751
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Zhao Z, Sagare AP, Ma Q, Halliday MR, Kong P, Kisler K, Winkler EA, Ramanathan A, Kanekiyo T, Bu G, Owens NC, Rege SV, Si G, Ahuja A, Zhu D, Miller CA, Schneider JA, Maeda M, Maeda T, Sugawara T, Ichida JK, Zlokovic BV. Central role for PICALM in amyloid-β blood-brain barrier transcytosis and clearance. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:978-87. [PMID: 26005850 PMCID: PMC4482781 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PICALM is a highly validated genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We found that reduced expression of PICALM in AD and murine brain endothelium correlated with amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology and cognitive impairment. Moreover, Picalm deficiency diminished Aβ clearance across the murine blood-brain barrier (BBB) and accelerated Aβ pathology in a manner that was reversible by endothelial PICALM re-expression. Using human brain endothelial monolayers, we found that PICALM regulated PICALM/clathrin-dependent internalization of Aβ bound to the low density lipoprotein receptor related protein-1, a key Aβ clearance receptor, and guided Aβ trafficking to Rab5 and Rab11, leading to Aβ endothelial transcytosis and clearance. PICALM levels and Aβ clearance were reduced in AD-derived endothelial monolayers, which was reversible by adenoviral-mediated PICALM transfer. Inducible pluripotent stem cell-derived human endothelial cells carrying the rs3851179 protective allele exhibited higher PICALM levels and enhanced Aβ clearance. Thus, PICALM regulates Aβ BBB transcytosis and clearance, which has implications for Aβ brain homeostasis and clearance therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Abhay P. Sagare
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Qingyi Ma
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Matthew R. Halliday
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Pan Kong
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Kassandra Kisler
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ethan A. Winkler
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Anita Ramanathan
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Takahisa Kanekiyo
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Nelly Chuqui Owens
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Sanket V. Rege
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Gabriel Si
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ashim Ahuja
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Donghui Zhu
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Bio–Engineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Carol A. Miller
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Julie A. Schneider
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Manami Maeda
- Division of Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Takahiro Maeda
- Division of Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tohru Sugawara
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo Street, BCC 307, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Justin K. Ichida
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo Street, BCC 307, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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752
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Wierenga CE, Hays CC, Zlatar ZZ. Cerebral blood flow measured by arterial spin labeling MRI as a preclinical marker of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 42 Suppl 4:S411-9. [PMID: 25159672 DOI: 10.3233/jad-141467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is growing recognition that cerebral hypoperfusion is related to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), implicating the measurement of cerebral blood flow (CBF) as a possible biomarker of AD. The ability to identify the earliest and most reliable markers of incipient cognitive decline and clinical symptoms is critical to develop effective preventive strategies and interventions for AD. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures CBF by magnetically labeling arterial water and using it as an endogenous tracer. Studies using ASL MRI in humans indicate that CBF changes are present several years before the development of the clinical symptoms of AD. Moreover, ASL-measured CBF has been shown to distinguish between cognitively normal individuals, adults at risk for AD, and persons diagnosed with AD. Some studies indicate that CBF may even be sensitive for predicting cognitive decline and conversion to mild cognitive impairment and AD over time. Taken together, evidence suggests that the current staging models of AD biomarker pathology should incorporate early changes in CBF as a useful biomarker, possibly present even earlier than amyloid-β accumulation. Though still a research tool, ASL imaging is a promising non-invasive and reliable method with the potential to serve as a future clinical tool for the measurement of CBF in preclinical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Wierenga
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Zvinka Z Zlatar
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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753
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Abstract
Astrocytes form borders (glia limitans) that separate neural from non-neural tissue along perivascular spaces, meninges and tissue lesions in the CNS. Transgenic loss-of-function studies reveal that astrocyte borders and scars serve as functional barriers that restrict the entry of inflammatory cells into CNS parenchyma in health and disease. Astrocytes also have powerful pro-inflammatory potential. Thus, astrocytes are emerging as pivotal regulators of CNS inflammatory responses. This Review discusses evidence that astrocytes have crucial roles in attracting and restricting CNS inflammation, with important implications for diverse CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Sofroniew
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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754
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Gamba P, Testa G, Gargiulo S, Staurenghi E, Poli G, Leonarduzzi G. Oxidized cholesterol as the driving force behind the development of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:119. [PMID: 26150787 PMCID: PMC4473000 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder associated with dementia, is typified by the pathological accumulation of amyloid Aβ peptides and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) within the brain. Considerable evidence indicates that many events contribute to AD progression, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and altered cholesterol metabolism. The brain’s high lipid content makes it particularly vulnerable to oxidative species, with the consequent enhancement of lipid peroxidation and cholesterol oxidation, and the subsequent formation of end products, mainly 4-hydroxynonenal and oxysterols, respectively from the two processes. The chronic inflammatory events observed in the AD brain include activation of microglia and astrocytes, together with enhancement of inflammatory molecule and free radical release. Along with glial cells, neurons themselves have been found to contribute to neuroinflammation in the AD brain, by serving as sources of inflammatory mediators. Oxidative stress is intimately associated with neuroinflammation, and a vicious circle has been found to connect oxidative stress and inflammation in AD. Alongside oxidative stress and inflammation, altered cholesterol metabolism and hypercholesterolemia also significantly contribute to neuronal damage and to progression of AD. Increasing evidence is now consolidating the hypothesis that oxidized cholesterol is the driving force behind the development of AD, and that oxysterols are the link connecting the disease to altered cholesterol metabolism in the brain and hypercholesterolemia; this is because of the ability of oxysterols, unlike cholesterol, to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). The key role of oxysterols in AD pathogenesis has been strongly supported by research pointing to their involvement in modulating neuroinflammation, Aβ accumulation, and cell death. This review highlights the key role played by cholesterol and oxysterols in the brain in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Gamba
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriella Testa
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Simona Gargiulo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Erica Staurenghi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriella Leonarduzzi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin Orbassano, Torino, Italy
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755
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Vandal M, Bourassa P, Calon F. Can insulin signaling pathways be targeted to transport Aβ out of the brain? Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:114. [PMID: 26136681 PMCID: PMC4468380 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the causal role of Amyloid-β (Aβ) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is unclear, it is still reasonable to expect that lowering concentrations of Aβ in the brain may decrease the risk of developing the neurocognitive symptoms of the disease. Brain capillary endothelial cells forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB) express transporters regulating the efflux of Aβ out of the cerebral tissue. Age-related BBB dysfunctions, that have been identified in AD patients, might impair Aβ clearance from the brain. Thus, targeting BBB outward transport systems has been suggested as a way to stimulate the clearance of Aβ from the brain. Recent data indicate that the increase in soluble brain Aβ and behavioral impairments in 3×Tg-AD mice generated by months of intake of a high-fat diet can be acutely reversed by the administration of a single dose of insulin. A concomitant increase in plasma Aβ suggests that clearance from the brain through the BBB is a likely mechanism for this rapid effect of insulin. Here, we review how BBB insulin response pathways could be stimulated to decrease brain Aβ concentrations and improve cognitive performance, at least on the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milene Vandal
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval Quebec, QC, Canada ; Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL) Québec, QC, Canada ; Institut des Nutraceutiques et des Aliments Fonctionnels, Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Bourassa
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval Quebec, QC, Canada ; Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL) Québec, QC, Canada ; Institut des Nutraceutiques et des Aliments Fonctionnels, Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval Quebec, QC, Canada ; Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL) Québec, QC, Canada ; Institut des Nutraceutiques et des Aliments Fonctionnels, Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
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756
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Regional and stage-specific effects of prospectively purified vascular cells on the adult V-SVZ neural stem cell lineage. J Neurosci 2015; 35:4528-39. [PMID: 25788671 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1188-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neural stem cells reside in specialized niches. In the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ), quiescent neural stem cells (qNSCs) become activated (aNSCs), and generate transit amplifying cells (TACs), which give rise to neuroblasts that migrate to the olfactory bulb. The vasculature is an important component of the adult neural stem cell niche, but whether vascular cells in neurogenic areas are intrinsically different from those elsewhere in the brain is unknown. Moreover, the contribution of pericytes to the neural stem cell niche has not been defined. Here, we describe a rapid FACS purification strategy to simultaneously isolate primary endothelial cells and pericytes from brain microregions of nontransgenic mice using CD31 and CD13 as surface markers. We compared the effect of purified vascular cells from a neurogenic (V-SVZ) and non-neurogenic brain region (cortex) on the V-SVZ stem cell lineage in vitro. Endothelial and pericyte diffusible signals from both regions differentially promote the proliferation and neuronal differentiation of qNSCs, aNSCs, and TACs. Unexpectedly, diffusible cortical signals had the most potent effects on V-SVZ proliferation and neurogenesis, highlighting the intrinsic capacity of non-neurogenic vasculature to support stem cell behavior. Finally, we identify PlGF-2 as an endothelial-derived mitogen that promotes V-SVZ cell proliferation. This purification strategy provides a platform to define the functional and molecular contribution of vascular cells to stem cell niches and other brain regions under different physiological and pathological states.
