701
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Cyclosporin a and rapamycin relieve distinct lentiviral restriction blocks in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Mol Ther 2014; 23:352-62. [PMID: 25270076 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) permissiveness to HIV-derived lentiviral vectors (LVs) remains a challenge for the field of gene therapy as high vector doses and prolonged ex vivo culture are still required to achieve clinically relevant transduction levels. We report here that Cyclosporin A (CsA) and Rapamycin (Rapa) significantly improve LV gene transfer in human and murine HSPC. Both compounds increased LV but not gammaretroviral transduction and acted independently of calcineurin and autophagy. Improved gene transfer was achieved across all CD34(+) subpopulations, including in long-term SCID repopulating cells. Effects of CsA were specific of HSPC and opposite to its known impact on HIV replication. Mutating the Cyclophilin A binding pocket of the viral capsid (CA) further improved transduction in combination with CsA. Tracking of the LV genome fate revealed that CsA relieves a CA-dependent early block and increases integration, while Rapa acts early in LV infection independently of the viral CA. In agreement, only Rapa was able to improve transduction by an integrase-defective LV harboring wild-type CA. Overall, our findings pave the way for more efficient and sustainable LV gene therapy in human HSPCs and shed light on the multiple innate barriers specifically hampering LV transduction in these cells.
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702
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CCR5 Gene Editing of Resting CD4(+) T Cells by Transient ZFN Expression From HIV Envelope Pseudotyped Nonintegrating Lentivirus Confers HIV-1 Resistance in Humanized Mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2014; 3:e198. [PMID: 25268698 PMCID: PMC4222653 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2014.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
CCR5 disruption by zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) is a promising method for HIV-1 gene therapy. However, successful clinical translation of this strategy necessitates the development of a safe and effective method for delivery into relevant cells. We used non-integrating lentivirus (NILV) for transient expression of ZFNs and pseudotyped the virus with HIV-envelope for targeted delivery to CD4+ T cells. Both activated and resting primary CD4+ T cells transduced with CCR5-ZFNs NILV showed resistance to HIV-1 infection in vitro. Furthermore, NILV transduced resting CD4+ T cells from HIV-1 seronegative individuals were resistant to HIV-1 challenge when reconstituted into NOD-scid IL2rγc null (NSG) mice. Likewise, endogenous virus replication was suppressed in NSG mice reconstituted with CCR5-ZFN–transduced resting CD4+ T cells from treatment naïve as well as ART-treated HIV-1 seropositive patients. Taken together, NILV pseudotyped with HIV envelope provides a simple and clinically viable strategy for HIV-1 gene therapy.
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703
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Park SW, Pyo CW, Choi SY. High-efficiency lentiviral transduction of primary human CD34⁺ hematopoietic cells with low-dose viral inocula. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 37:281-8. [PMID: 25257593 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lentivirus-based vectors have the potential to transduce non-dividing primary stem cells. However, primary cells tend to be less susceptible to manipulation and require a high concentration of virus inoculum. Furthermore, increasing the concentration of the lentivirus inoculum may raise safety risks. Therefore, to develop a technique that allows high transduction efficiency at low multiplicities of infection (MOIs), we optimized a lentivirus-based system for cell lines and primary cells by determining the best condition using various parameters. When progenitor cell assays were conducted using human CD34(+) bone marrow and mononuclear cells, the transduction condition yielded a great number of eGFP(+) colonies with lower-dose viral inocula compared to that of current lentivirus-based transduction technologies. In conclusion, this system is anticipated to produce stable expression of a gene introduced into primary cells for preclinical studies with lower safety risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Won Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea,
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704
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Mikkers HM, Freund C, Mummery CL, Hoeben RC. Cell replacement therapies: is it time to reprogram? Hum Gene Ther 2014; 25:866-74. [PMID: 25141889 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2014.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantations have become a very successful therapeutic approach to treat otherwise life-threatening blood disorders. It is thought that stem cell transplantation may also become a feasible treatment option for many non-blood-related diseases. So far, however, the limited availability of human leukocyte antigen-matched donors has hindered development of some cell replacement therapies. The Nobel-prize rewarded finding that pluripotency can be induced in somatic cells via expression of a few transcription factors has led to a revolution in stem cell biology. The possibility to change the fate of somatic cells by expressing key transcription factors has been used not only to generate pluripotent stem cells, but also for directly converting somatic cells into fully differentiated cells of another lineage or more committed progenitor cells. These approaches offer the prospect of generating cell types with a specific genotype de novo, which would circumvent the problems associated with allogeneic cell transplantations. This technology has generated a plethora of new disease-specific research efforts, from studying disease pathogenesis to therapeutic interventions. Here we will discuss the opportunities in this booming field of cell biology and summarize how the scientists in the Netherlands have joined efforts in one area to exploit the new technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald M Mikkers
- 1 Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center , 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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705
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Inhibiting stromal cell heparan sulfate synthesis improves stem cell mobilization and enables engraftment without cytotoxic conditioning. Blood 2014; 124:2937-47. [PMID: 25202142 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-08-593426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycosyltransferase gene, Ext1, is essential for heparan sulfate production. Induced deletion of Ext1 selectively in Mx1-expressing bone marrow (BM) stromal cells, a known population of skeletal stem/progenitor cells, in adult mice resulted in marked changes in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) localization. HSPC egressed from BM to spleen after Ext1 deletion. This was associated with altered signaling in the stromal cells and with reduced vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 production by them. Further, pharmacologic inhibition of heparan sulfate mobilized qualitatively more potent and quantitatively more HSPC from the BM than granulocyte colony-stimulating factor alone, including in a setting of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor resistance. The reduced presence of endogenous HSPC after Ext1 deletion was associated with engraftment of transfused HSPC without any toxic conditioning of the host. Therefore, inhibiting heparan sulfate production may provide a means for avoiding the toxicities of radiation or chemotherapy in HSPC transplantation for nonmalignant conditions.
