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Richa R, Yadawa AK, Chaturvedi CM. Hyperglycemia and high nitric oxide level induced oxidative stress in the brain and molecular alteration in the neurons and glial cells of laboratory mouse, Mus musculus. Neurochem Int 2016; 104:64-79. [PMID: 28011166 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia (glucotoxicity) is reported to have detrimental effects on various brain functions leading to neurodegenerative changes. However, the effect of hyperglycemia in combination with high nitric oxide (NO) level (reported to be increased during glucotoxicity), on brain functions is not clear yet. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of hyperglycemic drug Streptozotocin (STZ) and NO donor Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on the brain of laboratory mouse, Mus musculus. Effects of these conditions were studied on the markers of oxidative stress, NF-κB signalling and the markers of neuronal and glial cell activation/inflammation. Results indicate increased level of MDA and altered antioxidant enzymes activity in both the treated groups compared to control but high levels of AGEs, AOPP and AR activity (markers of diabetic complications) were observed in STZ group only. On the other hand, while STZ group showed decreased IL-6 level, it was increased in SNP group but IFN-ϒ level increased in both the treated groups compared to control. Further, in addition to alterations in the expressions of iNOS, IKKβ, IKBα and NF-κB subunits (RelA-p65/RelB-p50) observed in the neurons and glial cells of different brain regions (hypothalamus, basolateral amygdala and cerebral cortex), enhanced expression of microglial CD11b and astrocytic GFAP was also found in both the treated groups compared to control. Present findings led us to conclude that both hyperglycemia and high NO level causes oxidative stress in addition to molecular alteration in the neurons and glial cells. It is suggested that high blood glucose and NO level induced oxidative stress may lead to neuroinflammation possibly via NF-κB signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Richa
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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52
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Humbert-Claude M, Duc D, Dwir D, Thieren L, Sandström von Tobel J, Begka C, Legueux F, Velin D, Maillard MH, Do KQ, Monnet-Tschudi F, Tenenbaum L. Tollip, an early regulator of the acute inflammatory response in the substantia nigra. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:303. [PMID: 27927222 PMCID: PMC5142340 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0766-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tollip is a ubiquitously expressed protein, originally described as a modulator of the IL-1R/TLR-NF-κB signaling pathways. Although this property has been well characterized in peripheral cells, and despite some evidence of its expression in the central nervous system, the role of Tollip in neuroinflammation remains poorly understood. The present study sought to explore the implication of Tollip in inflammation in the substantia nigra pars compacta, the structure affected in Parkinson's disease. METHODS We first investigated Tollip distribution in the midbrain by immunohistochemistry. Then, we addressed TLR4-mediated response by intra-nigral injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a TLR4 agonist, on inflammatory markers in Tollip knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. RESULTS We report an unexpectedly high Tollip immunostaining in dopaminergic neurons of the mice brain. Second, intra-nigral injection of LPS led to increased susceptibility to neuroinflammation in Tollip KO compared to Tollip WT mice. This was demonstrated by a significant increase of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) messenger RNA (mRNA) in the midbrain of Tollip KO mice upon LPS injection. Consistently, brain rAAV viral vector transduction with a nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-inducible reporter gene confirmed increased NF-κB activation in Tollip KO mice. Lastly, Tollip KO mice displayed higher inducible NO synthase (iNOS) production, both at the messenger and protein level when compared to LPS-injected WT mice. Tollip deletion also aggravated LPS-induced oxidative and nitrosative damages, as indicated by an increase of 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine and nitrotyrosine immunostaining, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these findings highlight a critical role of Tollip in the early phase of TLR4-mediated neuroinflammation. As brain inflammation is known to contribute to Parkinson's disease, Tollip may be a potential target for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Humbert-Claude
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies, Center for Neuroscience Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D. Duc
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies, Center for Neuroscience Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D. Dwir
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L. Thieren
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies, Center for Neuroscience Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - C. Begka
- Service of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - D. Velin
- Service of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M. H. Maillard
- Service of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - K. Q. Do
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F. Monnet-Tschudi
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L. Tenenbaum