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757
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Nordestgaard LT, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG, Frikke-Schmidt R. Loss-of-function mutation in ABCA1 and risk of Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular disease. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 11:1430-1438. [PMID: 26079414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is a major cholesterol transporter highly expressed in the liver and brain. In the brain, ABCA1 lipidates apolipoprotein E (apoE), facilitates clearance of amyloid-β, and may be involved in maintenance of the blood-brain barrier via apoE-mediated pathways. METHODS We tested whether a loss-of-function mutation in ABCA1, N1800H, is associated with plasma levels of apoE and with risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in 92,726 individuals and with risk of cerebrovascular disease in 64,181 individuals. RESULTS N1800H AC (0.2%) versus AA (99.8%) was associated with a 13% lower plasma level of apoE (P = 1 × 10(-11)). Multifactorially adjusted hazard ratios for N1800H AC versus AA were 4.13 (95% confidence interval, 1.32-12.9) for AD, 2.46 (1.10-5.50) for cerebrovascular disease, and 8.28 (2.03-33.7) for the hemorrhagic stroke subtype. DISCUSSION A loss-of-function mutation in ABCA1, present in 1:500 individuals, was associated with low plasma levels of apoE and with high risk of AD and cerebrovascular disease in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv Tybjærg Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Tybjærg-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospitals, Herlev, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospitals, Herlev, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospitals, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ruth Frikke-Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospitals, Herlev, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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758
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Hong S, Washington PM, Kim A, Yang CP, Yu TS, Kernie SG. Apolipoprotein E Regulates Injury-Induced Activation of Hippocampal Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells. J Neurotrauma 2015; 33:362-74. [PMID: 25905575 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Partial recovery from even severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is ubiquitous and occurs largely through unknown mechanisms. Recent evidence suggests that hippocampal neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) activation and subsequent neurogenesis are responsible for at least some aspects of spontaneous recovery following TBI. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) regulates postnatal neurogenesis in the hippocampus and is therefore a putative mediator of injury-induced neurogenesis. Further, ApoE isoforms in humans are associated with different cognitive outcomes following TBI. To investigate the role of ApoE in injury-induced neurogenesis, we exposed wild-type, ApoE-deficient, and human ApoE isoform-specific (ApoE3 and ApoE4) transgenic mice crossed with nestin-green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter mice to controlled cortical impact (CCI) and assessed progenitor activation at 2 d post-injury using unbiased stereology. GFP+ progenitor cells were increased by approximately 120% in the ipsilateral hippocampus in injured wild-type mice, compared with sham mice (p<0.01). Co-localization of GFP+ cells with bromodeoxyrudine (BrdU) to label dividing cells indicated increased proliferation of progenitors in the injured hippocampus (p<0.001). This proliferative injury response was absent in ApoE-deficient mice, as no increase in GFP+ cells was observed in the injured hippocampus, compared with sham mice, despite an overall increase in proliferation indicated by increased BrdU+ cells (86%; p<0.05). CCI-induced proliferation of GFP+ cells in both ApoE3 and ApoE4 mice but the overall response was attenuated in ApoE4 mice due to fewer GFP+ cells at baseline. We demonstrate that ApoE is required for injury-induced proliferation of NSPCs after experimental TBI, and that this response is influenced by human APOE genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Hong
- 1 Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons , New York, New York
| | - Patricia M Washington
- 1 Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons , New York, New York
| | - Ahleum Kim
- 1 Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons , New York, New York
| | - Cui-Ping Yang
- 2 Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tzong-Shiue Yu
- 1 Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons , New York, New York
| | - Steven G Kernie
- 1 Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons , New York, New York
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759
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Jiang L, Zhong J, Dou X, Cheng C, Huang Z, Sun X. Effects of ApoE on intracellular calcium levels and apoptosis of neurons after mechanical injury. Neuroscience 2015; 301:375-83. [PMID: 26073697 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to explore the effects of apolipoprotein e (ApoE) on intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]i) and apoptosis of neurons after mechanical injury in vitro. METHODS A neuron mechanical injury model was established after primary neurons obtained from APOE knockout and wild-type (WT) mice, and four experimental groups were generated: Group-ApoE4, Group-ApoE3, Group-ApoE(-) and Group-WT. Recombinant ApoE4 and ApoE3 were added to Group-ApoE4 and Group-ApoE3 respectively, and Group-ApoE(-) and Group-WT were control groups. Intracellular calcium was labeled by fluo-3/AM and examined using laser scanning confocal microscope and flow cytometry, and the apoptosis of neurons was also evaluated. RESULTS The intracellular calcium levels and apoptosis rates of mice neurons were significantly higher in Group-ApoE4 than in Group-ApoE3 and Group-WT after mechanical injury. However, without mechanical injury on neurons, no significant differences in intracellular calcium levels and apoptosis rates were found among all four experimental groups. The effects of ApoE4 on intracellular calcium levels and apoptosis rates of injured neurons were partly decreased by EGTA treatment. CONCLUSION Compared with ApoE3-treatment and WT neurons, ApoE4 caused higher intracellular calcium levels and apoptosis rates of neurons after mechanical injury. This suggested APOE polymorphisms may affect neuron apoptosis after mechanical injury through different influences on intracellular calcium levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, PR China
| | - J Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, PR China
| | - X Dou
- Chongqing Medical University, PR China
| | - C Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, PR China
| | - Z Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, PR China
| | - X Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, PR China.
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760
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Shimokawa H, Satoh K. 2015 ATVB Plenary Lecture: translational research on rho-kinase in cardiovascular medicine. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1756-69. [PMID: 26069233 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rho-kinase (ROCKs) is an important downstream effector of the small GTP-binding protein Ras homolog gene family member A. There are 2 isoforms of ROCK, ROCK1 and ROCK2, and they have different functions in several vascular components. The Ras homolog gene family member A/ROCK pathway plays an important role in various fundamental cellular functions, including contraction, motility, proliferation, and apoptosis, whereas its excessive activity is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. For the past 20 years, a series of translational research studies have demonstrated the important roles of ROCK in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. At the molecular and cellular levels, ROCK upregulates several molecules related to inflammation, thrombosis, and fibrosis. In animal experiments, ROCK plays an important role in the pathogenesis of vasospasm, arteriosclerosis, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, and heart failure. Finally, at the human level, ROCK is substantially involved in the pathogenesis of coronary vasospasm, angina pectoris, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, and heart failure. Furthermore, ROCK activity in circulating leukocytes is a useful biomarker for the assessment of disease severity and therapeutic responses in vasospastic angina, heart failure, and pulmonary hypertension. In addition to fasudil, many other ROCK inhibitors are currently under development for various indications. Thus, the ROCK pathway is an important novel therapeutic target in cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Shimokawa
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Kimio Satoh
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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761
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Snyder HM, Corriveau RA, Craft S, Faber JE, Greenberg SM, Knopman D, Lamb BT, Montine TJ, Nedergaard M, Schaffer CB, Schneider JA, Wellington C, Wilcock DM, Zipfel GJ, Zlokovic B, Bain LJ, Bosetti F, Galis ZS, Koroshetz W, Carrillo MC. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia including Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 11:710-7. [PMID: 25510382 PMCID: PMC4731036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Scientific evidence continues to demonstrate the linkage of vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia such as Alzheimer's disease. In December, 2013, the Alzheimer's Association, with scientific input from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute from the National Institutes of Health, convened scientific experts to discuss the research gaps in our understanding of how vascular factors contribute to Alzheimer's disease and related dementia. This manuscript summarizes the meeting and the resultant discussion, including an outline of next steps needed to move this area of research forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Snyder
- Medical & Scientific Relations, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Roderick A Corriveau
- National Institute on Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Suzanne Craft
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - James E Faber
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Steven M Greenberg
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bruce T Lamb
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Thomas J Montine
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Chris B Schaffer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Departments of Pathology and Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cheryl Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Donna M Wilcock
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Gregory J Zipfel
- Departments of Neurological Surgery and Neurology, Washington University, St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Berislav Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lisa J Bain
- Independent Science Writer, Elverson, PA, USA
| | - Francesca Bosetti
- National Institute on Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zorina S Galis
- National Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Walter Koroshetz
- National Institute on Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria C Carrillo
- Medical & Scientific Relations, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL, USA
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762
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Van der Donckt C, Roth L, Vanhoutte G, Blockx I, Bink D, Ritz K, Pintelon I, Timmermans JP, Bauters D, Martinet W, Daemen M, Verhoye M, De Meyer G. Fibrillin-1 impairment enhances blood–brain barrier permeability and xanthoma formation in brains of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Neuroscience 2015; 295:11-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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763
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Zamroziewicz MK, Paul EJ, Rubin RD, Barbey AK. Anterior cingulate cortex mediates the relationship between O3PUFAs and executive functions in APOE e4 carriers. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:87. [PMID: 26052283 PMCID: PMC4439554 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although diet has a substantial influence on the aging brain, the relationship between biomarkers of diet and aspects of brain health remains unclear. This study examines the neural mechanisms that mediate the relationship between omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (O3PUFAs) and executive functions in at-risk (APOE e4 carriers), cognitively intact older adults. We hypothesized that higher levels of O3PUFAs are associated with better performance in a particular component of the executive functions, namely cognitive flexibility, and that this relationship is mediated by gray matter volume of a specific region thought to be important for cognitive flexibility, the anterior cingulate cortex. METHODS We examined 40 cognitively intact adults between the ages of 65 and 75 with the APOE e4 polymorphism to investigate the relationship between biomarkers of O3PUFAs, tests of cognitive flexibility (measured by the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Trail Making Test), and gray matter volume within regions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). RESULTS A mediation analysis revealed that gray matter volume within the left rostral anterior cingulate cortex partially mediates the relationship between O3PUFA biomarkers and cognitive flexibility. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the anterior cingulate cortex acts as a mediator of the relationship between O3PUFAs and cognitive flexibility in cognitively intact adults thought to be at risk for cognitive decline. Through their link to executive functions and neuronal measures of PFC volume, O3PUFAs show potential as a nutritional therapy to prevent dysfunction in the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta K. Zamroziewicz
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of IllinoisChampaign, IL, USA
| | - Erick J. Paul
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Rachael D. Rubin
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
- Carle Neuroscience Institute, Carle Foundation HospitalUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Aron K. Barbey
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of IllinoisChampaign, IL, USA
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of IllinoisChampaign, IL, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of IllinoisChampaign, IL, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of IllinoisChampaign, IL, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of IllinoisChampaign, IL, USA
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764
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Lund TC, Patrinostro X, Kramer AC, Stadem P, Higgins LA, Markowski TW, Wroblewski MS, Lidke DS, Tolar J, Blazar BR. sdf1 Expression reveals a source of perivascular-derived mesenchymal stem cells in zebrafish. Stem Cells 2015; 32:2767-79. [PMID: 24905975 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have their origin as perivascular cells (PVCs) in vivo, but precisely identifying them has been a challenge, as they have no single definitive marker and are rare. We have developed a fluorescent transgenic vertebrate model in which PVC can be visualized in vivo based upon sdf1 expression in the zebrafish. Prospective isolation and culture of sdf1(DsRed) PVC demonstrated properties consistent with MSC including prototypical cell surface marker expression; mesodermal differentiation into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages; and the ability to support hematopoietic cells. Global proteomic studies performed by two-dimensional liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry revealed a high degree of similarity to human MSC (hMSC) and discovery of novel markers (CD99, CD151, and MYOF) that were previously unknown to be expressed by hMSC. Dynamic in vivo imaging during fin regeneration showed that PVC may arise from undifferentiated mesenchyme providing evidence of a PVC-MSC relationship. This is the first model, established in zebrafish, in which MSC can be visualized in vivo and will allow us to better understand their function in a native environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy C Lund
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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765
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T Cells-Protective or Pathogenic in Alzheimer's Disease? J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:547-60. [PMID: 25957956 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, and is characterised by deposits of amyloid β (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangles and neuronal loss. Neuroinflammatory changes have been identified as a feature of the disease, and recent studies have suggested a potential role for the peripheral immune system in driving these changes and, ultimately, the associated neuronal degeneration. A number of reports have detailed changes in the activation state and subtype of T cells in the circulation and CSF of AD patients and there is evidence of T cell infiltration into the brain. In this review, we examine the possible impact of T cell infiltration in the progression of pathology in AD and consider the data obtained from animal models of the disease. We consider how these cells infiltrate the brain, particularly in AD, and discuss whether the presence of T cells in the AD brain is protective or pathogenic. Finally we evaluate the current therapies, particularly those that involve immunization.
