99901
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Rajalingham R, Stacey RG, Tsoulfas G, Musallam S. Modulation of neural activity by reward in medial intraparietal cortex is sensitive to temporal sequence of reward. J Neurophysiol 2014; 112:1775-89. [PMID: 25008408 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00533.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To restore movements to paralyzed patients, neural prosthetic systems must accurately decode patients' intentions from neural signals. Despite significant advancements, current systems are unable to restore complex movements. Decoding reward-related signals from the medial intraparietal area (MIP) could enhance prosthetic performance. However, the dynamics of reward sensitivity in MIP is not known. Furthermore, reward-related modulation in premotor areas has been attributed to behavioral confounds. Here we investigated the stability of reward encoding in MIP by assessing the effect of reward history on reward sensitivity. We recorded from neurons in MIP while monkeys performed a delayed-reach task under two reward schedules. In the variable schedule, an equal number of small- and large-rewards trials were randomly interleaved. In the constant schedule, one reward size was delivered for a block of trials. The memory period firing rate of most neurons in response to identical rewards varied according to schedule. Using systems identification tools, we attributed the schedule sensitivity to the dependence of neural activity on the history of reward. We did not find schedule-dependent behavioral changes, suggesting that reward modulates neural activity in MIP. Neural discrimination between rewards was less in the variable than in the constant schedule, degrading our ability to decode reach target and reward simultaneously. The effect of schedule was mitigated by adding Haar wavelet coefficients to the decoding model. This raises the possibility of multiple encoding schemes at different timescales and reinforces the potential utility of reward information for prosthetic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Rajalingham
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Georgios Tsoulfas
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Sam Musallam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
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99902
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Trewartha KM, Garcia A, Wolpert DM, Flanagan JR. Fast but fleeting: adaptive motor learning processes associated with aging and cognitive decline. J Neurosci 2014; 34:13411-21. [PMID: 25274819 PMCID: PMC4180475 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1489-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor learning has been shown to depend on multiple interacting learning processes. For example, learning to adapt when moving grasped objects with novel dynamics involves a fast process that adapts and decays quickly-and that has been linked to explicit memory-and a slower process that adapts and decays more gradually. Each process is characterized by a learning rate that controls how strongly motor memory is updated based on experienced errors and a retention factor determining the movement-to-movement decay in motor memory. Here we examined whether fast and slow motor learning processes involved in learning novel dynamics differ between younger and older adults. In addition, we investigated how age-related decline in explicit memory performance influences learning and retention parameters. Although the groups adapted equally well, they did so with markedly different underlying processes. Whereas the groups had similar fast processes, they had different slow processes. Specifically, the older adults exhibited decreased retention in their slow process compared with younger adults. Within the older group, who exhibited considerable variation in explicit memory performance, we found that poor explicit memory was associated with reduced retention in the fast process, as well as the slow process. These findings suggest that explicit memory resources are a determining factor in impairments in the both the fast and slow processes for motor learning but that aging effects on the slow process are independent of explicit memory declines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angeles Garcia
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies and Departments of Psychology and Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6, and
| | - Daniel M Wolpert
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
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99903
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Koo JW, Lobo MK, Chaudhury D, Labonté B, Friedman A, Heller E, Peña CJ, Han MH, Nestler EJ. Loss of BDNF signaling in D1R-expressing NAc neurons enhances morphine reward by reducing GABA inhibition. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2646-53. [PMID: 24853771 PMCID: PMC4207344 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) has a central role in the mechanism of action of drugs of abuse. The major neuronal type within the NAc is the GABAergic medium spiny neuron (MSN), with two major subpopulations defined-termed D1-type and D2-type MSNs-based on the predominant dopamine receptor expressed. However, very little is known about the contribution of altered GABAergic function in NAc MSNs to the neural and behavioral plasticity that contributes to the lasting actions of drugs of abuse. In the present study, we show that GABAergic activity is selectively modulated in D1-type MSNs of the NAc by signaling of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor, tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB), and that such adaptations control rewarding responses to morphine. Optical activation of D1-type MSNs, or the knockout of TrkB from D1-type MSNs (D1-TrkB KO), enhances morphine reward, effects not seen for D2-type MSNs. In addition, D1-TrkB KO mice, but not D2-TrkB KO mice, display decreased GABAA receptor (GABAAR) subunit expression and reduced spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) in D1-type, but not D2-type, MSNs in the NAc. Furthermore, we found that GABAAR antagonism in the NAc enhances morphine reward and that morphine exposure decreases TrkB expression as well as GABAergic activity in D1-type MSNs. Together, these data provide evidence for the enhancement of morphine reward through reduction of inhibitory GABAAR responses, an adaptation mediated by morphine-induced reduction of BDNF-TrkB signaling in D1-type MSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Wook Koo
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Kay Lobo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dipesh Chaudhury
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Departments of Psychiatry and of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benoit Labonté
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Allyson Friedman
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Departments of Psychiatry and of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Heller
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Catherine Jensen Peña
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ming-Hu Han
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Departments of Psychiatry and of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric J Nestler
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, PO Box 1065, New York, NY 10029, USA, Tel: +1 212 659 5656, Fax: +1 212 659 8510, E-mail:
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99904
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Distinct mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptor mechanisms underlie low sociability and depressive-like behaviors during heroin abstinence. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2694-705. [PMID: 24874714 PMCID: PMC4207349 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is a chronic disorder involving recurring intoxication, withdrawal, and craving episodes. Escaping this vicious cycle requires maintenance of abstinence for extended periods of time and is a true challenge for addicted individuals. The emergence of depressive symptoms, including social withdrawal, is considered a main cause for relapse, but underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we establish a mouse model of protracted abstinence to heroin, a major abused opiate, where both emotional and working memory deficits unfold. We show that delta and kappa opioid receptor (DOR and KOR, respectively) knockout mice develop either stronger or reduced emotional disruption during heroin abstinence, establishing DOR and KOR activities as protective and vulnerability factors, respectively, that regulate the severity of abstinence. Further, we found that chronic treatment with the antidepressant drug fluoxetine prevents emergence of low sociability, with no impact on the working memory deficit, implicating serotonergic mechanisms predominantly in emotional aspects of abstinence symptoms. Finally, targeting the main serotonergic brain structure, we show that gene knockout of mu opioid receptors (MORs) in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) before heroin exposure abolishes the development of social withdrawal. This is the first result demonstrating that intermittent chronic MOR activation at the level of DRN represents an essential mechanism contributing to low sociability during protracted heroin abstinence. Altogether, our findings reveal crucial and distinct roles for all three opioid receptors in the development of emotional alterations that follow a history of heroin exposure and open the way towards understanding opioid system-mediated serotonin homeostasis in heroin abuse.
