751
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Shah A, Barto AG, Fagg AH. A dual process account of coarticulation in motor skill acquisition. J Mot Behav 2013; 45:531-49. [PMID: 24116847 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2013.837423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Many tasks, such as typing a password, are decomposed into a sequence of subtasks that can be accomplished in many ways. Behavior that accomplishes subtasks in ways that are influenced by the overall task is often described as "skilled" and exhibits coarticulation. Many accounts of coarticulation use search methods that are informed by representations of objectives that define skilled. While they aid in describing the strategies the nervous system may follow, they are computationally complex and may be difficult to attribute to brain structures. Here, the authors present a biologically- inspired account whereby skilled behavior is developed through 2 simple processes: (a) a corrective process that ensures that each subtask is accomplished, but does not do so skillfully and (b) a reinforcement learning process that finds better movements using trial and error search that is not informed by representations of any objectives. We implement our account as a computational model controlling a simulated two-armed kinematic "robot" that must hit a sequence of goals with its hands. Behavior displays coarticulation in terms of which hand was chosen, how the corresponding arm was used, and how the other arm was used, suggesting that the account can participate in the development of skilled behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashvin Shah
- a Department of Psychology , The University of Sheffield , England
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752
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Alloway KD, Smith JB, Watson GDR. Thalamostriatal projections from the medial posterior and parafascicular nuclei have distinct topographic and physiologic properties. J Neurophysiol 2013; 111:36-50. [PMID: 24108793 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00399.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsolateral striatum (DLS) is critical for executing sensorimotor behaviors that depend on stimulus-response (S-R) associations. In rats, the DLS receives it densest inputs from primary somatosensory (SI) cortex, but it also receives substantial input from the thalamus. Much of rat DLS is devoted to processing whisker-related information, and thalamic projections to these whisker-responsive DLS regions originate from the parafascicular (Pf) and medial posterior (POm) nuclei. To determine which thalamic nucleus is better suited for mediating S-R associations in the DLS, we compared their input-output connections and neuronal responses to repetitive whisker stimulation. Tracing experiments demonstrate that POm projects specifically to the DLS, but the Pf innervates both dorsolateral and dorsomedial parts of the striatum. The Pf nucleus is innervated by whisker-sensitive sites in the superior colliculus, and these sites also send dense projections to the zona incerta, a thalamic region that sends inhibitory projections to the POm. These data suggest that projections from POm to the DLS are suppressed by incertal inputs when the superior colliculus is activated by unexpected sensory stimuli. Simultaneous recordings with two electrodes indicate that POm neurons are more responsive and habituate significantly less than Pf neurons during repetitive whisker stimulation. Response latencies are also shorter in POm than in Pf, which is consistent with the fact that Pf receives its whisker information via synaptic relays in the superior colliculus. These findings indicate that, compared with the Pf nucleus, POm transmits somatosensory information to the DLS with a higher degree of sensory fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Alloway
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and
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753
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Liang SY, Yang TF, Chen YW, Liang ML, Chen HH, Chang KP, Shan IK, Chen YS, Wong TT. Neuropsychological functions and quality of life in survived patients with intracranial germ cell tumors after treatment. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:1543-51. [PMID: 24101738 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The notable survival chances of intracranial germ cell tumors (icGCTs) lead to a rising concern over long-term neurocognitive outcome. Yet, prior evidence related to this issue fails to provide a comprehensive examination of the effects of tumor location and radiotherapy. We attempt to explore their impacts on the neuropsychological functions and life quality in children with icGCT after multimodality treatments. METHODS A retrospective review of 56 patients diagnosed with icGCTs at age <20 and treated at the Taipei Veterans General Hospital was provided. Intelligence, memory, visual organization, attention, and executive function were assessed by neurocognitive tests; adaptation to life, emotional and behavioral changes, interpersonal relationships, and impact on the family were evaluated by parent-report instruments. Effects of tumor locations (germinomas and nongerminomatous malignant germ cell tumors in the pineal, suprasellar, and basal ganglia) and irradiation on these measurements were examined. RESULTS Patients with tumors in the basal ganglia region had lower full-scale IQs than those with tumors in the pineal or suprasellar regions. Subscores of intelligence scale and short-term retention of verbal and visual stimuli showed evident group differences, as did the quality of life and adaptive skills, particularly in psychosocial domains. Patients treated with whole-ventricular irradiation had better outcomes. Extensive irradiation field and high irradiation dosage influenced intellectual functions, concept crystallization, executive function, and memory. CONCLUSIONS Tumor location and irradiation field/dosage appear to be the crucial factors related to certain neuropsychological, emotional, and behavioral dysfunctions that in turn alter the quality of life in children with icGCTs who survive after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yuan Liang
- Corresponding Author: Tai-Tong Wong, MD, Department of Surgery, Cheng Hsin General Hospital. No.45, Cheng Hsin St., Pei-Tou, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
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754
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Vago DR. Mapping modalities of self-awareness in mindfulness practice: a potential mechanism for clarifying habits of mind. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1307:28-42. [PMID: 24117699 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the neurobiological mechanisms by which mindfulness-based practices function in a psychotherapeutic context, this article details the definition, techniques, and purposes ascribed to mindfulness training as described by its Buddhist tradition of origin and by contemporary neurocognitive models. Included is theory of how maladaptive mental processes become habitual and automatic, both from the Buddhist and Western psychological perspective. Specific noting and labeling techniques in open monitoring meditation, described in the Theravada and Western contemporary traditions, are highlighted as providing unique access to multiple modalities of awareness. Potential explicit and implicit mechanisms are discussed by which such techniques can contribute to transforming maladaptive habits of mind and perceptual and cognitive biases, improving efficiency, facilitating integration, and providing the flexibility to switch between systems of self-processing. Finally, a model is provided to describe the timing by which noting and labeling practices have the potential to influence different stages of low- and high-level neural processing. Hypotheses are proposed concerning both levels of processing in relation to the extent of practice. Implications for the nature of subjective experience and self-processing as it relates to one's habits of mind, behavior, and relation to the external world, are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Vago
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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755
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Davis LK, Yu D, Keenan CL, Gamazon ER, Konkashbaev AI, Derks EM, Neale BM, Yang J, Lee SH, Evans P, Barr CL, Bellodi L, Benarroch F, Berrio GB, Bienvenu OJ, Bloch MH, Blom RM, Bruun RD, Budman CL, Camarena B, Campbell D, Cappi C, Cardona Silgado JC, Cath DC, Cavallini MC, Chavira DA, Chouinard S, Conti DV, Cook EH, Coric V, Cullen BA, Deforce D, Delorme R, Dion Y, Edlund CK, Egberts K, Falkai P, Fernandez TV, Gallagher PJ, Garrido H, Geller D, Girard SL, Grabe HJ, Grados MA, Greenberg BD, Gross-Tsur V, Haddad S, Heiman GA, Hemmings SMJ, Hounie AG, Illmann C, Jankovic J, Jenike MA, Kennedy JL, King RA, Kremeyer B, Kurlan R, Lanzagorta N, Leboyer M, Leckman JF, Lennertz L, Liu C, Lochner C, Lowe TL, Macciardi F, McCracken JT, McGrath LM, Mesa Restrepo SC, Moessner R, Morgan J, Muller H, Murphy DL, Naarden AL, Ochoa WC, Ophoff RA, Osiecki L, Pakstis AJ, Pato MT, Pato CN, Piacentini J, Pittenger C, Pollak Y, Rauch SL, Renner TJ, Reus VI, Richter MA, Riddle MA, Robertson MM, Romero R, Rosàrio MC, Rosenberg D, Rouleau GA, Ruhrmann S, Ruiz-Linares A, Sampaio AS, Samuels J, Sandor P, Sheppard B, Singer HS, Smit JH, Stein DJ, Strengman E, Tischfield JA, Valencia Duarte AV, Vallada H, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Walitza S, Wang Y, Wendland JR, Westenberg HGM, Shugart YY, Miguel EC, McMahon W, Wagner M, Nicolini H, Posthuma D, Hanna GL, Heutink P, Denys D, Arnold PD, Oostra BA, Nestadt G, Freimer NB, Pauls DL, Wray NR, Stewart SE, Mathews CA, Knowles JA, Cox NJ, Scharf JM. Partitioning the heritability of Tourette syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder reveals differences in genetic architecture. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003864. [PMID: 24204291 PMCID: PMC3812053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct estimation of heritability from genome-wide common variant data as implemented in the program Genome-wide Complex Trait Analysis (GCTA) has provided a means to quantify heritability attributable to all interrogated variants. We have quantified the variance in liability to disease explained by all SNPs for two phenotypically-related neurobehavioral disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette Syndrome (TS), using GCTA. Our analysis yielded a heritability point estimate of 0.58 (se = 0.09, p = 5.64e-12) for TS, and 0.37 (se = 0.07, p = 1.5e-07) for OCD. In addition, we conducted multiple genomic partitioning analyses to identify genomic elements that concentrate this heritability. We examined genomic architectures of TS and OCD by chromosome, MAF bin, and functional annotations. In addition, we assessed heritability for early onset and adult onset OCD. Among other notable results, we found that SNPs with a minor allele frequency of less than 5% accounted for 21% of the TS heritability and 0% of the OCD heritability. Additionally, we identified a significant contribution to TS and OCD heritability by variants significantly associated with gene expression in two regions of the brain (parietal cortex and cerebellum) for which we had available expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). Finally we analyzed the genetic correlation between TS and OCD, revealing a genetic correlation of 0.41 (se = 0.15, p = 0.002). These results are very close to previous heritability estimates for TS and OCD based on twin and family studies, suggesting that very little, if any, heritability is truly missing (i.e., unassayed) from TS and OCD GWAS studies of common variation. The results also indicate that there is some genetic overlap between these two phenotypically-related neuropsychiatric disorders, but suggest that the two disorders have distinct genetic architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea K. Davis
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dongmei Yu
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Clare L. Keenan
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Eric R. Gamazon
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anuar I. Konkashbaev
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Eske M. Derks
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin M. Neale
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jian Yang
- The University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - S. Hong Lee
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Patrick Evans
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Cathy L. Barr
- The Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Fortu Benarroch
- Herman Dana Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Oscar J. Bienvenu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael H. Bloch
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Rianne M. Blom
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth D. Bruun
- North Shore-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Cathy L. Budman