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766
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Yan P, Zhu A, Liao F, Xiao Q, Kraft A, Gonzales E, Perez R, Greenberg SM, Holtzman D, Lee JM. Minocycline reduces spontaneous hemorrhage in mouse models of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Stroke 2015; 46:1633-1640. [PMID: 25944329 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.008582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a common cause of recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage in the elderly. Previous studies have shown that CAA induces inflammation and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (gelatinases) in amyloid-laden vessels. Here, we inhibited both using minocycline in CAA mouse models to determine whether spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage could be reduced. METHODS Tg2576 (n=16) and 5xFAD/ApoE4 knockin mice (n=16), aged 17 and 12 months, respectively, were treated with minocycline (50 mg/kg, IP) or saline every other day for 2 months. Brains were extracted and stained with X-34 (to quantify amyloid), Perls' blue (to quantify hemorrhage), and immunostained to examined β-amyloid peptide load, gliosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP], Iba-1), and vascular markers of blood-brain barrier integrity (zonula occludins-1 [ZO-1] and collagen IV). Brain extracts were used to quantify mRNA for a variety of inflammatory genes. RESULTS Minocycline treatment significantly reduced hemorrhage frequency in the brains of Tg2576 and 5xFAD/ApoE4 mice relative to the saline-treated mice, without affecting CAA load. Gliosis (GFAP and Iba-1 immunostaining), gelatinase activity, and expression of a variety of inflammatory genes (matrix metalloproteinase-9, NOX4, CD45, S-100b, and Iba-1) were also significantly reduced. Higher levels of microvascular tight junction and basal lamina proteins were found in the brains of minocycline-treated Tg2576 mice relative to saline-treated controls. CONCLUSIONS Minocycline reduced gliosis, inflammatory gene expression, gelatinase activity, and spontaneous hemorrhage in 2 different mouse models of CAA, supporting the importance of matrix metalloproteinase-related and inflammatory pathways in intracerebral hemorrhage pathogenesis. As a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug, minocycline might be considered for clinical trials to test efficacy in preventing CAA-related intracerebral hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yan
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alec Zhu
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Fan Liao
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Qingli Xiao
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrew Kraft
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ernie Gonzales
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ron Perez
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Steven M Greenberg
- Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Holtzman
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jin-Moo Lee
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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767
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Tai LM, Ghura S, Koster KP, Liakaite V, Maienschein‐Cline M, Kanabar P, Collins N, Ben‐Aissa M, Lei AZ, Bahroos N, Green SJ, Hendrickson B, Van Eldik LJ, LaDu MJ. APOE-modulated Aβ-induced neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: current landscape, novel data, and future perspective. J Neurochem 2015; 133:465-88. [PMID: 25689586 PMCID: PMC4400246 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic glial activation and neuroinflammation induced by the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. APOE4 is the greatest AD-genetic risk factor; increasing risk up to 12-fold compared to APOE3, with APOE4-specific neuroinflammation an important component of this risk. This editorial review discusses the role of APOE in inflammation and AD, via a literature review, presentation of novel data on Aβ-induced neuroinflammation, and discussion of future research directions. The complexity of chronic neuroinflammation, including multiple detrimental and beneficial effects occurring in a temporal and cell-specific manner, has resulted in conflicting functional data for virtually every inflammatory mediator. Defining a neuroinflammatory phenotype (NIP) is one way to address this issue, focusing on profiling the changes in inflammatory mediator expression during disease progression. Although many studies have shown that APOE4 induces a detrimental NIP in peripheral inflammation and Aβ-independent neuroinflammation, data for APOE-modulated Aβ-induced neuroinflammation are surprisingly limited. We present data supporting the hypothesis that impaired apoE4 function modulates Aβ-induced effects on inflammatory receptor signaling, including amplification of detrimental (toll-like receptor 4-p38α) and suppression of beneficial (IL-4R-nuclear receptor) pathways. To ultimately develop APOE genotype-specific therapeutics, it is critical that future studies define the dynamic NIP profile and pathways that underlie APOE-modulated chronic neuroinflammation. In this editorial review, we present data supporting the hypothesis that impaired apoE4 function modulates Aβ-induced effects on inflammatory receptor signaling, including amplification of detrimental (TLR4-p38α) and suppression of beneficial (IL-4R-nuclear receptor) pathways, resulting in an adverse NIP that causes neuronal dysfunction. NIP, Neuroinflammatory phenotype; P.I., pro-inflammatory; A.I., anti-inflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon M. Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Shivesh Ghura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Kevin P. Koster
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | | | - Pinal Kanabar
- UIC Center for Research Informatics University of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Nicole Collins
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Manel Ben‐Aissa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Arden Zhengdeng Lei
- UIC Center for Research Informatics University of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Neil Bahroos
- UIC Center for Research Informatics University of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Bill Hendrickson
- UIC Research Resources CenterUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
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768
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Wang L, Tang W, Wang X, Chen Y, Wu Y, Qiang Y, Feng Y, Ren Z, Chen S, Xu A. PPIase is associated with the diversity of conotoxins from cone snail venom glands. Biochimie 2015; 112:129-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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769
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Neely BA, Ferrante JA, Chaves JM, Soper JL, Almeida JS, Arthur JM, Gulland FMD, Janech MG. Proteomic Analysis of Plasma from California Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus) Reveals Apolipoprotein E as a Candidate Biomarker of Chronic Domoic Acid Toxicosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123295. [PMID: 25919366 PMCID: PMC4412824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Domoic acid toxicosis (DAT) in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) is caused by exposure to the marine biotoxin domoic acid and has been linked to massive stranding events and mortality. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs in addition to the presence of domoic acid in body fluids. Chronic DAT further is characterized by reoccurring seizures progressing to status epilepticus. Diagnosis of chronic DAT is often slow and problematic, and minimally invasive tests for DAT have been the focus of numerous recent biomarker studies. The goal of this study was to retrospectively profile plasma proteins in a population of sea lions with chronic DAT and those without DAT using two dimensional gel electrophoresis to discover whether individual, multiple, or combinations of protein and clinical data could be utilized to identify sea lions with DAT. Using a training set of 32 sea lion sera, 20 proteins and their isoforms were identified that were significantly different between the two groups (p<0.05). Interestingly, 11 apolipoprotein E (ApoE) charge forms were decreased in DAT samples, indicating that ApoE charge form distributions may be important in the progression of DAT. In order to develop a classifier of chronic DAT, an independent blinded test set of 20 sea lions, seven with chronic DAT, was used to validate models utilizing ApoE charge forms and eosinophil counts. The resulting support vector machine had high sensitivity (85.7% with 92.3% negative predictive value) and high specificity (92.3% with 85.7% positive predictive value). These results suggest that ApoE and eosinophil counts along with machine learning can perform as a robust and accurate tool to diagnose chronic DAT. Although this analysis is specifically focused on blood biomarkers and routine clinical data, the results demonstrate promise for future studies combining additional variables in multidimensional space to create robust classifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Neely
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Jason A. Ferrante
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
- Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - J. Mauro Chaves
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | | | - Jonas S. Almeida
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Stony Brook University, Long Island, NY, United States of America
| | - John M. Arthur
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
- Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | | | - Michael G. Janech
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
- Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, United States of America
- Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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770
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Casey CS, Atagi Y, Yamazaki Y, Shinohara M, Tachibana M, Fu Y, Bu G, Kanekiyo T. Apolipoprotein E Inhibits Cerebrovascular Pericyte Mobility through a RhoA Protein-mediated Pathway. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14208-17. [PMID: 25903128 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.625251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes play a critical role in the cerebrovasculature within the CNS. These small contractile cells produce large quantities of apolipoprotein E (apoE) whose isoforms influence cerebrovascular functions and determine the genetic risk for Alzheimer disease. Despite extensive studies on astrocyte-secreted apoE, which supports synapses by transporting cholesterol to neurons, the biochemical properties and function of apoE secreted by pericytes are not clear. Because pericytes mediate important functions in the CNS, including the initiation of glial scar formation, angiogenesis, and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier, we investigated the potential role of apoE in pericyte mobility. We found that knockdown of apoE expression significantly accelerates pericyte migration, an effect that can be rescued by exogenous apoE3, but not apoE4, a risk factor for Alzheimer disease. ApoE-regulated migration of pericytes also requires the function of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), a major apoE receptor in the brain that is abundantly expressed in pericytes. Because apoE-knockdown also leads to enhanced cell adhesion, we investigated the role of apoE in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Interestingly, we found that the levels of active RhoA are increased significantly in apoE knockdown pericytes and that RhoA inhibitors blocked pericyte migration. Taken together, our results suggest that apoE has an intrinsic role in pericyte mobility, which is vital in maintaining cerebrovascular function. These findings provide novel insights into the role of apoE in the cerebrovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Casey
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Yuka Atagi
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Yu Yamazaki
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Mitsuru Shinohara
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Masaya Tachibana
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Yuan Fu
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Guojun Bu
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Takahisa Kanekiyo
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
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771
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Bexarotene reduces blood-brain barrier permeability in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injured rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122744. [PMID: 25844636 PMCID: PMC4386818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) over-expression disrupts the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the ischemic brain. The retinoid X receptor agonist bexarotene suppresses MMP-9 expression in endothelial cells and displays neuroprotective effects. Therefore, we hypothesized that bexarotene may have a beneficial effect on I/R-induced BBB dysfunction. METHODS A total of 180 rats were randomized into three groups (n = 60 each): (i) a sham-operation group, (ii) a cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) group, and (iii) an I/R+bexarotene group. Brain water content was measured by the dry wet weight method. BBB permeability was analyzed by Evans Blue staining and the magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent Omniscan. MMP-9 mRNA expression, protein expression, and activity were assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and gelatin zymography, respectively. Apolipoprotein E (apoE), claudin-5, and occludin expression were analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS After 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h post-I/R, several effects were observed with bexarotene administration: (i) brain water content and BBB permeability were significantly reduced; (ii) MMP-9 mRNA and protein expression as well as activity were significantly decreased; (iii) claudin-5 and occludin expression were significantly increased; and (iv) apoE expression was significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS Bexarotene decreases BBB permeability in rats with cerebral I/R injury. This effect may be due in part to bexarotene's upregulation of apoE expression, which has been previously shown to reduce BBB permeability through suppressing MMP-9-mediated degradation of the tight junction proteins claudin-5 and occludin. This work offers insight to aid future development of therapeutic agents for cerebral I/R injury in human patients.