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99905
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Stroud LR, Papandonatos GD, Rodriguez D, McCallum M, Salisbury AL, Phipps MG, Lester B, Huestis MA, Niaura R, Padbury JF, Marsit CJ. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and infant stress response: test of a prenatal programming hypothesis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 48:29-40. [PMID: 24999830 PMCID: PMC4136384 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) is associated with early and long-term neurobehavioral deficits; however mechanisms remain unknown. We tested the hypothesis that MSDP programs the hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical (HPA) axis of the offspring leading to adverse outcomes. In an intensive, prospective study, we investigated associations between MSDP and infant cortisol stress response and explored whether alterations in cortisol response were mediated by epigenetic modulation of the placental glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1). METHODS Participants were 100 healthy mother-infant pairs (53% MSDP-exposed; 42% female) from a low income, racially/ethnically diverse sample (55% minorities). MSDP was assessed by timeline followback interview verified by saliva and meconium cotinine. Infant cortisol responses to a neurobehavioral exam were assessed seven times over the first postnatal month. Methylation of placental NR3C1 promoter exon 1F was assessed using bisulfite pyrosequencing in a subsample (n=45). RESULTS MSDP-exposed infants showed significantly and persistently attenuated basal and reactive cortisol levels over the first postnatal month vs. unexposed infants. Exploratory analyses revealed that MSDP was associated with altered methylation of the placental NR3C1 promoter; degree of methylation of the placental NR3C1 was associated with infant basal and reactive cortisol over the first postnatal month and mediated effects of MSDP on infant basal cortisol. CONCLUSIONS Results provide initial support for our hypothesis that MSDP programs offspring HPA (dys)regulation. Epigenetic regulation of placental GR may serve as a novel underlying mechanism. Results may have implications for delineating pathways to adverse outcomes from MSDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R. Stroud
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, United States,Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI 02906, United States,Corresponding Author: Laura R. Stroud, Ph.D., Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior The Miriam Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University., 164 Summit Avenue, Providence, RI 02906, Telephone: (401) 793-8194, Fax: (401) 793-8056;
| | - George D. Papandonatos
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Daniel Rodriguez
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, School of Nursing and Health Sciences, La Salle University, Philadelphia, PA, 19141, United States
| | - Meaghan McCallum
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Amy L. Salisbury
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, United States,Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, United States,Women & Infants’ Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI 02905, United States
| | - Maureen G. Phipps
- Women & Infants’ Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI 02905, United States,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, United States
| | - Barry Lester
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, United States,Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, United States,Women & Infants’ Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI 02905, United States
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Raymond Niaura
- Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, American Legacy Foundation, Washington, DC 20036, United States
| | - James F. Padbury
- Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, United States,Women & Infants’ Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI 02905, United States
| | - Carmen J. Marsit
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth University, Hanover, NH 03755 United States
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99906
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Osborne NN, Álvarez CN, del Olmo Aguado S. Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction as in aging and glaucoma. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1613-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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99907
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Belsky DW, Suppli NP, Israel S. Gene-environment interaction research in psychiatric epidemiology: a framework and implications for study design. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2014; 49:1525-9. [PMID: 25216778 PMCID: PMC4174337 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-014-0954-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Belsky
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,
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99908
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Wilcox T, Hawkins LB, Hirshkowitz A, Boas DA. Cortical activation to object shape and speed of motion during the first year. Neuroimage 2014; 99:129-41. [PMID: 24821531 PMCID: PMC4228933 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A great deal is known about the functional organization of cortical networks that mediate visual object processing in the adult. The current research is part of a growing effort to identify the functional maturation of these pathways in the developing brain. The current research used near-infrared spectroscopy to investigate functional activation of the infant cortex during the processing of featural information (shape) and spatiotemporal information (speed of motion) during the first year of life. Our investigation focused on two areas that were implicated in previous studies: anterior temporal cortex and posterior parietal cortex. Neuroimaging data were collected with 207 infants across three age groups: 3-6 months (Experiment 1), 7-8 months (Experiment 2), and 10-12 months (Experiments 3 and 4). The neuroimaging data revealed age-related changes in patterns of activation to shape and speed information, mostly involving posterior parietal areas, some of which were predicted and others that were not. We suggest that these changes reflect age-related differences in the perceptual and/or cognitive processes engaged during the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Wilcox
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Laura B Hawkins
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Amy Hirshkowitz
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - David A Boas
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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99909
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The NAP motif of activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) regulates dendritic spines through microtubule end binding proteins. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:1115-24. [PMID: 25178163 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The NAP motif of activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) enhanced memory scores in patients suffering from mild cognitive impairment and protected activities of daily living in schizophrenia patients, while fortifying microtubule (MT)-dependent axonal transport, in mice and flies. The question is how does NAP fortify MTs? Our sequence analysis identified the MT end-binding protein (EB1)-interacting motif SxIP (SIP, Ser-Ile-Pro) in ADNP/NAP and showed specific SxIP binding sites in all members of the EB protein family (EB1-3). Others found that EB1 enhancement of neurite outgrowth is attenuated by EB2, while EB3 interacts with postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) to modulate dendritic plasticity. Here, NAP increased PSD-95 expression in dendritic spines, which was inhibited by EB3 silencing. EB1 or EB3, but not EB2 silencing inhibited NAP-mediated cell protection, which reflected NAP binding specificity. NAPVSKIPQ (SxIP=SKIP), but not NAPVAAAAQ mimicked NAP activity. ADNP, essential for neuronal differentiation and brain formation in mouse, a member of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex and a major protein mutated in autism and deregulated in schizophrenia in men, showed similar EB interactions, which were enhanced by NAP treatment. The newly identified shared MT target of NAP/ADNP is directly implicated in synaptic plasticity, explaining the breadth and efficiency of neuroprotective/neurotrophic capacities.
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99910
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Abstract
We propose and develop a hierarchical approach to network control of complex tasks. In this approach, a low-level controller directs the activity of a "plant," the system that performs the task. However, the low-level controller may be able to solve only fairly simple problems involving the plant. To accomplish more complex tasks, we introduce a higher-level controller that controls the lower-level controller. We use this system to direct an articulated truck to a specified location through an environment filled with static or moving obstacles. The final system consists of networks that have memorized associations between the sensory data they receive and the commands they issue. These networks are trained on a set of optimal associations generated by minimizing cost functions. Cost function minimization requires predicting the consequences of sequences of commands, which is achieved by constructing forward models, including a model of the lower-level controller. The forward models and cost minimization are used only during training, allowing the trained networks to respond rapidly. In general, the hierarchical approach can be extended to larger numbers of levels, dividing complex tasks into more manageable subtasks. The optimization procedure and the construction of the forward models and controllers can be performed in similar ways at each level of the hierarchy, which allows the system to be modified to perform other tasks or to be extended for more complex tasks without retraining lower-levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Wayne
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032-2695, U.S.A.