- North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- Hofstra University School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, United States of America
| | - Beatriz Camarena
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramon de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Desmond Campbell
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carolina Cappi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Danielle C. Cath
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical & Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Denise A. Chavira
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | | | - David V. Conti
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Edwin H. Cook
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Coric
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Bernadette A. Cullen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard Delorme
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Fondation Fondamental, French National Science Foundation, Creteil, France
- AP-HP, Robert Debré Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Paris, France
| | - Yves Dion
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher K. Edlund
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Karin Egberts
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas V. Fernandez
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Patience J. Gallagher
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Helena Garrido
- Clinica Herrera Amighetti, Avenida Escazú, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Daniel Geller
- OCD Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Hans J. Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Helios-Hospital Stralsund, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marco A. Grados
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Benjamin D. Greenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Varda Gross-Tsur
- Neuropediatric Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Stephen Haddad
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gary A. Heiman
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sian M. J. Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Ana G. Hounie
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Säo Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cornelia Illmann
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Jenike
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James L. Kennedy
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A. King
- Yale Child Study Center, Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | | | - Roger Kurlan
- Atlantic Neuroscience Institute, Overlook Hospital, Summit, New Jersey, United States of America
| | | | - Marion Leboyer
- Fondation Fondamental, French National Science Foundation, Creteil, France
- AP-HP, Robert Debré Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Paris, France
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Psychiatric Genetics, Créteil, France
| | - James F. Leckman
- Child Study Center, Psychiatry, Pediatrics and Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Leonhard Lennertz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Christine Lochner
- MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Thomas L. Lowe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Fabio Macciardi
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - James T. McCracken
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Lauren M. McGrath
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Rainald Moessner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jubel Morgan
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Heike Muller
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dennis L. Murphy
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Allan L. Naarden
- Department of Clinical Research, Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Roel A. Ophoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa Osiecki
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Pakstis
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Michele T. Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Carlos N. Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - John Piacentini
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and the Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yehuda Pollak
- Neuropediatric Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Scott L. Rauch
- Partners Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tobias J. Renner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Victor I. Reus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Richter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Frederick W. Thompson Anxiety Disorders Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark A. Riddle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mary M. Robertson
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
- St George's Hospital and Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maria C. Rosàrio
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit (UPIA), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David Rosenberg
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University and the Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Guy A. Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephan Ruhrmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Aline S. Sampaio
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Säo Paulo, Brazil
- University Health Care Services - SMURB, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jack Samuels
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul Sandor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and University Health Network, Toronto Western Research Institute and Youthdale Treatment Centers, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brooke Sheppard
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Harvey S. Singer
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jan H. Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dan J. Stein
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - E. Strengman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jay A. Tischfield
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | | | - Homero Vallada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele
- Departments of Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Pharmacology, Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, and Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jens R. Wendland
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Herman G. M. Westenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center and Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (NIN-KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yin Yao Shugart
- Unit on Statistical Genomics, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Euripedes C. Miguel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - William McMahon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Humberto Nicolini
- National Institute of Genomic Medicine-SAP, Carracci Medical Group, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Centre, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gregory L. Hanna
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Peter Heutink
- Section of Medical Genomics, Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Damiaan Denys
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (NIN-KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul D. Arnold
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerald Nestadt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nelson B. Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David L. Pauls
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Naomi R. Wray
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - S. Evelyn Stewart
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- British Columbia Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Carol A. Mathews
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - James A. Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nancy J. Cox
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jeremiah M. Scharf
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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756
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Liu Y, Miao W, Wang J, Gao P, Yin G, Zhang L, Lv C, Ji Z, Yu T, Sabel BA, He H, Peng Y. Structural abnormalities in early Tourette syndrome children: a combined voxel-based morphometry and tract-based spatial statistics study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76105. [PMID: 24098769 PMCID: PMC3786886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tourette Syndrome (TS) is characterized with chronic motor and vocal tics beginning in childhood. Abnormality of both gray (GM) and white matter (WM) has been observed in cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits and sensory-motor cortex of adult TS patient. It is not clear if these morphological changes are also present in TS children and if there are any microstructural changes of WM. To understand the developmental cause of such changes, we investigated volumetric changes of GM and WM using VBM and microstructural changes of WM using DTI, and correlated these changes with tic severity and duration. T1 images and Diffusion Tensor Images (DTI) from 21 TS children were compared with 20 age and gender matched health control children using a 1.5T Philips scanner. All of the 21 TS children met the DSM-IV-TR criteria. T1 images were analyzed using DARTEL-VBM in conjunction with statistical parametric mapping (SPM). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) analysis was performed using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS). Brain volume changes were found in left superior temporal gyrus, left and right paracentral gyrus, right precuneous cortex, right pre- and post- central gyrus, left temporal occipital fusiform cortex, right frontal pole, and left lingual gyrus. Significant axial diffusivity (AD) and mean diffusivity (MD) increases were found in anterior thalamic radiation, right cingulum bundle projecting to the cingulate gurus and forceps minor. Decreases in white matter volume (WMV) in the right frontal pole were inversely related with tic severity (YGTSS), and increases in AD and MD were positively correlated with tic severity and duration, respectively. These changes in TS children can be interpreted as signs of neural plasticity in response to the experiential demand. Our findings may suggest that the morphological and microstructural measurements from structural MRI and DTI can potentially be used as a biomarker of the pathophysiologic pattern of early TS children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing key Lab of Magnetic Imaging Device and Technique, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jieqiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peiyi Gao
- Department of Neuroradiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangheng Yin
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing key Lab of Magnetic Imaging Device and Technique, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Medical Department, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, West District, Beijing, China
| | - Chuankai Lv
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing key Lab of Magnetic Imaging Device and Technique, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiying Ji
- Medical Department, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, West District, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Yu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing key Lab of Magnetic Imaging Device and Technique, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - B. A. Sabel
- State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Psychology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Huiguang He
- State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YP); (HH)
| | - Yun Peng
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing key Lab of Magnetic Imaging Device and Technique, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YP); (HH)
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757