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772
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Abstract
It has recently been proposed that heart failure is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Decreased cerebral blood flow and neurohormonal activation due to heart failure may contribute to the dysfunction of the neurovascular unit and cause an energy crisis in neurons. This leads to the impaired clearance of amyloid beta and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, resulting in the formation of amyloid beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. In this article, we will summarize the current understanding of the relationship between heart failure and Alzheimer's disease based on epidemiological studies, brain imaging research, pathological findings and the use of animal models. The importance of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, blood pressure and valve disease as well as the effect of relevant medications will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cermakova
- Division for Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska InstitutetHuddinge, Sweden
- International Clinical Research Center and St. Anne's University HospitalBrno, Czech Republic
| | - M Eriksdotter
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University HospitalStockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - L H Lund
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University HospitalStockholm, Sweden
- Unit of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - B Winblad
- Division for Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska InstitutetHuddinge, Sweden
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University HospitalStockholm, Sweden
| | - P Religa
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - D Religa
- Division for Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska InstitutetHuddinge, Sweden
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University HospitalStockholm, Sweden
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773
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Winkler EA, Nishida Y, Sagare AP, Rege SV, Bell RD, Perlmutter D, Sengillo JD, Hillman S, Kong P, Nelson AR, Sullivan JS, Zhao Z, Meiselman HJ, Wendy RB, Soto J, Abel ED, Makshanoff J, Zuniga E, De Vivo DC, Zlokovic BV. GLUT1 reductions exacerbate Alzheimer's disease vasculo-neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:521-530. [PMID: 25730668 PMCID: PMC4734893 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The glucose transporter GLUT1 at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) mediates glucose transport into the brain. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by early reductions in glucose transport associated with diminished GLUT1 expression at the BBB. Whether GLUT1 reduction influences disease pathogenesis remains, however, elusive. Here we show that GLUT1 deficiency in mice overexpressing amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) precursor protein leads to early cerebral microvascular degeneration, blood flow reductions and dysregulation and BBB breakdown, and to accelerated amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) pathology, reduced Aβ clearance, diminished neuronal activity, behavioral deficits, and progressive neuronal loss and neurodegeneration that develop after initial cerebrovascular degenerative changes. We also show that GLUT1 deficiency in endothelium, but not in astrocytes, initiates the vascular phenotype as shown by BBB breakdown. Thus, reduced BBB GLUT1 expression worsens Alzheimer's disease cerebrovascular degeneration, neuropathology and cognitive function, suggesting that GLUT1 may represent a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease vasculo-neuronal dysfunction and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan A. Winkler
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Yoichiro Nishida
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Vascular Brain Disorders, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Abhay P. Sagare
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sanket V. Rege
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Robert D. Bell
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Vascular Brain Disorders, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - David Perlmutter
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Vascular Brain Disorders, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Jesse D. Sengillo
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Vascular Brain Disorders, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Sara Hillman
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Vascular Brain Disorders, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Pan Kong
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Amy R. Nelson
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - John S. Sullivan
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Herbert J. Meiselman
- Departrment of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Rosalinda B. Wendy
- Departrment of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jamie Soto
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - E. Dale Abel
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jacob Makshanoff
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Edward Zuniga
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Darryl C. De Vivo
- Colleen Giblin Laboratories for Pediatric Neurology Research, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Departrment of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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774
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Burda JE, Bernstein AM, Sofroniew MV. Astrocyte roles in traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2015; 275 Pt 3:305-315. [PMID: 25828533 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes sense changes in neural activity and extracellular space composition. In response, they exert homeostatic mechanisms critical for maintaining neural circuit function, such as buffering neurotransmitters, modulating extracellular osmolarity and calibrating neurovascular coupling. In addition to upholding normal brain activities, astrocytes respond to diverse forms of brain injury with heterogeneous and progressive changes of gene expression, morphology, proliferative capacity and function that are collectively referred to as reactive astrogliosis. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) sets in motion complex events in which noxious mechanical forces cause tissue damage and disrupt central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, which in turn trigger diverse multi-cellular responses that evolve over time and can lead either to neural repair or secondary cellular injury. In response to TBI, astrocytes in different cellular microenvironments tune their reactivity to varying degrees of axonal injury, vascular disruption, ischemia and inflammation. Here we review different forms of TBI-induced astrocyte reactivity and the functional consequences of these responses for TBI pathobiology. Evidence regarding astrocyte contribution to post-traumatic tissue repair and synaptic remodeling is examined, and the potential for targeting specific aspects of astrogliosis to ameliorate TBI sequelae is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Burda
- Department of Neurobiology and Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1763, USA
| | - Alexander M Bernstein
- Department of Neurobiology and Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1763, USA
| | - Michael V Sofroniew
- Department of Neurobiology and Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1763, USA.
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Montagne A, Barnes SR, Sweeney MD, Halliday MR, Sagare AP, Zhao Z, Toga AW, Jacobs RE, Liu CY, Amezcua L, Harrington MG, Chui HC, Law M, Zlokovic BV. Blood-brain barrier breakdown in the aging human hippocampus. Neuron 2015; 85:296-302. [PMID: 25611508 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1310] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits entry of blood-derived products, pathogens, and cells into the brain that is essential for normal neuronal functioning and information processing. Post-mortem tissue analysis indicates BBB damage in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The timing of BBB breakdown remains, however, elusive. Using an advanced dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI protocol with high spatial and temporal resolutions to quantify regional BBB permeability in the living human brain, we show an age-dependent BBB breakdown in the hippocampus, a region critical for learning and memory that is affected early in AD. The BBB breakdown in the hippocampus and its CA1 and dentate gyrus subdivisions worsened with mild cognitive impairment that correlated with injury to BBB-associated pericytes, as shown by the cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Our data suggest that BBB breakdown is an early event in the aging human brain that begins in the hippocampus and may contribute to cognitive impairment. VIDEO ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Montagne
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Samuel R Barnes
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
| | - Melanie D Sweeney
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Matthew R Halliday
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Abhay P Sagare
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
| | - Collin Y Liu
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Lilyana Amezcua
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | | | - Helena C Chui
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Meng Law
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Zerche M, Weissenborn K, Ott C, Dere E, Asif AR, Worthmann H, Hassouna I, Rentzsch K, Tryc AB, Dahm L, Steiner J, Binder L, Wiltfang J, Sirén AL, Stöcker W, Ehrenreich H. Preexisting Serum Autoantibodies Against the NMDAR Subunit NR1 Modulate Evolution of Lesion Size in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2015; 46:1180-6. [PMID: 25765725 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.008323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recently, we reported high seroprevalence (age-dependent up to >19%) of N-methyl-d-aspartate-receptor subunit NR1 (NMDAR1) autoantibodies in both healthy and neuropsychiatrically ill subjects (N=4236). Neuropsychiatric syndrome relevance was restricted to individuals with compromised blood-brain barrier, for example, apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) carrier status, both clinically and experimentally. We now hypothesized that these autoantibodies may upon stroke be protective in individuals with hitherto intact blood-brain barrier, but harmful for subjects with chronically compromised blood-brain barrier. METHODS Of 464 patients admitted with acute ischemic stroke in the middle cerebral artery territory, blood for NMDAR1 autoantibody measurements and APOE4 carrier status as indicator of a preexisting leaky blood-brain barrier was collected within 3 to 5 hours after stroke. Evolution of lesion size (delta day 7-1) in diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was primary outcome parameter. In subgroups, NMDAR1 autoantibody measurements were repeated on days 2 and 7. RESULTS Of all 464 patients, 21.6% were NMDAR1 autoantibody-positive (immunoglobulin M, A, or G) and 21% were APOE4 carriers. Patients with magnetic resonance imaging data available on days 1 and 7 (N=384) were divided into 4 groups according to NMDAR1 autoantibody and APOE4 status. Groups were comparable in all stroke-relevant presenting characteristics. The autoantibody+/APOE4- group had a smaller mean delta lesion size compared with the autoantibody-/APOE4- group, suggesting a protective effect of circulating NMDAR1 autoantibodies. In contrast, the autoantibody+/APOE4+ group had the largest mean delta lesion area. NMDAR1 autoantibody serum titers dropped on day 2 and remounted by day 7. CONCLUSIONS Dependent on blood-brain barrier integrity before an acute ischemic brain injury, preexisting NMDAR1 autoantibodies seem to be beneficial or detrimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zerche
- From the Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany (M.Z., C.O., E.D., I.H., L.D., H.E.); Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (K.W., H.W., A.B.T.); DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (A.R.A., L.B.); Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany (K.R., W.S.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (J.S.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Germany (A.-L.S.)
| | - Karin Weissenborn
- From the Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany (M.Z., C.O., E.D., I.H., L.D., H.E.); Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (K.W., H.W., A.B.T.); DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (A.R.A., L.B.); Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany (K.R., W.S.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (J.S.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Germany (A.-L.S.)
| | - Christoph Ott
- From the Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany (M.Z., C.O., E.D., I.H., L.D., H.E.); Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (K.W., H.W., A.B.T.); DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (A.R.A., L.B.); Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany (K.R., W.S.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (J.S.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Germany (A.-L.S.)
| | - Ekrem Dere
- From the Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany (M.Z., C.O., E.D., I.H., L.D., H.E.); Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (K.W., H.W., A.B.T.); DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (A.R.A., L.B.); Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany (K.R., W.S.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (J.S.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Germany (A.-L.S.)
| | - Abdul R Asif
- From the Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany (M.Z., C.O., E.D., I.H., L.D., H.E.); Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (K.W., H.W., A.B.T.); DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (A.R.A., L.B.); Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany (K.R., W.S.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (J.S.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Germany (A.-L.S.)
| | - Hans Worthmann
- From the Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany (M.Z., C.O., E.D., I.H., L.D., H.E.); Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (K.W., H.W., A.B.T.); DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (A.R.A., L.B.); Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany (K.R., W.S.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (J.S.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Germany (A.-L.S.)
| | - Imam Hassouna
- From the Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany (M.Z., C.O., E.D., I.H., L.D., H.E.); Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (K.W., H.W., A.B.T.); DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (A.R.A., L.B.); Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany (K.R., W.S.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (J.S.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Germany (A.-L.S.)
| | - Kristin Rentzsch
- From the Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany (M.Z., C.O., E.D., I.H., L.D., H.E.); Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (K.W., H.W., A.B.T.); DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (A.R.A., L.B.); Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany (K.R., W.S.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (J.S.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Germany (A.-L.S.)
| | - Anita B Tryc
- From the Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany (M.Z., C.O., E.D., I.H., L.D., H.E.); Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (K.W., H.W., A.B.T.); DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (A.R.A., L.B.); Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany (K.R., W.S.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (J.S.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Germany (A.-L.S.)
| | - Liane Dahm
- From the Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany (M.Z., C.O., E.D., I.H., L.D., H.E.); Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (K.W., H.W., A.B.T.); DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (A.R.A., L.B.); Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany (K.R., W.S.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (J.S.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Germany (A.-L.S.)
| | - Johann Steiner
- From the Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany (M.Z., C.O., E.D., I.H., L.D., H.E.); Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (K.W., H.W., A.B.T.); DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (A.R.A., L.B.); Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany (K.R., W.S.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (J.S.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Germany (A.-L.S.)
| | - Lutz Binder
- From the Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany (M.Z., C.O., E.D., I.H., L.D., H.E.); Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (K.W., H.W., A.B.T.); DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (A.R.A., L.B.); Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany (K.R., W.S.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (J.S.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Germany (A.-L.S.)