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99911
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Rolim ALR, Lindsey SC, Kunii IS, Crispim F, Moisés RCMS, Maciel RMB, Dias-da-Silva MR. The insulin-sensitivity sulphonylurea receptor variant is associated with thyrotoxic paralysis. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 53:295-301. [PMID: 25143473 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Thyrotoxicosis is the most common cause of the acquired flaccid muscle paralysis in adults called thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) and is characterised by transient hypokalaemia and hypophosphataemia under high thyroid hormone levels that is frequently precipitated by carbohydrate load. The sulphonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1 (ABCC8)) is an essential regulatory subunit of the β-cell ATP-sensitive K(+) channel that controls insulin secretion after feeding. Additionally, the SUR1 Ala1369Ser variant appears to be associated with insulin sensitivity. We examined the ABCC8 gene at the single nucleotide level using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis to determine its allelic variant frequency and calculated the frequency of the Ala1369Ser C-allele variant in a cohort of 36 Brazilian TPP patients in comparison with 32 controls presenting with thyrotoxicosis without paralysis (TWP). We verified that the frequency of the alanine 1369 C-allele was significantly higher in TPP patients than in TWP patients (61.1 vs 34.4%, odds ratio (OR)=3.42, P=0.039) and was significantly more common than the minor allele frequency observed in the general population from the 1000 Genomes database (61.1 vs 29.0%, OR=4.87, P<0.005). Additionally, the C-allele frequency was similar between TWP patients and the general population (34.4 vs 29%, OR=1.42, P=0.325). We have demonstrated that SUR1 alanine 1369 variant is associated with allelic susceptibility to TPP. We suggest that the hyperinsulinaemia that is observed in TPP may be linked to the ATP-sensitive K(+)/SUR1 alanine variant and, therefore, contribute to the major feedforward precipitating factors in the pathophysiology of TPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza R Rolim
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 11° andar, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Susan C Lindsey
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 11° andar, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ilda S Kunii
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 11° andar, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Crispim
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 11° andar, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Regina Célia M S Moisés
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 11° andar, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rui M B Maciel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 11° andar, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Magnus R Dias-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 11° andar, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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99912
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Kasarpalkar NJ, Kothari ST, Dave UP. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Ann Neurosci 2014; 21:129-33. [PMID: 25452672 PMCID: PMC4248479 DOI: 10.5214/ans.0972.7531.210403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurobehavioral syndrome with no known biomarker so far for early detection. It has been challenging, both to classify typical autism and associate a suitable biomarker with clinical phenotype spectrum. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has emerged as a key neurotrophin regulating synaptic plasticity, neuronal differentiation and survival. PURPOSE Recently, BDNF depletion is reported in neurodegenerative as well as in psychiatric disorders, associated with severity of neurological dysfunction. Role of BDNF as a biomarker in ASD is gaining significance. Pre-clinical results have linked BDNF depletion in autism and mental retardation, however, with conflicting findings. METHODS In view of this, a preliminary study was carried out to measure serum BDNF levels in 48 children with ASD and mental retardation, and 29 age-matched controls. RESULTS Serum BDNF levels were found significantly higher (p<0.001) in atypical autistic subjects (clinically milder phenotype) as compared to controls, but not in typical ASD cases (clinically severe phenotype). BDNF levels were significantly lower in females with typical/Rett Syndrome (p<0.05), but not in males with typical autism (p>0.1), as compared to controls. Lower BDNF levels indicate impairment in neuroprotective mechanism, while higher levels may imply a manifested protective response. CONCLUSION Our study highlights the differential BDNF response based on the severity of neurobehavioral deficit, indicating a possible neuroprotective role of this molecule and supporting its exploration in targeted therapy in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Usha P Dave
- Haffkine Institute and Director- MILS International India, Mumbai
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99913
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Kearse MG, Todd PK. Repeat-associated non-AUG translation and its impact in neurodegenerative disease. Neurotherapeutics 2014; 11:721-31. [PMID: 25005000 PMCID: PMC4391382 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-014-0292-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide repeat expansions underlie numerous human neurological disorders. Repeats can trigger toxicity through multiple pathogenic mechanisms, including RNA gain-of-function, protein gain-of-function, and protein loss-of-function pathways. Traditionally, inference of the underlying pathogenic mechanism derives from the repeat location, with dominantly inherited repeats within transcribed noncoding sequences eliciting toxicity predominantly as RNA via sequestration of specific RNA binding proteins. However, recent findings question this assumption and suggest that repeats outside of annotated open reading frames may also trigger toxicity through a novel form of protein translational initiation known as repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation. To date, RAN translation has been implicated in 4 nucleotide repeat expansion disorders: spinocerebellar ataxia type 8; myotonic dystrophy type 1 with CTG•CAG repeats; C9orf72 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia with GGGGCC•GGCCCC repeats; and fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome with CGG repeats. RAN translation contributes to hallmark pathological characteristics in these disorders by producing homopolymeric or dipeptide repeat proteins. Here, we review what is known about RAN translation, with an emphasis on how differences in both repeat sequence and context may confer different requirements for unconventional initiation. We then discuss how this new mechanism of translational initiation might function in normal physiology and lay out a roadmap for addressing the numerous questions that remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Kearse
- />Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, 4005 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200 USA
| | - Peter K. Todd
- />Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, 4005 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200 USA
- />Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA
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99914
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Cathel AM, Reyes BAS, Wang Q, Palma J, Mackie K, Bockstaele EJV, Kirby LG. Cannabinoid modulation of alpha2 adrenergic receptor function in rodent medial prefrontal cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:3202-14. [PMID: 25131562 PMCID: PMC4205194 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids acting at the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R) are known to regulate attention, cognition and mood. Previous studies have shown that, in the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), CB1R agonists increase norepinephrine release, an effect that may be attributed, in part, to CB1Rs localised to noradrenergic axon terminals. The present study was aimed at further characterising functional interactions between CB1R and adrenergic receptor (AR) systems in the mPFC using in vitro intracellular electrophysiology and high-resolution neuroanatomical techniques. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of layer V/VI cortical pyramidal neurons in rats revealed that both acute and chronic treatment with the synthetic CB1R agonist WIN 55,212-2 blocked elevations in cortical pyramidal cell excitability and increases in input resistance evoked by the α2-adrenergic receptor (α2-AR) agonist clonidine, suggesting a desensitisation of α2-ARs. These CB1R-α2-AR interactions were further shown to be both action potential- and gamma-aminobutyric acid-independent. To better define sites of cannabinoid-AR interactions, we localised α2A-adrenergic receptors (α2A-ARs) in a genetically modified mouse that expressed a hemoagglutinin (HA) tag downstream of the α2A-AR promoter. Light and electron microscopy indicated that HA-α2A-AR was distributed in axon terminals and somatodendritic processes especially in layer V of the mPFC. Triple-labeling immunocytochemistry revealed that α2A-AR and CB1R were localised to processes that contained dopamine-β-hydroxylase, a marker of norepinephrine. Furthermore, HA-α2A-AR was localised to processes that were directly apposed to CB1R. These findings suggest multiple sites of interaction between cortical cannabinoid-adrenergic systems that may contribute to understanding the effect of cannabinoids on executive functions and mood.
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MESH Headings
- Action Potentials/drug effects
- Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Benzoxazines/pharmacology
- Clonidine/pharmacology
- Gene Knock-In Techniques
- Male
- Mice
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Naphthalenes/pharmacology
- Prefrontal Cortex/drug effects
- Prefrontal Cortex/physiology
- Prefrontal Cortex/ultrastructure
- Pyramidal Cells/drug effects
- Pyramidal Cells/physiology
- Pyramidal Cells/ultrastructure
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/analysis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra M. Cathel
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Beverly A. S. Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jonathan Palma
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Kenneth Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | - Lynn G. Kirby
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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99915
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Grotto RL. Formal Approaches in Computational Psychoanalysis and the Embodiment Issue. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE INFORMATICS AND NATURAL INTELLIGENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.4018/ijcini.2014100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades in the domain of cognitive sciences benefitted from the integration of contributions coming from different disciplines, such as neurosciences, cognitive neuropsychology, I.T., linguistics and so on. The functional architectures approach, either implemented with hard or soft computation, or with mixed models, has been a relevant conceptual tool that has provided a unifying framework for many research attempts in the field. The advancement of new conceptualizations based on embodied cognition, the research paradigm emerging from the discovery of mirroring systems in the animal and human brain, is questioning this unitary approach. In fact, mirroring systems seems to provide an explanation for human behaviour that cannot be easily reduced to a computational description. Here then author will present and discuss some formal approaches to the psychoanalytic theory, which could favour a better integration of disembodied and embodied cognition. These models are based on a topological implementation of the classical Freudian Conscious/Unconscious distinctions and on the theory of Bi-Logic mental functioning proposed by Matte Blanco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosapia Lauro Grotto
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychology and Psychiatry Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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99916
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Impact of adolescent GluA1 AMPA receptor ablation in forebrain excitatory neurons on behavioural correlates of mood disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 264:625-9. [PMID: 24895223 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-014-0509-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glutamatergic dysfunctions have recently been postulated to play a considerable role in mood disorders. However, molecular mechanisms underlying these effects have been poorly deciphered. Previous work demonstrated the contribution of GluA1-containing AMPA receptors (AMPAR) to a depression-like and anxiety-like phenotype. Here we investigated the effect of temporally and spatially restricted gene manipulation of GluA1 on behavioural correlates of mood disorders in mice. Here we show that tamoxifen-induced GluA1 deletion restricted to forebrain glutamatergic neurons of post-adolescent mice does not induce depression- and anxiety-like changes. This differs from the phenotype of mice with global AMPAR deletion suggesting that for mood regulation AMPAR may be particularly important on inhibitory interneurons or already early in development.