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706
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Brendel C, Goebel B, Daniela A, Brugman M, Kneissl S, Schwäble J, Kaufmann KB, Müller-Kuller U, Kunkel H, Chen-Wichmann L, Abel T, Serve H, Bystrykh L, Buchholz CJ, Grez M. CD133-targeted gene transfer into long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells. Mol Ther 2014; 23:63-70. [PMID: 25189742 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy for hematological disorders relies on the genetic modification of CD34(+) cells, a heterogeneous cell population containing about 0.01% long-term repopulating cells. Here, we show that the lentiviral vector CD133-LV, which uses a surface marker on human primitive hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) as entry receptor, transfers genes preferentially into cells with high engraftment capability. Transduction of unstimulated CD34(+) cells with CD133-LV resulted in gene marking of cells with competitive proliferative advantage in vitro and in immunodeficient mice. The CD133-LV-transduced population contained significantly more cells with repopulating capacity than cells transduced with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-LV, a lentiviral vector pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis virus G protein. Upon transfer of a barcode library, CD133-LV-transduced cells sustained gene marking in vivo for a prolonged period of time with a 6.7-fold higher recovery of barcodes compared to transduced control cells. Moreover, CD133-LV-transduced cells were capable of repopulating secondary recipients. Lastly, we show that this targeting strategy can be used for transfer of a therapeutic gene into CD34(+) cells obtained from patients suffering of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. In conclusion, direct gene transfer into CD133(+) cells allows for sustained long-term engraftment of gene corrected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brendel
- 1] Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany [2] Current address: Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin Goebel
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, JW-Goethe-University, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Abriss Daniela
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martijn Brugman
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion (IHB) Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Kneissl
- 1] Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany [2] Current address: Division of Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Joachim Schwäble
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immune Hematology, Clinics of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Wuerttemberg-Hessen, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Kerstin B Kaufmann
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Uta Müller-Kuller
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hana Kunkel
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Linping Chen-Wichmann
- 1] Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany [2] Current address: Experimental Cell Therapy and Hematology, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapy and Haemostaseology, Ludwig Maximilian University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Abel
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Hubert Serve
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, JW-Goethe-University, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Leonid Bystrykh
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Christian J Buchholz
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Manuel Grez
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
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707
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Calabria A, Leo S, Benedicenti F, Cesana D, Spinozzi G, Orsini M, Merella S, Stupka E, Zanetti G, Montini E. VISPA: a computational pipeline for the identification and analysis of genomic vector integration sites. Genome Med 2014; 6:67. [PMID: 25342980 PMCID: PMC4169225 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-014-0067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of the genomic distribution of viral vector genomic integration sites is a key step in hematopoietic stem cell-based gene therapy applications, allowing to assess both the safety and the efficacy of the treatment and to study the basic aspects of hematopoiesis and stem cell biology. Identifying vector integration sites requires ad-hoc bioinformatics tools with stringent requirements in terms of computational efficiency, flexibility, and usability. We developed VISPA (Vector Integration Site Parallel Analysis), a pipeline for automated integration site identification and annotation based on a distributed environment with a simple Galaxy web interface. VISPA was successfully used for the bioinformatics analysis of the follow-up of two lentiviral vector-based hematopoietic stem-cell gene therapy clinical trials. Our pipeline provides a reliable and efficient tool to assess the safety and efficacy of integrating vectors in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Calabria
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Leo
- Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia (CRS4), 09010 Pula, CA Italy ; Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Benedicenti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela Cesana
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Giulio Spinozzi
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy ; Department of Informatics, Systems and Communication (DISCo) - University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimilano Orsini
- Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia (CRS4), 09010 Pula, CA Italy
| | - Stefania Merella
- Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Elia Stupka
- Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zanetti
- Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia (CRS4), 09010 Pula, CA Italy
| | - Eugenio Montini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
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708
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Escobar G, Moi D, Ranghetti A, Ozkal-Baydin P, Squadrito ML, Kajaste-Rudnitski A, Bondanza A, Gentner B, De Palma M, Mazzieri R, Naldini L. Genetic engineering of hematopoiesis for targeted IFN-α delivery inhibits breast cancer progression. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:217ra3. [PMID: 24382895 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment represents a major hurdle to cancer therapy. We developed a gene transfer strategy into hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to target transgene expression to tumor-infiltrating monocytes/macrophages. Using a combination of transcriptional and microRNA-mediated control, we achieved selective expression of an interferon-α (IFN-α) transgene in differentiated monocytes of human hematochimeric mice. We show that IFN-α transgene expression does not impair engraftment and long-term multilineage repopulation of NSG (NOD/LtSz-scidIL2Rγ(null)) mice by transplanted human HSCs. By providing a source of human cytokines in the mice, we improved the functional reconstitution of human myeloid, natural killer, and T cell lineages, and achieved enhanced immune-mediated clearance of transplanted human breast tumors when hematopoiesis was engineered for tumor-targeted IFN-α expression. By applying our strategy to mouse breast cancer models, we achieved inhibition of tumor progression and experimental metastases in an autologous setting, likely through enhanced generation of effector T cells and their recruitment to the neoplastic tissues. By forcing IFN-α expression in tumor-infiltrating macrophages, we blunted their innate protumoral activity and reprogrammed the tumor microenvironment toward more effective dendritic cell activation and immune effector cell cytotoxicity. Overall, our studies validate the feasibility, safety, and therapeutic potential of a new cancer gene therapy strategy, and open the way to test this approach as adjuvant therapy in advanced breast cancer patients.
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709
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Stripecke R. Lentivirus-Induced Dendritic Cells (iDC) for Immune-Regenerative Therapies in Cancer and Stem Cell Transplantation. Biomedicines 2014; 2:229-246. [PMID: 28548069 PMCID: PMC5344221 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines2030229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDC) are ex vivo differentiated professional antigen presenting cells capable of potently stimulating naïve T cells and with vast potential for immunotherapeutic applications. The manufacture of clinical-grade cDC is relatively complex and requires several days for completion. Clinical trials showed poor trafficking of cDC from subcutaneous injection sites to lymph nodes (LN), where DC can optimally stimulate naïve lymphocytes for long-lasting memory responses. We demonstrated in mouse and human systems that a single overnight ex vivo lentiviral (LV) gene transfer into DC precursors for production of combination of cytokines and antigens was capable to induce autonomous self-differentiation of antigen-loaded DC in vitro and in vivo. These highly viable induced DC (iDC) effectively migrated from the injected skin to LN, where they effectively activated de novo antigen-specific effector memory T cells. Two iDC modalities were validated in relevant animal models and are now in clinical development: Self-differentiated Myeloid-derived Antigen-presenting-cells Reactive against Tumors co-expressing GM-CSF/IL-4/TRP2 for melanoma immunotherapy in the autologous setting (SmartDCtrp2), and Self-differentiated Myeloid-derived Lentivirus-induced against human cytomegalovirus as an allogeneic matched adoptive cell after stem cell transplantation (SmyleDCpp65). The lentiviral vector design and packaging methodology has “evolved” continuously in order to simplify and optimize function and biosafety of in vitro and in vivo genetic reprogramming of iDC. Here, we address the challenges seeking for new creations of genetically programmed iDC and integrase-defective LV vaccines for immune regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Stripecke
- Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster Rebirth, Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, OE6862, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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710
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Happle C, Lachmann N, kuljec J, Wetzke M, Ackermann M, Brennig S, Mucci A, Jirmo AC, Groos S, Mirenska A, Hennig C, Rodt T, Bankstahl JP, Schwerk N, Moritz T, Hansen G. Pulmonary transplantation of macrophage progenitors as effective and long-lasting therapy for hereditary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:250ra113. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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711
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Dighe N, Khoury M, Mattar C, Chong M, Choolani M, Chen J, Antoniou MN, Chan JKY. Long-term reproducible expression in human fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells with a UCOE-based lentiviral vector. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104805. [PMID: 25118036 PMCID: PMC4130605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC) targeted gene transfer is an attractive treatment option for a number of hematopoietic disorders caused by single gene defects. However, extensive methylation of promoter sequences results in silencing of therapeutic gene expression. The choice of an appropriate promoter is therefore crucial for reproducible, stable and long-term transgene expression in clinical gene therapy. Recent studies suggest efficient and stable expression of transgenes from the ubiquitous chromatin opening element (UCOE) derived from the human HNRPA2B1-CBX3 locus can be achieved in murine HSC. Here, we compared the use of HNRPA2B1-CBX3 UCOE (A2UCOE)-mediated transgene regulation to two other frequently used promoters namely EF1α and PGK in human fetal liver-derived HSC (hflHSC). Efficient transduction of hflHSC with a lentiviral vector containing an HNRPA2B1-CBX3 UCOE-eGFP (A2UCOE-eGFP) cassette was achieved at higher levels than that obtained with umbilical cord blood derived HSC (3.1x; p<0.001). While hflHSC were readily transduced with all three test vectors (A2UCOE-eGFP, PGK-eGFP and EF1α-eGFP), only the A2-UCOE construct demonstrated sustained transgene expression in vitro over 24 days (p<0.001). In contrast, within 10 days in culture a rapid decline in transgene expression in both PGK-eGFP and EF1α-eGFP transduced hflHSC was seen. Subsequently, injection of transduced cells into immunodeficient mice (NOD/SCID/Il2rg-/-) demonstrated sustained eGFP expression for the A2UCOE-eGFP group up to 10 months post transplantation whereas PGK-eGFP and EF1α-eGFP transduced hflHSC showed a 5.1 and 22.2 fold reduction respectively over the same time period. We conclude that the A2UCOE allows a more efficient and stable expression in hflHSC to be achieved than either the PGK or EF1α promoters and at lower vector copy number per cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraja Dighe