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- From the Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany (M.Z., C.O., E.D., I.H., L.D., H.E.); Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (K.W., H.W., A.B.T.); DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (A.R.A., L.B.); Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany (K.R., W.S.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (J.S.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Germany (A.-L.S.)
| | - Anna-Leena Sirén
- From the Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany (M.Z., C.O., E.D., I.H., L.D., H.E.); Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (K.W., H.W., A.B.T.); DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (A.R.A., L.B.); Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany (K.R., W.S.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (J.S.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Germany (A.-L.S.)
| | - Winfried Stöcker
- From the Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany (M.Z., C.O., E.D., I.H., L.D., H.E.); Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (K.W., H.W., A.B.T.); DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (A.R.A., L.B.); Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany (K.R., W.S.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (J.S.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Germany (A.-L.S.)
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- From the Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany (M.Z., C.O., E.D., I.H., L.D., H.E.); Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (K.W., H.W., A.B.T.); DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (A.R.A., L.B.); Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany (K.R., W.S.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (J.S.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany (J.W.); and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Germany (A.-L.S.).
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777
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Perrucci GL, Gowran A, Zanobini M, Capogrossi MC, Pompilio G, Nigro P. Peptidyl-prolyl isomerases: a full cast of critical actors in cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 106:353-64. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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778
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Liu DS, Pan XD, Zhang J, Shen H, Collins NC, Cole AM, Koster KP, Ben Aissa M, Dai XM, Zhou M, Tai LM, Zhu YG, LaDu M, Chen XC. APOE4 enhances age-dependent decline in cognitive function by down-regulating an NMDA receptor pathway in EFAD-Tg mice. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:7. [PMID: 25871877 PMCID: PMC4391134 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) causes progressive loss of memory and cognition, exacerbated by APOE4, the greatest genetic risk factor for AD. One proposed mechanism for apolipoprotein E (apoE) effects on cognition is via NMDAR-dependent signaling. APOE genotype-specific effects on this pathway were dissected using EFAD-transgenic (Tg) mice (5xFAD mice, that over-express human amyloid-beta (Aβ) via 5 familial-AD (FAD) mutations, and express human apoE), and 5xFAD/APOE-knockout (KO) mice. Previous data from EFAD-Tg mice demonstrate age-dependent (2-6 months), apoE-specific effects on the development of Aβ pathology. This study tests the hypothesis that apoE4 impairs cognition via modulation of NMDAR-dependent signaling, specifically via a loss of function by comparison of E4FAD mice with 5xFAD/APOE-KO mice, E3FAD and E2FAD mice. Results Using female E2FAD, E3FAD, E4FAD and 5xFAD/APOE-KO mice aged 2-, 4-, and 6-months, the Y-maze and Morris water maze behavioral tests were combined with synaptic protein levels as markers of synaptic viability. The results demonstrate a greater age-induced deficit in cognition and reduction in PSD95, drebrin and NMDAR subunits in the E4FAD and 5xFAD/APOE-KO mice compared with E2FAD and E3FAD mice, consistent with an apoE4 loss of function. Interestingly, for NMDAR-mediated signaling, the levels of p-CaMK-II followed this same apoE-specific pattern as cognition, while the levels of p-CREB and BDNF demonstrate an apoE4 toxic gain of function: E2FAD > E3FAD > 5xFAD/APOE-KO > E4FAD. Conclusion These findings suggest that compared with E2FAD and E3FAD, E4FAD and 5xFAD/APOE-KO mice exhibit enhanced age-induced reductions in cognition and key synaptic proteins via down-regulation of an NMDAR signaling pathway, consistent with an apoE4 loss of function. However, levels of p-CREB and BDNF, signaling factors common to multiple pathways, suggest a gain of toxic function. Publications in this field present contradictory results as to whether APOE4 imparts a loss or gain of function. As with the results reported herein, the overall effect of APOE4 on a given CNS-specific measure will be the product of multiple overlapping mechanisms. Thus, caution remains critical in determining whether APOE gene inactivation or therapies that correct the loss of positive function related to apoE4, are the appropriate therapeutic response. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-015-0002-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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779
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Nagata T, Kobayashi N, Ishii J, Shinagawa S, Nakayama R, Shibata N, Kuerban B, Ohnuma T, Kondo K, Arai H, Yamada H, Nakayama K. Association between DNA Methylation of the BDNF Promoter Region and Clinical Presentation in Alzheimer's Disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2015; 5:64-73. [PMID: 25873928 PMCID: PMC4376924 DOI: 10.1159/000375367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims In the present study, we examined whether DNA methylation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promoter is associated with the manifestation and clinical presentation of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods Of 20 patients with AD and 20 age-matched normal controls (NCs), the DNA methylation of the BDNF promoter (measured using peripheral blood samples) was completely analyzed in 12 patients with AD and 6 NCs. The resulting methylation levels were compared statistically. Next, we investigated the correlation between the DNA methylation levels and the clinical presentation of AD. Results The total methylation ratio (in %) of the 20 CpG sites was significantly higher in the AD patients (5.08 ± 5.52%) than in the NCs (2.09 ± 0.81%; p < 0.05). Of the 20 CpG sites, the methylation level at the CpG4 site was significantly higher in the AD subjects than in the NCs (p < 0.05). Moreover, the methylation level was significantly and negatively correlated with some neuropsychological test subscores (registration, recall, and prehension behavior scores; p < 0.05). Conclusion These results suggest that the DNA methylation of the BDNF promoter may significantly influence the manifestation of AD and might be associated with its neurocognitive presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Nagata
- Department of Psychiatry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan ; Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of DNA Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jumpei Ishii
- Department of Psychiatry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ritsuko Nakayama
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of DNA Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuto Shibata
- Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bolati Kuerban
- Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Ohnuma
- Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kondo
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Heii Arai
- Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Yamada
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of DNA Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakayama
- Department of Psychiatry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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780
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Blair LJ, Baker JD, Sabbagh JJ, Dickey CA. The emerging role of peptidyl-prolyl isomerase chaperones in tau oligomerization, amyloid processing, and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2015; 133:1-13. [PMID: 25628064 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases), a unique family of molecular chaperones, regulate protein folding at proline residues. These residues are abundant within intrinsically disordered proteins, like the microtubule-associated protein tau. Tau has been shown to become hyperphosphorylated and accumulate as one of the two main pathological hallmarks in Alzheimer's disease, the other being amyloid beta (Ab). PPIases, including Pin1, FK506-binding protein (FKBP) 52, FKBP51, and FKBP12, have been shown to interact with and regulate tau biology. This interaction is particularly important given the numerous proline-directed phosphorylation sites found on tau and the role phosphorylation has been found to play in pathogenesis. This regulation then affects downstream aggregation and oligomerization of tau. However, many PPIases have yet to be explored for their effects on tau biology, despite the high likelihood of interaction based on proline content. Moreover, Pin1, FKBP12, FKBP52, cyclophilin (Cyp) A, CypB, and CypD have been shown to also regulate Ab production or the toxicity associated with Ab pathology. Therefore, PPIases directly and indirectly regulate pathogenic protein multimerization in Alzheimer's disease and represent a family rich in targets for modulating the accumulation and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Blair
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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781
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Mak ACY, Pullinger CR, Tang LF, Wong JS, Deo RC, Schwarz JM, Gugliucci A, Movsesyan I, Ishida BY, Chu C, Poon A, Kim P, Stock EO, Schaefer EJ, Asztalos BF, Castellano JM, Wyss-Coray T, Duncan JL, Miller BL, Kane JP, Kwok PY, Malloy MJ. Effects of the absence of apolipoprotein e on lipoproteins, neurocognitive function, and retinal function. JAMA Neurol 2015; 71:1228-36. [PMID: 25111166 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The identification of a patient with a rare form of severe dysbetalipoproteinemia allowed the study of the consequences of total absence of apolipoprotein E (apoE). OBJECTIVES To discover the molecular basis of this rare disorder and to determine the effects of complete absence of apoE on neurocognitive and visual function and on lipoprotein metabolism. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Whole-exome sequencing was performed on the patient's DNA. He underwent detailed neurological and visual function testing and lipoprotein analysis. Lipoprotein analysis was also performed in the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, on blood samples from the proband's mother, wife, 2 daughters, and normolipidemic control participants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Whole-exome sequencing, lipoprotein analysis, and neurocognitive function. RESULTS The patient was homozygous for an ablative APOE frameshift mutation (c.291del, p.E97fs). No other mutations likely to contribute to the phenotype were discovered, with the possible exception of two, in ABCC2 (p.I670T) and LIPC (p.G137R). Despite complete absence of apoE, he had normal vision, exhibited normal cognitive, neurological, and retinal function, had normal findings on brain magnetic resonance imaging, and had normal cerebrospinal fluid levels of β-amyloid and tau proteins. He had no significant symptoms of cardiovascular disease except a suggestion of myocardial ischemia on treadmill testing and mild atherosclerosis noted on carotid ultrasonography. He had exceptionally high cholesterol content (760 mg/dL; to convert to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259) and a high cholesterol to triglycerides ratio (1.52) in very low-density lipoproteins with elevated levels of small-diameter high-density lipoproteins, including high levels of prebeta-1 high-density lipoprotein. Intermediate-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and very low-density lipoproteins contained elevated apoA-I and apoA-IV levels. The patient's apoC-III and apoC-IV levels were decreased in very low-density lipoproteins. Electron microscopy revealed large lamellar particles having electron-opaque cores attached to electron-lucent zones in intermediate-density and low-density lipoproteins. Low-density lipoprotein particle diameters were distributed bimodally. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Despite a profound effect on lipoprotein metabolism, detailed neurocognitive and retinal studies failed to demonstrate any defects. This suggests that functions of apoE in the brain and eye are not essential or that redundant mechanisms exist whereby its role can be fulfilled. Targeted knockdown of apoE in the central nervous system might be a therapeutic modality in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel C Y Mak