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99917
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Gould HJ, Soignier RD, Cho SR, Hernandez C, Diamond I, Taylor BK, Paul D. Ranolazine Attenuates Mechanical Allodynia Associated with Demyelination Injury. PAIN MEDICINE 2014; 15:1771-80. [DOI: 10.1111/pme.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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99918
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Nonaka M, Kim R, Fukushima H, Sasaki K, Suzuki K, Okamura M, Ishii Y, Kawashima T, Kamijo S, Takemoto-Kimura S, Okuno H, Kida S, Bito H. Region-Specific Activation of CRTC1-CREB Signaling Mediates Long-Term Fear Memory. Neuron 2014; 84:92-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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99919
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Maloney RT, Watson TL, Clifford CW. Determinants of motion response anisotropies in human early visual cortex: The role of configuration and eccentricity. Neuroimage 2014; 100:564-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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99920
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Zoladz PR, Kalchik AE, Hoffman MM, Aufdenkampe RL, Lyle SM, Peters DM, Brown CM, Cadle CE, Scharf AR, Dailey AM, Wolters NE, Talbot JN, Rorabaugh BR. ADRA2B deletion variant selectively predicts stress-induced enhancement of long-term memory in females. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 48:111-22. [PMID: 24997351 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Clarifying the mechanisms that underlie stress-induced alterations of learning and memory may lend important insight into susceptibility factors governing the development of stress-related psychological disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Previous work has shown that carriers of the ADRA2B Glu(301)-Glu(303) deletion variant exhibit enhanced emotional memory, greater amygdala responses to emotional stimuli and greater intrusiveness of traumatic memories. We speculated that carriers of this deletion variant might also be more vulnerable to stress-induced enhancements of long-term memory, which would implicate the variant as a possible susceptibility factor for traumatic memory formation. One hundred and twenty participants (72 males, 48 females) submerged their hand in ice cold (stress) or warm (no stress) water for 3min. Immediately afterwards, they studied a list of 42 words varying in emotional valence and arousal and then completed an immediate free recall test. Twenty-four hours later, participants' memory for the word list was examined via free recall and recognition assessments. Stressed participants exhibiting greater heart rate responses to the stressor had enhanced recall on the 24-h assessment. Importantly, this enhancement was independent of the emotional nature of the learned information. In contrast to previous work, we did not observe a general enhancement of memory for emotional information in ADRA2B deletion carriers. However, stressed female ADRA2B deletion carriers, particularly those exhibiting greater heart rate responses to the stressor, did demonstrate greater recognition memory than all other groups. Collectively, these findings implicate autonomic mechanisms in the pre-learning stress-induced enhancement of long-term memory and suggest that the ADRA2B deletion variant may selectively predict stress effects on memory in females. Such findings lend important insight into the physiological mechanisms underlying stress effects on learning and their sex-dependent nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip R Zoladz
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH 45810, USA.
| | - Andrea E Kalchik
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH 45810, USA
| | - Mackenzie M Hoffman
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH 45810, USA
| | - Rachael L Aufdenkampe
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH 45810, USA
| | - Sarah M Lyle
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH 45810, USA
| | - David M Peters
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH 45810, USA
| | - Callie M Brown
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH 45810, USA
| | - Chelsea E Cadle
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH 45810, USA
| | - Amanda R Scharf
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH 45810, USA
| | - Alison M Dailey
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH 45810, USA
| | - Nicholas E Wolters
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH 45810, USA
| | - Jeffery N Talbot
- Research Center on Substance Abuse and Depression, Roseman University of Health Sciences, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
| | - Boyd R Rorabaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH 45810, USA
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99921
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Kinder M, Lotze M, Davids S, Domin M, Thoms K, Wendt J, Hirschfeld H, Hamm A, Lauffer H. Functional imaging in obese children responding to long-term sports therapy. Behav Brain Res 2014; 272:25-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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99922
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Lu SS, Gong FF, Feng F, Hu CY, Qian ZZ, Wu YL, Yang HY, Sun YH. Association of microtubule associated protein tau/Saitohin (MAPT/STH) MAPT_238bp/STH Q7R polymorphisms and Parkinson’s disease: A meta-analysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 453:653-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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99923
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Jurowski K, Szewczyk B, Nowak G, Piekoszewski W. Biological consequences of zinc deficiency in the pathomechanisms of selected diseases. J Biol Inorg Chem 2014; 19:1069-79. [PMID: 24748223 PMCID: PMC4175048 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
From many points of view, zinc is one of the most important trace elements in biological systems. Many articles describe the well-known role of this metal in human physiology and pathophysiology, but in the related literature, there is a lack of current and reliable reviews of the role of zinc deficiency in many diseases. In this article, we describe the role of zinc deficiency in the oxidative stress control, immune response, proliferation, and pathogenesis and pathophysiology of selected diseases such as depression, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, and Wilson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Jurowski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, R. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
- Malopolska Centre for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Gabriel Nowak
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wojciech Piekoszewski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, R. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
- Laboratory of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Regional Laboratory of Physicochemical Analysis and Structural Research, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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99924
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Sultan F. From cerebellar texture to movement optimization. BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2014; 108:677-688. [PMID: 25037239 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-014-0618-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum is a major site for supervised procedural learning and appears to be crucial for optimizing sensorimotor performance. However, the site and origin of the supervising signal are still elusive. Furthermore, its relationship with the prominent neuronal circuitry remains puzzling. In this paper, I will review the relevant information and seek to synthesize a working hypothesis that explains the unique cerebellar structure. The aim of this review was to link the distinctive functions of the cerebellum, as derived from cerebellar lesion studies, with potential elementary computations, as observed by a bottom-up approach from the cerebellar microcircuitry. The parallel fiber geometry is ideal for performing millisecond computations that extract instructive signals. In this scenario, the higher time derivatives of kinematics such as acceleration and/or jerk that occur during motor performance are detected via a tidal wave mechanism and are used (with appropriate gating) as the instructive signal to guide motor smoothing. The advantage of such a mechanism is that movements are optimized by reducing "jerkiness" which, in turn, lowers their energy requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Sultan
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Otfried-Müller-Str. 21, 72076 , Tübingen, Germany,
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99925
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Chédotal A. Development and plasticity of commissural circuits: from locomotion to brain repair. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:551-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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99926
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Corradi F, Zambrano D, Raglianti M, Passetti G, Laschi C, Indiveri G. Towards a neuromorphic vestibular system. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2014; 8:669-680. [PMID: 25314706 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2014.2358493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The vestibular system plays a crucial role in the sense of balance and spatial orientation in mammals. It is a sensory system that detects both rotational and translational motion of the head, via its semicircular canals and otoliths respectively. In this work, we propose a real-time hardware model of an artificial vestibular system, implemented using a custom neuromorphic Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) multi-neuron chip interfaced to a commercial Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). The artificial vestibular system is realized with spiking neurons that reproduce the responses of biological hair cells present in the real semicircular canals and otholitic organs. We demonstrate the real-time performance of the hybrid analog-digital system and characterize its response properties, presenting measurements of a successful encoding of angular velocities as well as linear accelerations. As an application, we realized a novel implementation of a recurrent integrator network capable of keeping track of the current angular position. The experimental results provided validate the hardware implementation via comparisons with a detailed computational neuroscience model. In addition to being an ideal tool for developing bio-inspired robotic technologies, this work provides a basis for developing a complete low-power neuromorphic vestibular system which integrates the hardware model of the neural signal processing pathway described with custom bio-mimetic gyroscopic sensors, exploiting neuromorphic principles in both mechanical and electronic aspects.