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Selemon LD, Friedman HR. Motor stereotypies and cognitive perseveration in non-human primates exposed to early gestational irradiation. Neuroscience 2013; 248:213-24. [PMID: 23769911 PMCID: PMC3823672 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A number of psychiatric illnesses have been associated with prenatal disturbance of brain development, including autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. Individuals afflicted with these disorders exhibit both repetitive motor and cognitive behavior. The potential role that environmental insult to the developing brain may play in generating these aberrant behaviors is unclear. Here we examine the behavioral consequences of an early gestational insult in the non-human primate. Rhesus macaques were exposed to x-irradiation during the first trimester of development to disrupt neurogenesis. The behavior of five fetally irradiated monkeys (FIMs) and five control monkeys (CONs) was observed as they matured from juvenile (1.5 years) to adult ages (4-5 years). Home-cage behavior was indistinguishable in the two groups. In the testing cage, circling was prevalent in both groups at juvenile ages, persisting to adulthood in three of the five FIMs. One FIM executed a ritualized motor sequence marked by semi-circling and undulating head movements. Seven macaques (4 FIMs, 3 CONs) were tested on a spatial Delayed Alternation (DA) task as adults. Perseverative errors and non-perseverative errors were recorded in early stages of the testing, at the 0 delay interval. While performing DA, FIMs made more errors of perseveration than CONs yet the number of total errors committed did not differ between groups. The presence of motor stereotypies and cognitive perseveration in fetally irradiated non-human primates suggests that environmental insult to the embryonic brain may contribute to repetitive motor and cognitive behaviors in neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Selemon
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - H R Friedman
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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758
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Monfardini E, Gazzola V, Boussaoud D, Brovelli A, Keysers C, Wicker B. Vicarious neural processing of outcomes during observational learning. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73879. [PMID: 24040104 PMCID: PMC3764021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning what behaviour is appropriate in a specific context by observing the actions of others and their outcomes is a key constituent of human cognition, because it saves time and energy and reduces exposure to potentially dangerous situations. Observational learning of associative rules relies on the ability to map the actions of others onto our own, process outcomes, and combine these sources of information. Here, we combined newly developed experimental tasks and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural mechanisms that govern such observational learning. Results show that the neural systems involved in individual trial-and-error learning and in action observation and execution both participate in observational learning. In addition, we identified brain areas that specifically activate for others’ incorrect outcomes during learning in the posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC), the anterior insula and the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Monfardini
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, Lyon, France
- Institut de Médecine Environnementale, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Valeria Gazzola
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Neuroscience, BCN NeuroImaging Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Driss Boussaoud
- Institut de Neuroscience des Systèmes, UMR 1106, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Andrea Brovelli
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, CNRS & Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7289, Marseille, France
| | - Christian Keysers
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Neuroscience, BCN NeuroImaging Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Wicker
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, CNRS & Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7289, Marseille, France
- Integrative Neuroscience Laboratory, Physics Department, University of Buenos Aires, Capital Federal, Argentina
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759
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Achiro JM, Bottjer SW. Neural representation of a target auditory memory in a cortico-basal ganglia pathway. J Neurosci 2013; 33:14475-88. [PMID: 24005299 PMCID: PMC3761053 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0710-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vocal learning in songbirds, like speech acquisition in humans, entails a period of sensorimotor integration during which vocalizations are evaluated via auditory feedback and progressively refined to achieve an imitation of memorized vocal sounds. This process requires the brain to compare feedback of current vocal behavior to a memory of target vocal sounds. We report the discovery of two distinct populations of neurons in a cortico-basal ganglia circuit of juvenile songbirds (zebra finches, Taeniopygia guttata) during vocal learning: (1) one in which neurons are selectively tuned to memorized sounds and (2) another in which neurons are selectively tuned to self-produced vocalizations. These results suggest that neurons tuned to learned vocal sounds encode a memory of those target sounds, whereas neurons tuned to self-produced vocalizations encode a representation of current vocal sounds. The presence of neurons tuned to memorized sounds is limited to early stages of sensorimotor integration: after learning, the incidence of neurons encoding memorized vocal sounds was greatly diminished. In contrast to this circuit, neurons known to drive vocal behavior through a parallel cortico-basal ganglia pathway show little selective tuning until late in learning. One interpretation of these data is that representations of current and target vocal sounds in the shell circuit are used to compare ongoing patterns of vocal feedback to memorized sounds, whereas the parallel core circuit has a motor-related role in learning. Such a functional subdivision is similar to mammalian cortico-basal ganglia pathways in which associative-limbic circuits mediate goal-directed responses, whereas sensorimotor circuits support motor aspects of learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Achiro
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA.
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760
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Independent circuits in the basal ganglia for the evaluation and selection of actions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E3670-9. [PMID: 24003130 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1314815110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia are critical for selecting actions and evaluating their outcome. Although the circuitry for selection is well understood, how these nuclei evaluate the outcome of actions is unknown. Here, we show in lamprey that a separate evaluation circuit, which regulates the habenula-projecting globus pallidus (GPh) neurons, exists within the basal ganglia. The GPh neurons are glutamatergic and can drive the activity of the lateral habenula, which, in turn, provides an indirect inhibitory influence on midbrain dopamine neurons. We show that GPh neurons receive inhibitory input from the striosomal compartment of the striatum. The striosomal input can reduce the excitatory drive to the lateral habenula and, consequently, decrease the inhibition onto the dopaminergic system. Dopaminergic neurons, in turn, provide feedback that inhibits the GPh. In addition, GPh neurons receive direct projections from the pallium (cortex in mammals), which can increase the GPh activity to drive the lateral habenula to increase the inhibition of the neuromodulatory systems. This circuitry, thus, differs markedly from the "direct" and "indirect" pathways that regulate the pallidal (e.g., globus pallidus) output nuclei involved in the control of motion. Our results show that a distinct reward-evaluation circuit exists within the basal ganglia, in parallel to the direct and indirect pathways, which select actions. Our results suggest that these circuits are part of the fundamental blueprint that all vertebrates use to select actions and evaluate their outcome.
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761
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Nam HW, Bruner RC, Choi DS. Adenosine signaling in striatal circuits and alcohol use disorders. Mol Cells 2013; 36:195-202. [PMID: 23912595 PMCID: PMC3887972 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine signaling has been implicated in the pathophysiology of alcohol use disorders and other psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. Numerous studies have indicated a role for A1 receptors (A1R) in acute ethanol-induced motor incoordination, while A2A receptors (A2AR) mainly regulate the rewarding effect of ethanol in mice. Recent findings have demonstrated that dampened A2AR-mediated signaling in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) promotes ethanol-seeking behaviors. Moreover, decreased A2AR function is associated with decreased CREB activity in the DMS, which enhances goal-oriented behaviors and contributes to excessive ethanol drinking in mice. Interestingly, caffeine, the most commonly used psychoactive substance, is known to inhibit both the A1R and A2AR. This dampened adenosine receptor function may mask some of the acute intoxicating effects of ethanol. Furthermore, based on the fact that A2AR activity plays a role in goal-directed behavior, caffeine may also promote ethanol-seeking behavior. The A2AR is enriched in the striatum and exclusively expressed in striatopallidal neurons, which may be responsible for the regulation of inhibitory behavioral control over drug rewarding processes through the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia circuit. Furthermore, the antagonistic interactions between adenosine and dopamine receptors in the striatum also play an integral role in alcoholism and addiction-related disorders. This review focuses on regulation of adenosine signaling in striatal circuits and the possible implication of caffeine in goal-directed behaviors and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Wook Nam
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Robert C. Bruner
- Molecular Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
- Molecular Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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762
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Garland EL, Froeliger B, Zeidan F, Partin K, Howard MO. The downward spiral of chronic pain, prescription opioid misuse, and addiction: cognitive, affective, and neuropsychopharmacologic pathways. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2597-607. [PMID: 23988582 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prescription opioid misuse and addiction among chronic pain patients are emerging public health concerns of considerable significance. Estimates suggest that more than 10% of chronic pain patients misuse opioid analgesics, and the number of fatalities related to nonmedical or inappropriate use of prescription opioids is climbing. Because the prevalence and adverse consequences of this threat are increasing, there is a pressing need for research that identifies the biobehavioral risk chain linking chronic pain, opioid analgesia, and addictive behaviors. To that end, the current manuscript draws upon current neuropsychopharmacologic research to provide a conceptual framework of the downward spiral leading to prescription opioid misuse and addiction among chronic pain patients receiving opioid analgesic pharmacotherapy. Addictive use of opioids is described as the outcome of a cycle initiated by chronic pain and negative affect and reinforced by opioidergic-dopamingeric interactions, leading to attentional hypervigilance for pain and drug cues, dysfunctional connectivity between self-referential and cognitive control networks in the brain, and allostatic dysregulation of stress and reward circuitry. Implications for clinical practice are discussed; multimodal, mindfulness-oriented treatment is introduced as a potentially effective approach to disrupting the downward spiral and facilitating recovery from chronic pain and opioid addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Garland
- Supportive Oncology & Survivorship Program, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
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763
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Distinct basal ganglia circuits controlling behaviors guided by flexible and stable values. Neuron 2013; 79:1001-10. [PMID: 23954031 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Choosing valuable objects is critical for survival, but their values may change flexibly or remain stable. Therefore, animals should be able to update the object values flexibly by recent experiences and retain them stably by long-term experiences. However, it is unclear how the brain encodes the two conflicting forms of values and controls behavior accordingly. We found that distinct circuits of the primate caudate nucleus control behavior selectively in the flexible and stable value conditions. Single caudate neurons encoded the values of visual objects in a regionally distinct manner: flexible value coding in the caudate head and stable value coding in the caudate tail. Monkeys adapted in both conditions by looking at objects with higher values. Importantly, inactivation of each caudate subregion disrupted the high-low value discrimination selectively in the flexible or stable context. This parallel complementary mechanism enables animals to choose valuable objects in both flexible and stable conditions.