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Clive R Pullinger
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Ling Fung Tang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Jinny S Wong
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California
| | - Rahul C Deo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Jean-Marc Schwarz
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo
| | | | - Irina Movsesyan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Catherine Chu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Annie Poon
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Phillip Kim
- Darin M. Camarena Health Centers, Madera, California
| | - Eveline O Stock
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | | | - Joseph M Castellano
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California7Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair, and Restoration, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Jacque L Duncan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco
| | - John P Kane
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Pui-Yan Kwok
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Mary J Malloy
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
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782
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Maioli S, Lodeiro M, Merino‐Serrais P, Falahati F, Khan W, Puerta E, Codita A, Rimondini R, Ramirez MJ, Simmons A, Gil‐Bea F, Westman E, Cedazo‐Minguez A. Alterations in brain leptin signalling in spite of unchanged CSF leptin levels in Alzheimer's disease. Aging Cell 2015; 14:122-9. [PMID: 25453257 PMCID: PMC4326905 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies support the relation between leptin and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We show that leptin levels in CSF are unchanged as subjects progress to AD. However, in AD hippocampus, leptin signalling was decreased and leptin localization was shifted, being more abundant in reactive astrocytes and less in neurons. Similar translocation of leptin was found in brains from Tg2576 and apoE4 mice. Moreover, an enhancement of leptin receptors was found in hippocampus of young Tg2576 mice and in primary astrocytes and neurons treated with Aβ1-42. In contrast, old Tg2576 mice showed decreased leptin receptors levels. Similar findings to those seen in Tg2576 mice were found in apoE4, but not in apoE3 mice. These results suggest that leptin levels are intact, but leptin signalling is impaired in AD. Thus, Aβ accumulation and apoE4 genotype result in a transient enhancement of leptin signalling that might lead to a leptin resistance state over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Maioli
- Karolinska Institutet Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society Center for Alzheimer Research Division for Neurogeriatrics Stockholm Sweden
| | - Maria Lodeiro
- Karolinska Institutet Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society Center for Alzheimer Research Division for Neurogeriatrics Stockholm Sweden
| | - Paula Merino‐Serrais
- Karolinska Institutet Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society Center for Alzheimer Research Division for Neurogeriatrics Stockholm Sweden
| | - Farshad Falahati
- Karolinska Institutet Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society Center for Alzheimer Research Division for clinical geriatrics Stockholm Sweden
| | - Wasim Khan
- Institute of Psychiatry King's College London London UK
| | - Elena Puerta
- Karolinska Institutet Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society Center for Alzheimer Research Division for Neurogeriatrics Stockholm Sweden
| | - Alina Codita
- Karolinska Institutet Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society Center for Alzheimer Research Division for Neurogeriatrics Stockholm Sweden
| | - Roberto Rimondini
- Medical and Surgical Science Department‐DIMEC‐University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Maria J. Ramirez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Navarra Pamplona Spain
| | - Andrew Simmons
- Institute of Psychiatry King's College London London UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health King's College London London UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia King's College London London UK
| | - Francisco Gil‐Bea
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropharmacology Division of Neurosciences Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA) University of Navarra Pamplona Spain
| | - Eric Westman
- Karolinska Institutet Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society Center for Alzheimer Research Division for clinical geriatrics Stockholm Sweden
| | - Angel Cedazo‐Minguez
- Karolinska Institutet Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society Center for Alzheimer Research Division for Neurogeriatrics Stockholm Sweden
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783
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Hajjar I, Sorond F, Lipsitz LA. Apolipoprotein E, carbon dioxide vasoreactivity, and cognition in older adults: effect of hypertension. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63:276-81. [PMID: 25688603 PMCID: PMC4375955 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the associations between the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele, carbon dioxide (CO2 ) vasoreactivity, and cognitive performance and to explore the effect of CO2 vasoreactivity and hypertension on the associations between APOE and cognition. DESIGN Observational. SETTING Community. PARTICIPANTS Older adults (N = 625) enrolled in the Maintenance of Balance, Independent Living, Intellect and Zest in the Elderly of Boston Study. MEASUREMENTS Change in cerebral blood flow velocity in response to CO2 challenge (CO2 ), measured using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, Trail-Making Test Part B - A (TMT), Hopkins Verbal Learning Test delayed recall (HVLT). RESULTS APOE-ε4 was associated with lower CO2 vasoreactivity (P = .009) and poorer performance on the TMT (P < .001) and HVLT (P < .001). Having hypertension and APOE-ε4 was associated with worse cognitive and CO2 vasoreactivity measures than having neither or either alone (P < .001 for TMT and HVLT, P = .01 for CO2 vasoreactivity). The association between APOE-ε4 and cognition was only significant if it was present concurrent with low CO2 vasoreactivity, defined as below the median of the sample (APOE by CO2 vasoreactivity interaction: P = .04 for TMT, P = .04 for HVLT). In hypertension, the association between APOE-ε4 and executive function was also only significant in participants with lower CO2 vasoreactivity (P = .005 for APOE by CO2 vasoreactivity). CONCLUSION Individuals at risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) because they have APOE-ε4 may have lower CO2 vasoreactivity, which in turn may be contributing to the observed lower cognitive performance associated with this allele. The cognitive effect of APOE-ε4 is magnified in hypertension and low CO2 vasoreactivity. This study offers evidence that APOE-ε4 may be associated with microvascular brain injury even in the absence of clinical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Hajjar
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Farzaneh Sorond
- Stroke Division, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lewis A. Lipsitz
- Institute for Aging Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Gerontology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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784
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Cui X, Chopp M, Zacharek A, Karasinska JM, Cui Y, Ning R, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Chen J. Deficiency of brain ATP-binding cassette transporter A-1 exacerbates blood-brain barrier and white matter damage after stroke. Stroke 2015; 46:827-34. [PMID: 25593138 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.007145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The ATP-binding cassette transporter A-1 (ABCA1) gene is a key target of the transcription factors liver X receptors. Liver X receptor activation has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in animal ischemic stroke models. Here, we tested the hypothesis that brain ABCA1 reduces blood-brain barrier (BBB) and white matter (WM) impairment in the ischemic brain after stroke. METHODS Adult brain-specific ABCA1-deficient (ABCA1(-B/-B)) and floxed-control (ABCA1(fl/fl)) mice were subjected to permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion and were euthanized 7 days after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion. Functional outcome, infarct volume, BBB leakage, and WM damage were analyzed. RESULTS Compared with ABCA1(fl/fl) mice, ABCA1(-B/-B) mice showed marginally (P=0.052) increased lesion volume but significantly increased BBB leakage and WM damage in the ischemic brain and more severe neurological deficits. Brain ABCA1-deficient mice exhibited increased the level of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and reduced the level of insulin-like growth factor 1 in the ischemic brain. BBB leakage was inversely correlated (r=-0.073; P<0.05) with aquaporin-4 expression. Reduction of insulin-like growth factor 1 and aquaporin-4, but upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression were also found in the primary astrocyte cultures derived from ABCA1(-B/-B) mice. Cultured primary cortical neurons derived from C57BL/6 wild-type mice with ABCA1(-B/-B) astrocyte-conditioned medium exhibited decreased neurite outgrowth compared with culture with ABCA1(fl/fl) astrocyte-conditioned medium. ABCA1(-B/-B) primary cortical neurons show significantly decreased neurite outgrowth, which was attenuated by insulin-like growth factor 1 treatment. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that brain ABCA1 deficiency increases BBB leakage, WM/axonal damage, and functional deficits after stroke. Concomitant reduction of insulin-like growth factor 1 and upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 may contribute to brain ABCA1 deficiency-induced BBB and WM/axonal damage in the ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cui
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., A.Z., Y.C., R.N., Y.Z., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.); Neural Protection and Regeneration section, Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD (Y.W.); and Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (J.M.K.).
| | - Michael Chopp
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., A.Z., Y.C., R.N., Y.Z., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.); Neural Protection and Regeneration section, Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD (Y.W.); and Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (J.M.K.)
| | - Alex Zacharek
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., A.Z., Y.C., R.N., Y.Z., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.); Neural Protection and Regeneration section, Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD (Y.W.); and Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (J.M.K.)
| | - Joanna M Karasinska
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., A.Z., Y.C., R.N., Y.Z., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.); Neural Protection and Regeneration section, Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD (Y.W.); and Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (J.M.K.)
| | - Yisheng Cui
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., A.Z., Y.C., R.N., Y.Z., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.); Neural Protection and Regeneration section, Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD (Y.W.); and Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (J.M.K.)
| | - Ruizhuo Ning
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., A.Z., Y.C., R.N., Y.Z., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.); Neural Protection and Regeneration section, Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD (Y.W.); and Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (J.M.K.)
| | - Yi Zhang
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., A.Z., Y.C., R.N., Y.Z., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.); Neural Protection and Regeneration section, Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD (Y.W.); and Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (J.M.K.)
| | - Yun Wang
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., A.Z., Y.C., R.N., Y.Z., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.); Neural Protection and Regeneration section, Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD (Y.W.); and Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (J.M.K.)
| | - Jieli Chen
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., A.Z., Y.C., R.N., Y.Z., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.); Neural Protection and Regeneration section, Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD (Y.W.); and Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (J.M.K.).