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maroun Khoury
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Citra Mattar
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark Chong
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mahesh Choolani
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianzhu Chen
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael N. Antoniou
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London School of Medicine, Guys Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jerry K. Y. Chan
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer and Stem Cell Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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712
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Li L, Torres-Coronado M, Gu A, Rao A, Gardner AM, Epps EW, Gonzalez N, Tran CA, Wu X, Wang JH, DiGiusto DL. Enhanced genetic modification of adult growth factor mobilized peripheral blood hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells with rapamycin. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:1199-208. [PMID: 25107584 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic modification of adult human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) with lentiviral vectors leads to long-term gene expression in the progeny of the HSPCs and has been used to successfully treat several monogenic diseases. In some cases, the gene-modified cells have a selective growth advantage over nonmodified cells and eventually are the dominant engrafted population. However, in disease indications for which the gene-modified cells do not have a selective advantage, optimizing transduction of HSPC is paramount to successful stem cell-based gene therapy. We demonstrate here that transduction of adult CD34+ HSPCs with lentiviral vectors in the presence of rapamycin, a widely used mTORC1 inhibitor, results in an approximately threefold increase in stable gene marking with minimal effects on HSPC growth and differentiation. Using this approach, we have demonstrated that we can enhance the frequency of gene-modified HSPCs that give rise to clonogenic progeny in vitro without excessive increases in the number of vector copies per cell or changes in integration pattern. The genetic marking of HSPCs and expression of transgenes is durable, and transplantation of gene-modified HSPCs into immunodeficient mice results in high levels of gene marking of the lymphoid and myeloid progeny in vivo. The prior safe clinical history of rapamycin in other applications supports the use of this compound to generate gene-modified autologous HSPCs for our HIV gene therapy clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Li
- Shared Resources-Cellular Process, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA; Center for Blood Cell Therapies at Peter McCallum Center, Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Virology, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Mónica Torres-Coronado
- Shared Resources-Cellular Process, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA; Center for Blood Cell Therapies at Peter McCallum Center, Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Virology, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Angel Gu
- Shared Resources-Cellular Process, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA; Center for Blood Cell Therapies at Peter McCallum Center, Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Virology, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Anitha Rao
- Shared Resources-Cellular Process, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA; Center for Blood Cell Therapies at Peter McCallum Center, Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Virology, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Agnes M Gardner
- Shared Resources-Cellular Process, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA; Center for Blood Cell Therapies at Peter McCallum Center, Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Virology, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Epps
- Shared Resources-Cellular Process, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA; Center for Blood Cell Therapies at Peter McCallum Center, Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Virology, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Nancy Gonzalez
- Shared Resources-Cellular Process, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA; Center for Blood Cell Therapies at Peter McCallum Center, Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Virology, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Chy-Anh Tran
- Shared Resources-Cellular Process, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA; Center for Blood Cell Therapies at Peter McCallum Center, Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Virology, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Xiwei Wu
- Shared Resources-Cellular Process, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA; Center for Blood Cell Therapies at Peter McCallum Center, Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Virology, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Jin-Hui Wang
- Shared Resources-Cellular Process, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA; Center for Blood Cell Therapies at Peter McCallum Center, Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Virology, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - David L DiGiusto
- Shared Resources-Cellular Process, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA; Center for Blood Cell Therapies at Peter McCallum Center, Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Virology, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
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713
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Blasimme A, Rial-Sebbag E. Regulation of cell-based therapies in Europe: current challenges and emerging issues. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 22 Suppl 1:14-9. [PMID: 24304069 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Europe is ready to deploy its immense capital of knowledge into the development of effective cell-based therapies and delve into the global race for translating stem cell science into regenerative medicine. But what are the challenges and the emerging issues that lay ahead the realization of Europe's enormous potential in this field? Both researchers and industrial stakeholders tend to impute the slow pace of translation to specific suboptimal features of the regulatory environment in Europe. At the same time, a host of new issues are emerging as testified by a recent public controversy regarding the provision of unproven cell therapy in Italy. We will review this topic and suggest some solutions to foster the responsible development of innovative cell-based therapies in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Blasimme
- INSERM UMR 1027 Département d'épidémiologie et de santé publique, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III , Toulouse, France
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714
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Basner-Tschakarjan E, Mingozzi F. Cell-Mediated Immunity to AAV Vectors, Evolving Concepts and Potential Solutions. Front Immunol 2014; 5:350. [PMID: 25101090 PMCID: PMC4107954 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are one of the most efficient in vivo gene delivery platforms. Over the past decade, clinical trials of AAV vector-mediated gene transfer led to some of the most exciting results in the field of gene therapy and, recently, to the market approval of an AAV-based drug in Europe. With clinical development, however, it became obvious that the host immune system represents an important obstacle to successful gene transfer with AAV vectors. In this review article, we will discuss the issue of cytotoxic T cell responses directed against the AAV capsid encountered on human studies. While over the past several years the field has acquired a tremendous amount of information on the interactions of AAV vectors with the immune system, a lot of questions are still unanswered. Novel concepts are emerging, such as the relationship between the total capsid dose and the T cell-mediated clearance of transduced cells, the potential role of innate immunity in vector immunogenicity highlighted in preclinical studies, and the cross talk between regulatory and effector T cells in the determination of the outcome of gene transfer. There is still a lot to learn about immune responses in AAV gene transfer, for example, it is not well understood what are the determinants of the kinetics of activation of T cells in response to vector administration, why not all subjects develop detrimental T cell responses following gene transfer, and whether the intervention strategies currently in use to block T cell-mediated clearance of transduced cells will be safe and effective for all gene therapy indications. Results from novel preclinical models and clinical studies will help to address these points and to reach the important goal of developing safe and effective gene therapy protocols to treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Mingozzi
- University Pierre and Marie Curie , Paris , France ; Genethon , Evry , France
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715
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Schönitzer V, Haasters F, Käsbauer S, Ulrich V, Mille E, Gildehaus FJ, Carlsen J, Pape M, Beck R, Delker A, Böning G, Mutschler W, Böcker W, Schieker M, Bartenstein P. In vivo mesenchymal stem cell tracking with PET using the dopamine type 2 receptor and 18F-fallypride. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:1342-7. [PMID: 25024426 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.134775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) represent a promising treatment approach for tissue repair and regeneration. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms and the fate of the transplanted cells. The objective of the presented work was to determine the feasibility of PET imaging and in vivo monitoring after transplantation of dopamine type 2 receptor-expressing cells. METHODS An hMSC line constitutively expressing a mutant of the dopamine type 2 receptor (D2R80A) was generated by lentiviral gene transfer. D2R80A messenger RNA expression was confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Localization of the transmembrane protein was analyzed by confocal fluorescence microscopy. The stem cell character of transduced hMSCs was investigated by adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation. Migration capacity was assessed by scratch assays in time-lapse imaging. In vitro specific binding of ligands was tested by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis and by radioligand assay using (18)F-fallypride. Imaging of D2R80A overexpressing hMSC transplanted into athymic rats was performed by PET using (18)F-fallypride. RESULTS hMSCs showed long-term overexpression of D2R80A. As expected, the fluorescence signal suggested the primary localization of the protein in the membrane of the transduced cells. hMSC and D2R80A retained their stem cell character demonstrated by their osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation capacity and their proliferation and migration behavior. For in vitro hMSCs, at least 90% expressed the D2R80A transgene and hMSC-D2R80A showed specific binding of (18)F-fallypride. In vivo, a specific signal was detected at the transplantation site up to 7 d by PET. CONCLUSION The mutant of the dopamine type 2 receptor (D2R80A) is a potent reporter to detect hMSCs by PET in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Schönitzer