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99927
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Mouri A, Hoshino Y, Narusawa S, Ikegami K, Mizoguchi H, Murata Y, Yoshimura T, Nabeshima T. Thyrotoropin receptor knockout changes monoaminergic neuronal system and produces methylphenidate-sensitive emotional and cognitive dysfunction. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 48:147-61. [PMID: 25016105 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been reported in association with resistance to thyroid hormone, a disease caused by a mutation in the thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) gene. TRβ is a key protein mediating down-regulation of thyrotropin (TSH) expression by 3,3',5-tri-iodothyronine (T3), an active form of thyroid hormone. Dysregulation of TSH and its receptor (TSHR) is implicated in the pathophysiology of ADHD but the role of TSHR remains elusive. Here, we clarified a novel role for TSHR in emotional and cognitive functions related to monoaminergic nervous systems. TSHR knockout mice showed phenotypes of ADHD such as hyperactivity, impulsiveness, a decrease in sociality and increase in aggression, and an impairment of short-term memory and object recognition memory. Administration of methylphenidate (1, 5 and 10mg/kg) reversed impulsiveness, aggression and object recognition memory impairment. In the knockout mice, monoaminergic changes including decrease in the ratio of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol/noradrenaline and increase in the ratio of homovanillic acid/dopamine were observed in some brain regions, accompanied by increase in the expression of noradrenaline transporter in the frontal cortex. When TSH was completely suppressed by the supraphysiological administration of T3 to the adult mice, some behavioral and neurological changes in TSHR KO mice were also observed, suggesting that these changes were not due to developmental hypothyroidism induced by the inactivation of TSHR but to the loss of the TSH-TSHR pathway itself. Taken together, the present findings suggest a novel role for TSHR in behavioral and neurological phenotypes of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Mouri
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Meijo University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan; Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya 468-0069, Japan
| | - Yuta Hoshino
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shiho Narusawa
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Meijo University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ikegami
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizoguchi
- Futuristic Environmental Simulation Center, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Murata
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Meijo University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan; Department of Regional Pharmaceutical Care and Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan; Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya 468-0069, Japan.
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99928
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Bouayad-Gervais K, Minogianis EA, Lévesque D, Samaha AN. The self-administration of rapidly delivered cocaine promotes increased motivation to take the drug: contributions of prior levels of operant responding and cocaine intake. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:4241-52. [PMID: 24752656 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3576-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Rapid drug delivery to the brain might increase the risk for developing addiction. In rats, increasing the speed of intravenous cocaine delivery (5 vs. 90 s) increases drug intake and the subsequent motivation to self-administer cocaine. Increased motivation for cocaine could result not only from more extensive prior drug intake and operant responding for drug, but also from neuroplasticity evoked by rapid drug uptake. OBJECTIVE We determined the contributions of prior drug intake and operant responding to the increased motivation for cocaine evoked by rapid delivery. We also investigated the effects of cocaine delivery speed on corticostriatal expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) mRNA. METHODS Rats self-administered cocaine (0.25 mg/kg/infusion) delivered over 5 or 90 s during short-access (1 h/session; ShA) or long-access (6 h; LgA) sessions. Motivation for cocaine was then assessed by measuring responding under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. Next, BDNF and TrkB mRNA levels were measured in 5- and 90-s rats. RESULTS Five-second ShA and 5-s-LgA rats were more motivated for cocaine than their 90-s counterparts. This effect was dissociable from previous levels of drug intake or of operant responding for cocaine. In parallel, only rats self-administering rapid cocaine injections had altered BDNF and TrkB mRNA levels in corticostriatal regions. CONCLUSIONS Rapid drug delivery augments the motivation for cocaine independently of effects on the levels of drug intake or operant responding for drug. We suggest that rapid delivery might increase the motivation for drug by promoting neuroplasticity within reward pathways. This neuroplasticity could involve increased regulation of BDNF/TrkB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Bouayad-Gervais
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
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99929
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Severance EG, Gressitt KL, Buka SL, Cannon TD, Yolken RH. Maternal complement C1q and increased odds for psychosis in adult offspring. Schizophr Res 2014; 159:14-9. [PMID: 25195065 PMCID: PMC4177507 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The presence of maternal antibodies to food and infectious antigens may confer an increased risk of developing schizophrenia and psychosis in adult offspring. Complement factor C1q is an immune molecule with multiple functions including clearance of antigen-antibody complexes from circulation and mediation of synaptic pruning during fetal brain development. To determine if maternal C1q was associated with offspring schizophrenia and psychosis, we evaluated 55 matched case-control maternal serum pairs from the National Collaborative Perinatal Project. Sample pairs were composed of mothers whose offspring developed psychoses as adults and those whose offspring were free from psychiatric disease. Matching criteria for offspring included birth date, delivery hospital, race, and gender, with further matching based on mother's age. IgG markers of C1q, bovine milk casein, egg ovalbumin, and wheat gluten were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. C1q levels were compared to food antigen IgG and to previously generated data for C-reactive protein, adenovirus, herpes simplex viruses, influenza viruses, measles virus, and Toxoplasma gondii. C1q was significantly elevated in case mothers with odds ratios of 2.66-6.31 (conditional logistic regressions, p ≤ 0.008-0.05). In case mothers only, C1q was significantly correlated with antibodies to both food and infectious antigens: gluten (R(2)=0.26, p ≤ 0.004), herpes simplex virus type 2 (R(2)=0.21, p ≤ 0.02), and adenovirus (R(2)=0.25, p ≤ 0.006). In conclusion, exposure to maternal C1q activity during pregnancy may be a risk factor for the development of schizophrenia and psychosis in offspring. Prenatal measurement of maternal C1q may be an important and convergent screening tool to identify potentially deleterious immune activation from multiple sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G. Severance
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 1105, Baltimore, MD 21287-4933 U.S.A,Correspondence: Emily G. Severance, , tel: +1 410-614-3918, fax: +1 410-955-3723
| | - Kristin L. Gressitt
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 1105, Baltimore, MD 21287-4933 U.S.A
| | - Stephen L. Buka
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A
| | - Tyrone D. Cannon
- Department of Psychology, 2 Hillhouse Avenue, Yale University, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
| | - Robert H. Yolken
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 1105, Baltimore, MD 21287-4933 U.S.A
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99930
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Tchernichovski O, Marcus G. Vocal learning beyond imitation: mechanisms of adaptive vocal development in songbirds and human infants. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 28:42-7. [PMID: 25005823 PMCID: PMC4177410 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies of vocal learning in songbirds typically focus on the acquisition of sensory templates for song imitation and on the consequent process of matching song production to templates. However, functional vocal development also requires the capacity to adaptively diverge from sensory templates, and to flexibly assemble vocal units. Examples of adaptive divergence include the corrective imitation of abnormal songs, and the decreased tendency to copy over-abundant syllables. Such frequency-dependent effects might mirror tradeoffs between the assimilation of group identity (culture) while establishing individual and flexibly expressive songs. Intriguingly, although the requirements for vocal plasticity vary across songbirds, and more so between birdsong and language, the capacity to flexibly assemble vocal sounds develops in a similar, stepwise manner across species. Therefore, universal features of vocal learning go well beyond the capacity to imitate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Tchernichovski
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, United States.