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764
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Rossi MA, Fan D, Barter JW, Yin HH. Bidirectional modulation of substantia nigra activity by motivational state. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71598. [PMID: 23936522 PMCID: PMC3735640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A major output nucleus of the basal ganglia is the substantia nigra pars reticulata, which sends GABAergic projections to brainstem and thalamic nuclei. The GABAergic (GABA) neurons are reciprocally connected with nearby dopaminergic neurons, which project mainly to the basal ganglia, a set of subcortical nuclei critical for goal-directed behaviors. Here we examined the impact of motivational states on the activity of GABA neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata and the neighboring dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the pars compacta. Both types of neurons show short-latency bursts to a cue predicting a food reward. As mice became sated by repeated consumption of food pellets, one class of neurons reduced cue-elicited firing, whereas another class of neurons progressively increased firing. Extinction or pre-feeding just before the test session dramatically reduced the phasic responses and their motivational modulation. These results suggest that signals related to the current motivational state bidirectionally modulate behavior and the magnitude of phasic response of both DA and GABA neurons in the substantia nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Rossi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David Fan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joseph W. Barter
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Henry H. Yin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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765
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Brigman JL, Daut R, Wright T, Gunduz-Cinar O, Graybeal C, Davis MI, Jiang Z, Saksida L, Jinde S, Pease M, Bussey TJ, Lovinger DM, Nakazawa K, Holmes A. GluN2B in corticostriatal circuits governs choice learning and choice shifting. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16:1101-10. [PMID: 23831965 PMCID: PMC3725191 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A choice that reliably produces a preferred outcome can be automated to liberate cognitive resources for other tasks. Should an outcome become less desirable, behavior must adapt in parallel or it becomes perseverative. Corticostriatal systems are known to mediate choice learning and flexibility, but the molecular mechanisms of these processes are not well understood. We integrated mouse behavioral, immunocytochemical, in vivo electrophysiological, genetic and pharmacological approaches to study choice. We found that the dorsal striatum (DS) was increasingly activated with choice learning, whereas reversal of learned choice engaged prefrontal regions. In vivo, DS neurons showed activity associated with reward anticipation and receipt that emerged with learning and relearning. Corticostriatal or striatal deletion of Grin2b (encoding the NMDA-type glutamate receptor subunit GluN2B) or DS-restricted GluN2B antagonism impaired choice learning, whereas cortical Grin2b deletion or OFC GluN2B antagonism impaired shifting. Our convergent data demonstrate how corticostriatal GluN2B circuits govern the ability to learn and shift choice behavior.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Psychological/physiology
- Animals
- Anticipation, Psychological/physiology
- Choice Behavior/physiology
- Conditioning, Operant/physiology
- Corpus Striatum/physiology
- Decision Making/physiology
- Discrimination Learning/physiology
- Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology
- Gene Deletion
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nerve Net/physiology
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/deficiency
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology
- Neuronal Plasticity
- Patch-Clamp Techniques
- Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology
- Phenols/pharmacology
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Prefrontal Cortex/physiology
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/deficiency
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/genetics
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/physiology
- Reward
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L. Brigman
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA), NIH
| | - Rachel Daut
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA), NIH
| | - Tara Wright
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA), NIH
| | - Ozge Gunduz-Cinar
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA), NIH
| | - Carolyn Graybeal
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA), NIH
| | | | - Zhihong Jiang
- Unit on Genetics of Cognition and Behavior, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH
| | - Lisa Saksida
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Medical Research Council and Wellcome Trust Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, UK
| | - Seiichiro Jinde
- Unit on Genetics of Cognition and Behavior, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH
| | - Matthew Pease
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA), NIH
| | - Timothy J. Bussey
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Medical Research Council and Wellcome Trust Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, UK
| | | | - Kazu Nakazawa
- Unit on Genetics of Cognition and Behavior, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH
| | - Andrew Holmes
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA), NIH
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766
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Yi S. Heterogeneity of compulsive buyers based on impulsivity and compulsivity dimensions: a latent profile analytic approach. Psychiatry Res 2013; 208:174-82. [PMID: 23083915 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite the recognition that compulsive buyers are not one homogenous group, there is a dearth of theory-guided empirical investigation. Furthermore, although compulsivity and impulsivity are used as major psychiatric criteria for diagnosing compulsive buyers, these dimensions have rarely been considered in assessing the heterogeneity issue. We fill this gap by applying the motivation shift model of addiction to compulsive buying and empirically assessing the heterogeneity issue in the bi-dimensional space represented by the buying impulsivity and compulsivity dimensions. These hypotheses were tested with latent profile analysis based on survey data (N=445). Consistent with the hypothesis, we identified the cluster of buyers with high buying compulsivity and impulsivity ("compulsive-impulsive buyers"), the cluster of buyers with low buying compulsivity and high impulsivity ("impulsive excessive buyers"), and the cluster of ordinary buyers. Furthermore, it was found that disparate clusters of buyers exhibit unique dispositional tendencies. Theoretical contributions and policy implications of the findings are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghwan Yi
- Department of Marketing & Consumer Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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767
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Abstract
Dual-system approaches to psychology explain the fundamental properties of human judgment, decision making, and behavior across diverse domains. Yet, the appropriate characterization of each system is a source of debate. For instance, a large body of research on moral psychology makes use of the contrast between “emotional” and “rational/cognitive” processes, yet even the chief proponents of this division recognize its shortcomings. Largely independently, research in the computational neurosciences has identified a broad division between two algorithms for learning and choice derived from formal models of reinforcement learning. One assigns value to actions intrinsically based on past experience, while another derives representations of value from an internally represented causal model of the world. This division between action- and outcome-based value representation provides an ideal framework for a dual-system theory in the moral domain.
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768
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Villalba RM, Smith Y. Differential striatal spine pathology in Parkinson's disease and cocaine addiction: a key role of dopamine? Neuroscience 2013; 251:2-20. [PMID: 23867772 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the striatum, the dendritic tree of the two main populations of projection neurons, called "medium spiny neurons (MSNs)", are covered with spines that receive glutamatergic inputs from the cerebral cortex and thalamus. In Parkinson's disease (PD), striatal MSNs undergo an important loss of dendritic spines, whereas aberrant overgrowth of striatal spines occurs following chronic cocaine exposure. This review examines the possibility that opposite dopamine dysregulation is one of the key factors that underlies these structural changes. In PD, nigrostriatal dopamine degeneration results in a significant loss of dendritic spines in the dorsal striatum, while rodents chronically exposed to cocaine and other psychostimulants, display an increase in the density of "thin and immature" spines in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). In rodent models of PD, there is evidence that D2 dopamine receptor-containing MSNs are preferentially affected, while D1-positive cells are the main targets of increased spine density in models of addiction. However, such specificity remains to be established in primates. Although the link between the extent of striatal spine changes and the behavioral deficits associated with these disorders remains controversial, there is unequivocal evidence that glutamatergic synaptic transmission is significantly altered in both diseased conditions. Recent studies have suggested that opposite calcium-mediated regulation of the transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) function induces these structural defects. In conclusion, there is strong evidence that dopamine is a major, but not the sole, regulator of striatal spine pathology in PD and addiction to psychostimulants. Further studies of the role of glutamate and other genes associated with spine plasticity in mediating these effects are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Villalba
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; UDALL Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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769
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Kalm K, Davis MH, Norris D. Individual Sequence Representations in the Medial Temporal Lobe. J Cogn Neurosci 2013; 25:1111-21. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Much of what we need to remember consists of sequences of stimuli, experiences, or events. Repeated presentation of a specific sequence establishes a more stable long-term memory, as shown by increased recall accuracy over successive trials of an STM task. Here we used fMRI to study the neural mechanisms that underlie sequence learning in the auditory–verbal domain. Specifically, we track the emergence of neural representations of sequences over the course of learning using multivariate pattern analysis. For this purpose, we use a serial recall task, in which participants have to recall overlapping sequences of letter names, with some of those sequences being repeated and hence learned over the course of the experiment. We show that voxels in the hippocampus come to encode the identity of specific repeated sequences although the letter names were common to all sequences in the experiment. These changes could have not been caused by changes in overall level of activity or to fMRI signal-to-noise ratios. Hence, the present results go beyond conventional univariate fMRI methods in showing a critical contribution of medial-temporal lobe memory systems to establishing long-term representations of verbal sequences.