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, and Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Florian Haasters
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, and Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Stefanie Käsbauer
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, and Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Veronika Ulrich
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, and Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Erik Mille
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Josef Gildehaus
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Janette Carlsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Manuela Pape
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roswitha Beck
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Delker
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Guido Böning
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolf Mutschler
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, and Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Wolfgang Böcker
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, and Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Matthias Schieker
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, and Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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716
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Deakin CT, Deakin JJ, Ginn SL, Young P, Humphreys D, Suter CM, Alexander IE, Hallwirth CV. Impact of next-generation sequencing error on analysis of barcoded plasmid libraries of known complexity and sequence. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:e129. [PMID: 25013183 PMCID: PMC4176369 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Barcoded vectors are promising tools for investigating clonal diversity and dynamics in hematopoietic gene therapy. Analysis of clones marked with barcoded vectors requires accurate identification of potentially large numbers of individually rare barcodes, when the exact number, sequence identity and abundance are unknown. This is an inherently challenging application, and the feasibility of using contemporary next-generation sequencing technologies is unresolved. To explore this potential application empirically, without prior assumptions, we sequenced barcode libraries of known complexity. Libraries containing 1, 10 and 100 Sanger-sequenced barcodes were sequenced using an Illumina platform, with a 100-barcode library also sequenced using a SOLiD platform. Libraries containing 1 and 10 barcodes were distinguished from false barcodes generated by sequencing error by a several log-fold difference in abundance. In 100-barcode libraries, however, expected and false barcodes overlapped and could not be resolved by bioinformatic filtering and clustering strategies. In independent sequencing runs multiple false-positive barcodes appeared to be represented at higher abundance than known barcodes, despite their confirmed absence from the original library. Such errors, which potentially impact barcoding studies in an application-dependent manner, are consistent with the existence of both stochastic and systematic error, the mechanism of which is yet to be fully resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire T Deakin
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Jeffrey J Deakin
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Samantha L Ginn
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Paul Young
- Molecular Genetics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - David Humphreys
- Molecular Genetics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Catherine M Suter
- Molecular Genetics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Claus V Hallwirth
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
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717
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The case for transmissible antivirals to control population-wide infectious disease. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:400-5. [PMID: 25017994 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Infectious disease control faces significant challenges including: how to therapeutically target the highest-risk populations, circumvent behavioral barriers, and overcome pathogen persistence and resistance mechanisms. We review a recently proposed solution to overcome these challenges: antivirals that transmit by 'piggybacking' on viral replication. These proposed antivirals, termed 'therapeutic interfering particles' (TIPs), are engineered molecular parasites of viruses that are designed to steal replication resources from the wild type virus. Depriving viruses of crucial replication machinery, TIPs would reduce viral loads. As obligate parasites, TIPs would transmit via the same risk factors and transmission routes as wild type viruses, automatically reaching high-risk populations, and thereby substantially limiting viral transmission even in resource-poor settings. Design issues and ethical/safety considerations of this proposed intervention are discussed.
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718
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Naik SH, Schumacher TN, Perié L. Cellular barcoding: a technical appraisal. Exp Hematol 2014; 42:598-608. [PMID: 24996012 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellular barcoding involves the tagging of individual cells of interest with unique genetic heritable identifiers or barcodes and is emerging as a powerful tool to address individual cell fates on a large scale. However, as with many new technologies, diverse technical and analytical challenges have emerged. Here, we review those challenges and highlight both the power and limitations of cellular barcoding. We then illustrate the contribution of cellular barcoding to the understanding of hematopoiesis and outline the future potential of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalin H Naik
- Molecular Medicine Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Ton N Schumacher
- Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Leïla Perié
- Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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719
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Tran R, Ahn B, Myers DR, Qiu Y, Sakurai Y, Moot R, Mihevc E, Trent Spencer H, Doering C, A Lam W. Simplified prototyping of perfusable polystyrene microfluidics. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:046501. [PMID: 25379106 PMCID: PMC4189295 DOI: 10.1063/1.4892035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell culture in microfluidic systems has primarily been conducted in devices comprised of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or other elastomers. As polystyrene (PS) is the most characterized and commonly used substrate material for cell culture, microfluidic cell culture would ideally be conducted in PS-based microsystems that also enable tight control of perfusion and hydrodynamic conditions, which are especially important for culture of vascular cell types. Here, we report a simple method to prototype perfusable PS microfluidics for endothelial cell culture under flow that can be fabricated using standard lithography and wet laboratory equipment to enable stable perfusion at shear stresses up to 300 dyn/cm(2) and pumping pressures up to 26 kPa for at least 100 h. This technique can also be extended to fabricate perfusable hybrid PS-PDMS microfluidics of which one application is for increased efficiency of viral transduction in non-adherent suspension cells by leveraging the high surface area to volume ratio of microfluidics and adhesion molecules that are optimized for PS substrates. These biologically compatible microfluidic devices can be made more accessible to biological-based laboratories through the outsourcing of lithography to various available microfluidic foundries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert Moot
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta , Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Emma Mihevc
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta , Georgia 30332, USA
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720
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Farinelli G, Capo V, Scaramuzza S, Aiuti A. Lentiviral vectors for the treatment of primary immunodeficiencies. J Inherit Metab Dis 2014; 37:525-33. [PMID: 24619149 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9690-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the last years important progress has been made in the treatment of several primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs) with gene therapy. Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy indeed represents a valid alternative to conventional transplantation when a compatible donor is not available and recent success confirmed the great potential of this approach. First clinical trials performed with gamma retroviral vectors were promising and guaranteed clinical benefits to the patients. On the other hand, the outcome of severe adverse events as the development of hematological abnormalities highlighted the necessity to develop a safer platform to deliver the therapeutic gene. Self-inactivating (SIN) lentiviral vectors (LVVs) were studied to overcome this hurdle through their preferable integration pattern into the host genome. In this review, we describe the recent advancements achieved both in vitro and at preclinical level with LVVs for the treatment of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS), chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), ADA deficiency (ADA-SCID), Artemis deficiency, RAG1/2 deficiency, X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (γchain deficiency, SCIDX1), X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) and immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Farinelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù and University of Rome Tor Vergata School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
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721
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Baboon envelope pseudotyped LVs outperform VSV-G-LVs for gene transfer into early-cytokine-stimulated and resting HSCs. Blood 2014; 124:1221-31. [PMID: 24951430 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-02-558163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-based gene therapy holds promise for the cure of many diseases. The field is now moving toward the use of lentiviral vectors (LVs) as evidenced by 4 successful clinical trials. These trials used vesicular-stomatitis-virus-G protein (VSV-G)-LVs at high doses combined with strong cytokine-cocktail stimulation to obtain therapeutically relevant transduction levels; however, they might compromise the HSC character. Summarizing all these disadvantages, alternatives to VSV-G-LVs are urgently needed. We generated here high-titer LVs pseudotyped with a baboon retroviral envelope glycoprotein (BaEV-LVs), resistant to human complement. Under mild cytokine prestimulation to preserve the HSC characteristics, a single BaEV-LV application at a low dose, resulted in up to 90% of hCD34(+) cell transduction. Even more striking was that these new BaEV-LVs allowed, at low doses, efficient transduction of up to 30% of quiescent hCD34(+) cells, whereas high-dose VSV-G-LVs were insufficient. Importantly, reconstitution of NOD/Lt-SCID/γc(-/-) (NSG) mice with BaEV-LV-transduced hCD34(+) cells maintained these high transduction levels in all myeloid and lymphoid lineages, including early progenitors. This transduction pattern was confirmed or even increased in secondary NSG recipient mice. This suggests that BaEV-LVs efficiently transduce true HSCs and could improve HSC-based gene therapy, for which high-level HSC correction is needed for life-long cure.