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies, Center for Neuroscience Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Li KK, Zhou X, Wong HL, Ng CF, Fu WM, Leung PC, Peng G, Ko CH. In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of Zao-Jiao-Ci (the spine of Gleditsia sinensis Lam.) aqueous extract and its mechanisms of action. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 192:192-200. [PMID: 27401288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Zao-Jiao-Ci (ZJC), as the spine of Chinese Honey locust (Gleditsia sinensis Lam.), is traditionally used as Chinese medicine to reduce inflammation. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed to investigate an anti-inflammatory effect of ZJC aqueous extract both in vitro and in vivo, as well as its underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anti-inflammatory effect of ZJC aqueous extract was evaluated by using carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. In addition, the inhibitory effects of ZJC on nitric oxide production, intracellular reactive oxygen species production, pro-inflammatory mediator expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production were determined by using LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells. The anti-oxidant activity of ZJC was assessed using 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid assay. RESULTS ZJC aqueous extract showed significant suppressive effect on paw edema in rats at 100mg/kg. Moreover, ZJC aqueous extract decreased the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and significantly decreased the PGE2, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 production in LPS-activated macrophages in dose-dependent manners. ZJC aqueous extract inhibited the mRNA expression of these inflammatory cytokines as well. Furthermore, ZJC aqueous extract was found as an anti-oxidant and could inhibit ROS production in the LPS-induced cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings show the potential of ZJC aqueous extract as a naturally occurring COX-2 inhibitor to reduce inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kai Li
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xuelin Zhou
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Hing Lok Wong
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Chun Fai Ng
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Wei Ming Fu
- Institute Guangzhou of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ping Chung Leung
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Guiyuan Peng
- Department of ENT, Guangdong Province Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chun Hay Ko
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
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Han MH, Lee WS, Nagappan A, Hong SH, Jung JH, Park C, Kim HJ, Kim GY, Kim G, Jung JM, Ryu CH, Shin SC, Hong SC, Choi YH. Flavonoids Isolated from Flowers of Lonicera japonicaThunb. Inhibit Inflammatory Responses in BV2 Microglial Cells by Suppressing TNF-α and IL-β Through PI3K/Akt/NF-kb Signaling Pathways. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1824-1832. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Ho Han
- Natural Products Research Team; National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea; Seocheon 33662 Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sup Lee
- Departments of Internal Medicine; Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine; Jinju 660-702 Korea
| | - Arulkumar Nagappan
- Departments of Internal Medicine; Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine; Jinju 660-702 Korea
| | - Su Hyun Hong
- Department of Biochemistry; Dongeui University College of Oriental Medicine and anti-Aging Research Center & Blue-Bio Industry RIC; Dongeui University; Busan 614-052 South Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Jung
- Departments of Internal Medicine; Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine; Jinju 660-702 Korea
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences; Dongeui University; Busan 614-714 Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jung Kim
- Pharmacology; Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine; Jinju 660-702 Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences; Jeju National University; Jeju 690-756 South Korea
| | - GonSup Kim
- School of Veterinary Medicine Research Institute of Life Science; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju 660-701 South Korea
| | - Jin-Myung Jung
- Neurosurgery, Institute of Health Sciences; Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine; Jinju 660-702 Korea
| | - Chung Ho Ryu
- Division of Applied Life Science(BK 21 Program), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju 660-701 South Korea
| | - Sung Chul Shin
- Department of Chemistry; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju 660-701 South Korea
| | - Soon Chan Hong
- Surgery, Institute of Health Sciences; Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine; Jinju 660-702 Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry; Dongeui University College of Oriental Medicine and anti-Aging Research Center & Blue-Bio Industry RIC; Dongeui University; Busan 614-052 South Korea