| | - Gary Marcus
- Department of Psychology, New York University, United States
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99931
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Chua JJE. Macromolecular complexes at active zones: integrated nano-machineries for neurotransmitter release. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3903-16. [PMID: 24912984 PMCID: PMC11113288 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1657-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles exocytosing at presynaptic nerve terminals is a critical event in the initiation of synaptic transmission. This event occurs at specialized sites known as active zones. The task of faithfully executing various steps in the process is undertaken by careful orchestration of overlapping sets of molecular nano-machineries upon a core macromolecular scaffold situated at active zones. However, their composition remains incompletely elucidated. This review provides an overview of the role of the active zone in mediating neurotransmitter release and summarizes the recent progress using neuroproteomic approaches to decipher their composition. Key proteins of these nano-machineries are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jia En Chua
- Department of Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany,
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99932
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Klumpp H, Fitzgerald DA, Angstadt M, Post D, Phan KL. Neural response during attentional control and emotion processing predicts improvement after cognitive behavioral therapy in generalized social anxiety disorder. Psychol Med 2014; 44:3109-21. [PMID: 25066308 PMCID: PMC4376309 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714000567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with generalized social anxiety disorder (gSAD) exhibit attentional bias to salient stimuli, which is reduced in patients whose symptoms improve after treatment, indicating that mechanisms of bias mediate treatment success. Therefore, pre-treatment activity in regions implicated in attentional control over socio-emotional signals (e.g. anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) may predict response to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), evidence-based psychotherapy for gSAD. METHOD During functional magnetic resonance imaging, 21 participants with gSAD viewed images comprising a trio of geometric shapes (circles, rectangles or triangles) alongside a trio of faces (angry, fearful or happy) within the same field of view. Attentional control was evaluated with the instruction to 'match shapes', directing attention away from faces, which was contrasted with 'match faces', whereby attention was directed to emotional faces. RESULTS Whole-brain voxel-wise analyses showed that symptom improvement was predicted by enhanced pre-treatment activity in the presence of emotional face distractors in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex. Additionally, CBT success was foretold by less activity in the amygdala and/or increased activity in the medial orbitofrontal gyrus during emotion processing. CONCLUSIONS CBT response was predicted by pre-treatment activity in prefrontal regions and the amygdala. The direction of activity suggests that individuals with intact attentional control in the presence of emotional distractors, regulatory capacity over emotional faces and/or less reactivity to such faces are more likely to benefit from CBT. Findings indicate that baseline neural activity in the context of attentional control and emotion processing may serve as a step towards delineating mechanisms by which CBT exerts its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Klumpp
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D. A. Fitzgerald
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Mental Health Service, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M. Angstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - D. Post
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - K. L. Phan
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Mental Health Service, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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99933
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Shimada H, Park H, Makizako H, Doi T, Lee S, Suzuki T. Depressive symptoms and cognitive performance in older adults. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 57:149-56. [PMID: 25023083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Many longitudinal studies have found that older adults with depressive symptoms or depression have increased risk of cognitive impairment. We investigated the relationships between depressive symptoms or depression, cognitive function, serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and volumetric MRI measurements in older adults. A total of 4352 individuals aged 65 years or older (mean age 72 years) participated in the study. We investigated medical history and geriatric depression scale-15 (GDS-15) items to determine depression and depressive symptoms. Cognitive tests included the mini-mental state examination (MMSE), story memory, word list memory, trail-making tests, and the symbol digit substitution task. Of the 4352 participants, 570 (13%) fulfilled the criteria for depressive symptoms (GDS-15: 6 + points) and 87 (2%) were diagnosed with depression. All cognitive tests showed significant differences between the 'no depressive symptoms', 'depressive symptoms', and 'depression' groups. The 'depressive symptoms' and 'depression' groups showed lower serum BDNF (p < 0.001) concentrations than the 'no depressive symptoms' group. The 'depressive symptoms' group exhibited greater atrophy of the right medial temporal lobe than did the 'no depressive symptoms' group (p = 0.023). These results suggest that memory, executive function, and processing speed examinations are useful to identify cognitive decline in older adults who have depressive symptoms and depression. Serum BDNF concentration and atrophy of the right medial temporal lobe may in part mediate the relationships between depressive symptoms and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Shimada
- Department of Functioning Activation, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35 Gengo, Morioka-machi, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan.
| | - Hyuntae Park
- Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Hyuma Makizako
- Department of Functioning Activation, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35 Gengo, Morioka-machi, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Takehiko Doi
- Department of Functioning Activation, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35 Gengo, Morioka-machi, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Sangyoon Lee
- Department of Functioning Activation, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35 Gengo, Morioka-machi, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Takao Suzuki
- Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
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99934
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Striatal dopamine D2-like receptor correlation patterns with human obesity and opportunistic eating behavior. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:1078-84. [PMID: 25199919 PMCID: PMC4189966 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The obesity epidemic is believed to be driven by a food environment that promotes consumption of inexpensive, convenient, high-calorie, palatable foods. Individual differences in obesity susceptibility or resistance to weight loss may arise because of alterations in the neurocircuitry supporting food reward and eating habits. In particular, dopamine signaling in the ventromedial striatum is thought to encode food reward and motivation, whereas dopamine in the dorsal and lateral striatum orchestrates the development of eating habits. We measured striatal dopamine D2-like receptor binding potential (D2BP) using positron emission tomography with [(18)F]fallypride in 43 human subjects with body mass indices (BMI) ranging from 18 to 45 kg m(-)(2). Opportunistic eating behavior and BMI were both positively associated with D2BP in the dorsal and lateral striatum, whereas BMI was negatively associated with D2BP in the ventromedial striatum. These results suggest that obese people have alterations in dopamine neurocircuitry that may increase their susceptibility to opportunistic overeating while at the same time making food intake less rewarding, less goal directed and more habitual. Whether or not the observed neurocircuitry alterations pre-existed or occurred as a result of obesity development, they may perpetuate obesity given the omnipresence of palatable foods and their associated cues.