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722
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Guemez-Gamboa A, Coufal NG, Gleeson JG. Primary cilia in the developing and mature brain. Neuron 2014; 82:511-21. [PMID: 24811376 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia were the largely neglected nonmotile counterparts of their better-known cousin, the motile cilia. For years these nonmotile cilia were considered evolutionary remnants of little consequence to cellular function. Fast forward 10 years and we now recognize primary cilia as key integrators of extracellular ligand-based signaling and cellular polarity, which regulate neuronal cell fate, migration, differentiation, as well as a host of adult behaviors. Important future questions will focus on structure-function relationships, their roles in signaling and disease and as areas of target for treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Guemez-Gamboa
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicole G Coufal
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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723
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Evans-Galea MV, Pébay A, Dottori M, Corben LA, Ong SH, Lockhart PJ, Delatycki MB. Cell and gene therapy for Friedreich ataxia: progress to date. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 25:684-93. [PMID: 24749505 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders such as Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) present significant challenges in developing effective therapeutic intervention. Current treatments aim to manage symptoms and thus improve quality of life, but none can cure, nor are proven to slow, the neurodegeneration inherent to this disease. The primary clinical features of FRDA include progressive ataxia and shortened life span, with complications of cardiomyopathy being the major cause of death. FRDA is most commonly caused by an expanded GAA trinucleotide repeat in the first intron of FXN that leads to reduced levels of frataxin, a mitochondrial protein important for iron metabolism. The GAA expansion in FRDA does not alter the coding sequence of FXN. It results in reduced production of structurally normal frataxin, and hence any increase in protein level is expected to be therapeutically beneficial. Recently, there has been increased interest in developing novel therapeutic applications like cell and/or gene therapies, and these cutting-edge applications could provide effective treatment options for FRDA. Importantly, since individuals with FRDA produce frataxin at low levels, increased expression should not elicit an immune response. Here we review the advances to date and highlight the future potential for cell and gene therapy to treat this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite V Evans-Galea
- 1 Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute , Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia
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724
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Advanced cell-based therapies for the treatment of primary immunodeficiency (Cell-PID). HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2014; 25:54-6. [PMID: 24933560 DOI: 10.1089/humc.2014.2503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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725
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Persisting transgenesis (PERSIST). HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2014; 25:52-3. [PMID: 24933559 DOI: 10.1089/humc.2014.2502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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726
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Rapamycin relieves lentiviral vector transduction resistance in human and mouse hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 2014; 124:913-23. [PMID: 24914132 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-12-546218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is a promising therapeutic strategy for genetic diseases, HIV, and cancer. However, a barrier for clinical HSC gene therapy is the limited efficiency of gene delivery via lentiviral vectors (LVs) into HSCs. We show here that rapamycin, an allosteric inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin complexes, facilitates highly efficient lentiviral transduction of mouse and human HSCs and dramatically enhances marking frequency in long-term engrafting cells in mice. Mechanistically, rapamycin enhanced postbinding endocytic events, leading to increased levels of LV cytoplasmic entry, reverse transcription, and genomic integration. Despite increasing LV copy number, rapamycin did not significantly alter LV integration site profile or chromosomal distribution in mouse HSCs. Rapamycin also enhanced in situ transduction of mouse HSCs via direct intraosseous infusion. Collectively, rapamycin strongly augments LV transduction of HSCs in vitro and in vivo and may prove useful for therapeutic gene delivery.
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727
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Vigna E, Comoglio PM. Targeting the oncogenic Met receptor by antibodies and gene therapy. Oncogene 2014; 34:1883-9. [PMID: 24882574 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a tyrosine kinase encoded by the Met oncogene, has a crucial role in cancer growth, invasion and metastasis. It is a validated therapeutic target for 'personalized' treatment of a number of malignancies. Therapeutic tools prompting selective, robust and highly effective Met inhibition potentially represent a major step in the battle against cancer. Antibodies targeting either Met or its ligand HGF, although challenging, demonstrate to be endowed with promising features. Here we briefly review and discuss the state of the art in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vigna
- University of Torino, Department of Oncology, and Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - P M Comoglio
- University of Torino, Department of Oncology, and Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo (TO), Italy
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728
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Gancberg D, Norstedt I, Draghia-Akli R. Introduction: Gene and Cell Therapy Projects of the Seventh Framework Program. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2014; 25:51. [DOI: 10.1089/humc.2014.2501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Gancberg
- Directorate Health, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, European Commission, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Irene Norstedt
- Directorate Health, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, European Commission, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ruxandra Draghia-Akli
- Directorate Health, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, European Commission, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium
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729
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Chiriaco M, Farinelli G, Capo V, Zonari E, Scaramuzza S, Di Matteo G, Sergi LS, Migliavacca M, Hernandez RJ, Bombelli F, Giorda E, Kajaste-Rudnitski A, Trono D, Grez M, Rossi P, Finocchi A, Naldini L, Gentner B, Aiuti A. Dual-regulated lentiviral vector for gene therapy of X-linked chronic granulomatosis. Mol Ther 2014; 22:1472-1483. [PMID: 24869932 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulated transgene expression may improve the safety and efficacy of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy. Clinical trials for X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD) employing gammaretroviral vectors were limited by insertional oncogenesis or lack of persistent engraftment. Our novel strategy, based on regulated lentiviral vectors (LV), targets gp91(phox) expression to the differentiated myeloid compartment while sparing HSC, to reduce the risk of genotoxicity and potential perturbation of reactive oxygen species levels. Targeting was obtained by a myeloid-specific promoter (MSP) and posttranscriptional, microRNA-mediated regulation. We optimized both components in human bone marrow (BM) HSC and their differentiated progeny in vitro and in a xenotransplantation model, and generated therapeutic gp91(phox) expressing LVs for CGD gene therapy. All vectors restored gp91(phox) expression and function in human X-CGD myeloid cell lines, primary monocytes, and differentiated myeloid cells. While unregulated LVs ectopically expressed gp91(phox) in CD34(+) cells, transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally regulated LVs substantially reduced this off-target expression. X-CGD mice transplanted with transduced HSC restored gp91(phox) expression, and MSP-driven vectors maintained regulation during BM development. Combining transcriptional (SP146.gp91-driven) and posttranscriptional (miR-126-restricted) targeting, we achieved high levels of myeloid-specific transgene expression, entirely sparing the CD34(+) HSC compartment. This dual-targeted LV construct represents a promising candidate for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiriaco
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù and University of Rome Tor Vergata School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Giada Farinelli
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Scientific Institute HS Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Capo
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù and University of Rome Tor Vergata School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Zonari
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Scientific Institute HS Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Samantha Scaramuzza
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Scientific Institute HS Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Gigliola Di Matteo
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù and University of Rome Tor Vergata School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Sergi Sergi
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Scientific Institute HS Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Maddalena Migliavacca
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Scientific Institute HS Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Raisa Jofra Hernandez
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Scientific Institute HS Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Ezio Giorda
- Laboratory of Flow Cytometry and B Cell Development, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Kajaste-Rudnitski
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Scientific Institute HS Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Didier Trono
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Paolo Rossi
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù and University of Rome Tor Vergata School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Finocchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù and University of Rome Tor Vergata School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Scientific Institute HS Raffaele, Milan, Italy; "Vita-Salute" S. Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Bernhard Gentner
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Scientific Institute HS Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aiuti
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù and University of Rome Tor Vergata School of Medicine, Rome, Italy; San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Scientific Institute HS Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
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730
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731
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Targeted genome editing in human repopulating haematopoietic stem cells. Nature 2014; 510:235-240. [PMID: 24870228 PMCID: PMC4082311 DOI: 10.1038/nature13420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Targeted genome editing by artificial nucleases has brought the goal of site-specific transgene integration and gene correction within the reach of gene therapy. However, its application to long-term repopulating Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) has remained elusive. Here we show that poor permissiveness to gene transfer and limited proficiency of the homology directed DNA repair pathway constrain gene targeting in human HSCs. By tailoring delivery platforms and culture conditions we overcame these barriers and provide stringent evidence of targeted integration in human HSCs by long-term multilineage repopulation of transplanted mice. We demonstrate the therapeutic potential of our strategy by targeting a corrective cDNA into the IL2RG gene of HSCs from healthy donors and a subject with X-linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID-X1). Gene edited HSCs sustained normal hematopoiesis and gave rise to functional lymphoid cells that possess a selective growth advantage over those carrying disruptive IL2RG mutations. These results open new avenues for treating SCID-X1 and other diseases.