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770
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Huttenlock T, Malone DB. Proving Value and Improving Practice: Using System Data to Analyze User Behaviors. COLLEGE & UNDERGRADUATE LIBRARIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10691316.2013.829381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terry Huttenlock
- a Buswell Memorial Library , Wheaton College , Wheaton , Illinois , USA
| | - David B. Malone
- a Buswell Memorial Library , Wheaton College , Wheaton , Illinois , USA
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771
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Barbas H, García-Cabezas MÁ, Zikopoulos B. Frontal-thalamic circuits associated with language. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2013; 126:49-61. [PMID: 23211411 PMCID: PMC3615046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Thalamic nuclei associated with language including the ventral lateral, ventral anterior, intralaminar and mediodorsal form a hub that uniquely receives the output of the basal ganglia and cerebellum, and is connected with frontal (premotor and prefrontal) cortices through two parallel circuits: a thalamic pathway targets the middle frontal cortical layers focally, and the other innervates widely cortical layer 1, poised to recruit other cortices and thalamic nuclei for complex cognitive operations. Return frontal pathways to the thalamus originate from cortical layers 6 and 5. Information through this integrated thalamo-cortical system is gated by the inhibitory thalamic reticular nucleus and modulated by dopamine, representing a specialization in primates. The intricate dialogue of distinct thalamic nuclei with the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and specific dorsolateral prefrontal and premotor cortices associated with language, suggests synergistic roles in the complex but seemingly effortless sequential transformation of cognitive operations for speech production in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Barbas
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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772
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Cerovic M, d'Isa R, Tonini R, Brambilla R. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of dopamine-mediated behavioral plasticity in the striatum. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 105:63-80. [PMID: 23827407 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The striatum is the input structure of the basal ganglia system. By integrating glutamatergic signals from cortical and subcortical regions and dopaminergic signals from mesolimbic nuclei the striatum functions as an important neural substrate for procedural and motor learning as well as for reward-guided behaviors. In addition, striatal activity is significantly altered in pathological conditions in which either a loss of dopamine innervation (Parkinson's disease) or aberrant dopamine-mediated signaling (drug addiction and L-DOPA induced dyskinesia) occurs. Here we discuss cellular mechanisms of striatal synaptic plasticity and aspects of cell signaling underlying striatum-dependent behavior, with a major focus on the neuromodulatory action of the endocannabinoid system and on the role of the Ras-ERK cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Cerovic
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, UK
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773
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Smith KS, Graybiel AM. A dual operator view of habitual behavior reflecting cortical and striatal dynamics. Neuron 2013; 79:361-74. [PMID: 23810540 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Habits are notoriously difficult to break and, if broken, are usually replaced by new routines. To examine the neural basis of these characteristics, we recorded spike activity in cortical and striatal habit sites as rats learned maze tasks. Overtraining induced a shift from purposeful to habitual behavior. This shift coincided with the activation of neuronal ensembles in the infralimbic neocortex and the sensorimotor striatum, which became engaged simultaneously but developed changes in spike activity with distinct time courses and stability. The striatum rapidly acquired an action-bracketing activity pattern insensitive to reward devaluation but sensitive to running automaticity. A similar pattern developed in the upper layers of the infralimbic cortex, but it formed only late during overtraining and closely tracked habit states. Selective optogenetic disruption of infralimbic activity during overtraining prevented habit formation. We suggest that learning-related spiking dynamics of both striatum and neocortex are necessary, as dual operators, for habit crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Smith
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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774
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Rimal RN, Mollen S. The role of issue familiarity and social norms: findings on new college students' alcohol use intentions. J Public Health Res 2013; 2:31-7. [PMID: 25170478 PMCID: PMC4140328 DOI: 10.4081/jphr.2013.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scholars in a variety of disciplines are interested in understanding the conditions under which social norms affect human behavior. Following the distinction made between descriptive and injunctive norms by the focus theory of normative conduct, the theory of normative social behavior predicts that the influence of descriptive norms on behavior is moderated by injunctive norms, outcome expectations, and group identity. We extended the theory by testing the proposition that the influence of descriptive norms on behavior would be greater under conditions of greater issue familiarity, defined as the ease with which one can cognitively access the behavior or behavioral issue. Design and Methods The model was tested in the domain of alcohol consumption intentions by conducting a survey among incoming students (n=719) to a large university in the United States. Data indicated that students in the sample were well representative of the university population. Results The influence of descriptive norms on behavioral intentions was moderated by issue familiarity, as predicted. Familiarity was a facilitator of behavior: the influence of descriptive norms on behavioral intentions was greater under conditions of high, rather than low, familiarity. The overall model explained 53% of the variance in alcohol consumption intentions. Conclusions Public health interventions promoting health behaviors need to take into account the extent to which the behaviors are familiar to the target audience. The influence of norms appears to be weaker when the behavior is unfamiliar or novel. Implications for theory and interventions for reducing alcohol consumption are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv N Rimal
- Department of Prevention & Community Health, George Washington University , Washington DC, USA
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775
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Peterson EJ, Seger CA. Many hats: intratrial and reward level-dependent BOLD activity in the striatum and premotor cortex. J Neurophysiol 2013; 110:1689-702. [PMID: 23741040 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00164.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, as well as lesion, drug, and single-cell recording studies in animals, suggest that the striatum plays a key role in associating sensory events with rewarding actions, both by facilitating reward processing and prediction (i.e., reinforcement learning) and by biasing and later updating action selection. Previous human neuroimaging research has failed to dissociate striatal activity associated with reward, stimulus, and response processing, and previous electrophysiological research in nonhuman animals has typically only examined single striatal subregions. Overcoming both these limitations, we isolated blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal associated with four intratrial processes (stimulus, preparation of response, response, and feedback) in a visuomotor learning task and examined activity associated with each within four striatal subregions (ventral striatum, putamen, head of the caudate nucleus, and body of the caudate) and the lateral premotor cortex. Overall, the striatum and lateral premotor cortex were recruited during all trial components, confirming their importance in all aspects of visuomotor learning. However, the caudate was most active at stimulus and feedback, whereas the putamen peaked in activity at response. Activation in the lateral premotor cortex was, surprisingly, strongest during stimulus and following response as feedback approached. Activity was additionally examined at three reward magnitudes. Reward magnitude affected neural activity only during stimulus in the caudate, putamen, and premotor cortex, whereas the ventral striatum showed reward sensitivity during both stimulus and feedback. Collectively, these results indicate that each striatal region makes a unique contribution to visuomotor learning through functions performed at different points within single trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Peterson
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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776
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Moeller SJ, Beebe-Wang N, Woicik PA, Konova AB, Maloney T, Goldstein RZ. Choice to view cocaine images predicts concurrent and prospective drug use in cocaine addiction. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 130:178-85. [PMID: 23218913 PMCID: PMC3609942 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying variables that predict drug use in treatment-seeking drug addicted individuals is a crucial research and therapeutic goal. This study tested the hypothesis that choice to view cocaine images is associated with concurrent and prospective drug use in cocaine addiction. METHODS To establish choice-concurrent drug use associations, 71 cocaine addicted subjects (43 current users and 28 treatment seekers) provided data on (A) choice to view cocaine images and affectively pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral images [collected under explicit contingencies (when choice was made between two fully visible side-by-side images) and under more probabilistic contingencies (when choice was made between pictures hidden under flipped-over cards)]; and (B) past-month cocaine and other drug use. To establish choice-prospective drug use associations, 20 of these treatment-seeking subjects were followed over the next 6 months. RESULTS Baseline cocaine-related picture choice as measured by both tasks positively correlated with subjects' concurrent cocaine and other drug use as driven by the actively-using subjects. In a subsequent multiple regression analysis, choice to view cocaine images as compared with affectively pleasant images (under probabilistic contingencies) was the only predictor that continued to be significantly associated with drug use. Importantly, this same baseline cocaine>pleasant probabilistic choice also predicted the number of days drugs were used (cocaine, alcohol, and marijuana) over the next 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Simulated cocaine choice - especially when probabilistic and when compared with other positive reinforcers - may provide a valid laboratory marker of current and future drug use in cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna B. Konova
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973,Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | | | - Rita Z. Goldstein
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973,Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to: Rita Z. Goldstein, Medical Research, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 30 Bell Ave., Bldg. 490, Upton, NY, 11973-5000; tel. (631) 344-2657; fax (631) 344-5260;
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777
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Herrojo Ruiz M, Brücke C, Nikulin VV, Schneider GH, Kühn AA. Beta-band amplitude oscillations in the human internal globus pallidus support the encoding of sequence boundaries during initial sensorimotor sequence learning. Neuroimage 2013; 85 Pt 2:779-93. [PMID: 23711534 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequential behavior characterizes both simple everyday tasks, such as getting dressed, and complex skills, such as music performance. The basal ganglia (BG) play an important role in the learning of motor sequences. To study the contribution of the human BG to the initial encoding of sequence boundaries, we recorded local field potentials in the sensorimotor area of the internal globus pallidus (GPi) during the early acquisition of sensorimotor sequences in patients undergoing deep brain stimulation for dystonia. We demonstrated an anticipatory modulation of pallidal beta-band neuronal oscillations that was specific to sequence boundaries, as compared to within-sequence elements, and independent of both the movement parameters and the initiation/termination of ongoing movement. The modulation at sequence boundaries emerged with training, in parallel with skill learning, and correlated with the degree of long-range temporal correlations (LRTC) in the dynamics of ongoing beta-band amplitude oscillations. The implication is that LRTC of beta-band oscillations in the sensorimotor GPi might facilitate the emergence of beta power modulations by the sequence boundaries in parallel with sequence learning. Taken together, the results reveal the oscillatory mechanisms in the human BG that contribute at an initial learning phase to the hierarchical organization of sequential behavior as reflected in the formation of boundary-delimited representations of action sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Herrojo Ruiz
- Department of Neurology, Campus Virchow, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany.
