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Barendrecht S, Schreurs A, Geissler S, Sabanov V, Ilse V, Rieckmann V, Eichentopf R, Künemund A, Hietel B, Wussow S, Hoffmann K, Körber-Ferl K, Pandey R, Carter GW, Demuth HU, Holzer M, Roßner S, Schilling S, Preuss C, Balschun D, Cynis H. A novel human tau knock-in mouse model reveals interaction of Abeta and human tau under progressing cerebral amyloidosis in 5xFAD mice. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:16. [PMID: 36641439 PMCID: PMC9840277 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01144-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperphosphorylation and intraneuronal aggregation of the microtubule-associated protein tau is a major pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. Of special interest is the effect of cerebral amyloid beta deposition, the second main hallmark of AD, on human tau pathology. Therefore, studying the influence of cerebral amyloidosis on human tau in a novel human tau knock-in (htau-KI) mouse model could help to reveal new details on their interplay. METHODS We studied the effects of a novel human htau-KI under fast-progressing amyloidosis in 5xFAD mice in terms of correlation of gene expression data with human brain regions, development of Alzheimer's-like pathology, synaptic transmission, and behavior. RESULTS The main findings are an interaction of human beta-amyloid and human tau in crossbred 5xFADxhtau-KI observed at transcriptional level and corroborated by electrophysiology and histopathology. The comparison of gene expression data of the 5xFADxhtau-KI mouse model to 5xFAD, control mice and to human AD patients revealed conspicuous changes in pathways related to mitochondria biology, extracellular matrix, and immune function. These changes were accompanied by plaque-associated MC1-positive pathological tau that required the htau-KI background. LTP deficits were noted in 5xFAD and htau-KI mice in contrast to signs of rescue in 5xFADxhtau-KI mice. Increased frequencies of miniature EPSCs and miniature IPSCs indicated an upregulated presynaptic function in 5xFADxhtau-KI. CONCLUSION In summary, the multiple interactions observed between knocked-in human tau and the 5xFAD-driven progressing amyloidosis have important implications for future model development in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Barendrecht
- grid.418008.50000 0004 0494 3022Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - An Schreurs
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884KU Leuven, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Brain & Cognition, Tiensestraat 102, box 3714, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Geissler
- grid.418008.50000 0004 0494 3022Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Victor Sabanov
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884KU Leuven, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Brain & Cognition, Tiensestraat 102, box 3714, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Victoria Ilse
- grid.418008.50000 0004 0494 3022Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Vera Rieckmann
- grid.418008.50000 0004 0494 3022Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Rico Eichentopf
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884KU Leuven, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Brain & Cognition, Tiensestraat 102, box 3714, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anja Künemund
- grid.418008.50000 0004 0494 3022Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Benjamin Hietel
- grid.418008.50000 0004 0494 3022Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wussow
- grid.418008.50000 0004 0494 3022Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Katrin Hoffmann
- grid.9018.00000 0001 0679 2801Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute for Human Genetics, Magdeburger Strasse 2, 06112 Halle, Germany
| | - Kerstin Körber-Ferl
- grid.9018.00000 0001 0679 2801Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute for Human Genetics, Magdeburger Strasse 2, 06112 Halle, Germany
| | - Ravi Pandey
- grid.249880.f0000 0004 0374 0039The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main St, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA
| | - Gregory W. Carter
- grid.249880.f0000 0004 0374 0039The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main St, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- grid.418008.50000 0004 0494 3022Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Max Holzer
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Roßner
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Schilling
- grid.418008.50000 0004 0494 3022Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany ,grid.427932.90000 0001 0692 3664Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Bernburger Straße 55, 06366 Köthen, Germany
| | - Christoph Preuss
- grid.249880.f0000 0004 0374 0039The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main St, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA
| | - Detlef Balschun
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884KU Leuven, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Brain & Cognition, Tiensestraat 102, box 3714, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Holger Cynis
- grid.418008.50000 0004 0494 3022Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany
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de Fisenne MA, Yilmaz Z, De Decker R, Suain V, Buée L, Ando K, Brion JP, Leroy K. Alzheimer PHF-tau aggregates do not spread tau pathology to the brain via the Retino-tectal projection after intraocular injection in mouse models. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 174:105875. [PMID: 36154878 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), a neuronal lesion found in Alzheimer's disease (AD), are composed of fibrillary aggregates of modified forms of tau proteins. The propagation of NFT follows neuroanatomical pathways suggesting that synaptically connected neurons could transmit tau pathology by the recruitment of normal tau in a prion-like manner. Moreover, the intracerebral injection of pathological tau from AD brains induces the seeding of normal tau in mouse brain. Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease has been transmitted after ocular transplants of cornea or sclera and the scrapie agent can spread across the retino-tectal pathway after intraocular injection of scrapie mouse brain homogenates. In AD, a tau pathology has been detected in the retina. To investigate the potential risk of tau pathology transmission during eye surgery using AD tissue material, we have analysed the development of tau pathology in the visual pathway of mice models expressing murine tau, wild-type or mutant human tau after intraocular injection of pathological tau proteins from AD brains. Although these pathological tau proteins were internalized in retinal ganglion cells, they did not induce aggregation of endogenous tau nor propagation of a tau pathology in the retino-tectal pathway after a 6-month incubation period. These results suggest that retinal ganglion cells exhibit a resistance to develop a tau pathology, and that eye surgery is not a major iatrogenic risk of transmission of tau pathology, contrary to what has been observed for transmission of infectious prions in prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-A de Fisenne
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Z Yilmaz
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Brussels, Belgium
| | - R De Decker
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Brussels, Belgium
| | - V Suain
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Brussels, Belgium
| | - L Buée
- INSERM, U837. Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - K Ando
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J-P Brion
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Leroy
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Brussels, Belgium.
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Inhibition of PLK2 activity affects APP and tau pathology and improves synaptic content in a sex-dependent manner in a 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 172:105833. [PMID: 35905928 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Converging lines of evidence suggest that abnormal accumulation of the kinase Polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2) might play a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), possibly through its role in regulating the amyloid β (Aβ) cascade. In the present study, we investigated the effect of inhibiting PLK2 kinase activity in in vitro and in vivo models of AD neuropathology. First, we confirmed that PLK2 overexpression modulated APP and Tau protein levels and phosphorylation in cell culture, in a kinase activity dependent manner. Furthermore, a transient treatment of triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD) with a potent and specific PLK2 pharmacological inhibitor (PLK2i #37) reduced some neuropathological aspects in a sex-dependent manner. In 3xTg-AD males, treatment with PLK2i #37 led to lower Tau burden, higher synaptic protein content, and prevented learning and memory deficits. In contrast, treated females showed an exacerbation of Tau pathology, associated with a reduction in amyloid plaque accumulation. Overall, our findings suggest that PLK2 inhibition alters key components of AD neuropathology in a sex-dependent manner and might display a therapeutic potential for the treatment for AD and related dementia.
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Hsueh SCC, Aina A, Roman AY, Cashman NR, Peng X, Plotkin SS. Optimizing Epitope Conformational Ensembles Using α-Synuclein Cyclic Peptide "Glycindel" Scaffolds: A Customized Immunogen Method for Generating Oligomer-Selective Antibodies for Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:2261-2280. [PMID: 35840132 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Effectively presenting epitopes on immunogens, in order to raise conformationally selective antibodies through active immunization, is a central problem in treating protein misfolding diseases, particularly neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease. We seek to selectively target conformations enriched in toxic, oligomeric propagating species while sparing the healthy forms of the protein that are often more abundant. To this end, we computationally modeled scaffolded epitopes in cyclic peptides by inserting/deleting a variable number of flanking glycines ("glycindels") to best mimic a misfolding-specific conformation of an epitope of α-synuclein enriched in the oligomer ensemble, as characterized by a region most readily disordered and solvent-exposed in a stressed, partially denatured protofibril. We screen and rank the cyclic peptide scaffolds of α-synuclein in silico based on their ensemble overlap properties with the fibril, oligomer-model and isolated monomer ensembles. We present experimental data of seeded aggregation that support nucleation rates consistent with computationally predicted cyclic peptide conformational similarity. We also introduce a method for screening against structured off-pathway targets in the human proteome by selecting scaffolds with minimal conformational similarity between their epitope and the same solvent-exposed primary sequence in structured human proteins. Different cyclic peptide scaffolds with variable numbers of glycines are predicted computationally to have markedly different conformational ensembles. Ensemble comparison and overlap were quantified by the Jensen-Shannon divergence and a new measure introduced here, the embedding depth, which determines the extent to which a given ensemble is subsumed by another ensemble and which may be a more useful measure in developing immunogens that confer conformational selectivity to an antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn C C Hsueh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Adekunle Aina
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Andrei Yu Roman
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Neil R Cashman
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Xubiao Peng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Steven S Plotkin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.,Genome Science and Technology Program, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Lin H, Tang M, Ji C, Girardi P, Cvetojevic G, Chen D, Koren SA, Johnson GVW. BAG3 Regulation of RAB35 Mediates the Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport/Endolysosome Pathway and Tau Clearance. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:10-24. [PMID: 35000752 PMCID: PMC9085972 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Declining proteostasis with aging contributes to increased susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Emerging studies implicate impairment of the endosome-lysosome pathway as a significant factor in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Previously, we demonstrated that BAG3 regulates phosphorylated tau clearance. However, we did not fully define how BAG3 regulates endogenous tau proteostasis, especially in the early stages of disease progression. METHODS Mass spectrometric analyses were performed to identify neuronal BAG3 interactors. Multiple biochemical assays were used to investigate the BAG3-HSP70-TBC1D10B (EPI64B)-RAB35-HRS regulatory networks. Live-cell imaging was used to study the dynamics of the endosomal pathway. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting were performed in human AD brains and in P301S tau transgenic mice with BAG3 overexpressed. RESULTS The primary group of neuronal BAG3 interactors identified are involved in the endocytic pathway. Among them were key regulators of small GTPases, such as the RAB35 GTPase-activating protein TBC1D10B. We demonstrated that a BAG3-HSP70-TBC1D10B complex attenuates the ability of TBC1D10B to inactivate RAB35. Thus, BAG3 interacts with TBC1D10B to support the activation of RAB35 and recruitment of HRS, initiating endosomal sorting complex required for transport-mediated endosomal tau clearance. Furthermore, TBC1D10B shows significantly less colocalization with BAG3 in AD brains than in age-matched controls. Overexpression of BAG3 in P301S tau transgenic mice increased the colocalization of phosphorylated tau with the endosomal sorting complex required for transport III protein CHMP2B and reduced the levels of the mutant human tau. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel BAG3-TBC1D10B-RAB35 regulatory axis that modulates endosomal sorting complex required for transport-dependent protein degradation machinery and tau clearance. Dysregulation of BAG3 could contribute to the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gail V. W. Johnson
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Gail V.W. Johnson, PhD, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 604, Rochester, NY 14642, , +1-585-276-3740 (voice)
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Wakeman DR, Weed MR, Perez SE, Cline EN, Viola KL, Wilcox KC, Moddrelle DS, Nisbett EZ, Kurian AM, Bell AF, Pike R, Jacobson PB, Klein WL, Mufson EJ, Lawrence MS, Elsworth JD. Intrathecal amyloid-beta oligomer administration increases tau phosphorylation in the medial temporal lobe in the African green monkey: A nonhuman primate model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2022; 48:e12800. [PMID: 35156715 PMCID: PMC10902791 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS An obstacle to developing new treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been the inadequate translation of findings in current AD transgenic rodent models to the prediction of clinical outcomes. By contrast, nonhuman primates (NHPs) share a close neurobiology with humans in virtually all aspects relevant to developing a translational AD model. The present investigation used African green monkeys (AGMs) to refine an inducible NHP model of AD based on the administration of amyloid-beta oligomers (AβOs), a key upstream initiator of AD pathology. METHODS AβOs or vehicle were repeatedly delivered over 4 weeks to age-matched young adult AGMs by intracerebroventricular (ICV) or intrathecal (IT) injections. Induction of AD-like pathology was assessed in subregions of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) by quantitative immunohistochemistry (IHC) using the AT8 antibody to detect hyperphosphorylated tau. Hippocampal volume was measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans prior to, and after, intrathecal injections. RESULTS IT administration of AβOs in young adult AGMs revealed an elevation of tau phosphorylation in the MTL cortical memory circuit compared with controls. The largest increases were detected in the entorhinal cortex that persisted for at least 12 weeks after dosing. MRI scans showed a reduction in hippocampal volume following AβO injections. CONCLUSIONS Repeated IT delivery of AβOs in young adult AGMs led to an accelerated AD-like neuropathology in MTL, similar to human AD, supporting the value of this translational model to de-risk the clinical trial of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sylvia E Perez
- Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Erika N Cline
- Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Kirsten L Viola
- Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Kyle C Wilcox
- Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - David S Moddrelle
- Virscio Inc., St. Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Ernell Z Nisbett
- Virscio Inc., St. Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | | | - Amanda F Bell
- Virscio Inc., St. Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Ricaldo Pike
- Virscio Inc., St. Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | | | - William L Klein
- Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Elliott J Mufson
- Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Wright JP, Goodman JR, Lin YG, Lieberman BP, Clemens J, Gomez LF, Liang Q, Hoye AT, Pontecorvo MJ, Conway KA. Monoamine oxidase binding not expected to significantly affect [ 18F]flortaucipir PET interpretation. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:3797-3808. [PMID: 35596745 PMCID: PMC9399028 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05822-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose [18F]-labeled positron emission tomography (PET) radioligands permit in vivo assessment of Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers, including aggregated neurofibrillary tau (NFT) with [18F]flortaucipir. Due to structural similarities of flortaucipir with some monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) inhibitors, this study aimed to evaluate flortaucipir binding to MAO-A and MAO-B and any potential impact on PET interpretation. Methods [18F]Flortaucipir autoradiography was performed on frozen human brain tissue slices, and PET imaging was conducted in rats. Dissociation constants were determined by saturation binding, association and dissociation rates were measured by kinetic binding experiments, and IC50 values were determined by competition binding. Results Under stringent wash conditions, specific [18F]flortaucipir binding was observed on tau NFT-rich Alzheimer’s disease tissue and not control tissue. In vivo PET experiments in rats revealed no evidence of [18F]flortaucipir binding to MAO-A; pre-treatment with MAO inhibitor pargyline did not impact uptake or wash-out of [18F]flortaucipir. [18F]Flortaucipir bound with low nanomolar affinity to human MAO-A in a microsomal preparation in vitro but with a fast dissociation rate relative to MAO-A ligand fluoroethyl-harmol, consistent with no observed in vivo binding in rats of [18F]flortaucipir to MAO-A. Direct binding of flortaucipir to human MAO-B was not detected in a microsomal preparation. A high concentration of flortaucipir (IC50 of 1.3 μM) was found to block binding of the MAO-B ligand safinamide to MAO-B on microsomes suggesting that, at micromolar concentrations, flortaucipir weakly binds to MAO-B in vitro. Conclusion These data suggest neither MAO-A nor MAO-B binding will contribute significantly to the PET signal in cortical target areas relevant to the interpretation of [18F]flortaucipir. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00259-022-05822-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Wright
- Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly & Company, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason R Goodman
- Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly & Company, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yin-Guo Lin
- Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly & Company, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian P Lieberman
- Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly & Company, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Clemens
- Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly & Company, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luis F Gomez
- Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly & Company, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qianwa Liang
- Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly & Company, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam T Hoye
- Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly & Company, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Kelly A Conway
- Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly & Company, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Helboe L, Rosenqvist N, Volbracht C, Pedersen LØ, Pedersen JT, Christensen S, Egebjerg J, Christoffersen CT, Bang-Andersen B, Beach TG, Serrano GE, Falsig J. Highly Specific and Sensitive Target Binding by the Humanized pS396-Tau Antibody hC10.2 Across a Wide Spectrum of Alzheimer’s Disease and Primary Tauopathy Postmortem Brains. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 88:207-228. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau fibrils are hallmarks of a broad spectrum of tauopathies, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Objective: To investigate heterogeneity of tau pathology across brain extracts from a broad selection of different tauopathies and examine the binding properties of the humanized pS396-tau antibody hC10.2 and six other anti-tau antibodies. Methods: 76 individual tauopathy tissue samples were analyzed in a battery of assays: immunohistochemistry, ELISA, tau aggregation assay, western blot, [3H]PI-2620 and [3H]MK-6240 tau tracer binding, and aggregated seeding activity in RD_P301S HEK293T Biosensor cells. The efficiency of seven anti-tau antibodies to engage with pathological tau species was directly compared. Results: Our data indicate that a strong correlation existed between the tau tracer binding, amount of tau aggregates, pS396-tau phosphorylation, and seeding activity. The hC10.2 antibody, which has entered clinical development, effectively engaged with its epitope across all individual cases of mid-stage and late AD, and primary tauopathies. hC10.2 was superior compared to other phospho- and total tau antibodies to prevent seeded tau aggregation in the biosensor cells. hC10.2 effectively depleted hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau species across all tauopathy samples proportionally to the amount of tau aggregates. In AD samples, hC10.2 bound to ghost tangles which represent extracellular pathological tau species. Conclusion: S396 hyperphosphorylation is a feature of the formation of seeding-competent tau across different tauopathies and it is present both in intra- and extracellular pathological tau. hC10.2 represents an excellent candidate for a hyperphosphorylation-selective therapeutic tau antibody for the treatment of AD and primary tauopathies.
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Miguel L, Rovelet-Lecrux A, Chambon P, Joly-Helas G, Rousseau S, Wallon D, Epelbaum S, Frébourg T, Campion D, Nicolas G, Lecourtois M. Generation of 17q21.31 duplication iPSC-derived neurons as a model for primary tauopathies. Stem Cell Res 2022; 61:102762. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2022.102762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Chen S, Acosta D, Li L, Liang J, Chang Y, Wang C, Fitzgerald J, Morrison C, Goulbourne CN, Nakano Y, Villegas NCH, Venkataraman L, Brown C, Serrano GE, Bell E, Wemlinger T, Wu M, Kokiko-Cochran ON, Popovich P, Flowers XE, Honig LS, Vonsattel JP, Scharre DW, Beach TG, Ma Q, Kuret J, Kõks S, Urano F, Duff KE, Fu H. Wolframin is a novel regulator of tau pathology and neurodegeneration. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:547-569. [PMID: 35389045 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Selective neuronal vulnerability to protein aggregation is found in many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Understanding the molecular origins of this selective vulnerability is, therefore, of fundamental importance. Tau protein aggregates have been found in Wolframin (WFS1)-expressing excitatory neurons in the entorhinal cortex, one of the earliest affected regions in AD. The role of WFS1 in Tauopathies and its levels in tau pathology-associated neurodegeneration, however, is largely unknown. Here we report that WFS1 deficiency is associated with increased tau pathology and neurodegeneration, whereas overexpression of WFS1 reduces those changes. We also find that WFS1 interacts with tau protein and controls the susceptibility to tau pathology. Furthermore, chronic ER stress and autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP)-associated genes are enriched in WFS1-high excitatory neurons in human AD at early Braak stages. The protein levels of ER stress and autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP)-associated proteins are changed in tau transgenic mice with WFS1 deficiency, while overexpression of WFS1 reverses those changes. This work demonstrates a possible role for WFS1 in the regulation of tau pathology and neurodegeneration via chronic ER stress and the downstream ALP. Our findings provide insights into mechanisms that underpin selective neuronal vulnerability, and for developing new therapeutics to protect vulnerable neurons in AD.
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Xu G, Ulm BS, Howard J, Fromholt SE, Lu Q, Lee BB, Walker A, Borchelt DR, Lewis J. TAPPing into the potential of inducible tau/APP transgenic mice. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2022; 48:e12791. [PMID: 35067965 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Our understanding of the pathological interactions between amyloidosis and tauopathy in Alzheimer's disease is incomplete. We sought to determine if the relative timing of the amyloidosis and tauopathy is critical for amyloid-enhanced tauopathy. METHODS We crossed an inducible tauopathy model with two β-amyloid models utilising the doxycycline-repressible transgenic system to modulate timing and duration of human tau expression in the context of amyloidosis and then assessed tauopathy, amyloidosis and gliosis. RESULTS We combined inducible rTg4510 tau with APPswe/PS1dE9 [Line 85 (L85)] mice to examine the interactions between Aβ and tauopathy at different stages of amyloidosis. When we initially suppressed mutant human tau expression for 14-15 months and subsequently induced tau expression for 6 months, severe amyloidosis with robust tauopathy resulted in rTg4510/L85 but not rTg4510 mice. When we suppressed mutant tau for 7 months before inducing expression for a subsequent 6 months in another cohort of rTg4510/L85 and rTg4510 mice, only rTg4510/L85 mice displayed robust tauopathy. Lastly, we crossed rTg4510 mice to tet-regulated APPswe/ind [Line 107 (L107)] mice, using doxycycline to initially suppress both transgenes for 1 month before inducing expression for 5 months to model early amyloidosis. In contrast to rTg4510, rTg4510/L107 mice rapidly developed amyloidosis, accompanied by robust tauopathy. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that tau misfolding is exacerbated by both newly forming Aβ deposits in younger brain and mature deposits in older brains. Refined use and repurposing of these models provide new tools to explore the intersection of ageing, amyloid and tauopathy and to test interventions to disrupt the amyloid cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilian Xu
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brittany S Ulm
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - John Howard
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Susan E Fromholt
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Qing Lu
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brian Benedict Lee
- Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ariel Walker
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David R Borchelt
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- SantaFe HealthCare Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jada Lewis
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Leroux E, Perbet R, Caillierez R, Richetin K, Lieger S, Espourteille J, Bouillet T, Bégard S, Danis C, Loyens A, Toni N, Déglon N, Deramecourt V, Schraen-Maschke S, Buée L, Colin M. Extracellular vesicles: Major actors of heterogeneity in tau spreading among human tauopathies. Mol Ther 2022; 30:782-797. [PMID: 34563677 PMCID: PMC8821971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tauopathies are neurodegenerative diseases characterized by tau inclusions in brain cells. Seed-competent tau species have been suggested to spread from cell to cell in a stereotypical manner, indicating that this may involve a prion-like mechanism. Although the intercellular mechanisms of transfer are unclear, extracellular vesicles (EVs) could be potential shuttles. We assessed this in humans by preparing vesicles from fluids (brain-derived enriched EVs [BD-EVs]). These latter were isolated from different brain regions in various tauopathies, and their seeding potential was assessed in vitro and in vivo. We observed considerable heterogeneity among tauopathies and brain regions. The most striking evidence was coming mainly from Alzheimer's disease where the BD-EVs clearly contain pathological species that can induce tau lesions in vivo. The results support the hypothesis that BD-EVs participate in the prion-like propagation of tau pathology among tauopathies, and there may be implications for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Leroux
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU-Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Romain Perbet
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU-Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Raphaëlle Caillierez
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU-Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Kevin Richetin
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland,Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Neuroscience Research Center (CRN), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland,Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Department of Clinical Neuroscience (DNC), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Lieger
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU-Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Jeanne Espourteille
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bouillet
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU-Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Séverine Bégard
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU-Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Clément Danis
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU-Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Anne Loyens
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU-Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Toni
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Déglon
- Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Neuroscience Research Center (CRN), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland,Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Department of Clinical Neuroscience (DNC), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Deramecourt
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU-Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Luc Buée
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU-Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000 Lille, France,Corresponding author: Luc Buée, PhD, Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU-Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Bâtiment Biserte, rue Polonovski, 59045 Lille Cedex, France.
| | - Morvane Colin
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU-Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000 Lille, France,Corresponding author: Morvane Colin, Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU-Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Bâtiment Biserte, rue Polonovski, 59045 Lille Cedex, France.