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732
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Qasim W, Gennery AR. Gene Therapy for Primary Immunodeficiencies: Current Status and Future Prospects. Drugs 2014; 74:963-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s40265-014-0223-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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733
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Moiani A, Suerth JD, Gandolfi F, Rizzi E, Severgnini M, De Bellis G, Schambach A, Mavilio F. Genome-wide analysis of alpharetroviral integration in human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Genes (Basel) 2014; 5:415-29. [PMID: 24840152 PMCID: PMC4094940 DOI: 10.3390/genes5020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer vectors derived from gamma-retroviruses or lentiviruses are currently used for the gene therapy of genetic or acquired diseases. Retroviral vectors display a non-random integration pattern in the human genome, targeting either regulatory regions (gamma-retroviruses) or the transcribed portion of expressed genes (lentiviruses), and have the potential to deregulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. A recently developed alternative vector system derives from the avian sarcoma-leukosis alpha-retrovirus (ASLV) and shows favorable safety features compared to both gamma-retroviral and lentiviral vectors in preclinical models. We performed a high-throughput analysis of the integration pattern of self-inactivating (SIN) alpha-retroviral vectors in human CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) and compared it to previously reported gamma-retroviral and lentiviral vectors integration profiles obtained in the same experimental setting. Compared to gamma-retroviral and lentiviral vectors, the SIN-ASLV vector maintains a preference for open chromatin regions, but shows no bias for transcriptional regulatory elements or transcription units, as defined by genomic annotations and epigenetic markers (H3K4me1 and H3K4me3 histone modifications). Importantly, SIN-ASLV integrations do not cluster in hot spots and target potentially dangerous genomic loci, such as the EVI2A/B, RUNX1 and LMO2 proto-oncogenes at a virtually random frequency. These characteristics predict a safer profile for ASLV-derived vectors for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Moiani
- Genethon, 1bis Rue de l'Internationale, 91020 Evry, France.
| | - Julia Debora Suerth
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Ermanno Rizzi
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan 20132, Italy.
| | - Marco Severgnini
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan 20132, Italy.
| | - Gianluca De Bellis
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan 20132, Italy.
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Fulvio Mavilio
- Genethon, 1bis Rue de l'Internationale, 91020 Evry, France.
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734
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Cianciaruso C, Pagani A, Martelli C, Bacigaluppi M, Squadrito ML, Lo Dico A, De Palma M, Furlan R, Lucignani G, Falini A, Biffi A, Ottobrini L, Politi LS. Cellular magnetic resonance with iron oxide nanoparticles: long-term persistence of SPIO signal in the CNS after transplanted cell death. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:1457-74. [PMID: 24823433 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the specificity of cellular MRI based on superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIOs), especially within the CNS. MATERIALS & METHODS A microglial cell line was engineered for the expression of a suicide gene, the receptor of diphtheria toxin (DT), and two reporter genes, green fluorescent protein and luciferase, in order to induce, in a controlled manner, cell death and test it through bioluminescence. SPIO-labeled DT-sensitive and control DT-insensitive cells were transplanted into the brains of mice, which underwent serial MRI and bioluminescence studies before and up to 90 days after DT-induced cell death. RESULTS No variations in SPIO signal voids were detected along longitudinal monitoring in brain hemispheres transplanted with DT-sensitive cells. Ex vivo analyses showed persistence of iron nanoparticle deposits at transplantation sites. CONCLUSION Due to the long-term persistence of signal after transplanted cell death, caution is advised when SPIOs are employed for cell tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cianciaruso
- Neuroradiology Department & Neuroradiology Research Group, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
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735
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Yannaki E, Karponi G, Zervou F, Constantinou V, Bouinta A, Tachynopoulou V, Kotta K, Jonlin E, Papayannopoulou T, Anagnostopoulos A, Stamatoyannopoulos G. Hematopoietic stem cell mobilization for gene therapy: superior mobilization by the combination of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor plus plerixafor in patients with β-thalassemia major. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 24:852-60. [PMID: 24001178 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful stem cell gene therapy requires high numbers of genetically engineered hematopoietic stem cells collected using optimal mobilization strategies. Here we focus on stem cell mobilization strategies for thalassemia and present the results of a plerixafor-based mobilization trial with emphasis on the remobilization with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)+plerixafor in those patients who had previously failed mobilization. Plerixafor rapidly mobilized CD34(+) cells without inducing hyperleukocytosis; however, 35% of patients failed to reach the target cell dose of ≥6×10(6) CD34(+) cells/kg. Four subjects who failed on either plerixafor or G-CSF were remobilized with G-CSF+plerixafor. The combination proved highly synergistic; the target cell dose was readily reached and the per-apheresis yield was significantly increased over initial mobilization, ultimately resulting in single-apheresis collections, despite a more than 50% reduction of the dose of G-CSF in splenectomized patients to avoid hyperleukocytosis. The total stem and progenitor cells mobilized in G-CSF+plerixafor patients were higher than in patients treated by plerixafor alone. Importantly, the G-CSF+plerixafor-mobilized cells displayed a primitive stem cell phenotype and higher clonogenic capacity over plerixafor-mobilized cells. G-CSF+plerixafor represents the optimal strategy when very high yields of stem cells or a single apheresis is required. The high yields and the favorable transplantation features render the G-CSF+plerixafor-mobilized cells the optimal CD34(+) cell source for stem cell gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Yannaki
- 1 Hematology-BMT Unit, Gene and Cell Therapy Center, George Papanicolaou Hospital , Thessaloniki 57010, Greece
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736
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Gao H, Hawkins T, Jasti A, Chen YH, Mockaitis K, Dinauer M, Cornetta K. Development and Evaluation of Quality Metrics for Bioinformatics Analysis of Viral Insertion Site Data Generated Using High Throughput Sequencing. Biomedicines 2014; 2:195-210. [PMID: 28548067 PMCID: PMC5423470 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines2020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Integration of viral vectors into a host genome is associated with insertional mutagenesis and subjects in clinical gene therapy trials must be monitored for this adverse event. Several PCR based methods such as ligase-mediated (LM) PCR, linear-amplification-mediated (LAM) PCR and non-restrictive (nr) LAM PCR were developed to identify sites of vector integration. Coupling the power of next-generation sequencing technologies with various PCR approaches will provide a comprehensive and genome-wide profiling of insertion sites and increase throughput. In this bioinformatics study, we aimed to develop and apply quality metrics to viral insertion data obtained using next-generation sequencing. We developed five simple metrics for assessing next-generation sequencing data from different PCR products and showed how the metrics can be used to objectively compare runs performed with the same methodology as well as data generated using different PCR techniques. The results will help researchers troubleshoot complex methodologies, understand the quality of sequencing data, and provide a starting point for developing standardization of vector insertion site data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Gao
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, IB 130, 975 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Troy Hawkins
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, IB 130, 975 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Aparna Jasti
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, IB 130, 975 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Yu-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Keithanne Mockaitis
- Department of Biology and Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-3700, USA.
| | - Mary Dinauer
- Department of Pediatrics and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Kenneth Cornetta
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, IB 130, 975 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Departments of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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737
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Vanden Oever MJ, Tolar J. Advances in understanding and treating dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2014; 6:35. [PMID: 24860657 PMCID: PMC4017907 DOI: 10.12703/p6-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa is a group of inherited disorders that can be both systemic and life-threatening. Standard treatments for the most severe forms of this disorder, typically limited to palliative care, are ineffective in reducing the morbidity and mortality due to complications of the disease. Emerging therapies—such as the use of allogeneic cellular therapy, gene therapy, and protein therapy—have all shown promise, but it is likely that several approaches will need to be combined to realize a cure. For recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, each particular therapeutic approach has added to our understanding of type VII collagen (C7) function and the basic biology surrounding the disease. The efficacy of these therapies and the mechanisms by which they function also give us insight into developing future strategies for treating this and other extracellular matrix disorders.
