation, and degradation/assimilation into the natural carbon cycle. We suggest that such a standard will facilitate future regulation and legislation to reduce pollution while also encouraging innovation of sustainable technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P McDevitt
- William and Mary Research Institute, College of William and Mary , Williamsburg, Virginia 23185, United States
| | - Craig S Criddle
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Codiga Resource Recovery Center, Stanford University , Stanford, Califonia 94305, United States
| | - Molly Morse
- Mango Materials, Oakland, California United States
| | - Robert C Hale
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science , Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, United States
| | - Charles B Bott
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, Virginia Beach, Virginia 23455, United States
| | - Chelsea M Rochman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S3G5, Canada
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