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63
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Koller EJ, Ibanez KR, Vo Q, McFarland KN, De La Cruz EG, Zobel L, Williams T, Xu G, Ryu D, Patel P, Giasson BI, Prokop S, Chakrabarty P. Combinatorial model of amyloid β and tau reveals synergy between amyloid deposits and tangle formation. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2022; 48:e12779. [PMID: 34825397 PMCID: PMC8810717 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To illuminate the pathological synergy between Aβ and tau leading to emergence of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in Alzheimer's disease (AD), here, we have performed a comparative neuropathological study utilising three distinctive variants of human tau (WT tau, P301L mutant tau and S320F mutant tau). Previously, in non-transgenic mice, we showed that WT tau or P301L tau does not form NFT while S320F tau can spontaneously aggregate into NFT, allowing us to test the selective vulnerability of these different tau conformations to the presence of Aβ plaques. METHODS We injected recombinant AAV-tau constructs into neonatal APP transgenic TgCRND8 mice or into 3-month-old TgCRND8 mice; both cohorts were aged 3 months post injection. This allowed us to test how different tau variants synergise with soluble forms of Aβ (pre-deposit cohort) or with frank Aβ deposits (post-deposit cohort). RESULTS Expression of WT tau did not produce NFT or altered Aβ in either cohort. In the pre-deposit cohort, S320F tau induced Aβ plaque deposition, neuroinflammation and synaptic abnormalities, suggesting that early tau tangles affect the amyloid cascade. In the post-deposit cohort, contemporaneous expression of S320F tau did not exacerbate amyloid pathology, showing a dichotomy in Aβ-tau synergy based on the nature of Aβ. P301L tau produced NFT-type inclusions in the post-deposit cohort, but not in the pre-deposit cohort, indicating pathological synergy with pre-existing Aβ deposits. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that different tau mutations representing specific folding variants of tau synergise with Aβ to different extents, depending on the presence of cerebral deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Koller
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kristen R Ibanez
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Quan Vo
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Karen N McFarland
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Elsa Gonzalez De La Cruz
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Lillian Zobel
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Tristan Williams
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Guilian Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Daniel Ryu
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Preya Patel
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Benoit I Giasson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Stefan Prokop
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Paramita Chakrabarty
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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64
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Pang K, Jiang R, Zhang W, Yang Z, Li LL, Shimozawa M, Tambaro S, Mayer J, Zhang B, Li M, Wang J, Liu H, Yang A, Chen X, Liu J, Winblad B, Han H, Jiang T, Wang W, Nilsson P, Guo W, Lu B. An App knock-in rat model for Alzheimer's disease exhibiting Aβ and tau pathologies, neuronal death and cognitive impairments. Cell Res 2022; 32:157-175. [PMID: 34789895 PMCID: PMC8807612 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-021-00582-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A major obstacle in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research is the lack of predictive and translatable animal models that reflect disease progression and drug efficacy. Transgenic mice overexpressing amyloid precursor protein (App) gene manifest non-physiological and ectopic expression of APP and its fragments in the brain, which is not observed in AD patients. The App knock-in mice circumvented some of these problems, but they do not exhibit tau pathology and neuronal death. We have generated a rat model, with three familiar App mutations and humanized Aβ sequence knocked into the rat App gene. Without altering the levels of full-length APP and other APP fragments, this model exhibits pathologies and disease progression resembling those in human patients: deposit of Aβ plaques in relevant brain regions, microglia activation and gliosis, progressive synaptic degeneration and AD-relevant cognitive deficits. Interestingly, we have observed tau pathology, neuronal apoptosis and necroptosis and brain atrophy, phenotypes rarely seen in other APP models. This App knock-in rat model may serve as a useful tool for AD research, identifying new drug targets and biomarkers, and testing therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keliang Pang
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China ,grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178R&D Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Brain Diseases, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong China ,grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Richeng Jiang
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.430605.40000 0004 1758 4110Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyi Yang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Lin Li
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Research Center for Brain-inspired Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, School of Future Technology, University of CAS, and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Makoto Shimozawa
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simone Tambaro
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Mayer
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Baogui Zhang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Man Li
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiesi Wang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Liu
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China ,grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178R&D Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Brain Diseases, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong China ,grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ailing Yang
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Research Center for Brain-inspired Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, School of Future Technology, University of CAS, and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiazheng Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Research Center for Brain-inspired Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, School of Future Technology, University of CAS, and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bengt Winblad
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Hua Han
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Research Center for Brain-inspired Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, School of Future Technology, University of CAS, and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwen Wang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Per Nilsson
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wei Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. .,R&D Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Brain Diseases, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. .,Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Bai Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. .,R&D Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Brain Diseases, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. .,Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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65
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Islam M, Shen F, Regmi D, Du D. Therapeutic Strategies for Tauopathies and Drug Repurposing as a Potential Approach. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 198:114979. [PMID: 35219701 PMCID: PMC9159505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tauopathies are neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the deposition of abnormal tau in the brain. To date, there are no disease-modifying therapies approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) for the treatment of tauopathies. In the past decades, extensive efforts have been provided to develop disease-modifying therapies to treat tauopathies. Specifically, exploring existing drugs with the intent of repurposing for the treatment of tauopathies affords a reasonable alternative to discover potent drugs for treating these formidable diseases. Drug repurposing will not only reduce formulation and development stage effort and cost but will also take a key advantage of the established toxicological studies, which is one of the main causes of clinical trial failure of new molecules. In this review, we provide an overview of the current treatment strategies for tauopathies and the recent progress in drug repurposing as an alternative approach to treat tauopathies.
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66
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Pitera AP, Hartnell IJ, Scullard L, Williamson KL, Boche D, O'Connor V, Deinhardt K. Molecular Investigation of the Unfolded Protein Response in Select Human Tauopathies. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 5:855-869. [PMID: 35088035 PMCID: PMC8764631 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tauopathies are a group of neurodegenerative diseases associated with the accumulation of misfolded tau protein. The mechanisms underpinning tau-dependent proteinopathy remain to be elucidated. A protein quality control pathway within the endoplasmic reticulum, the unfolded protein response (UPR), has been suggested as a possible pathway modulating cellular responses in a range of neurodegenerative diseases, including those associated with misfolded cytosolic tau. Objective: In this study we investigated three different clinically defined tauopathies to establish whether these diseases are accompanied by the activation of UPR. Methods: We used PCR and western blotting to probe for the modulation of several reliable UPR markers in mRNA and proteins extracted from three distinct tauopathies: 20 brain samples from Alzheimer’s disease patients, 11 from Pick’s disease, and 10 from progressive supranuclear palsy. In each disease samples from these patients were compared with equal numbers of age-matched non-demented controls. Results: Our investigation showed that different markers of UPR are not changed at the late stage of any of the human tauopathies investigated. Interestingly, UPR signatures were often observed in non-demented controls. Conclusion: These data from late-stage human cortical tissue report an activation of UPR markers within the aged brain across all cohorts investigated and further support the emerging evidence that the accumulation of misfolded cytosolic tau does not drive a disease-associated activation of UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iain J Hartnell
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Lucy Scullard
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Delphine Boche
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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67
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Manos JD, Preiss CN, Venkat N, Tamm J, Reinhardt P, Kwon T, Wu J, Winter AD, Jahn TR, Yanamandra K, Titterton K, Karran E, Langlois X. Uncovering specificity of endogenous TAU aggregation in a human iPSC-neuron TAU seeding model. iScience 2022; 25:103658. [PMID: 35072001 PMCID: PMC8761709 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau pathobiology has emerged as a key component underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression; however, human neuronal in vitro models have struggled to recapitulate tau phenomena observed in vivo. Here, we aimed to define the minimal requirements to achieve endogenous tau aggregation in functional neurons utilizing human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology. Optimized hiPSC-derived cortical neurons seeded with AD brain-derived competent tau species or recombinant tau fibrils displayed increases in insoluble, endogenous tau aggregates. Importantly, MAPT-wild type and MAPT-mutant hiPSC-neurons exhibited unique propensities for aggregation dependent on the seed strain rather than the repeat domain identity, suggesting that successful templating of the recipient tau may be driven by the unique conformation of the seed. The in vitro model presented here represents the first successful demonstration of combining human neurons, endogenous tau expression, and AD brain-derived competent tau species, offering a more physiologically relevant platform to study tau pathobiology. Seeded tau aggregation in hiPSC-neurons does not require tau overexpression Tau aggregation is concentration, time, and maturation dependent Successful templating requires compatibility between neuronal tau and added seeds Endogenous tau aggregates exhibit properties consistent with pathological tau
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine D Manos
- Abbvie, Cambridge Research Center, 200 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christina N Preiss
- Abbvie, Cambridge Research Center, 200 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nandini Venkat
- Abbvie, Cambridge Research Center, 200 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joseph Tamm
- Abbvie, Cambridge Research Center, 200 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Peter Reinhardt
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Neuroscience Research, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Taekyung Kwon
- Abbvie, Cambridge Research Center, 200 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jessica Wu
- Abbvie, Cambridge Research Center, 200 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Allison D Winter
- Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas R Jahn
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Neuroscience Research, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Kiran Yanamandra
- Abbvie, Cambridge Research Center, 200 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Katherine Titterton
- Abbvie, Cambridge Research Center, 200 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eric Karran
- Abbvie, Cambridge Research Center, 200 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xavier Langlois
- Abbvie, Cambridge Research Center, 200 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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68
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Horta-López PH, Mendoza-Franco G, Rodríguez-Cruz F, Torres-Cruz FM, Hernández-Echeagaray E, Jarero-Basulto JJ, Rícny J, Garduño BF, Garcia-Sierra F. Association of α-1-Antichymotrypsin Expression with the Development of Conformational Changes of Tau Protein in Alzheimer's Disease Brain. Neuroscience 2022; 518:83-100. [PMID: 35007692 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), two mutually exclusive amino-terminal-dependent conformations have been reported to occur during the aggregation of Tau protein into neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). An early conformation of full-length Tau, involving the bending of the amino terminus over the third repeated domain, is recognized by the Alz-50 antibody, followed by a second conformation recognized by Tau-66 antibody that depends on the folding of the proline-rich region over the third repeated domain in a molecule partially truncated at the amino- and carboxyl-termini. α-1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) is an acute phase serum glycoprotein that accumulates abnormally in the brain of AD patients, and since it is considered to promote the in vitro and in vivo aggregation of amyloid-β, we here seek further evidence that ACT may also contribute to the abnormal aggregation of Tau in AD. By analyzing brain samples from a population of AD cases under immunofluorescence and high-resolution confocal microscopy, we demonstrate here the abundant expression of ACT in hippocampal neurons, visualized as a granular diffuse accumulation, frequently reaching the nuclear compartment. In a significant number of these neurons, intracellular NFTs composed of abnormally phosphorylated and truncated Tau at Asp421 were also observed to coexist in separated regions of the cytoplasm. However, we found strong colocalization between ACT and diffuse aggregates of Tau-66-positive granules, which was not observed with Alz-50 antibody. These results suggest that ACT may play a role during the development of Tau conformational changes facilitating its aggregation during the formation of the neurofibrillary pathology in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla H Horta-López
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Graciela Mendoza-Franco
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fanny Rodríguez-Cruz
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco M Torres-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del Desarrollo y la Neurodegeneración, UBIMED, FES-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Hernández-Echeagaray
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del Desarrollo y la Neurodegeneración, UBIMED, FES-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jose J Jarero-Basulto
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Jan Rícny
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Benjamín Florán Garduño
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Francisco Garcia-Sierra
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Abyadeh M, Gupta V, Gupta V, Chitranshi N, Wu Y, Amirkhani A, Meyfour A, Sheriff S, Shen T, Dhiman K, Ghasem HS, Paul AH, Stuart LG, Mirzaei M. Comparative Analysis of Aducanumab, Zagotenemab and Pioglitazone as Targeted Treatment Strategies for Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1964-1976. [PMID: 34881080 PMCID: PMC8612603 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia that has remained a major medical, sociocultural and economical challenge globally. Previously developed treatments like anticholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists only provide short-term symptomatic improvement and do not prevent progression. Repeated setbacks and failures over the past 25 years in AD clinical trials have hindered efforts to develop effective AD treatments. Fortunately, Aducanumab, a specific anti-amyloid β antibody, has shown promising clinical results and was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) through an accelerated approval pathway. This has raised hopes for AD patients; however post-approval trials are necessary to estimate the true scope of its clinical benefits. We have reviewed several AD clinical studies and summarized the experience to date with Aducanumab and two other potential AD drugs including Zagotenemab (an anti-tau antibody) and Pioglitazone (nuclear Peroxisome-Proliferator Activated Receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist). These have shown mixed results so far and the next few years will be critical to elucidate and interpret their broad long-term protective effects. A concerted effort is required to understand and strengthen the translation of pre-clinical findings from these drugs to routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Abyadeh