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738
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Abikoff CM, Cairo MS. Reduced intensity conditioning and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in pediatric nonmalignant disease: a new therapeutic paradigm. J Pediatr 2014; 164:952-953.e2. [PMID: 24742647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cori M Abikoff
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Mitchell S Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY.
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739
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Vauthier V, Swartz TD, Chen P, Roujeau C, Pagnon M, Mallet J, Sarkis C, Jockers R, Dam J. Endospanin 1 silencing in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus contributes to sustained weight loss of high fat diet obese mice. Gene Ther 2014; 21:638-44. [PMID: 24784449 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Leptin targets specific receptors (OB-R) expressed in the hypothalamus to regulate energy balance. Leptin decreases food intake in normal weight individuals, but this effect is blunted in obese subjects who are characterized by a state of leptin resistance. The prevention of leptin resistance is one of the major goals of obesity research. Recently, we identified endospanin 1 as a negative regulator of OB-R, which by interacting with OB-R retains the receptor inside the cell. We show here that in obese mice endospanin 1 is upregulated in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC), the major brain structure involved in body weight regulation, suggesting that endospanin 1 is implicated in obesity development and/or the installation of leptin resistance. In contrast, silencing of endospanin 1 with lentiviral vectors in the ARC of obese mice fully restores leptin responsiveness when combined with a switch to ad libitum fed chow diet. The recovery of central leptin sensitivity is accompanied by sustained body weight loss and amelioration of blood lipid parameters and steatosis. Collectively, our results define endospanin 1 as a novel therapeutic target against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vauthier
- 1] Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France [2] CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France [3] University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - T D Swartz
- 1] Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France [2] CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France [3] University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - P Chen
- 1] Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France [2] CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France [3] University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - C Roujeau
- 1] Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France [2] CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France [3] University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - M Pagnon
- 1] Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France [2] CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France [3] University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - J Mallet
- UMR 7091, University Paris Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), CNRS, NewVectys, Paris, France
| | - C Sarkis
- UMR 7091, University Paris Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), CNRS, NewVectys, Paris, France
| | - R Jockers
- 1] Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France [2] CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France [3] University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - J Dam
- 1] Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France [2] CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France [3] University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
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740
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Castro MG, Candolfi M, Wilson TJ, Calinescu A, Paran C, Kamran N, Koschmann C, Moreno-Ayala MA, Assi H, Lowenstein PR. Adenoviral vector-mediated gene therapy for gliomas: coming of age. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:1241-57. [PMID: 24773178 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.915307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults and it carries a dismal prognosis. Adenoviral vector (Ad)-mediated gene transfer is being developed as a promising therapeutic strategy for GBM. Preclinical studies have demonstrated safety and efficacy of adenovirus administration into the brain and tumor mass in rodents and into the non-human primates' brain. Importantly, Ads have been safely administered within the tumor resection cavity in humans. AREAS COVERED This review gives background on GBM and Ads; we describe gene therapy strategies for GBM and discuss the value of combination approaches. Finally, we discuss the results of the human clinical trials for GBM that have used Ads. EXPERT OPINION The transduction characteristics of Ads, and their safety profile, added to their capacity to achieve high levels of transgene expression have made them powerful vectors for the treatment of GBM. Recent gene therapy successes in the treatment of retinal diseases and systemic brain metabolic diseases encourage the development of gene therapy for malignant glioma. Exciting clinical trials are currently recruiting patients; although, it is the large randomized Phase III controlled clinical trials that will provide the final decision on the success of gene therapy for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Castro
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Neurosurgery , 4570 MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689 , USA +734 764 0850 ; +734 764 7051 ;
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741
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Castro MG, Candolfi M, Wilson TJ, Calinescu A, Paran C, Kamran N, Koschmann C, Moreno-Ayala MA, Assi H, Lowenstein PR. Adenoviral vector-mediated gene therapy for gliomas: coming of age. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014. [PMID: 24773178 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.91530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults and it carries a dismal prognosis. Adenoviral vector (Ad)-mediated gene transfer is being developed as a promising therapeutic strategy for GBM. Preclinical studies have demonstrated safety and efficacy of adenovirus administration into the brain and tumor mass in rodents and into the non-human primates' brain. Importantly, Ads have been safely administered within the tumor resection cavity in humans. AREAS COVERED This review gives background on GBM and Ads; we describe gene therapy strategies for GBM and discuss the value of combination approaches. Finally, we discuss the results of the human clinical trials for GBM that have used Ads. EXPERT OPINION The transduction characteristics of Ads, and their safety profile, added to their capacity to achieve high levels of transgene expression have made them powerful vectors for the treatment of GBM. Recent gene therapy successes in the treatment of retinal diseases and systemic brain metabolic diseases encourage the development of gene therapy for malignant glioma. Exciting clinical trials are currently recruiting patients; although, it is the large randomized Phase III controlled clinical trials that will provide the final decision on the success of gene therapy for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Castro
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Neurosurgery , 4570 MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689 , USA +734 764 0850 ; +734 764 7051 ;
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742
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Hu C, Chen Z, Zhao W, Wei L, Zheng Y, He C, Zeng Y, Yin B. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus G Glycoprotein and ATRA Enhanced Bystander Killing of Chemoresistant Leukemic Cells by Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase/Ganciclovir. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:114-21. [PMID: 24753816 PMCID: PMC3975477 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2013.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Refractoriness of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells to chemotherapeutics represents a major clinical barrier. Suicide gene therapy for cancer has been attractive but with limited clinical efficacy. In this study, we investigated the potential application of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (HSV-TK/GCV) based system to inhibit chemoresistant AML cells. We first generated Ara-C resistant K562 cells and doxorubicin-resistant THP-1 cells. We found that the HSV-TK/GCV anticancer system suppressed drug resistant leukemic cells in culture. Chemoresistant AML cell lines displayed similar sensitivity to HSV-TK/GCV. Moreover, HSV-TK/GCV killing of leukemic cells was augmented to a mild but significant extent by all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) with concomitant upregulation of Connexin 43, a major component of gap junctions. Interestingly, HSV-TK/GCV killing was enhanced by expression of vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein (VSV-G), a fusogenic membrane protein, which also increased leukemic cell fusion. Co-culture resistant cells expressing HSV-TK and cells stably transduced with VSV-G showed that expression of VSV-G could promote the bystander killing effect of HSV-TK/GCV. Furthermore, combination of HSV-TK/GCV with VSV-G plus ATRA produced more pronounced antileukemia effect. These results suggest that the HSV-TK/GCV system in combination with fusogenic membrane proteins and/or ATRA could provide a strategy to mitigate the chemoresistance of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Hu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215123, PR China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215123, PR China
| | - Wenjun Zhao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215123, PR China
| | - Lirong Wei
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215123, PR China
| | - Yanwen Zheng
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215123, PR China
| | - Chao He
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215123, PR China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bin Yin
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215123, PR China ; Thrombosis and Hemostasis Key Lab of the Ministry of Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, PR China
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743