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99935
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Choi BY, Kim JH, Kim HJ, Lee BE, Kim IY, Sohn M, Suh SW. Zinc chelation reduces traumatic brain injury-induced neurogenesis in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2014; 28:474-81. [PMID: 25200616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases hippocampal neurogenesis in the rodent brain. However, the mechanisms underlying increased neurogenesis after TBI remain unknown. Continuous neurogenesis occurs in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) in the adult brain. The mechanism that maintains active neurogenesis in the hippocampal area is not known. A high level of vesicular zinc is localized in the presynaptic terminals of the SGZ (mossy fiber). The mossy fiber of dentate granular cells contains high levels of chelatable zinc in their terminal vesicles, which can be released into the extracellular space during neuronal activity. Previously, our lab presented findings indicating that a possible correlation may exist between synaptic zinc localization and high rates of neurogenesis in this area after hypoglycemia or epilepsy. Using a weight drop animal model to mimic human TBI, we tested our hypothesis that zinc plays a key role in modulating hippocampal neurogenesis after TBI. Thus, we injected a zinc chelator, clioquinol (CQ, 30mg/kg), into the intraperitoneal space to reduce brain zinc availability twice per day for 1 week. Neuronal death was evaluated with Fluoro Jade-B and NeuN staining to determine whether CQ has neuroprotective effects after TBI. The number of degenerating neurons (FJB (+)) and live neurons (NeuN (+)) was similar in vehicle and in CQ-treated rats at 1 week after TBI. Neurogenesis was evaluated using BrdU, Ki67 and doublecortin (DCX) immunostaining 1 week after TBI. The number of BrdU, Ki67 and DCX positive cell was increased after TBI. However, the number of BrdU, Ki67 and DCX positive cells was significantly decreased by CQ treatment. The present study shows that zinc chelation did not prevent neurodegeneration but did reduce TBI-induced progenitor cell proliferation and neurogenesis. Therefore, this study suggests that zinc has an essential role for modulating hippocampal neurogenesis after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Young Choi
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Eun Lee
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - In Yeol Kim
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sohn
- Inha University, Department of Nursing, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Suh
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
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99936
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Caro-Morán E, Díaz-Rodríguez L, Cantarero-Villanueva I, Galiano-Castillo N, Arroyo-Morales M, Fernández-Lao C. Nerve Pressure Pain Hypersensitivity and Upper Limb Mechanosensitivity in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Case–Control Study. PAIN MEDICINE 2014; 15:1715-23. [DOI: 10.1111/pme.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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99937
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Serotonin in anxiety and panic: Contributions of the elevated T-maze. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 46 Pt 3:397-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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99938
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Deng W, Goldys EM, Farnham MMJ, Pilowsky PM. Optogenetics, the intersection between physics and neuroscience: light stimulation of neurons in physiological conditions. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R1292-302. [PMID: 25274906 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00072.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal stimulation by light is a novel approach in the emerging field of optogenetics, where genetic engineering is used to introduce light-activated channels. However, light is also capable of stimulating neurons even in the absence of genetic modifications through a range of physical and biological mechanisms. As a result, rigorous design of optogenetic experiments needs to take note of alternative and parallel effects of light illumination of neuronal tissues. Thus all matters relating to light penetration are critical to the development of studies using light-activated proteins. This paper discusses ways to quantify light, light penetration in tissue, as well as light stimulation of neurons in physiological conditions. We also describe the direct effect of light on neurons investigated at different sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Deng
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; and
| | - Ewa M Goldys
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; and
| | | | - Paul M Pilowsky
- Heart Research Institute and Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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99939
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Fumagalli S, Ortolano F, De Simoni MG. A close look at brain dynamics: Cells and vessels seen by in vivo two-photon microscopy. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 121:36-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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99940
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Tian H, Fang Y, Zhao Y, Lin W, Ni R, Zhu Z. Salient region detection by fusing bottom-up and top-down features extracted from a single image. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING SOCIETY 2014; 23:4389-4398. [PMID: 25163061 DOI: 10.1109/tip.2014.2350914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recently, some global contrast-based salient region detection models have been proposed based on only the low-level feature of color. It is necessary to consider both color and orientation features to overcome their limitations, and thus improve the performance of salient region detection for images with low-contrast in color and high-contrast in orientation. In addition, the existing fusion methods for different feature maps, like the simple averaging method and the selective method, are not effective sufficiently. To overcome these limitations of existing salient region detection models, we propose a novel salient region model based on the bottom-up and top-down mechanisms: the color contrast and orientation contrast are adopted to calculate the bottom-up feature maps, while the top-down cue of depth-from-focus from the same single image is used to guide the generation of final salient regions, since depth-from-focus reflects the photographer's preference and knowledge of the task. A more general and effective fusion method is designed to combine the bottom-up feature maps. According to the degree-of-scattering and eccentricities of feature maps, the proposed fusion method can assign adaptive weights to different feature maps to reflect the confidence level of each feature map. The depth-from-focus of the image as a significant top-down feature for visual attention in the image is used to guide the salient regions during the fusion process; with its aid, the proposed fusion method can filter out the background and highlight salient regions for the image. Experimental results show that the proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art models on three public available data sets.
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99941
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Peripheral nerve proteins as potential autoantigens in acute and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13:1070-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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99942
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Small SA. Isolating pathogenic mechanisms embedded within the hippocampal circuit through regional vulnerability. Neuron 2014; 84:32-39. [PMID: 25277453 PMCID: PMC4185396 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Some of the most common and devastating disorders of the brain target the hippocampal formation. The hippocampal formation is a complex circuit of interconnected regions, and it is assumed that clues into the causes of these disorders are embedded within the circuit. Neuroimaging tools have been optimized to interrogate the malfunctioning hippocampal circuit, and by applying these tools to patients in the earliest stages of disease and to animal models, patterns of regional vulnerability have been established for Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and cognitive aging. More recently, studies have begun deciphering the cellular and molecular reasons underlying regional dysfunction. Collectively, this information clarifies the pathophysiology of these disorders and informs on therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Small
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Departments of Neurology, Radiology, and Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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99943
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Wang L, Li X, Yang Y. A review on the cognitive function of information structure during language comprehension. Cogn Neurodyn 2014; 8:353-61. [PMID: 25206929 PMCID: PMC4155063 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-014-9305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During communication, information structure can be used to highlight the most relevant piece of information, so that sufficient amount of attention can be allocated to the most important information. This paper aims to review the cognitive function of information structure during language comprehension from a neurocognitve perspective. First, we gave a brief introduction to the concept of information structure that has been studied mostly in linguistic field. Then we introduced recent studies on information structure using electrophysiological and neuroimaging techniques. After that, we discussed the relationship between attention and language processing more generally. Finally, we discussed potential directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lincui Road 16, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lincui Road 16, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Yufang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lincui Road 16, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
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99944