- 1Cell Science Research Center, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vivek Gupta
- 2Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Veer Gupta
- 3School of Medicine, Deakin University, VIC, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- 2Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Yunqi Wu
- 4Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Ardeshir Amirkhani
- 4Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Anna Meyfour
- 5Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samran Sheriff
- 2Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Ting Shen
- 2Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Kunal Dhiman
- 3School of Medicine, Deakin University, VIC, Australia
| | - H Salekdeh Ghasem
- 6Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - A Haynes Paul
- 6Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - L Graham Stuart
- 2Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- 2Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
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70
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Gestational high fat diet protects 3xTg offspring from memory impairments, synaptic dysfunction, and brain pathology. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7006-7019. [PMID: 31451749 PMCID: PMC7044032 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Maternal history for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) predisposes the offspring to the disease later in life. However, the mechanisms behind this phenomenon are still unknown. Lifestyle and nutrition can directly modulate susceptibility to AD. Herein we investigated whether gestational high fat diet influences the offspring susceptibility to AD later in life. Triple transgenic dams were administered high fat diet or regular chow throughout 3 weeks gestation. Offspring were fed regular chow throughout their life and tested for spatial learning and memory, brain amyloidosis, tau pathology, and synaptic function. Gestational high fat diet attenuated memory decline, synaptic dysfunction, amyloid-β and tau neuropathology in the offspring by transcriptional regulation of BACE-1, CDK5, and tau gene expression via the upregulation of FOXP2 repressor. Gestational high fat diet protects offspring against the development of the AD phenotype. In utero dietary intervention could be implemented as preventative strategy against AD.
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71
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Eisenbaum M, Pearson A, Gratkowski A, Mouzon B, Mullan M, Crawford F, Ojo J, Bachmeier C. Influence of traumatic brain injury on extracellular tau elimination at the blood-brain barrier. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:48. [PMID: 34702292 PMCID: PMC8549249 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00283-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive head trauma has been associated with the accumulation of tau species in the brain. Our prior work showed brain vascular mural cells contribute to tau processing in the brain, and that these cells progressively degenerate following repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (r-mTBI). The current studies investigated the role of the cerebrovasculature in the elimination of extracellular tau from the brain, and the influence of r-mTBI on these processes. Following intracranial injection of biotin-labeled tau, the levels of exogenous labeled tau residing in the brain were elevated in a mouse model of r-mTBI at 12 months post-injury compared to r-sham mice, indicating reduced tau elimination from the brain following head trauma. This may be the result of decreased caveolin-1 mediated tau efflux at the blood–brain barrier (BBB), as the caveolin inhibitor, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, significantly reduced tau uptake in isolated cerebrovessels and significantly decreased the basolateral-to-apical transit of tau across an in vitro model of the BBB. Moreover, we found that the upstream regulator of endothelial caveolin-1, Mfsd2a, was elevated in r-mTBI cerebrovessels compared to r-sham, which coincided with a decreased expression of cerebrovascular caveolin-1 in the chronic phase following r-mTBI (> 3 months post-injury). Lastly, angiopoietin-1, a mural cell-derived protein governing endothelial Mfsd2a expression, was secreted from r-mTBI cerebrovessels to a greater extent than r-sham animals. Altogether, in the chronic phase post-injury, release of angiopoietin-1 from degenerating mural cells downregulates caveolin-1 expression in brain endothelia, resulting in decreased tau elimination across the BBB, which may describe the accumulation of tau species in the brain following head trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Eisenbaum
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA. .,The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
| | - Andrew Pearson
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA.,The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Arissa Gratkowski
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
| | - Benoit Mouzon
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA.,The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michael Mullan
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA.,The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Fiona Crawford
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA.,The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Joseph Ojo
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA.,The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Corbin Bachmeier
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA.,The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.,Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, USA
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72
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Brelstaff JH, Mason M, Katsinelos T, McEwan WA, Ghetti B, Tolkovsky AM, Spillantini MG. Microglia become hypofunctional and release metalloproteases and tau seeds when phagocytosing live neurons with P301S tau aggregates. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg4980. [PMID: 34669475 PMCID: PMC8528424 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg4980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The microtubule-associated protein tau aggregates in multiple neurodegenerative diseases, causing inflammation and changing the inflammatory signature of microglia by unknown mechanisms. We have shown that microglia phagocytose live neurons containing tau aggregates cultured from P301S tau mice due to neuronal tau aggregate-induced exposure of the “eat me” signal phosphatidylserine. Here, we show that after phagocytosing tau aggregate-bearing neurons, microglia become hypophagocytic while releasing seed-competent insoluble tau aggregates. These microglia express a senescence-like phenotype, demonstrated by acidic β-galactosidase activity, secretion of paracrine senescence-associated cytokines, and maturation of matrix remodeling enzymes, results that are corroborated in P301S mouse brains and ex vivo brain slices. In particular, the nuclear factor κB–dependent activation of matrix metalloprotease 3 (MMP3/stromelysin1) was replicated in brains from patients with tauopathy. These data show that microglia that have been activated to ingest live tau aggregates-bearing neurons behave hormetically, becoming hypofunctional while acting as vectors of tau aggregate spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack H. Brelstaff
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Matthew Mason
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Taxiarchis Katsinelos
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cambridge, Island Research Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - William A. McEwan
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cambridge, Island Research Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Aviva M. Tolkovsky
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Maria Grazia Spillantini
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
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73
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Sexton C, Snyder H, Beher D, Boxer AL, Brannelly P, Brion JP, Buée L, Cacace AM, Chételat G, Citron M, DeVos SL, Diaz K, Feldman HH, Frost B, Goate AM, Gold M, Hyman B, Johnson K, Karch CM, Kerwin DR, Koroshetz WJ, Litvan I, Morris HR, Mummery CJ, Mutamba J, Patterson MC, Quiroz YT, Rabinovici GD, Rommel A, Shulman MB, Toledo-Sherman LM, Weninger S, Wildsmith KR, Worley SL, Carrillo MC. Current directions in tau research: Highlights from Tau 2020. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 18:988-1007. [PMID: 34581500 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Studies supporting a strong association between tau deposition and neuronal loss, neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline have heightened the allure of tau and tau-related mechanisms as therapeutic targets. In February 2020, leading tau experts from around the world convened for the first-ever Tau2020 Global Conference in Washington, DC, co-organized and cosponsored by the Rainwater Charitable Foundation, the Alzheimer's Association, and CurePSP. Representing academia, industry, government, and the philanthropic sector, presenters and attendees discussed recent advances and current directions in tau research. The meeting provided a unique opportunity to move tau research forward by fostering global partnerships among academia, industry, and other stakeholders and by providing support for new drug discovery programs, groundbreaking research, and emerging tau researchers. The meeting also provided an opportunity for experts to present critical research-advancing tools and insights that are now rapidly accelerating the pace of tau research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adam L Boxer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pat Brannelly
- Alzheimer's Disease Data Initiative, Kirkland, WI, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Brion
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Buée
- Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Place de Verdun, Lille, France
| | | | - Gaël Chételat
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Martin Citron
- Neuroscience TA, Braine l'Alleud, UCB Biopharma, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah L DeVos
- Translational Sciences, Denali Therapeutics, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Howard H Feldman
- Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Bess Frost
- Sam & Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Gold
- AbbVie, Neurosciences Development, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bradley Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keith Johnson
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Diana R Kerwin
- Kerwin Medical Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Walter J Koroshetz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Irene Litvan
- Parkinson and Other Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Huw R Morris
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Catherine J Mummery
- Dementia Research Centre, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Marc C Patterson
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yakeel T Quiroz
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gil D Rabinovici
- Memory & Aging Center, Departments of Neurology, Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Amy Rommel
- Tau Consortium, Rainwater Charitable Foundation, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Melanie B Shulman
- Neurodegeneration Development Unit, Biogen, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Kristin R Wildsmith
- Department of Biomarker Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susan L Worley
- Independent science writer, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, USA
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74
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Moloney CM, Lowe VJ, Murray ME. Visualization of neurofibrillary tangle maturity in Alzheimer's disease: A clinicopathologic perspective for biomarker research. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 17:1554-1574. [PMID: 33797838 PMCID: PMC8478697 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibrillary tangles, one of the neuropathologic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease, have a dynamic lifespan of maturity that associates with progressive neuronal dysfunction and cognitive deficits. As neurofibrillary tangles mature, the biology of the neuron undergoes extensive changes that may impact biomarker recognition and therapeutic targeting. Neurofibrillary tangle maturity encompasses three levels: pretangles, mature tangles, and ghost tangles. In this review, we detail distinct and overlapping characteristics observed in the human brain regarding morphologic changes the neuron undergoes, conversion from intracellular to extracellular space, tau immunostaining patterns, and tau isoform expression changes across the lifespan of the neurofibrillary tangle. Post-translational modifications of tau such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, conformational events, and truncations are discussed to contextualize tau immunostaining patterns. We summarize accumulated and emerging knowledge of neurofibrillary tangle maturity, discuss the current tools used to interpret the dynamic nature in the postmortem brain, and consider implications for cognitive dysfunction and tau biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Val J. Lowe
- Department of RadiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
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75
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Strauß T, Marvian-Tayaranian A, Sadikoglou E, Dhingra A, Wegner F, Trümbach D, Wurst W, Heutink P, Schwarz SC, Höglinger GU. iPS Cell-Based Model for MAPT Haplotype as a Risk Factor for Human Tauopathies Identifies No Major Differences in TAU Expression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:726866. [PMID: 34532319 PMCID: PMC8438159 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.726866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The H1 haplotype of the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) gene is a common genetic risk factor for some neurodegenerative diseases such as progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, and Parkinson's disease. The molecular mechanism causing the increased risk for the named diseases, however, remains unclear. In this paper, we present a valuable tool of eight small molecule neural precursor cell lines (smNPC) homozygous for the MAPT haplotypes (four H1/H1 and four H2/H2 cell lines), which can be used to identify MAPT-dependent phenotypes. The employed differentiation protocol is fast due to overexpression of NEUROGENIN-2 and therefore suitable for high-throughput approaches. A basic characterization of all human cell lines was performed, and their TAU and α-SYNUCLEIN profiles were compared during a differentiation time of 30 days. We could identify higher levels of conformationally altered TAU in cell lines carrying the H2 haplotype. Additionally, we found increased expression levels of α-SYNUCLEIN in H1/H1 cells. With this resource, we aim to fill a gap in neurodegenerative disease modeling with induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) for sporadic tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Strauß
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Amir Marvian-Tayaranian
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eldem Sadikoglou
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ashutosh Dhingra
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Wegner
- Department of Neurology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
| | - Dietrich Trümbach
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Peter Heutink
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sigrid C. Schwarz
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Geriatric Clinic Haag, Haag in Oberbayern, Germany
| | - Günter U. Höglinger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
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76
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Chakraborty P, Rivière G, Liu S, de Opakua AI, Dervişoğlu R, Hebestreit A, Andreas LB, Vorberg IM, Zweckstetter M. Co-factor-free aggregation of tau into seeding-competent RNA-sequestering amyloid fibrils. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4231. [PMID: 34244499 PMCID: PMC8270918 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24362-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological aggregation of the protein tau into insoluble aggregates is a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases. The emergence of disease-specific tau aggregate structures termed tau strains, however, remains elusive. Here we show that full-length tau protein can be aggregated in the absence of co-factors into seeding-competent amyloid fibrils that sequester RNA. Using a combination of solid-state NMR spectroscopy and biochemical experiments we demonstrate that the co-factor-free amyloid fibrils of tau have a rigid core that is similar in size and location to the rigid core of tau fibrils purified from the brain of patients with corticobasal degeneration. In addition, we demonstrate that the N-terminal 30 residues of tau are immobilized during fibril formation, in agreement with the presence of an N-terminal epitope that is specifically detected by antibodies in pathological tau. Experiments in vitro and in biosensor cells further established that co-factor-free tau fibrils efficiently seed tau aggregation, while binding studies with different RNAs show that the co-factor-free tau fibrils strongly sequester RNA. Taken together the study provides a critical advance to reveal the molecular factors that guide aggregation towards disease-specific tau strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gwladys Rivière
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Shu Liu
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Rıza Dervişoğlu
- Department for NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alina Hebestreit
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Loren B Andreas
- Department for NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ina M Vorberg
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany.