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778
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Diersch N, Mueller K, Cross ES, Stadler W, Rieger M, Schütz-Bosbach S. Action prediction in younger versus older adults: neural correlates of motor familiarity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64195. [PMID: 23704980 PMCID: PMC3660406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Generating predictions during action observation is essential for efficient navigation through our social environment. With age, the sensitivity in action prediction declines. In younger adults, the action observation network (AON), consisting of premotor, parietal and occipitotemporal cortices, has been implicated in transforming executed and observed actions into a common code. Much less is known about age-related changes in the neural representation of observed actions. Using fMRI, the present study measured brain activity in younger and older adults during the prediction of temporarily occluded actions (figure skating elements and simple movement exercises). All participants were highly familiar with the movement exercises whereas only some participants were experienced figure skaters. With respect to the AON, the results confirm that this network was preferentially engaged for the more familiar movement exercises. Compared to younger adults, older adults recruited visual regions to perform the task and, additionally, the hippocampus and caudate when the observed actions were familiar to them. Thus, instead of effectively exploiting the sensorimotor matching properties of the AON, older adults seemed to rely predominantly on the visual dynamics of the observed actions to perform the task. Our data further suggest that the caudate played an important role during the prediction of the less familiar figure skating elements in better-performing groups. Together, these findings show that action prediction engages a distributed network in the brain, which is modulated by the content of the observed actions and the age and experience of the observer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Diersch
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
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779
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Smith KS, Graybiel AM. Using optogenetics to study habits. Brain Res 2013; 1511:102-14. [PMID: 23313580 PMCID: PMC3654045 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It is now well documented that optogenetics brings to neuroscience a long sought-after foothold to study the causal role of millisecond-scale activity of genetically or anatomically defined populations of neurons. Progress is rapid, and, as evidenced by the work collected in this Special Issue, the possibilities of what can now be done are almost dizzying. Even for those concerned with complex phenomena, such as behavioral habits and flexibility, signs are that we could be on the threshold of a leap in scientific understanding. Here. we note this special time in neuroscience by the example of our use of optogenetics to study habitual behavior. We present a basic sketch of the neural circuitry of habitual behavior built mainly on findings from experiments in which lesion and drug microinjection techniques were employed in combination with sophisticated behavioral analysis. We then outline the types of questions that now can be approached through the use of optogenetic approaches, and, as an example, we summarize the results of a recent study of ours in which we took this approach to probe the neural basis of habit formation. With optogenetic methods, we were able to demonstrate that a small site in the medial prefrontal cortex can control habits on-line during their execution, and we were able to control new habits when they competed with prior ones. The nearly immediate effect of disabling this site optogenetically suggests the existence of a mechanism for moment-to-moment monitoring of behaviors that long have been thought to be almost automatic and reflexive. This example highlights the kind of new knowledge that can be gained by the carefully timed use of optogenetic tools. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Optogenetics (7th BRES).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Smith
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States.
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780
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Koizumi H, Morigaki R, Okita S, Nagahiro S, Kaji R, Nakagawa M, Goto S. Response of striosomal opioid signaling to dopamine depletion in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease: a potential compensatory role. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:74. [PMID: 23730270 PMCID: PMC3656348 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The opioid peptide receptors consist of three major subclasses, namely, μ, δ, and κ (MOR, DOR, and KOR, respectively). They are involved in the regulation of striatal dopamine functions, and increased opioid transmissions are thought to play a compensatory role in altered functions of the basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we used an immunohistochemistry with tyramide signal amplification (TSA) protocols to determine the distributional patterns of opioid receptors in the striosome-matrix systems of the rat striatum. As a most striking feature of striatal opioid anatomy, MORs are highly enriched in the striosomes and subcallosal streak. We also found that DORs are localized in a mosaic pattern in the dorsal striatum (caudate-putamen), with heightened labeling for DOR in the striosomes relative to the matrix compartment. In the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model of PD, lesions of the nigrostriatal pathways caused a significant reduction of striatal labeling for both the MOR and DOR in the striosomes, but not in the matrix compartment. Our results suggest that the activities of the striosome and matrix compartments are differentially regulated by the opioid signals involving the MORs and DORs, and that the striosomes may be more responsive to opioid peptides (e.g., enkephalin) than the matrix compartment. Based on a model in which the striosome compartment regulates the striatal activity, we propose a potent compensatory role of striosomal opioid signaling under the conditions of the striatal dopamine depletion that occurs in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Koizumi
- Department of Motor Neuroscience and Neurotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Tokushima, Japan ; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Tokushima, Japan ; Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kyoto, Japan
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781
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Lee I, Lee CH. Contextual behavior and neural circuits. Front Neural Circuits 2013; 7:84. [PMID: 23675321 PMCID: PMC3650478 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals including humans engage in goal-directed behavior flexibly in response to items and their background, which is called contextual behavior in this review. Although the concept of context has long been studied, there are differences among researchers in defining and experimenting with the concept. The current review aims to provide a categorical framework within which not only the neural mechanisms of contextual information processing but also the contextual behavior can be studied in more concrete ways. For this purpose, we categorize contextual behavior into three subcategories as follows by considering the types of interactions among context, item, and response: contextual response selection, contextual item selection, and contextual item–response selection. Contextual response selection refers to the animal emitting different types of responses to the same item depending on the context in the background. Contextual item selection occurs when there are multiple items that need to be chosen in a contextual manner. Finally, when multiple items and multiple contexts are involved, contextual item–response selection takes place whereby the animal either chooses an item or inhibits such a response depending on item–context paired association. The literature suggests that the rhinal cortical regions and the hippocampal formation play key roles in mnemonically categorizing and recognizing contextual representations and the associated items. In addition, it appears that the fronto-striatal cortical loops in connection with the contextual information-processing areas critically control the flexible deployment of adaptive action sets and motor responses for maximizing goals. We suggest that contextual information processing should be investigated in experimental settings where contextual stimuli and resulting behaviors are clearly defined and measurable, considering the dynamic top-down and bottom-up interactions among the neural systems for contextual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inah Lee
- Behavioral Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University Seoul, South Korea
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782
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Abstract
Information is encoded in the nervous system through the discharge and synchronization of single neurons. The striatum, the input stage of the basal ganglia, is divided into three territories: the putamen, the caudate, and the ventral striatum, all of which converge onto the same motor pathway. This parallel organization suggests that there are multiple and competing systems in the basal ganglia network controlling behavior. To explore which mechanism(s) enables the different striatal domains to encode behavioral events and to control behavior, we compared the neural activity of phasically active neurons [medium spiny neurons (MSNs), presumed projection neurons] and tonically active neurons (presumed cholinergic interneurons) across striatal territories from monkeys during the performance of a well practiced task. Although neurons in all striatal territories displayed similar spontaneous discharge properties and similar temporal modulations of their discharge rates to the behavioral events, their correlation structure was profoundly different. The distributions of signal and noise correlation of pairs of putamen MSNs were strongly shifted toward positive correlations and these two measures were correlated. In contrast, MSN pairs in the caudate and ventral striatum displayed symmetrical, near-zero signal and noise correlation distributions. Furthermore, only putamen MSN pairs displayed different noise correlation dynamics to rewarding versus neutral/aversive cues. Similarly, the noise correlation between tonically active neuron pairs was stronger in the putamen than in the caudate. We suggest that the level of synchronization of the neuronal activity and its temporal dynamics differentiate the striatal territories and may thus account for the different roles that striatal domains play in behavioral control.