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Moretti R, Leger PL, Besson VC, Csaba Z, Pansiot J, Di Criscio L, Gentili A, Titomanlio L, Bonnin P, Baud O, Charriaut-Marlangue C. Sildenafil, a cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, induces microglial modulation after focal ischemia in the neonatal mouse brain. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:95. [PMID: 27126393 PMCID: PMC4850658 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0560-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal ischemic stroke is the most frequent form of cerebral infarction in neonates; however, evidence-based treatments are currently lacking. We have previously demonstrated a beneficial effect of sildenafil citrate, a PDE-5 inhibitor, on stroke lesion size in neonatal rat pups. The present study investigated the effects of sildenafil in a neonatal mouse stroke model on (1) hemodynamic changes and (2) regulation of astrocyte/microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. METHODS Ischemia was induced in C57Bl/6 mice on postnatal (P) day 9 by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAo), and followed by either PBS or sildenafil intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections. Blood flow (BF) velocities were measured by ultrasound imaging with sequential Doppler recordings and laser speckle contrast imaging. Animals were euthanized, and brain tissues were obtained at 72 h or 8 days after pMCAo. Expression of M1- and M2-like microglia/macrophage markers were analyzed. RESULTS Although sildenafil (10 mg/kg) treatment potently increased cGMP concentrations, it did not influence early collateral recruitment nor did it reduce mean infarct volumes 72 h after pMCAo. Nevertheless, it provided a significant dose-dependent reduction of mean lesion extent 8 days after pMCAo. Suggesting a mechanism involving modulation of the inflammatory response, sildenafil significantly decreased microglial density at 72 h and 8 days after pMCAo. Gene expression profiles indicated that sildenafil treatment also modulates M1- (ptgs2, CD32 and CD86) and M2-like (CD206, Arg-1 and Lgals3) microglia/macrophages in the late phase after pMCAo. Accordingly, the number of COX-2(+) microglia/macrophages significantly increased in the penumbra at 72 h after pMCAo but was significantly decreased 8 days after ischemia in sildenafil-treated animals. CONCLUSIONS Our findings argue that anti-inflammatory effects of sildenafil may provide protection against lesion extension in the late phase after pMCAo in neonatal mice. We propose that sildenafil treatment could represent a potential strategy for neonatal ischemic stroke treatment/recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Moretti
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, UMR 1141, 75019, Paris, France.,University degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Pierre-Louis Leger
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, UMR 1141, 75019, Paris, France.,UPMC-Paris6, AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Réanimation Néonatale et Pédiatrique, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Valérie C Besson
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, UMR 1141, 75019, Paris, France.,Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale - EA4475, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Zsolt Csaba
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, UMR 1141, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Julien Pansiot
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, UMR 1141, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Lorena Di Criscio
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, UMR 1141, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Gentili
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, UMR 1141, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Luigi Titomanlio
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, UMR 1141, 75019, Paris, France.,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Urgences Pédiatriques, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bonnin
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Physiologie Clinique, Explorations-Fonctionnelles, 75010, Paris, France.,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, U965, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Baud
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, UMR 1141, 75019, Paris, France.,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Réanimation Néonatale, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Christiane Charriaut-Marlangue
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, UMR 1141, 75019, Paris, France. .,INSERM UMR 1141, Hopital Robert Debré, 48 bd Serurier, 75019, Paris, France.
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A novel synthetic compound MCAP suppresses LPS-induced murine microglial activation in vitro via inhibiting NF-kB and p38 MAPK pathways. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:334-43. [PMID: 26838070 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the anti-neuroinflammatory activity of a novel synthetic compound, 7-methylchroman-2-carboxylic acid N-(2-trifluoromethyl) phenylamide (MCAP) against LPS-induced microglial activation in vitro. METHODS Primary mouse microglia and BV2 microglia cells were exposed to LPS (50 or 100 ng/mL). The expression of iNOS and COX-2, proinflammatory cytokines, NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling molecules were analyzed by RT-PCR, Western blot and ELISA. The morphological changes of microglia and nuclear translocation of NF-ĸB were visualized using phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. RESULTS Pretreatment with MCAP (0.1, 1, 10 μmol/L) dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced expression of iNOS and COX-2 in BV2 microglia cells. Similar results were obtained in primary microglia pretreated with MCAP (0.1, 0.5 μmol/L). MCAP dose-dependently abated LPS-induced release of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, and mitigated LPS-induced activation of NF-κB by reducing the phosphorylation of IκBα in BV2 microglia cells. Moreover, MCAP attenuated LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, whereas SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, significantly potentiated MCAP-caused inhibition on the expression of MEF-2 (a transcription factor downstream of p38 MAPK). CONCLUSION MCAP exerts anti-inflammatory effects in murine microglia in vitro by inhibiting the p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways and proinflammatory responses. MCAP may be developed as a novel agent for treating diseases involving activated microglial cells.