- Department for NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.
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77
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Chang CP, Chang YG, Chuang PY, Nguyen TNA, Wu KC, Chou FY, Cheng SJ, Chen HM, Jin LW, Carvalho K, Huin V, Buée L, Liao YF, Lin CJ, Blum D, Chern Y. Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 inhibition rescues energy dysfunction and pathology in a model of tauopathy. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:112. [PMID: 34158119 PMCID: PMC8220833 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau pathology is instrumental in the gradual loss of neuronal functions and cognitive decline in tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Earlier reports showed that adenosine metabolism is abnormal in the brain of AD patients while consequences remained ill-defined. Herein, we aimed at investigating whether manipulation of adenosine tone would impact Tau pathology, associated molecular alterations and subsequent neurodegeneration. We demonstrated that treatment with an inhibitor (J4) of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) exerted beneficial effects in a mouse model of Tauopathy. Treatment with J4 not only reduced Tau hyperphosphorylation but also rescued memory deficits, mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic loss, and abnormal expression of immune-related gene signatures. These beneficial effects were particularly ascribed to the ability of J4 to suppress the overactivation of AMPK (an energy reduction sensor), suggesting that normalization of energy dysfunction mitigates neuronal dysfunctions in Tauopathy. Collectively, these data highlight that targeting adenosine metabolism is a novel strategy for tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Pang Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Gin Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yun Chuang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Thi Ngoc Anh Nguyen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chen Wu
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yi Chou
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Jhong Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Program of Academia Sinica, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Mei Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Carvalho
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000, Lille, France
- Alzheimer & Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, LiCEND, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Vincent Huin
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000, Lille, France
- Alzheimer & Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, LiCEND, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Luc Buée
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000, Lille, France
- Alzheimer & Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, LiCEND, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Yung-Feng Liao
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Lin
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - David Blum
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000, Lille, France.
- Alzheimer & Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, LiCEND, 59000, Lille, France.
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
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78
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Ji C, Sigurdsson EM. Current Status of Clinical Trials on Tau Immunotherapies. Drugs 2021; 81:1135-1152. [PMID: 34101156 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-021-01546-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tau immunotherapies have advanced from proof-of-concept studies to over a dozen clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies. Mechanistic studies in animal and culture models have provided valuable insight into how these therapies may work but multiple pathways are likely involved. Different groups have emphasized the importance of intracellular vs extracellular antibody-mediated clearance of the tau protein and there is no consensus on which pool of tau should ideally be targeted. Likewise, various normal and disease-selective epitopes are being targeted, and the antibody isotypes either favor phagocytosis of the tau-antibody complex or are neutral in that aspect. Most of the clinical trials are in early stages, thus their efficacy is not yet known, but all have been without any major adverse effects and some have reported target engagement. A few have been discontinued. One in phase I, presumably because of a poor pharmacokinetic profile, and three in phase II for a lack of efficacy although this trial stage is not well powered for efficacy measures. In these phase II studies, trials with two antibodies in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy or other primary tauopathies were halted but are continuing in patients with AD, and one antibody trial was stopped in early-stage AD but is continuing in moderate AD. These three antibodies have been reported to only work extracellularly and tau is not increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of primary tauopathies, which may explain the failures of two of them. In the discontinued AD trial, there are some concerns about how much of extracellular tau contains the N-terminal epitope that is being targeted. In addition, extracellular tau is only a small part of total tau, compared to intracellular tau. Targeting only the former may not be sufficient for functional benefits. Given these outcomes, decision makers within the pharmaceutical companies who green light these trials should attempt to target tau not only extracellularly but also intracellularly to increase their chances of success. Hopefully, some of the ongoing trials will provide some functional benefits to the large number of patients with tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyi Ji
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Science Building, 11th floor, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Einar M Sigurdsson
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Science Building, 11th floor, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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79
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Bourdenx M, Martín-Segura A, Scrivo A, Rodriguez-Navarro JA, Kaushik S, Tasset I, Diaz A, Storm NJ, Xin Q, Juste YR, Stevenson E, Luengo E, Clement CC, Choi SJ, Krogan NJ, Mosharov EV, Santambrogio L, Grueninger F, Collin L, Swaney DL, Sulzer D, Gavathiotis E, Cuervo AM. Chaperone-mediated autophagy prevents collapse of the neuronal metastable proteome. Cell 2021; 184:2696-2714.e25. [PMID: 33891876 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Components of the proteostasis network malfunction in aging, and reduced protein quality control in neurons has been proposed to promote neurodegeneration. Here, we investigate the role of chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), a selective autophagy shown to degrade neurodegeneration-related proteins, in neuronal proteostasis. Using mouse models with systemic and neuronal-specific CMA blockage, we demonstrate that loss of neuronal CMA leads to altered neuronal function, selective changes in the neuronal metastable proteome, and proteotoxicity, all reminiscent of brain aging. Imposing CMA loss on a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has synergistic negative effects on the proteome at risk of aggregation, thus increasing neuronal disease vulnerability and accelerating disease progression. Conversely, chemical enhancement of CMA ameliorates pathology in two different AD experimental mouse models. We conclude that functional CMA is essential for neuronal proteostasis through the maintenance of a subset of the proteome with a higher risk of misfolding than the general proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Bourdenx
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Aging Studies of the Department of Medicine of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Adrián Martín-Segura
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Aging Studies of the Department of Medicine of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Aurora Scrivo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Aging Studies of the Department of Medicine of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jose A Rodriguez-Navarro
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Aging Studies of the Department of Medicine of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Susmita Kaushik
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Aging Studies of the Department of Medicine of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Inmaculada Tasset
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Aging Studies of the Department of Medicine of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Antonio Diaz
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Aging Studies of the Department of Medicine of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Nadia J Storm
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Aging Studies of the Department of Medicine of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Qisheng Xin
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Aging Studies of the Department of Medicine of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yves R Juste
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Aging Studies of the Department of Medicine of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Erica Stevenson
- Department of Cellular Molecular Pharmacology, School of Medicine and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Enrique Luengo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Instituto Teófilo Hernando for Drug Discovery, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Cristina C Clement
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Se Joon Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Department of Cellular Molecular Pharmacology, School of Medicine and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Eugene V Mosharov
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Laura Santambrogio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Fiona Grueninger
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Neuro-Immunology, Roche Innovation Center Basel, CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Collin
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Neuro-Immunology, Roche Innovation Center Basel, CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Danielle L Swaney
- Department of Cellular Molecular Pharmacology, School of Medicine and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10461, USA; Departments of Neurology and Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Evripidis Gavathiotis
- Institute for Aging Studies of the Department of Medicine of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Aging Studies of the Department of Medicine of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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80
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Davidowitz EJ, Krishnamurthy PK, Lopez P, Jimenez H, Adrien L, Davies P, Moe JG. In Vivo Validation of a Small Molecule Inhibitor of Tau Self-Association in htau Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 73:147-161. [PMID: 31771053 PMCID: PMC6957711 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Tau oligomers have been shown to transmit tau pathology from diseased neurons to healthy neurons through seeding, tau misfolding, and aggregation that is thought to play an influential role in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related tauopathies. To develop a small molecule therapeutic for AD and related tauopathies, we have developed in vitro and cellular assays to select molecules inhibiting the first step in tau aggregation, the self-association of tau into oligomers. In vivo validation studies of an optimized lead compound were independently performed in the htau mouse model of tauopathy that expresses the human isoforms of tau without inherited tauopathy mutations that are irrelevant to AD. Treated mice did not show any adverse events related to the compound. The lead compound significantly reduced the level of self-associated tau and total and phosphorylated insoluble tau aggregates. The dose response was linear with respect to levels of compound in the brain. A confirmatory study was performed with male htau mice that gave consistent results. The results validated our screening approach by showing that targeting tau self-association can inhibit the entire tau aggregation pathway by using the selected and optimized lead compound whose activity translated from in vitro and cellular assays to an in vivo model of tau aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Heidy Jimenez
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Leslie Adrien
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Peter Davies
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
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81
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Martinez-Valbuena I, Valenti-Azcarate R, Amat-Villegas I, Marcilla I, Marti-Andres G, Caballero MC, Riverol M, Tuñon MT, Fraser PE, Luquin MR. Mixed pathologies in pancreatic β cells from subjects with neurodegenerative diseases and their interaction with prion protein. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:64. [PMID: 33832546 PMCID: PMC8028740 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01171-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein misfolding diseases refer to a variety of disorders that develop as a consequence of the misfolding of proteins in various organs. The etiologies of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease remain unclear, but it seems that type two diabetes and other prediabetic states could contribute to the appearance of the sporadic forms of these diseases. In addition to amylin deposition, other amyloidogenic proteins implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases could have important roles in the pathogenesis of this disease. As we have previously demonstrated the presence of α-synuclein deposits in the pancreas of patients with synucleinopathies, as well as tau and Aβ deposits in the pancreatic tissue of Alzheimer’s disease patients, we studied the immunoreactivity of amylin, tau and α-synuclein in the pancreas of 138 subjects with neurodegenerative diseases or type two diabetes and assessed whether the pancreatic β-cells of these subjects present cooccurrence of misfolded proteins. Furthermore, we also assessed the pancreatic expression of prion protein (PrP) in these subjects and its interaction, both in the pancreas and brain, with α-synuclein, tau, Aβ and amylin. Our study shows, for the first time, that along with amylin, pancreatic α-synuclein, Aβ, PrP and tau may contribute together to the complex pathophysiology of type two diabetes and in the appearance of insulin resistance in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Furthermore, we show that the same mixed pathologies that are observed in the brains of patients with neurodegenerative diseases are also present outside the nervous system. Finally, we provide the first histological evidence of an interaction between PrP and Aβ, α-synuclein, amylin or tau in the pancreas and locus coeruleus. These findings will shed more light on the common pathological pathways shared by neurodegenerative diseases and type two diabetes, benefiting the exploration of common therapeutic strategies to prevent or treat these devastating amyloid diseases.