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783
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this review, based on recent advances in cognitive neuroscience, the author presents a formulation in which the marked persistence of anorexia nervosa can be usefully understood as a well-ingrained maladaptive habit. METHOD The author reviewed the relevant literature on the development and course of anorexia nervosa and interpreted critical features in light of developments in cognitive neuroscience. RESULTS Anorexia nervosa is a well characterized disorder with remarkable persistence both across history and among affected individuals. Food restriction, the salient behavioral feature of the disorder, often begins innocently but gradually takes on a life of its own. Over time, it becomes highly entrenched and resistant to change through either psychological or pharmacological treatment. Cognitive neuroscience has described two related but distinct processes that underlie the acquisition of new patterns of behavior, namely, action-outcome and stimulus-response learning. It is likely that both processes are engaged in the development of anorexia nervosa and that stimulus-response learning (that is, habit formation) is critical to the persistence of the dieting behavior. CONCLUSIONS The formulation of the dieting behavior characteristic of anorexia nervosa as a well-entrenched habit provides a basis for understanding the striking persistence of this disorder. This model helps explain the resistance of anorexia nervosa to interventions that have established efficacy in related disorders and implies that addressing the dieting behavior is critical, especially early in the course of the illness, before it has become ingrained.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Timothy Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
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784
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Abstract
Complex motor stereotypies are repetitive arm and/or hand flapping, waving and wiggling movements that begin before the age of 3 years, occur repeatedly throughout the day and stop with distraction. These movements are commonly seen in children with autism, but also appear in otherwise normally developing individuals labelled as primary. Although proposed to have a psychological and neurobiological mechanism, evidence suggests that there is an abnormality within the corticostriatal–thalamocortical circuitry or its connecting structures. Animal models include both drug-induced (i.e., via stimulants or cocaine) and spontaneously appearing prototypes. Neurochemical investigations, primarily in rodents, have identified a variety of neurotransmitter alterations, with an emphasis on dopamine or glutamate; however, findings are inconsistent. We hypothesize that, based on its various roles in controlling and modulating movements, the frontal cortex will ultimately be shown to be the prime site of abnormality in this disorder. Future studies investigating both humans and animal models are essential for attaining a greater understanding of the pathobiology underlying motor stereotypies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Gao
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Harvey S Singer
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Rubenstein Child Health Building, Suite 2158, 200 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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785
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Hisatsune C, Ogawa N, Mikoshiba K. Striatum-specific expression of Cre recombinase using the Gpr88 promoter in mice. Transgenic Res 2013; 22:1241-7. [PMID: 23624740 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-013-9711-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We generated a transgenic (Tg) mouse line expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the Gpr88 promoter within a bacterial artificial chromosome clone. We crossed the established Tg mice with reporter mice (CAG-CAT-Z Tg), which express Escherichia coli lacZ in response to Cre-mediated excision of the loxP-flanked chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene, and examined the Cre activity in the Tg mouse brains by assessing β-galactosidase activity. Cre activity was specifically detected in the caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, and olfactory tubercle of the Gpr88-Cre Tg mouse brain. Medium spiny neurons within the caudate-putamen exhibited Cre activity. Thus, Gpr88-Cre Tg mice could be a useful tool for analyzing the function of the basal ganglia by using Cre/loxP systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Hisatsune
- Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI) 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako City, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan,
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786
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Strausfeld NJ, Hirth F. Deep homology of arthropod central complex and vertebrate basal ganglia. Science 2013; 340:157-61. [PMID: 23580521 DOI: 10.1126/science.1231828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The arthropod central complex and vertebrate basal ganglia derive from embryonic basal forebrain lineages that are specified by an evolutionarily conserved genetic program leading to interconnected neuropils and nuclei that populate the midline of the forebrain-midbrain boundary region. In the substructures of both the central complex and basal ganglia, network connectivity and neuronal activity mediate control mechanisms in which inhibitory (GABAergic) and modulatory (dopaminergic) circuits facilitate the regulation and release of adaptive behaviors. Both basal ganglia and central complex dysfunction result in behavioral defects including motor abnormalities, impaired memory formation, attention deficits, affective disorders, and sleep disturbances. The observed multitude of similarities suggests deep homology of arthropod central complex and vertebrate basal ganglia circuitries underlying the selection and maintenance of behavioral actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Strausfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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787
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Goto S, Kawarai T, Morigaki R, Okita S, Koizumi H, Nagahiro S, Munoz EL, Lee LV, Kaji R. Defects in the striatal neuropeptide Y system in X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism. Brain 2013; 136:1555-67. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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788
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Margulis EH. Repetition and emotive communication in music versus speech. Front Psychol 2013; 4:167. [PMID: 23576998 PMCID: PMC3616255 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Music and speech are often placed alongside one another as comparative cases. Their relative overlaps and disassociations have been well explored (e.g., Patel, 2008). But one key attribute distinguishing these two domains has often been overlooked: the greater preponderance of repetition in music in comparison to speech. Recent fMRI studies have shown that familiarity – achieved through repetition – is a critical component of emotional engagement with music (Pereira et al., 2011). If repetition is fundamental to emotional responses to music, and repetition is a key distinguisher between the domains of music and speech, then close examination of the phenomenon of repetition might help clarify the ways that music elicits emotion differently than speech.
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789
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Deconstructing the neural and ionic involvement of seizure-like events in the striatal network. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 52:128-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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790
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Sotoyama H, Namba H, Chiken S, Nambu A, Nawa H. Exposure to the cytokine EGF leads to abnormal hyperactivity of pallidal GABA neurons: implications for schizophrenia and its modeling. J Neurochem 2013; 126:518-28. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Sotoyama
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology; Brain Research Institute; Niigata University; Niigata Japan
| | - Hisaaki Namba
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology; Brain Research Institute; Niigata University; Niigata Japan
| | - Satomi Chiken
- Division of System Neurobiology; National Institute for Physiological Sciences and Department of Physiological Sciences; Graduate University for Advanced Studies; Myodaiji Okazaki Japan
| | - Atsushi Nambu
- Division of System Neurobiology; National Institute for Physiological Sciences and Department of Physiological Sciences; Graduate University for Advanced Studies; Myodaiji Okazaki Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology; Brain Research Institute; Niigata University; Niigata Japan
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791
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Abrahamse EL, Ruitenberg MFL, de Kleine E, Verwey WB. Control of automated behavior: insights from the discrete sequence production task. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:82. [PMID: 23515430 PMCID: PMC3601300 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Work with the discrete sequence production (DSP) task has provided a substantial literature on discrete sequencing skill over the last decades. The purpose of the current article is to provide a comprehensive overview of this literature and of the theoretical progress that it has prompted. We start with a description of the DSP task and the phenomena that are typically observed with it. Then we propose a cognitive model, the dual processor model (DPM), which explains performance of (skilled) discrete key-press sequences. Key features of this model are the distinction between a cognitive processor and a motor system (i.e., motor buffer and motor processor), the interplay between these two processing systems, and the possibility to execute familiar sequences in two different execution modes. We further discuss how this model relates to several related sequence skill research paradigms and models, and we outline outstanding questions for future research throughout the paper. We conclude by sketching a tentative neural implementation of the DPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elger L. Abrahamse
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of GhentGhent, Belgium
| | - Marit F. L. Ruitenberg
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Ergonomics, University of TwenteEnschede, Netherlands
| | - Elian de Kleine
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Ergonomics, University of TwenteEnschede, Netherlands
| | - Willem B. Verwey
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Ergonomics, University of TwenteEnschede, Netherlands
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792
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Dagnas M, Mons N. Region- and age-specific patterns of histone acetylation related to spatial and cued learning in the water maze. Hippocampus 2013; 23:581-91. [PMID: 23436469 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic processes, such as histone acetylation, are critical regulators of learning and memory processes. In the present study, we investigated whether training in either a spatial or a cued water maze task undergoes selective changes of histone H3 and H4 acetylation within the hippocampus and the dorsal striatum of C57BL/6 mice. We also attempted to provide new insights into the relationships between deregulation in histone acetylation and age-associated memory deficits. In young mice, spatial training increased acetylation of histones H3 and H4 selectively in the dorsal hippocampal CA1 region and the dentate gyrus (DG) whereas cued training significantly enhanced acetylation of both histones selectively in the dorsal striatum. Our data also revealed age-related differences in histone acetylation within the hippocampus and striatum according to task demands. Specifically, age-related spatial memory deficits were associated with opposite changes of H3 (increase) and H4 (decrease) acetylation in CA1 and DG. After cued learning, both histone acetylation levels were reduced in the striatum of aged mice compared with corresponding young-adults but remained well above those of cage-controls. Collectively, our findings suggest an important role for histone acetylation in regulating the relative contributions of the hippocampus and striatum to learning spatial and cued memory tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malorie Dagnas
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, CNRS UMR 5287, Université de Bordeaux, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence, France
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793
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Carr GV, Jenkins KA, Weinberger DR, Papaleo F. Loss of dysbindin-1 in mice impairs reward-based operant learning by increasing impulsive and compulsive behavior. Behav Brain Res 2013; 241:173-84. [PMID: 23261874 PMCID: PMC3556458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The dystrobrevin-binding protein 1 (DTNBP1) gene, which encodes the dysbindin-1 protein, is a potential schizophrenia susceptibility gene. Polymorphisms in the DTNBP1 gene have been associated with altered cognitive abilities. In the present study, dysbindin-1 null mutant (dys-/-), heterozygous (dys+/-), and wild-type (dys+/+) mice, on a C57BL/6J genetic background, were tested in either a match to sample or nonmatch to sample visual discrimination task. This visual discrimination task was designed to measure rule learning and detect any changes in response timing over the course of testing. Dys-/- mice displayed significant learning deficits and required more trials to acquire this task. However, once criterion was reached, there were no differences between the genotypes on any behavioral measures. Dys-/- mice exhibited increased compulsive and impulsive behaviors compared to control littermates suggesting the inability to suppress incorrectly-timed responses underlies their increased time to acquisition. Indeed, group comparisons of behavior differences between the first and last day of testing showed that only dys-/- mice consistently decreased measures of perseverative, premature, timeout, and total responses. These findings illustrate how some aspects of altered cognitive performance in dys-/- mice might be related to increased impulsive and compulsive behaviors, analogous to cognitive deficits in some individuals with psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory V. Carr