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Mahler SV, Moorman DE, Smith RJ, James MH, Aston-Jones G. Motivational activation: a unifying hypothesis of orexin/hypocretin function. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:1298-303. [PMID: 25254979 PMCID: PMC4335648 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Orexins (hypocretins) are two peptides (orexin A and B) produced from the pre-pro-orexin precursor and expressed in a limited region of dorsolateral hypothalamus. Orexins were originally thought to specifically mediate feeding and promote wakefulness, but it is now clear that they participate in a wide range of behavioral and physiological processes under select circumstances. Orexins primarily mediate behavior under situations of high motivational relevance, such as during physiological need states, exposure to threats or reward opportunities. We hypothesize that many behavioral functions of orexins (including regulation of sleep/wake cycling) reflect a fundamentally integrated function for orexins in translating motivational activation into organized suites of psychological and physiological processes supporting adaptive behaviors. We also discuss how numerous forms of neural heterogeneity modulate this function, allowing orexin neurons to organize diverse, adaptive responses in a variety of motivationally relevant situations. Thus, the involvement of orexins in diverse behaviors may reflect a common underlying function for this peptide system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen V Mahler
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - David E Moorman
- 1] Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. [2] Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachel J Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Morgan H James
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Gary Aston-Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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99945
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Schwab BC, Heida T, Zhao Y, van Gils SA, van Wezel RJA. Pallidal gap junctions-triggers of synchrony in Parkinson's disease? Mov Disord 2014; 29:1486-94. [PMID: 25124148 PMCID: PMC4307646 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although increased synchrony of the neural activity in the basal ganglia may underlie the motor deficiencies exhibited in Parkinson's disease (PD), how this synchrony arises, propagates through the basal ganglia, and changes under dopamine replacement remains unknown. Gap junctions could play a major role in modifying this synchrony, because they show functional plasticity under the influence of dopamine and after neural injury. In this study, confocal imaging was used to detect connexin-36, the major neural gap junction protein, in postmortem tissues of PD patients and control subjects in the putamen, subthalamic nucleus (STN), and external and internal globus pallidus (GPe and GPi, respectively). Moreover, we quantified how gap junctions affect synchrony in an existing computational model of the basal ganglia. We detected connexin-36 in the human putamen, GPe, and GPi, but not in the STN. Furthermore, we found that the number of connexin-36 spots in PD tissues increased by 50% in the putamen, 43% in the GPe, and 109% in the GPi compared with controls. In the computational model, gap junctions in the GPe and GPi strongly influenced synchrony. The basal ganglia became especially susceptible to synchronize with input from the cortex when gap junctions were numerous and high in conductance. In conclusion, connexin-36 expression in the human GPe and GPi suggests that gap junctional coupling exists within these nuclei. In PD, neural injury and dopamine depletion could increase this coupling. Therefore, we propose that gap junctions act as a powerful modulator of synchrony in the basal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina C Schwab
- Applied Analysis, MIRA Institute of Technical Medicine and Biomedical Technology, University of TwenteEnschede, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Signals and Systems, MIRA Institute of Technical Medicine and Biomedical Technology, University of TwenteEnschede, The Netherlands
| | - Tjitske Heida
- Biomedical Signals and Systems, MIRA Institute of Technical Medicine and Biomedical Technology, University of TwenteEnschede, The Netherlands
| | - Yan Zhao
- Biomedical Signals and Systems, MIRA Institute of Technical Medicine and Biomedical Technology, University of TwenteEnschede, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan A van Gils
- Applied Analysis, MIRA Institute of Technical Medicine and Biomedical Technology, University of TwenteEnschede, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J A van Wezel
- Biomedical Signals and Systems, MIRA Institute of Technical Medicine and Biomedical Technology, University of TwenteEnschede, The Netherlands
- Biophysics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud UniversityNijmegen, The Netherlands
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99946
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From conflict management to reward-based decision making: Actors and critics in primate medial frontal cortex. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 46 Pt 1:44-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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99947
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Lawo V, Fels J, Oberem J, Koch I. Intentional attention switching in dichotic listening: Exploring the efficiency of nonspatial and spatial selection. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2014; 67:2010-24. [DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2014.898079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Using an auditory variant of task switching, we examined the ability to intentionally switch attention in a dichotic-listening task. In our study, participants responded selectively to one of two simultaneously presented auditory number words (spoken by a female and a male, one for each ear) by categorizing its numerical magnitude. The mapping of gender (female vs. male) and ear (left vs. right) was unpredictable. The to-be-attended feature for gender or ear, respectively, was indicated by a visual selection cue prior to auditory stimulus onset. In Experiment 1, explicitly cued switches of the relevant feature dimension (e.g., from gender to ear) and switches of the relevant feature within a dimension (e.g., from male to female) occurred in an unpredictable manner. We found large performance costs when the relevant feature switched, but switches of the relevant feature dimension incurred only small additional costs. The feature-switch costs were larger in ear-relevant than in gender-relevant trials. In Experiment 2, we replicated these findings using a simplified design (i.e., only within-dimension switches with blocked dimensions). In Experiment 3, we examined preparation effects by manipulating the cueing interval and found a preparation benefit only when ear was cued. Together, our data suggest that the large part of attentional switch costs arises from reconfiguration at the level of relevant auditory features (e.g., left vs. right) rather than feature dimensions (ear vs. gender). Additionally, our findings suggest that ear-based target selection benefits more from preparation time (i.e., time to direct attention to one ear) than gender-based target selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Lawo
- Institute of Psychology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Janina Fels
- Institute of Technical Acoustics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Josefa Oberem
- Institute of Technical Acoustics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Iring Koch
- Institute of Psychology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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99948
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Irlbacher K, Kraft A, Kehrer S, Brandt SA. Mechanisms and neuronal networks involved in reactive and proactive cognitive control of interference in working memory. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 46 Pt 1:58-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5-(4-((4-[18F]fluorobenzyl)oxy)-3-methoxybenzyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine: A selective dual inhibitor for potential PET imaging of Trk/CSF-1R. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4784-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Krause-Utz A, Veer IM, Rombouts SARB, Bohus M, Schmahl C, Elzinga BM. Amygdala and anterior cingulate resting-state functional connectivity in borderline personality disorder patients with a history of interpersonal trauma. Psychol Med 2014; 44:2889-2901. [PMID: 25066544 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in borderline personality disorder (BPD) have consistently revealed abnormalities in fronto-limbic brain regions during emotional, somatosensory and cognitive challenges. Here we investigated changes in resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) of three fronto-limbic core regions of specific importance to BPD. METHOD Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired in 20 unmedicated female BPD patients and 17 healthy controls (HC, matched for age, sex and education) during rest. The amygdala, and the dorsal and ventral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) were defined as seeds to investigate RSFC patterns of a medial temporal lobe network, the salience network and default mode network. The Dissociation Experience Scale (DES), a measure of trait dissociation, was additionally used as a predictor of RSFC with these seed regions. RESULTS Compared with HC, BPD patients showed a trend towards increased RSFC between the amygdala and the insula, orbitofrontal cortex and putamen. Compared with controls, patients furthermore exhibited diminished negative RSFC between the dorsal ACC and posterior cingulate cortex, a core region of the default mode network, and regions of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Last, increased negative RSFC between the ventral ACC and medial occipital regions was observed in BPD patients. DES scores were correlated with amygdala connectivity with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and fusiform gyrus. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest alterations in resting-state networks associated with processing of negative emotions, encoding of salient events, and self-referential processing in individuals with BPD compared with HC. These results shed more light on the role of abnormal brain connectivity in BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Krause-Utz
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy,Central Institute of Mental Health,Mannheim,Germany
| | - I M Veer
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin,Germany
| | - S A R B Rombouts
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC),Leiden,The Netherlands
| | - M Bohus
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy,Central Institute of Mental Health,Mannheim,Germany
| | - C Schmahl
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy,Central Institute of Mental Health,Mannheim,Germany
| | - B M Elzinga
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC),Leiden,The Netherlands
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