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82
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Pilliod J, Desjardins A, Pernègre C, Jamann H, Larochelle C, Fon EA, Leclerc N. Clearance of intracellular tau protein from neuronal cells via VAMP8-induced secretion. J Biol Chem 2021; 295:17827-17841. [PMID: 33454017 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), tau, a microtubule-associated protein (MAP), becomes hyperphosphorylated, aggregates, and accumulates in the somato-dendritic compartment of neurons. In parallel to its intracellular accumulation in AD, tau is also released in the extracellular space, as revealed by its increased presence in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Consistent with this, recent studies, including ours, have reported that neurons secrete tau, and several therapeutic strategies aim to prevent the intracellular tau accumulation. Previously, we reported that late endosomes were implicated in tau secretion. Here, we explore the possibility of preventing intracellular tau accumulation by increasing tau secretion. Using neuronal models, we investigated whether overexpression of the vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 (VAMP8), an R-SNARE found on late endosomes, could increase tau secretion. The overexpression of VAMP8 significantly increased tau secretion, decreasing its intracellular levels in the neuroblastoma (N2a) cell line. Increased tau secretion by VAMP8 was also observed in murine hippocampal slices. The intracellular reduction of tau by VAMP8 overexpression correlated to a decrease of acetylated tubulin induced by tau overexpression in N2a cells. VAMP8 staining was preferentially found on late endosomes in N2a cells. Using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, the fusion of VAMP8-positive vesicles with the plasma membrane was correlated to the depletion of tau in the cytoplasm. Finally, overexpression of VAMP8 reduced the intracellular accumulation of tau mutants linked to frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism and α-synuclein by increasing their secretion. Collectively, the present data indicate that VAMP8 could be used to increase tau and α-synuclein clearance to prevent their intracellular accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Pilliod
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Alexandre Desjardins
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Camille Pernègre
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada; Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Hélène Jamann
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada; Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Catherine Larochelle
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada; Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Edward A Fon
- McGill Parkinson Program, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Nicole Leclerc
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada; Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
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83
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Mueller RL, Combs B, Alhadidy MM, Brady ST, Morfini GA, Kanaan NM. Tau: A Signaling Hub Protein. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:647054. [PMID: 33815057 PMCID: PMC8017207 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.647054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over four decades ago, in vitro experiments showed that tau protein interacts with and stabilizes microtubules in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. This observation fueled the widespread hypotheses that these properties extend to living neurons and that reduced stability of microtubules represents a major disease-driving event induced by pathological forms of tau in Alzheimer’s disease and other tauopathies. Accordingly, most research efforts to date have addressed this protein as a substrate, focusing on evaluating how specific mutations, phosphorylation, and other post-translational modifications impact its microtubule-binding and stabilizing properties. In contrast, fewer efforts were made to illuminate potential mechanisms linking physiological and disease-related forms of tau to the normal and pathological regulation of kinases and phosphatases. Here, we discuss published work indicating that, through interactions with various kinases and phosphatases, tau may normally act as a scaffolding protein to regulate phosphorylation-based signaling pathways. Expanding on this concept, we also review experimental evidence linking disease-related tau species to the misregulation of these pathways. Collectively, the available evidence supports the participation of tau in multiple cellular processes sustaining neuronal and glial function through various mechanisms involving the scaffolding and regulation of selected kinases and phosphatases at discrete subcellular compartments. The notion that the repertoire of tau functions includes a role as a signaling hub should widen our interpretation of experimental results and increase our understanding of tau biology in normal and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Mueller
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Benjamin Combs
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Mohammed M Alhadidy
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Scott T Brady
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Gerardo A Morfini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Nicholas M Kanaan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
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84
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Carlomagno Y, Manne S, DeTure M, Prudencio M, Zhang YJ, Hanna Al-Shaikh R, Dunmore JA, Daughrity LM, Song Y, Castanedes-Casey M, Lewis-Tuffin LJ, Nicholson KA, Wszolek ZK, Dickson DW, Fitzpatrick AWP, Petrucelli L, Cook CN. The AD tau core spontaneously self-assembles and recruits full-length tau to filaments. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108843. [PMID: 33730588 PMCID: PMC8094113 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau accumulation is a major pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies, but the mechanism(s) of tau aggregation remains unclear. Taking advantage of the identification of tau filament cores by cryoelectron microscopy, we demonstrate that the AD tau core possesses the intrinsic ability to spontaneously aggregate in the absence of an inducer, with antibodies generated against AD tau core filaments detecting AD tau pathology. The AD tau core also drives aggregation of full-length wild-type tau, increases seeding potential, and templates abnormal forms of tau present in brain homogenates and antemortem cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with AD in an ultrasensitive real-time quaking-induced conversion (QuIC) assay. Finally, we show that the filament cores in corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and Pick's disease (PiD) similarly assemble into filaments under physiological conditions. These results document an approach to modeling tau aggregation and have significant implications for in vivo investigation of tau transmission and biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yari Carlomagno
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Sireesha Manne
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Michael DeTure
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Mercedes Prudencio
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Yong-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yuping Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Katharine A Nicholson
- Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Anthony W P Fitzpatrick
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
| | - Casey N Cook
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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85
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Croft CL, Goodwin MS, Ryu DH, Lessard CB, Tejeda G, Marrero M, Vause AR, Paterno G, Cruz PE, Lewis J, Giasson BI, Golde TE. Photodynamic studies reveal rapid formation and appreciable turnover of tau inclusions. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 141:359-381. [PMID: 33496840 PMCID: PMC7882582 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of the tau protein in fibrillar intracellular aggregates is a defining feature of multiple neurodegenerative diseases collectively referred to as tauopathies. Despite intensive study of tau, there is limited information on the formation and clearance dynamics of tau inclusions. Using rAAV vectors to mediate expression of Dendra2-tagged human wild-type, P301L and pro-aggregant P301L/S320F tau proteins, with and without the addition of exogenous tau fibrillar seeds, we evaluated tau inclusion dynamics in organotypic brain slice culture (BSC) models using long-term optical pulse labeling methodology. Our studies reveal that tau inclusions typically form in 12–96 h in tauopathy BSC models. Unexpectedly, we demonstrate appreciable turnover of tau within inclusions with an average half-life of ~ 1 week when inclusions are newly formed. When BSCs with inclusions are aged in culture for extended periods, tau inclusions continue to turnover, but their half-lives increase to ~ 2 weeks and ~ 3 weeks after 1 and 2 months in culture, respectively. Individual tau inclusions can be long-lived structures that can persist for months in these BSC models and for even longer in the human brain. However, our data indicate that tau inclusions, are not ‘tombstones’, but dynamic structures with appreciable turnover. Understanding the cellular processes mediating this inclusion turnover may lead to new therapeutic strategies that could reverse pathological tau inclusion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Croft
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK
| | - Marshall S Goodwin
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Daniel H Ryu
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Christian B Lessard
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Giancarlo Tejeda
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Marc Marrero
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Ava R Vause
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Giavanna Paterno
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Pedro E Cruz
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Jada Lewis
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Benoit I Giasson
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Todd E Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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86
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Zeng Y, Yang J, Zhang B, Gao M, Su Z, Huang Y. The structure and phase of tau: from monomer to amyloid filament. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:1873-1886. [PMID: 33078207 PMCID: PMC11073437 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03681-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein involved in regulation of assembly and spatial organization of microtubule in neurons. However, in pathological conditions, tau monomers assemble into amyloid filaments characterized by the cross-β structures in a number of neurodegenerative diseases known as tauopathies. In this review, we summarize recent progression on the characterization of structures of tau monomer and filament, as well as the dynamic liquid droplet assembly. Our aim is to reveal how post-translational modifications, amino acid mutations, and interacting molecules modulate the conformational ensemble of tau monomer, and how they accelerate or inhibit tau assembly into aggregates. Structure-based aggregation inhibitor design is also discussed in the context of dynamics and heterogeneity of tau structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bailing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengding Su
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongqi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
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87
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Jablonski AM, Warren L, Usenovic M, Zhou H, Sugam J, Parmentier-Batteur S, Voleti B. Astrocytic expression of the Alzheimer's disease risk allele, ApoEε4, potentiates neuronal tau pathology in multiple preclinical models. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3438. [PMID: 33564035 PMCID: PMC7873246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82901-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
ApoEε4 is a major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), a disease hallmarked by extracellular amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). The presence of the ApoEε4 allele is associated with increased Aβ deposition and a role for ApoEε4 in the potentiation of tau pathology has recently emerged. This study focused on comparing the effects of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated overexpression of the three predominant human ApoE isoforms within astrocytes. The isoform-specific effects of human ApoE were evaluated within in vitro models of tau pathology within neuron/astrocyte co-cultures, as well as in a transgenic tau mouse model. Tau aggregation, accumulation, and phosphorylation were measured to determine if the three isoforms of human ApoE had differential effects on tau. Astrocytic overexpression of the human ApoEε4 allele increased phosphorylation and misfolding of overexpressed neuronal tau in multiple models, including the aggregation and accumulation of added tau oligomers, in an isoform-specific manner. The ability of ApoEε4 to increase tau aggregation could be inhibited by an ApoEε4-specific antibody. This study indicates that astrocytic expression of ApoEε4 can potentiate tau aggregation and phosphorylation within neurons and supports a gain of toxic function hypothesis for the effect of hApoEε4 on tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Marie Jablonski
- grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Neuroscience, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486 USA
| | - Lee Warren
- grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Neuroscience, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486 USA
| | - Marija Usenovic
- grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Neuroscience, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486 USA
| | - Heather Zhou
- grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033 USA
| | - Jonathan Sugam
- grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Neuroscience, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486 USA
| | - Sophie Parmentier-Batteur
- grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Neuroscience, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486 USA
| | - Bhavya Voleti
- grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Neuroscience, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486 USA
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88
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In vitro amplification of pathogenic tau conserves disease-specific bioactive characteristics. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 141:193-215. [PMID: 33385254 PMCID: PMC7847465 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02253-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The microtubule-associated protein tau (tau) forms hyperphosphorylated aggregates in the brains of tauopathy patients that can be pathologically and biochemically defined as distinct tau strains. Recent studies show that these tau strains exhibit strain-specific biological activities, also referred to as pathogenicities, in the tau spreading models. Currently, the specific pathogenicity of human-derived tau strains cannot be fully recapitulated by synthetic tau preformed fibrils (pffs), which are generated from recombinant tau protein. Reproducing disease-relevant tau pathology in cell and animal models necessitates the use of human brain-derived tau seeds. However, the availability of human-derived tau is extremely limited. Generation of tau variants that can mimic the pathogenicity of human-derived tau seeds would significantly extend the scale of experimental design within the field of tauopathy research. Previous studies have demonstrated that in vitro seeding reactions can amplify the beta-sheet structure of tau protein from a minute quantity of human-derived tau. However, whether the strain-specific pathogenicities of the original, human-derived tau seeds are conserved in the amplified tau strains has yet to be experimentally validated. Here, we used biochemically enriched brain-derived tau seeds from Alzheimer's disease (AD), corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) patient brains with a modified seeding protocol to template the recruitment of recombinant 2N4R (T40) tau in vitro. We quantitatively interrogated efficacy of the amplification reactions and the pathogenic fidelity of the amplified material to the original tau seeds using recently developed sporadic tau spreading models. Our data suggest that different tau strains can be faithfully amplified in vitro from tau isolated from different tauopathy brains and that the amplified tau variants retain their strain-dependent pathogenic characteristics.