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch; Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Jenkins
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch; Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch; Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Neuroscience and the Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Francesco Papaleo
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch; Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Universita’ degli Studi di Padova, Largo Meneghetti, 2, 35131 Padova, Italy
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794
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Nam HW, Hinton DJ, Kang NY, Kim T, Lee MR, Oliveros A, Adams C, Ruby CL, Choi DS. Adenosine transporter ENT1 regulates the acquisition of goal-directed behavior and ethanol drinking through A2A receptor in the dorsomedial striatum. J Neurosci 2013; 33:4329-38. [PMID: 23467349 PMCID: PMC3622260 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3094-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine signaling has been implicated in the pathophysiology of many psychiatric disorders including alcoholism. Striatal adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) play an essential role in both ethanol drinking and the shift from goal-directed action to habitual behavior. However, direct evidence for a role of striatal A2AR signaling in ethanol drinking and habit development has not been established. In the present study, we found that decreased A2AR-mediated CREB activity in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) enhanced initial behavioral acquisition of goal-directed behaviors and the vulnerability to progress to excessive ethanol drinking during operant conditioning in mice lacking ethanol-sensitive adenosine transporter ENT1 (ENT1(-/-)). Using mice expressing β-galactosidase (lacZ) under the control of seven repeated CRE sites in both genotypes (CRE-lacZ/ENT1(+/+) mice and CRE-lacZ/ENT1(-/-) mice) and the dominant-negative form of CREB, we found that reduced CREB activity in the DMS was causally associated with decreased A2AR signaling and increased goal-directed ethanol drinking. Finally, we have demonstrated that the A2AR antagonist ZM241385 dampened protein kinase A activity-mediated signaling in the DMS and promoted excessive ethanol drinking in ENT1(+/+) mice, but not in ENT1(-/-) mice. Our results indicate that A2AR-mediated CREB signaling in the DMS is a key determinant in enhancing the development of goal-directed ethanol drinking in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Wook Nam
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
| | - David J. Hinton
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
| | - Na Young Kang
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
| | - Taehyun Kim
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
| | - Moonnoh R. Lee
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
| | - Alfredo Oliveros
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
| | - Chelsea Adams
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Christina L. Ruby
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
- Psychiatry and Psychology, and
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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795
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Sorg C, Manoliu A, Neufang S, Myers N, Peters H, Schwerthöffer D, Scherr M, Mühlau M, Zimmer C, Drzezga A, Förstl H, Bäuml J, Eichele T, Wohlschläger AM, Riedl V. Increased intrinsic brain activity in the striatum reflects symptom dimensions in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2013; 39:387-95. [PMID: 22241165 PMCID: PMC3576165 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbr184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Striatal dysfunction is thought to be a fundamental element in schizophrenia. Striatal dopamine dysfunction impacts on reward processing and learning and is present even at rest. Here, we addressed the question whether and how spontaneous neuronal activity in the striatum is altered in schizophrenia. We therefore assessed intrinsic striatal activity and its relation with disorder states and symptom dimensions in patients with schizophrenia. We performed resting-state functional (rs-fMRI) and structural magnetic resonance imaging as well as psychometric assessment in 21 schizophrenic patients during psychosis. On average 9 months later, we acquired follow-up data during psychotic remission and with comparable levels of antipsychotic medication. Twenty-one age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included in the study. Independent component analysis of fMRI data yielded spatial maps and time-courses of coherent ongoing blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal fluctuations, which were used for group comparisons and correlation analyses with scores of the positive and negative syndrome scale. During psychosis, coherent intrinsic activity of the striatum was increased in the dorsal part and correlated with positive symptoms such as delusion and hallucination. In psychotic remission of the same patients, activity of the ventral striatum was increased and correlated with negative symptoms such as emotional withdrawal and blunted affect. Results were controlled for volumetric and medication effects. These data provide first evidence that in schizophrenia intrinsic activity is changed in the striatum and corresponds to disorder states and symptom dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrei Manoliu
- Department of Psychiatry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany,Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Neufang
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Nicholas Myers
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany,Munich Center for Neurosciences Brain and Mind, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Henning Peters
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Schwerthöffer
- Department of Psychiatry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Scherr
- Department of Psychiatry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mark Mühlau
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Claus Zimmer
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Förstl
- Department of Psychiatry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Josef Bäuml
- Department of Psychiatry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tom Eichele
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Afra M. Wohlschläger
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany,Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Valentin Riedl
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: 49-89-4140-7631, fax: 49-89-4140-7665, e-mail:
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796
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Spatial reference frame of incidentally learned attention. Cognition 2013; 126:378-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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797
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Kung SJ, Chen JL, Zatorre RJ, Penhune VB. Interacting Cortical and Basal Ganglia Networks Underlying Finding and Tapping to the Musical Beat. J Cogn Neurosci 2013; 25:401-20. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Humans are able to find and tap to the beat of musical rhythms varying in complexity from children's songs to modern jazz. Musical beat has no one-to-one relationship with auditory features—it is an abstract perceptual representation that emerges from the interaction between sensory cues and higher-level cognitive organization. Previous investigations have examined the neural basis of beat processing but have not tested the core phenomenon of finding and tapping to the musical beat. To test this, we used fMRI and had musicians find and tap to the beat of rhythms that varied from metrically simple to metrically complex—thus from a strong to a weak beat. Unlike most previous studies, we measured beat tapping performance during scanning and controlled for possible effects of scanner noise on beat perception. Results showed that beat finding and tapping recruited largely overlapping brain regions, including the superior temporal gyrus (STG), premotor cortex, and ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC). Beat tapping activity in STG and VLPFC was correlated with both perception and performance, suggesting that they are important for retrieving, selecting, and maintaining the musical beat. In contrast BG activity was similar in all conditions and was not correlated with either perception or production, suggesting that it may be involved in detecting auditory temporal regularity or in associating auditory stimuli with a motor response. Importantly, functional connectivity analyses showed that these systems interact, indicating that more basic sensorimotor mechanisms instantiated in the BG work in tandem with higher-order cognitive mechanisms in PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jen Kung
- 1National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Robert J. Zatorre
- 3Montreal Neurological Institute
- 4International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound
| | - Virginia B. Penhune
- 4International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound
- 5Concordia University, Montréal, Canada
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798
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Burgos-Robles A, Bravo-Rivera H, Quirk GJ. Prelimbic and infralimbic neurons signal distinct aspects of appetitive instrumental behavior. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57575. [PMID: 23460877 PMCID: PMC3583875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
It is thought that discrete subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) regulate different aspects of appetitive behavior, however, physiological support for this hypothesis has been lacking. In the present study, we used multichannel single-unit recording to compare the response of neurons in the prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) subregions of the mPFC, in rats pressing a lever to obtain sucrose pellets on a variable interval schedule of reinforcement (VI-60). Approximately 25% of neurons in both structures exhibited prominent excitatory responses during rewarded, but not unrewarded, lever presses. The time courses of reward responses in PL and IL, however, were markedly different. Most PL neurons exhibited fast and transient responses at the delivery of sucrose pellets, whereas most IL neurons exhibited delayed and prolonged responses associated with the collection of earned sucrose pellets. We further examined the functional significance of reward responses in IL and PL with local pharmacological inactivation. IL inactivation significantly delayed the collection of earned sucrose pellets, whereas PL inactivation produced no discernible effects. These findings support the hypothesis that PL and IL signal distinct aspects of appetitive behavior, and suggest that IL signaling facilitates reward collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Burgos-Robles
- Departments of Psychiatry and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Hector Bravo-Rivera
- Departments of Psychiatry and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Gregory J. Quirk
- Departments of Psychiatry and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- * E-mail:
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799
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Murphy DL, Moya PR, Fox MA, Rubenstein LM, Wendland JR, Timpano KR. Anxiety and affective disorder comorbidity related to serotonin and other neurotransmitter systems: obsessive-compulsive disorder as an example of overlapping clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120435. [PMID: 23440468 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have also been shown to have comorbid lifetime diagnoses of major depressive disorder (MDD; rates greater than 70%), bipolar disorder (rates greater than 10%) and other anxiety disorders (e.g. panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)). In addition, overlap exists in some common genetic variants (e.g. the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4), the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene), and rare variants in genes/chromosomal abnormalities (e.g. the 22q11 microdeletion syndrome) found across the affective/anxiety disorder spectrums. OCD has been proposed as a possible independent entity for DSM-5, but by others thought best retained as an anxiety disorder subtype (its current designation in DSM-IV), and yet by others considered best in the affective disorder spectrum. This review focuses on OCD, a well-studied but still puzzling heterogeneous disorder, regarding alterations in serotonergic, dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in addition to other systems involved, and how related genes may be involved in the comorbidity of anxiety and affective disorders. OCD resembles disorders such as depression, in which gene × gene interactions, gene × environment interactions and stress elements coalesce to yield OC symptoms and, in some individuals, full-blown OCD with multiple comorbid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis L Murphy
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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800
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Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Tomasi D, Baler RD. Unbalanced neuronal circuits in addiction. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:639-48. [PMID: 23434063 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Through sequential waves of drug-induced neurochemical stimulation, addiction co-opts the brain's neuronal circuits that mediate reward, motivation to behavioral inflexibility and a severe disruption of self-control and compulsive drug intake. Brain imaging technologies have allowed neuroscientists to map out the neural landscape of addiction in the human brain and to understand how drugs modify it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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