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785
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Rasmussen KL, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG, Frikke-Schmidt R. Plasma levels of apolipoprotein E and risk of dementia in the general population. Ann Neurol 2015; 77:301-11. [PMID: 25469919 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is a major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer disease and dementia. However, it remains unclear whether plasma levels of apoE confer additional risk. We tested this hypothesis. METHODS Using 75,708 participants from the general population, we tested whether low plasma levels of apoE at study enrollment were associated with increased risk of future Alzheimer disease and all dementia, and whether this association was independent of ε2/ε3/ε4 APOE genotype. RESULTS Multifactorially adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for Alzheimer disease and all dementia increased from the highest to the lowest apoE tertile (p for trends < 1 × 10(-6) ). Multifactorially adjusted HRs for lowest versus highest tertile were 2.68 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.04-3.52) and 1.80 (95% CI = 1.52-2.13) for Alzheimer disease and all dementia, respectively. After further adjustment for ε2/ε3/ε4 APOE genotype, plasma apoE tertiles remained associated with Alzheimer disease (p for trend = 0.007) and all dementia (p for trend = 0.04). Plasma apoE tertiles did not interact with ε2/ε3/ε4 APOE genotype on risk of Alzheimer disease (p = 0.53) or all dementia (p = 0.79). In a subanalysis, the -219G>T GT promoter genotype, associated with low plasma apoE levels, remained significantly associated with increased risk of Alzheimer disease after adjustment for ε2/ε3/ε4 APOE genotype (HR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.05-2.30). INTERPRETATION Low plasma levels of apoE are associated with increased risk of future Alzheimer disease and all dementia in the general population, independent of ε2/ε3/ε4 APOE genotype. This is clinically relevant, because no plasma biomarkers are currently implemented. Hence, plasma levels of apoE may be a new, easily accessible preclinical biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine L Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Copenhagen University Hospital and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen
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786
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Alata W, Ye Y, St-Amour I, Vandal M, Calon F. Human apolipoprotein E ɛ4 expression impairs cerebral vascularization and blood-brain barrier function in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:86-94. [PMID: 25335802 PMCID: PMC4296574 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Human apolipoprotein E (APOE) exists in three isoforms ɛ2, ɛ3, and ɛ4, of which APOE4 is the main genetic risk factor of Alzheimer's disease (AD). As cerebrovascular defects are associated with AD, we tested whether APOE genotype has an impact on the integrity and function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in human APOE-targeted replacement mice. Using the quantitative in situ brain perfusion technique, we first found lower (13.0% and 17.0%) brain transport coefficient (Clup) of [(3)H]-diazepam in APOE4 mice at 4 and 12 months, compared with APOE2 and APOE3 mice, reflecting a decrease in cerebral vascularization. Accordingly, results from immunohistofluorescence experiments revealed a structurally reduced cerebral vascularization (26% and 38%) and thinner basement membranes (30% and 35%) in 12-month-old APOE4 mice compared with APOE2 and APOE3 mice, suggesting vascular atrophy. In addition, APOE4 mice displayed a 29% reduction in [(3)H]-d-glucose transport through the BBB compared with APOE2 mice without significant changes in the expression of its transporter GLUT1 in brain capillaries. However, an increase of 41.3% of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) was found in brain capillaries of 12-month-old APOE4 mice. In conclusion, profound divergences were observed between APOE genotypes at the cerebrovascular interface, suggesting that APOE4-induced BBB anomalies may contribute to AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Alata
- 1] Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada [2] Neurosciences Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Yue Ye
- 1] Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada [2] Neurosciences Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle St-Amour
- Neurosciences Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Milène Vandal
- 1] Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada [2] Neurosciences Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Calon
- 1] Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada [2] Neurosciences Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
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787
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Salem N, Vandal M, Calon F. The benefit of docosahexaenoic acid for the adult brain in aging and dementia. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 92:15-22. [PMID: 25457546 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A brief overview of the evidence for omega-3 fatty acids and, in particular, of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), involvement in cognition and in dementia is given. Two studies are presented in this regard in which the key intervention is a DHA supplement. The fist, the MIDAS Study demonstrated that DHA can be of benefit for episodic memory in healthy adults with a mild memory complaint. The second, the ADCS AD trial found no benefit of DHA in the primary outcomes but found an intriguing benefit for cognitive score in ApoE4 negative allele patients. This leads to a consideration of the mechanisms of action and role of ApoE and its modulation by DHA. Given the fundamental role of ApoE in cellular lipid transport and metabolism in the brain and periphery, it is no surprise that ApoE affects n-3 PUFA brain function as well. It remains to be seen to what extent ApoE4 deleterious effect in AD is associated with n-3 PUFA-related cellular mechanisms in the brain and, more specifically, whether ApoE4 directly impairs the transport of DHA into the brain, as has been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Salem
- Nutritional Lipids, DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, MD, USA.
| | - Milene Vandal
- Center de recherche du center Hospitalier de l׳Université Laval (CHUL), Québec, QC, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Institut des Nutraceutiques et des Aliments Fonctionnels, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frederic Calon
- Center de recherche du center Hospitalier de l׳Université Laval (CHUL), Québec, QC, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Institut des Nutraceutiques et des Aliments Fonctionnels, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada
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788
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Hagan N, Ben-Zvi A. The molecular, cellular, and morphological components of blood-brain barrier development during embryogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 38:7-15. [PMID: 25550218 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The blood brain barrier (BBB) is a hallmark of blood vessels in the brain and functions to protect the brain from unwanted blood born materials, support the unique metabolic needs of the brain, and define a stable environment crucial for brain homeostasis. The temporal profile of BBB development was long debated until recent studies produced convincing evidence demonstrating that the BBB is established and functional during embryogenesis. Here we review research focused on the molecular, cellular and morphological characteristics of BBB development. Our review discusses the precise temporal profile of BBB formation, the development of endothelial cell ultrastructure and the molecular components that provide sealing and transporting properties, the molecular pathways involved in the induction of BBB specific endothelial cell differentiation, the signaling pathways driving developmental angiogenesis versus barrier-genesis, and finally the contribution of other cell types to BBB formation. We examine aspects of BBB development that are still unresolved while highlighting research tools that could provide new insight to answer these open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nellwyn Hagan
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ayal Ben-Zvi
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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789
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Hampel H, Schneider LS, Giacobini E, Kivipelto M, Sindi S, Dubois B, Broich K, Nisticò R, Aisen PS, Lista S. Advances in the therapy of Alzheimer's disease: targeting amyloid beta and tau and perspectives for the future. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 15:83-105. [PMID: 25537424 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.995637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide multidisciplinary translational research has led to a growing knowledge of the genetics and molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) indicating that pathophysiological brain alterations occur decades before clinical signs and symptoms of cognitive decline can be diagnosed. Consequently, therapeutic concepts and targets have been increasingly focused on early-stage illness before the onset of dementia; and distinct classes of compounds are now being tested in clinical trials. At present, there is a growing consensus that therapeutic progress in AD delaying disease progression would significantly decrease the expanding global burden. The evolving hypothesis- and evidence-based generation of new diagnostic research criteria for early-stage AD has positively impacted the development of clinical trial designs and the characterization of earlier and more specific target populations for trials in prodromal as well as in pre- and asymptomatic at-risk stages of AD.
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790
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Licastro F, Carbone I, Raschi E, Porcellini E. The 21st century epidemic: infections as inductors of neuro-degeneration associated with Alzheimer's Disease. Immun Ageing 2014; 11:22. [PMID: 25516763 PMCID: PMC4266955 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-014-0022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex disease resulting in neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. Investigations on environmental factors implicated in AD are scarce and the etiology of the disease remains up to now obscure. The disease's pathogenesis may be multi-factorial and different etiological factors may converge during aging and induce an activation of brain microglia and macrophages. This microglia priming will result in chronic neuro-inflammation under chronic antigen activation. Infective agents may prime and drive iper-activation of microglia and be partially responsible of the induction of brain inflammation and decline of cognitive performances. Age-associated immune dis-functions induced by chronic sub-clinical infections appear to substantially contribute to the appearance of neuro-inflammation in the elderly. Individual predisposition to less efficient immune responses is another relevant factor contributing to impaired regulation of inflammatory responses and accelerated cognitive decline. Life-long virus infection may play a pivotal role in activating peripheral and central inflammatory responses and in turn contributing to increased cognitive impairment in preclinical and clinical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Licastro
- />Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40100 Italy
- />Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunogenetics, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Carbone
- />Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40100 Italy
| | - Elena Raschi
- />Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40100 Italy
| | - Elisa Porcellini
- />Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40100 Italy
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791
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Huang Y, Mahley RW. Apolipoprotein E: structure and function in lipid metabolism, neurobiology, and Alzheimer's diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 72 Pt A:3-12. [PMID: 25173806 PMCID: PMC4253862 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) E is a multifunctional protein with central roles in lipid metabolism, neurobiology, and neurodegenerative diseases. It has three major isoforms (apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4) with different effects on lipid and neuronal homeostasis. A major function of apoE is to mediate the binding of lipoproteins or lipid complexes in the plasma or interstitial fluids to specific cell-surface receptors. These receptors internalize apoE-containing lipoprotein particles; thus, apoE participates in the distribution/redistribution of lipids among various tissues and cells of the body. In addition, intracellular apoE may modulate various cellular processes physiologically or pathophysiologically, including cytoskeletal assembly and stability, mitochondrial integrity and function, and dendritic morphology and function. Elucidation of the functional domains within this protein and of the three-dimensional structure of the major isoforms of apoE has contributed significantly to our understanding of its physiological and pathophysiological roles at a molecular level. It is likely that apoE, with its multiple cellular origins and multiple structural and biophysical properties, is involved widely in processes of lipid metabolism and neurobiology, possibly encompassing a variety of disorders of neuronal repair, remodeling, and degeneration by interacting with different factors through various pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA.
| | - Robert W Mahley
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
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792
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McFall GP, Wiebe SA, Vergote D, Westaway D, Jhamandas J, Bäckman L, Dixon RA. ApoE and pulse pressure interactively influence level and change in the aging of episodic memory: Protective effects among ε2 carriers. Neuropsychology 2014; 29:388-401. [PMID: 25436424 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We tested independent and interactive effects of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and pulse pressure (PP) concurrently and longitudinally across 9 years (3 waves) of episodic (EM) and semantic memory (SM) data from the Victoria Longitudinal Study. METHOD We assembled a sample of older adults (n = 570, baseline M age = 71, age range = 53-95) and used latent growth modeling to test 4 research goals. RESULTS First, the best fitting memory model was 2 single latent variables for EM and SM, each exhibiting configural, metric, and partial scalar invariance. This model was analyzed as a parallel process model. Second, baseline level of PP predicted EM performance at centering age (75) and rate of 9-year EM change. Third, we observed no main effects of ApoE on EM or SM. Fourth, EM was affected by higher PP but differentially less so for carriers of the ApoE ε2 allele than the ε3 or ε4 alleles. CONCLUSIONS PP is confirmed as a risk factor for concurrent and changing cognitive health in aging, but the effects operate differently across risk and protective allelic distribution of the ApoE gene.
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793
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IGF-1 deficiency impairs cerebral myogenic autoregulation in hypertensive mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1887-97. [PMID: 25248835 PMCID: PMC4269740 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging impairs autoregulatory protection in the brain, exacerbating hypertension-induced cerebromicrovascular injury, neuroinflammation, and development of vascular cognitive impairment. Despite the importance of the age-related decline in circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels in cerebrovascular aging, the effects of IGF-1 deficiency on functional adaptation of cerebral arteries to high blood pressure remain elusive. To determine whether IGF-1 deficiency impairs autoregulatory protection, hypertension was induced in control and IGF-1-deficient mice (Igf1(f/f)+TBG-iCre-AAV8) by chronic infusion of angiotensin-II. In hypertensive control mice, cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation was extended to higher pressure values and the pressure-induced tone of middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) was increased. In hypertensive IGF-1-deficient mice, autoregulation was markedly disrupted, and MCAs did not show adaptive increases in myogenic tone. In control mice, the mechanism of adaptation to hypertension involved upregulation of TRPC channels in MCAs and this mechanism was impaired in hypertensive IGF-1-deficient mice. Likely downstream consequences of cerebrovascular autoregulatory dysfunction in hypertensive IGF-1-deficient mice included exacerbated disruption of the blood-brain barrier and neuroinflammation (microglia activation and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines), which were associated with impaired hippocampal cognitive function. Collectively, IGF-1 deficiency impairs autoregulatory protection in the brain of hypertensive mice, potentially exacerbating cerebromicrovascular injury and neuroinflammation mimicking the aging phenotype.