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Lu-Nguyen NB, Broadstock M, Schliesser MG, Bartholomae CC, von Kalle C, Schmidt M, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ. Transgenic expression of human glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor from integration-deficient lentiviral vectors is neuroprotective in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 25:631-41. [PMID: 24635742 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2014.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard integration-proficient lentiviral vectors (IPLVs) are effective at much lower doses than other vector systems and have shown promise for gene therapy of Parkinson's disease (PD). Their main drawback is the risk of insertional mutagenesis. The novel biosafety-enhanced integration-deficient lentiviral vectors (IDLVs) may offer a significant enhancement in biosafety, but have not been previously tested in a model of a major disease. We have assessed biosafety and transduction efficiency of IDLVs in a rat model of PD, using IPLVs as a reference. Genomic insertion of lentivectors injected into the lesioned striatum was studied by linear amplification-mediated polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by deep sequencing and insertion site analysis, demonstrating lack of significant IDLV integration. Reporter gene expression studies showed efficient, long-lived, and transcriptionally targeted expression from IDLVs injected ahead of lesioning in the rat striatum, although at somewhat lower expression levels than from IPLVs. Transgenic human glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (hGDNF) expression from IDLVs was used for a long-term investigation of lentivector-mediated, transcriptionally targeted neuroprotection in this PD rat model. Vectors were injected before striatal lesioning, and the results showed improvements in nigral dopaminergic neuron survival and behavioral tests regardless of lentiviral integration proficiency, although they confirmed lower expression levels of hGDNF from IDLVs. These data demonstrate the effectiveness of IDLVs in a model of a major disease and indicate that these vectors could provide long-term PD treatment at low dose, combining efficacy and biosafety for targeted central nervous system applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc B Lu-Nguyen
- 1 School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London , Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
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744
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Buchbinder D, Nugent DJ, Fillipovich AH. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: diagnosis, current management, and emerging treatments. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2014; 7:55-66. [PMID: 24817816 PMCID: PMC4012343 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s58444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X-linked primary immunodeficiency disorder characterized by the triad of eczema, thrombocytopenia, and severe and often recurrent infections. Despite the rarity of this disorder, our understanding of the molecular and cellular pathogenesis of WAS has continued to increase. Advances in the use of diagnostic tools, the provision of supportive care, and improvements in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have significantly reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with this disorder. Exciting advancements in the care of patients with WAS have also occurred, including the successful application of autologous gene-modified hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Buchbinder
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Diane J Nugent
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, USA
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745
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van Til NP, Sarwari R, Visser TP, Hauer J, Lagresle-Peyrou C, van der Velden G, Malshetty V, Cortes P, Jollet A, Danos O, Cassani B, Zhang F, Thrasher AJ, Fontana E, Poliani PL, Cavazzana M, Verstegen MM, Villa A, Wagemaker G. Recombination-activating gene 1 (Rag1)–deficient mice with severe combined immunodeficiency treated with lentiviral gene therapy demonstrate autoimmune Omenn-like syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:1116-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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746
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Berkhout B, Liu YP. Towards improved shRNA and miRNA reagents as inhibitors of HIV1 replication. Future Microbiol 2014; 9:561-71. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: miRNAs are the key players of the RNAi mechanism, which regulates the expression of a large number of mRNAs in human cells. shRNAs are man-made synthetic miRNA mimics that exploit similar intracellular RNA processing routes. Massive amounts of data derived from next-generation sequencing have revealed miRNA species that are derived from alternative biosynthesis pathways. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of these noncanonical routes of miRNA and shRNA biosynthesis. We focus on ways to use these novel insights for the design of more potent and specific RNAi reagents for therapeutic applications, including the AgoshRNA design, which is processed differently than regular shRNAs. We will also discuss the development of a durable gene therapy against HIV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection & Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Poi Liu
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection & Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Current address: uniQure biopharma BV, Department of Research & Development, The Netherlands
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747
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De Ravin SS, Su L, Theobald N, Choi U, Macpherson JL, Poidinger M, Symonds G, Pond SM, Ferris AL, Hughes SH, Malech HL, Wu X. Enhancers are major targets for murine leukemia virus vector integration. J Virol 2014; 88:4504-13. [PMID: 24501411 PMCID: PMC3993722 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00011-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Retroviral vectors have been used in successful gene therapies. However, in some patients, insertional mutagenesis led to leukemia or myelodysplasia. Both the strong promoter/enhancer elements in the long terminal repeats (LTRs) of murine leukemia virus (MLV)-based vectors and the vector-specific integration site preferences played an important role in these adverse clinical events. MLV integration is known to prefer regions in or near transcription start sites (TSS). Recently, BET family proteins were shown to be the major cellular proteins responsible for targeting MLV integration. Although MLV integration sites are significantly enriched at TSS, only a small fraction of the MLV integration sites (<15%) occur in this region. To resolve this apparent discrepancy, we created a high-resolution genome-wide integration map of more than one million integration sites from CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells transduced with a clinically relevant MLV-based vector. The integration sites form ∼60,000 tight clusters. These clusters comprise ∼1.9% of the genome. The vast majority (87%) of the integration sites are located within histone H3K4me1 islands, a hallmark of enhancers. The majority of these clusters also have H3K27ac histone modifications, which mark active enhancers. The enhancers of some oncogenes, including LMO2, are highly preferred targets for integration without in vivo selection. IMPORTANCE We show that active enhancer regions are the major targets for MLV integration; this means that MLV preferentially integrates in regions that are favorable for viral gene expression in a variety of cell types. The results provide insights for MLV integration target site selection and also explain the high risk of insertional mutagenesis that is associated with gene therapy trials using MLV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk See De Ravin
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ling Su
- Laboratory of Molecular Technology, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Narda Theobald
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Uimook Choi
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Geoff Symonds
- Johnson and Johnson Research Pty. Ltd., Sydney, Australia
| | - Susan M. Pond
- Johnson and Johnson Research Pty. Ltd., Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrea L. Ferris
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen H. Hughes
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Harry L. Malech
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Technology, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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748
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Cheng SH. Gene therapy for the neurological manifestations in lysosomal storage disorders. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1827-38. [PMID: 24683200 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r047175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past several years, considerable progress has been made in the development of gene therapy as a therapeutic strategy for a variety of inherited metabolic diseases, including neuropathic lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). The premise of gene therapy for this group of diseases is borne of findings that genetic modification of a subset of cells can provide a more global benefit by virtue of the ability of the secreted lysosomal enzymes to effect cross-correction of adjacent and distal cells. Preclinical studies in small and large animal models of these disorders support the application of either a direct in vivo approach using recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors or an ex vivo strategy using lentiviral vector-modified hematopoietic stem cells to correct the neurological component of these diseases. Early clinical studies utilizing both approaches have begun or are in late-stage planning for a small number of neuropathic LSDs. Although initial indications from these studies are encouraging, it is evident that second-generation vectors that exhibit a greater safety profile and transduction activity may be required before this optimism can be fully realized. Here, I review recent progress and the remaining challenges to treat the neurological aspects of various LSDs using this therapeutic paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seng H Cheng
- Genzyme, a Sanofi Company, Framingham, MA 01701-9322
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749
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Williams DA, Thrasher AJ. Concise review: lessons learned from clinical trials of gene therapy in monogenic immunodeficiency diseases. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:636-42. [PMID: 24682287 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty years ago, retroviral transfer of genetic material into hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSC/Ps) led to predictions that this technology would transform modern medicine [Nature 1983;305:556-558; Nature 1984;310:476-480]. Studies in several immunodeficiency diseases in the past 15 years have demonstrated clear proof of principle that gene therapy can have long-lasting, potentially curative effects without the need to search for allogeneic donors and without risk of graft-versus-host disease. Improvement in gene transfer efficiency for target HSC/Ps brought to light issues of insertional mutagenesis caused by transfer vectors, resulting in oncogene transactivation and leukemias. Lessons from these adverse events have now led to a new generation of vectors, refinements in conditioning regimens, and manufacturing, which are paving the way for expanded applications of the current technology and recent emphasis on gene targeting/genome editing as the next advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Williams
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Centre for Immunodeficiency, Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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750
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Global overview of primary immunodeficiencies: a report from Jeffrey Modell Centers worldwide focused on diagnosis, treatment, and discovery. Immunol Res 2014; 60:132-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8498-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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