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89
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Martínez-Maldonado A, Ontiveros-Torres MÁ, Harrington CR, Montiel-Sosa JF, Prandiz RGT, Bocanegra-López P, Sorsby-Vargas AM, Bravo-Muñoz M, Florán-Garduño B, Villanueva-Fierro I, Perry G, Garcés-Ramírez L, de la Cruz F, Martínez-Robles S, Pacheco-Herrero M, Luna-Muñoz J. Molecular Processing of Tau Protein in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: Neuronal and Glial Degeneration. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:1517-1531. [PMID: 33459640 PMCID: PMC7990452 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) are examples of neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by abnormal tau inclusions, that are called tauopathies. AD is characterized by highly insoluble paired helical filaments (PHFs) composed of tau with abnormal post-translational modifications. PSP is a neurodegenerative disease with pathological and clinical heterogeneity. There are six tau isoforms expressed in the adult human brain, with repeated microtubule-binding domains of three (3R) or four (4R) repeats. In AD, the 4R:3R ratio is 1:1. In PSP, the 4R isoform predominates. The lesions in PSP brains contain phosphorylated tau aggregates in both neurons and glial cells. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to evaluate and compare the processing of pathological tau in PSP and AD. METHODS Double and triple immunofluorescent labeling with antibodies to specific post-translational tau modifications (phosphorylation, truncation, and conformational changes) and thiazin red (TR) staining were carried out and analyzed by confocal microscopy. RESULTS Our results showed that PSP was characterized by phosphorylated tau in neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and glial cells. Tau truncated at either Glu391 or Asp421 was not observed. Extracellular NFTs (eNFTs) and glial cells in PSP exhibited a strong affinity for TR in the absence of intact or phosphorylated tau. CONCLUSION Phosphorylated tau was as abundant in PSP as in AD. The development of eNFTs from both glial cells and neuronal bodies suggests that truncated tau species, different from those observed in AD, could be present in PSP. Additional studies on truncated tau within PSP lesions could improve our understanding of the pathological processing of tau and help identify a discriminatory biomarker for AD and PSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Martínez-Maldonado
- Departamento de Fisiología Biofísica y Neurociencias, CINVESTAV, México City, México
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Norte, México
| | | | - Charles R. Harrington
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - José Francisco Montiel-Sosa
- National Dementia BioBank, Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Cuautitlán, UNAM, Estado de México, México
| | | | | | | | - Marely Bravo-Muñoz
- National Dementia BioBank, Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Cuautitlán, UNAM, Estado de México, México
| | | | | | - George Perry
- College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Linda Garcés-Ramírez
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Depto. Fisiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CDMX, México
| | - Fidel de la Cruz
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Depto. Fisiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CDMX, México
| | - Sandra Martínez-Robles
- National Dementia BioBank, Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Cuautitlán, UNAM, Estado de México, México
| | - Mar Pacheco-Herrero
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, República Dominicana
| | - José Luna-Muñoz
- National Dementia BioBank, Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Cuautitlán, UNAM, Estado de México, México
- Banco Nacional de Cerebros-UNPHU, Universidad Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña, República Dominicana
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90
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The Two Cysteines of Tau Protein Are Functionally Distinct and Contribute Differentially to Its Pathogenicity in Vivo. J Neurosci 2020; 41:797-810. [PMID: 33334867 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1920-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Tau accumulation is clearly linked to pathogenesis in Alzheimer's disease and other Tauopathies, the mechanism that initiates the aggregation of this highly soluble protein in vivo remains largely unanswered. Interestingly, in vitro Tau can be induced to form fibrillar filaments by oxidation of its two cysteine residues, generating an intermolecular disulfide bond that promotes dimerization and fibrillization. The recently solved structures of Tau filaments revealed that the two cysteine residues are not structurally equivalent since Cys-322 is incorporated into the core of the fibril, whereas Cys-291 projects away from the core to form the fuzzy coat. Here, we examined whether mutation of these cysteines to alanine affects differentially Tau mediated toxicity and dysfunction in the well-established Drosophila Tauopathy model. Experiments were conducted with both sexes, or with either sex. Each cysteine residue contributes differentially to Tau stability, phosphorylation status, aggregation propensity, resistance to stress, learning, and memory. Importantly, our work uncovers a critical role of Cys-322 in determining Tau toxicity and dysfunction.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Cysteine-291 and Cysteine-322, the only two cysteine residues of Tau present in only 4-Repeat or all isoforms, respectively, have competing functions: as the key residues in the catalytic center, they enable Tau auto-acetylation; and as residues within the microtubule-binding repeat region are important not only for Tau function but also instrumental in the initiation of Tau aggregation. In this study, we present the first in vivo evidence that their substitution leads to differential consequences on Tau's physiological and pathophysiological functions. These differences raise the possibility that cysteine residues play a potential role in determining the functional diversity between isoforms.
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91
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Cioffi F, Adam RHI, Broersen K. Molecular Mechanisms and Genetics of Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:981-1017. [PMID: 31744008 PMCID: PMC6971833 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common neurodegenerative disorder that can cause dementia in elderly over 60 years of age. One of the disease hallmarks is oxidative stress which interconnects with other processes such as amyloid-β deposition, tau hyperphosphorylation, and tangle formation. This review discusses current thoughts on molecular mechanisms that may relate oxidative stress to Alzheimer’s disease and identifies genetic factors observed from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies that may be associated with Alzheimer’s disease-related oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cioffi
- Nanobiophysics Group, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Rayan Hassan Ibrahim Adam
- Nanobiophysics Group, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Kerensa Broersen
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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92
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Soeda Y, Takashima A. New Insights Into Drug Discovery Targeting Tau Protein. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:590896. [PMID: 33343298 PMCID: PMC7744460 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.590896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-associated protein tau is characterized by the fact that it is an intrinsically disordered protein due to its lack of a stable conformation and high flexibility. Intracellular inclusions of fibrillar forms of tau with a β-sheet structure accumulate in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. Accordingly, detachment of tau from microtubules and transition of tau from a disordered state to an abnormally aggregated state are essential events preceding the onset of tau-related diseases. Many reports have shown that this transition is caused by post-translational modifications, including hyperphosphorylation and acetylation. The misfolded tau is self-assembled and forms a tau oligomer before the appearance of tau inclusions. Animal and pathological studies using human samples have demonstrated that tau oligomer formation contributes to neuronal loss. During the progression of tauopathies, tau seeds are released from cells and incorporated into other cells, leading to the propagation of pathological tau aggregation. Accumulating evidence suggests several potential approaches for blocking tau-mediated toxicity: (1) direct inhibition of pathological tau aggregation and (2) inhibition of tau post-translational modifications that occur prior to pathological tau aggregation, (3) inhibition of tau propagation and (4) stabilization of microtubules. In addition to traditional low-molecular-weight compounds, newer drug discovery approaches such as the development of medium-molecular-weight drugs (peptide- or oligonucleotide-based drugs) and high-molecular-weight drugs (antibody-based drugs) provide alternative pathways to preventing the formation of abnormal tau. Of particular interest are recent studies suggesting that tau droplet formation by liquid-liquid phase separation may be the initial step in aberrant tau aggregation, as well results that implicate roles for tau in dendritic and nuclear functions. Here, we review the mechanisms through which drugs can target tau and consider recent clinical trials for the treatment of tauopathies. In addition, we discuss the utility of these newer strategies and propose future directions for research on tau-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Soeda
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Takashima
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
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93
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Characterization of tau binding by gosuranemab. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 146:105120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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94
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Yang T, Tran KC, Zeng AY, Massa SM, Longo FM. Small molecule modulation of the p75 neurotrophin receptor inhibits multiple amyloid beta-induced tau pathologies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20322. [PMID: 33230162 PMCID: PMC7683564 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77210-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal preclinical and clinical studies suggest that Aβ drives neurite and synapse degeneration through an array of tau-dependent and independent mechanisms. The intracellular signaling networks regulated by the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) substantially overlap with those linked to Aβ and to tau. Here we examine the hypothesis that modulation of p75NTR will suppress the generation of multiple potentially pathogenic tau species and related signaling to protect dendritic spines and processes from Aβ-induced injury. In neurons exposed to oligomeric Aβ in vitro and APP mutant mouse models, modulation of p75NTR signaling using the small-molecule LM11A-31 was found to inhibit Aβ-associated degeneration of neurites and spines; and tau phosphorylation, cleavage, oligomerization and missorting. In line with these effects on tau, LM11A-31 inhibited excess activation of Fyn kinase and its targets, tau and NMDA-NR2B, and decreased Rho kinase signaling changes and downstream aberrant cofilin phosphorylation. In vitro studies with pseudohyperphosphorylated tau and constitutively active RhoA revealed that LM11A-31 likely acts principally upstream of tau phosphorylation, and has effects preventing spine loss both up and downstream of RhoA activation. These findings support the hypothesis that modulation of p75NTR signaling inhibits a broad spectrum of Aβ-triggered, tau-related molecular pathology thereby contributing to synaptic resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room H3160, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kevin C Tran
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room H3160, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Anne Y Zeng
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room H3160, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Stephen M Massa
- Department of Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, University of California, San Francisco, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.