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794
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Abstract
In addition to their many functions in the healthy central nervous system (CNS), astrocytes respond to CNS damage and disease through a process called astrogliosis. For many decades, astrogliosis was sparsely studied and enigmatic. This article examines recent evidence supporting a definition of astrogliosis as a spectrum of heterogeneous potential changes in astrocytes that occur in a context-specific manner as determined by diverse signaling events that vary with the nature and severity of different CNS insults. Astrogliosis is associated with essential beneficial functions, but under specific circumstances can lead to harmful effects. Potential dysfunctions of astrocytes and astrogliosis are being identified that can contribute to, or be primary causes of, CNS disorders, leading to the notion of astrocytopathies. A conceptual framework is presented that allows consideration of normally occurring and dysfunctional astrogliosis and their different roles in CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Sofroniew
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
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795
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APOE2 enhances neuroprotection against Alzheimer's disease through multiple molecular mechanisms. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:1243-50. [PMID: 24492349 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The common APOE2 gene variant is neuroprotective against Alzheimer's disease (AD) and reduces risk by nearly 50%. However, the mechanisms by which APOE2 confers neuroprotection are largely unknown. Here we showed that ApoE protein abundance in human postmortem cortex follows an isoform-dependent pattern (E2>E3>E4). We also identified a unique downstream transcriptional profile determined by microarray and characterized by downregulation of long-term potentiation (LTP) related transcripts and upregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM)/integrin-related transcripts in E2 cases and corroborated this finding at the protein level by demonstrating increases in ECM collagens and laminins. In vivo studies of healthy older individuals demonstrated a unique and advantageous biomarker signature in E2 carriers. APOE2 also reduced the risk of mild cognitive impairment to AD conversion by half. Our findings suggest that ApoE2 protein abundance, coupled with its inability to bind to LDLRs, may act to increase amyloid-beta (Ab) clearance. In addition, increased ECM and reduced LTP-related expression results in diminished activity-dependent Ab secretion and/or excitotoxicity, and thus also promotes neuroprotection.
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796
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Bridges LR, Andoh J, Lawrence AJ, Khoong CHL, Poon W, Esiri MM, Markus HS, Hainsworth AH. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction and cerebral small vessel disease (arteriolosclerosis) in brains of older people. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014; 73:1026-1033. [PMID: 25289893 PMCID: PMC4209852 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier protects brain tissue from potentially harmful plasma components. Small vessel disease (SVD; also termed arteriolosclerosis) is common in the brains of older people and is associated with lacunar infarcts, leukoaraiosis, and vascular dementia. To determine whether plasma extravasation is associated with SVD, we immunolabeled the plasma proteins fibrinogen and immunoglobulin G, which are assumed to reflect blood-brain barrier dysfunction, in deep gray matter (DGM; anterior caudate-putamen) and deep subcortical white matter (DWM) in the brains of a well-characterized cohort of donated brains with minimal Alzheimer disease pathology (Braak Stages 0-II) (n = 84; aged 65 years or older). Morphometric measures of fibrinogen labeling were compared between people with neuropathologically defined SVD and aged control subjects. Parenchymal cellular labeling with fibrinogen and immunoglobulin G was detectable in DGM and DWM in many subjects (>70%). Quantitative measures of fibrinogen were not associated with SVD in DGM or DWM; SVD severity was correlated between DGM and DWM (p < 0.0001). Fibrinogen in DGM showed a modest association with a history of hypertension; DWM fibrinogen was associated with dementia and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (all p < 0.05). In DWM, SVD was associated with leukoaraiosis identified in life (p < 0.05), but fibrinogen was not. Our data suggest that, in aged brains, plasma extravasation and hence local blood-brain barrier dysfunction are common but do not support an association with SVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie R Bridges
- Stroke and Dementia Research Centre, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
- Cellular Pathology, St. George's Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Joycelyn Andoh
- Stroke and Dementia Research Centre, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- Stroke and Dementia Research Centre, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Cheryl H L Khoong
- Stroke and Dementia Research Centre, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Wayne Poon
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Margaret M Esiri
- Neuropathology, Oxford-Radcliffe NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
- Clinical Neurology, Oxford University, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Hugh S Markus
- Stroke and Dementia Research Centre, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Atticus H Hainsworth
- Stroke and Dementia Research Centre, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
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797
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Candela P, Saint-Pol J, Kuntz M, Boucau MC, Lamartiniere Y, Gosselet F, Fenart L. In vitro discrimination of the role of LRP1 at the BBB cellular level: focus on brain capillary endothelial cells and brain pericytes. Brain Res 2014; 1594:15-26. [PMID: 25451130 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) (dynamic cellular complex composed by brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) and surrounded by astrocytic end feet and pericytes) regulates the exchanges of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide between the blood and the brain. Deregulation of these exchanges seems to be a key trigger for the brain accumulation of Aβ peptide observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Whereas the involvement of receptor for advanced glycation end-products in Aβ peptide transcytosis has been demonstrated in our laboratory, low-density lipoprotein receptor's role at the cellular level needs to be clarified. For this, we used an in vitro BBB model that consists of a co-culture of bovine BCECs and rat glial cells. This model has already been used to characterize low-density lipoprotein receptor-related peptide (LRP)'s involvement in the transcytosis of molecules such as tPA and angiopep-2. Our results suggest that Aβ peptide efflux across the BCEC monolayer involves a transcellular transport. However, the experiments with RAP discard an involvement of LRP family members at BCECs level. In contrast, our results show a strong transcriptional expression of LRP1 in pericytes and suggest its implication in Aβ endocytosis. Moreover, the observations of pericytes contraction and local downregulation of LRP1 in response to Aβ treatment opens up perspectives for studying this cell type with respect to Aβ peptide metabolism and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietra Candela
- University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; Artois University, LBHE, EA 2465, Lens, France; IMPRT-IFR114, Lille, France.
| | - Julien Saint-Pol
- University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; Artois University, LBHE, EA 2465, Lens, France; IMPRT-IFR114, Lille, France
| | - Mélanie Kuntz
- University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; Artois University, LBHE, EA 2465, Lens, France; IMPRT-IFR114, Lille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Boucau
- University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; Artois University, LBHE, EA 2465, Lens, France; IMPRT-IFR114, Lille, France
| | - Yordenca Lamartiniere
- University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; Artois University, LBHE, EA 2465, Lens, France; IMPRT-IFR114, Lille, France
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; Artois University, LBHE, EA 2465, Lens, France; IMPRT-IFR114, Lille, France
| | - Laurence Fenart
- University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; Artois University, LBHE, EA 2465, Lens, France; IMPRT-IFR114, Lille, France
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798
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Chouinard-Watkins R, Plourde M. Fatty acid metabolism in carriers of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele: is it contributing to higher risk of cognitive decline and coronary heart disease? Nutrients 2014; 6:4452-71. [PMID: 25333200 PMCID: PMC4210928 DOI: 10.3390/nu6104452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a protein playing a pivotal role in lipid homeostasis since it regulates cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid metabolism in the blood and the brain. APOE gene regulates the expression of this protein and has three different alleles: ε2, ε3 and ε4. Carrying an APOE4 allele is recognised as a genetic risk factor of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) and coronary heart disease (CHD). Consuming fatty fish, rich in long chain omega-3 fatty acids (LC omega-3), seems to be associated with risk reduction of developing LOAD and CHD but this link seems not to hold in APOE4 carriers, at least in LOAD. In CHD trials, APOE4 carriers supplemented with LC omega-3 were categorized as differential responders to the treatment with regards to CHD risk markers. This is potentially because fatty acid metabolism is disturbed in APOE4 carriers compared to the non-carriers. More specifically, homeostasis of LC omega-3 is disrupted in carriers of APOE4 allele and this is potentially because they β-oxidize more LC omega-3 than the non-carriers. Therefore, there is a potential shift in fatty acid selection for β-oxidation towards LC omega-3 which are usually highly preserved for incorporation into cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Chouinard-Watkins
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre-University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Department of medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, 1036 Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, J1H 4C4, Canada.
| | - Mélanie Plourde
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre-University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Department of medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, 1036 Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, J1H 4C4, Canada.
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799
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Lee JY, Choi HY, Ahn HJ, Ju BG, Yune TY. Matrix metalloproteinase-3 promotes early blood-spinal cord barrier disruption and hemorrhage and impairs long-term neurological recovery after spinal cord injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:2985-3000. [PMID: 25325922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) leads to BSCB permeability and blood cell infiltration, contributing to permanent neurological disability. Herein, we report that MMP-3 plays a critical role in BSCB disruption after SCI in mice. MMP-3 was induced in infiltrated neutrophils and blood vessels after SCI, and NF-κB as a transcription factor was involved in MMP-3 expression. BSCB permeability and blood cell infiltration after injury were more reduced in Mmp3 knockout (KO) mice than in wild-type (WT) mice, which was significantly inhibited by Mmp3 siRNA or a general inhibitor of MMPs, N-isobutyl-N-(4-methoxyphenylsulfonyl)glycyl hydroxamic acid. The level of tight junction proteins, such as occludin and zonula occludens-1, which decreased after SCI, was also higher in Mmp3 KO than in WT mice. Exogenously, MMP-3 injection into the normal spinal cord also induced BSCB permeability. Furthermore, MMP-9 activation after injury was mediated by MMP-3 activation. Finally, improved functional recovery was observed in Mmp3 KO mice compared with WT mice after injury. These results demonstrated the role of MMP-3 in BSCB disruption after SCI for the first time and suggest that the regulation of MMP-3 can be considered a therapeutic target to inhibit BSCB disruption and hemorrhage, and thereby enhance functional recovery after acute SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Youn Lee
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Choi
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Ahn
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Gun Ju
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Young Yune
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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800
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Hammer C, Zerche M, Schneider A, Begemann M, Nave KA, Ehrenreich H. Apolipoprotein E4 carrier status plus circulating anti-NMDAR1 autoantibodies: association with schizoaffective disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:1054-6. [PMID: 24888362 PMCID: PMC4195337 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Hammer
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - M Zerche
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - A Schneider
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - M Begemann
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - K-A Nave
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - H Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
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