| | - Frank M Longo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room H3160, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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95
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Masnata M, Salem S, de Rus Jacquet A, Anwer M, Cicchetti F. Targeting Tau to Treat Clinical Features of Huntington's Disease. Front Neurol 2020; 11:580732. [PMID: 33329322 PMCID: PMC7710872 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.580732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by severe motor, cognitive and psychiatric impairments. While motor deficits often confirm diagnosis, cognitive dysfunctions usually manifest early in the disease process and are consistently ranked among the leading factors that impact the patients' quality of life. The genetic component of HD, a mutation in the huntingtin (HTT) gene, is traditionally presented as the main contributor to disease pathology. However, accumulating evidence suggests the implication of the microtubule-associated tau protein to the pathogenesis and therefore, proposes an alternative conceptual framework where tau and mutant huntingtin (mHTT) act conjointly to drive neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction. This perspective on disease etiology offers new avenues to design therapeutic interventions and could leverage decades of research on Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies to rapidly advance drug discovery. In this mini review, we examine the breadth of tau-targeting treatments currently tested in the preclinical and clinical settings for AD and other tauopathies, and discuss the potential application of these strategies to HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Masnata
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Shireen Salem
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Aurelie de Rus Jacquet
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mehwish Anwer
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Francesca Cicchetti
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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96
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Kang SG, Eskandari-Sedighi G, Hromadkova L, Safar JG, Westaway D. Cellular Biology of Tau Diversity and Pathogenic Conformers. Front Neurol 2020; 11:590199. [PMID: 33304310 PMCID: PMC7693435 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.590199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau accumulation is a prominent feature in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders and remarkable effort has been expended working out the biochemistry and cell biology of this cytoplasmic protein. Tau's wayward properties may derive from germline mutations in the case of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD-MAPT) but may also be prompted by less understood cues—perhaps environmental or from molecular damage as a consequence of chronological aging—in the case of idiopathic tauopathies. Tau properties are undoubtedly affected by its covalent structure and in this respect tau protein is not only subject to changes in length produced by alternative splicing and endoproteolysis, but different types of posttranslational modifications that affect different amino acid residues. Another layer of complexity concerns alternate conformations—“conformers”—of the same covalent structures; in vivo conformers can encompass soluble oligomeric species, ramified fibrillar structures evident by light and electron microscopy and other forms of the protein that have undergone liquid-liquid phase separation to make demixed liquid droplets. Biological concepts based upon conformers have been charted previously for templated replication mechanisms for prion proteins built of the PrP polypeptide; these are now providing useful explanations to feature tau pathobiology, including how this protein accumulates within cells and how it can exhibit predictable patterns of spread across different neuroanatomical regions of an affected brain. In sum, the documented, intrinsic heterogeneity of tau forms and conformers now begins to speak to a fundamental basis for diversity in clinical presentation of tauopathy sub-types. In terms of interventions, emphasis upon subclinical events may be worthwhile, noting that irrevocable cell loss and ramified protein assemblies feature at end-stage tauopathy, whereas earlier events may offer better opportunities for diverting pathogenic processes. Nonetheless, the complexity of tau sub-types, which may be present even within intermediate disease stages, likely mitigates against one-size-fits-all therapeutic strategies and may require a suite of interventions. We consider the extent to which animal models of tauopathy can be reasonably enrolled in the campaign to produce such interventions and to slow the otherwise inexorable march of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Gyun Kang
- Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Lenka Hromadkova
- Department of Neurology and Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jiri G Safar
- Department of Neurology and Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - David Westaway
- Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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97
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Caenorhabditis elegans Models to Investigate the Mechanisms Underlying Tau Toxicity in Tauopathies. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110838. [PMID: 33187241 PMCID: PMC7697895 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the genetic, biochemical, and structural determinants underlying tau aggregation is pivotal in the elucidation of the pathogenic process driving tauopathies and the design of effective therapies. Relevant information on the molecular basis of human neurodegeneration in vivo can be obtained using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). To this end, two main approaches can be applied: the overexpression of genes/proteins leading to neuronal dysfunction and death, and studies in which proteins prone to misfolding are exogenously administered to induce a neurotoxic phenotype. Thanks to the easy generation of transgenic strains expressing human disease genes, C. elegans allows the identification of genes and/or proteins specifically associated with pathology and the specific disruptions of cellular processes involved in disease. Several transgenic strains expressing human wild-type or mutated tau have been developed and offer significant information concerning whether transgene expression regulates protein production and aggregation in soluble or insoluble form, onset of the disease, and the degenerative process. C. elegans is able to specifically react to the toxic assemblies of tau, thus developing a neurodegenerative phenotype that, even when exogenously administered, opens up the use of this assay to investigate in vivo the relationship between the tau sequence, its folding, and its proteotoxicity. These approaches can be employed to screen drugs and small molecules that can interact with the biogenesis and dynamics of formation of tau aggregates and to analyze their interactions with other cellular proteins.
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98
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Richetin K, Steullet P, Pachoud M, Perbet R, Parietti E, Maheswaran M, Eddarkaoui S, Bégard S, Pythoud C, Rey M, Caillierez R, Q Do K, Halliez S, Bezzi P, Buée L, Leuba G, Colin M, Toni N, Déglon N. Tau accumulation in astrocytes of the dentate gyrus induces neuronal dysfunction and memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:1567-1579. [PMID: 33169029 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00728-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of the tau protein in neurons, neurodegeneration and memory loss. However, the role of non-neuronal cells in this chain of events remains unclear. In the present study, we found accumulation of tau in hilar astrocytes of the dentate gyrus of individuals with AD. In mice, the overexpression of 3R tau specifically in hilar astrocytes of the dentate gyrus altered mitochondrial dynamics and function. In turn, these changes led to a reduction of adult neurogenesis, parvalbumin-expressing neurons, inhibitory synapses and hilar gamma oscillations, which were accompanied by impaired spatial memory performances. Together, these results indicate that the loss of tau homeostasis in hilar astrocytes of the dentate gyrus is sufficient to induce AD-like symptoms, through the impairment of the neuronal network. These results are important for our understanding of disease mechanisms and underline the crucial role of astrocytes in hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Richetin
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Neuroscience Research Center (CRN), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Department of Clinical Neuroscience (DNC), Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Pascal Steullet
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Pachoud
- Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Neuroscience Research Center (CRN), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience (DNC), Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Romain Perbet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Enea Parietti
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathischan Maheswaran
- Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Neuroscience Research Center (CRN), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience (DNC), Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sabiha Eddarkaoui
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Séverine Bégard
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Catherine Pythoud
- Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Neuroscience Research Center (CRN), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience (DNC), Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria Rey
- Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Neuroscience Research Center (CRN), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience (DNC), Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raphaëlle Caillierez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Kim Q Do
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Halliez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Paola Bezzi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luc Buée
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Geneviève Leuba
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Morvane Colin
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Toni
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Nicole Déglon
- Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Neuroscience Research Center (CRN), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience (DNC), Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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99
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Flores-Rodríguez P, Harrington CR, Wischik CM, Ibarra-Bracamontes V, Zarco N, Navarrete A, Martínez-Maldonado A, Guadarrama-Ortíz P, Villanueva-Fierro I, Ontiveros-Torres MA, Perry G, Alonso AD, Floran-Garduño B, Segovia J, Luna-Muñoz J. Phospho-Tau Protein Expression in the Cell Cycle of SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells: A Morphological Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 71:631-645. [PMID: 31424392 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that the main function of tau protein is to stabilize microtubules and promote the movement of organelles through the axon in neurons. In Alzheimer's disease, tau protein is the major constituent of the paired helical filament, and it undergoes post-translational modifications including hyperphosphorylation and truncation. Whether other functions of tau protein are involved in Alzheimer's disease is less clear. We used SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells as an in vitro model to further study the functions of tau protein. We detected phosphorylated tau protein as small dense dots in the cell nucleus, which strongly colocalize with intranuclear speckle structures that were also labelled with an antibody to SC35, a protein involved in nuclear RNA splicing. We have shown further that tau protein, phosphorylated at the sites recognized by pT231, TG-3, and AD2 antibodies, is closely associated with cell division. Different functions may be characteristic of phosphorylation at specific sites. Our findings suggest that the presence of tau protein is involved in separation of sister chromatids in anaphase, and that tau protein also participates in maintaining the integrity of the DNA (pT231, prophase) and chromosomes during cell division (TG-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Flores-Rodríguez
- Deparment of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, CINVESTAV, CDMX, México.,Brain Bank, Laboratorio Nacional de Servicios Experimentales, LaNSE-CINVESTAV, CDMX, México.,CIIDIR Durango, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Becario COFAA, Durango, México
| | - Charles R Harrington
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Claude M Wischik
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Vanessa Ibarra-Bracamontes
- Deparment of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, CINVESTAV, CDMX, México.,Brain Bank, Laboratorio Nacional de Servicios Experimentales, LaNSE-CINVESTAV, CDMX, México
| | - Natanael Zarco
- Deparment of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, CINVESTAV, CDMX, México
| | - Araceli Navarrete
- Deparment of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, CINVESTAV, CDMX, México
| | - Alejandra Martínez-Maldonado
- Deparment of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, CINVESTAV, CDMX, México.,Anahuac University North Mexico, CDMX, México
| | | | | | | | - George Perry
- College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Alejandra D Alonso
- Biology Department and Center for Developmental Neuroscience, College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | | | - José Segovia
- Deparment of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, CINVESTAV, CDMX, México
| | - José Luna-Muñoz
- Brain Bank, Laboratorio Nacional de Servicios Experimentales, LaNSE-CINVESTAV, CDMX, México
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100
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Gibbons GS, Kim SJ, Wu Q, Riddle DM, Leight SN, Changolkar L, Xu H, Meymand ES, O'Reilly M, Zhang B, Brunden KR, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY. Conformation-selective tau monoclonal antibodies inhibit tau pathology in primary neurons and a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:64. [PMID: 33148293 PMCID: PMC7643305 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00404-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The spread of tau pathology in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is mediated by cell-to-cell transmission of pathological tau seeds released from neurons that, upon internalization by recipient neurons, template the misfolding of naïve cellular tau, thereby propagating fibrillization. We hypothesize that anti-tau monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that selectively bind to pathological tau seeds will inhibit propagation of tau aggregates and reduce the spread of tau pathology in vivo. Methods We inoculated mice with human AD brain-derived extracts containing tau paired helical filaments (AD-tau) and identified two novel mAbs, DMR7 and SKT82, that selectively bind to a misfolded pathological conformation of tau relative to recombinant tau monomer. To evaluate the effects of these mAbs on the spread of pathological tau in vivo, 5xFAD mice harboring significant brain Aβ plaque burden were unilaterally injected with AD-tau in the hippocampus, to initiate the formation of neuritic plaque (NP) tau pathology, and were treated weekly with intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of DMR7, SKT82, or IgG isotype control mAbs. Results DMR7 and SKT82 bind epitopes comprised of the proline-rich domain and c-terminal region of tau and binding is reduced upon disruption of the pathological conformation of AD-tau by chemical and thermal denaturation. We found that both DMR7 and SKT82 immunoprecipitate pathological tau and significantly reduce the seeding of cellular tau aggregates induced by AD-tau in primary neurons by 60.5 + 13.8% and 82.2 + 8.3%, respectively, compared to IgG control. To investigate the mechanism of mAb inhibition, we generated pH-sensitive fluorophore-labeled recombinant tau fibrils seeded by AD-tau to track internalization of tau seeds and demonstrate that the conformation-selective tau mAbs inhibit the internalization of tau seeds. DMR7 and SKT82 treatment reduced hyperphosphorylated NP tau as measured with AT8 immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, but did not achieve statistical significance in the contralateral cortex and SKT82 significantly reduced tau pathology in the ipsilateral hippocampus by 24.2%; p = 0.044. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that conformation-selective tau mAbs, DMR7 and SKT82, inhibit tau pathology in primary neurons by preventing the uptake of tau seeds and reduce tau pathology in vivo, providing potential novel therapeutic candidates for the treatment of AD. Supplementary information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s13024-020-00404-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett S Gibbons
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3600 Spruce St. 3 Maloney, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Soo-Jung Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3600 Spruce St. 3 Maloney, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Qihui Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3600 Spruce St. 3 Maloney, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Dawn M Riddle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3600 Spruce St. 3 Maloney, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Susan N Leight
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3600 Spruce St. 3 Maloney, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Lakshmi Changolkar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3600 Spruce St. 3 Maloney, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3600 Spruce St. 3 Maloney, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Emily S Meymand
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3600 Spruce St. 3 Maloney, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mia O'Reilly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3600 Spruce St. 3 Maloney, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3600 Spruce St. 3 Maloney, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kurt R Brunden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3600 Spruce St. 3 Maloney, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3600 Spruce St. 3 Maloney, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Virginia M Y Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3600 Spruce St. 3 Maloney, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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