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Shi S, Liang D, Chen Y, Xie Y, Wang Y, Wang L, Wang Z, Qiao Z. Gx-50 reduces β-amyloid-induced TNF-α, IL-1β, NO, and PGE2 expression and inhibits NF-κB signaling in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:665-76. [PMID: 26643273 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation, which is regulated by overactivated microglia in the brain, accelerates the occurrence and development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Gx-50 has been investigated as a novel drug for the treatment of AD in our previous studies. Here, we investigated whether gx-50 possesses anti-inflammatory effects in primary rat microglia and a mouse model of AD, amyloid precursor protein (APP) Tg mice. The expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, NO, prostaglandin E2, and the expression of iNOS and COX2 were inhibited by gx-50 in amyloid β (Aβ) treated rat microglia; additionally, microglial activation and the expression of IL-1β, iNOS, and COX2 were also significantly suppressed by gx-50 in APP(+) transgenic mice. Furthermore, gx-50 inhibited the activation of NF-κB and MAPK cascades in vitro and in vivo in APP-Tg mice. Moreover, the expression of TLR4 and its downstream signaling proteins MyD88 and tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) was reduced by gx-50 in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, silencing of TLR4 reduced Aβ-induced upregulation of IL-1β and TRAF6 to levels similar to gx-50 inhibition; moreover, overexpression of TLR4 increased the expression of MyD88 and TRAF6, which was significantly reduced by gx-50. These findings provide strong evidence that gx-50 has anti-inflammatory effects against Aβ-triggered microglial overactivation via a mechanism that involves the TLR4-mediated NF-κBB/MAPK signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Shi
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongli Liang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Chen
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilin Xie
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingchao Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianyun Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongdong Qiao
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Aghazadeh Tabrizi M, Baraldi PG, Borea PA, Varani K. Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Potential Therapeutic Benefits of Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor Agonists. Chem Rev 2016; 116:519-60. [PMID: 26741146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Aghazadeh Tabrizi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Medical Science, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara , Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Medical Science, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara , Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Medical Science, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara , Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Medical Science, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara , Ferrara 44121, Italy
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Goudarzvand M, Afraei S, Yaslianifard S, Ghiasy S, Sadri G, Kalvandi M, Alinia T, Mohebbi A, Yazdani R, Azarian SK, Mirshafiey A, Azizi G. Hydroxycitric acid ameliorates inflammation and oxidative stress in mouse models of multiple sclerosis. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1610-1616. [PMID: 27904492 PMCID: PMC5116840 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.193240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is derived primarily from the Garcinia plant and is widely used for its anti-inflammatory effects. Multiple sclerosis can cause an inflammatory demyelination and axonal damage. In this study, to validate the hypothesis that HCA exhibits therapeutic effects on multiple sclerosis, we established female C57BL/6 mouse models of multiple sclerosis, i.e., experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, using Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) emulsion containing myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55). Treatment with HCA at 2 g/kg/d for 3 weeks obviously improved the symptoms of nerve injury of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice, decreased serum interleulin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde levels, and increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase activities. These findings suggest that HCA exhibits neuroprotective effects on multiple sclerosis-caused nerve injury through ameliorating inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Goudarzvand
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Sanaz Afraei
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somaye Yaslianifard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Saleh Ghiasy
- Research Centre for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Centre of Excellence, Children's Medical Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazal Sadri
- Research Centre for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Centre of Excellence, Children's Medical Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mustafa Kalvandi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Tina Alinia
- Research Centre for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Centre of Excellence, Children's Medical Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mohebbi
- Growth and Development Research Centre, Paediatrics Centre of Excellence, Children's Medical Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Yazdani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shahin Khadem Azarian
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Research Centre for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Centre of Excellence, Children's Medical Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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60
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Reiss CS. Innate Immunity in Viral Encephalitis. NEUROTROPIC VIRAL INFECTIONS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7153449 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33189-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carol Shoshkes Reiss
- Departments of Biology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York USA
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Cisbani G, Drouin-Ouellet J, Gibrat C, Saint-Pierre M, Lagacé M, Badrinarayanan S, Lavallée-Bourget M, Charest J, Chabrat A, Boivin L, Lebel M, Bousquet M, Lévesque M, Cicchetti F. Cystamine/cysteamine rescues the dopaminergic system and shows neurorestorative properties in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:430-444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Brown GC, Vilalta A. How microglia kill neurons. Brain Res 2015; 1628:288-297. [PMID: 26341532 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are resident brain macrophages that become inflammatory activated in most brain pathologies. Microglia normally protect neurons, but may accidentally kill neurons when attempting to limit infections or damage, and this may be more common with degenerative disease as there was no significant selection pressure on the aged brain in the past. A number of mechanisms by which activated microglia kill neurons have been identified, including: (i) stimulation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase (PHOX) to produce superoxide and derivative oxidants, (ii) expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) producing NO and derivative oxidants, (iii) release of glutamate and glutaminase, (iv) release of TNFα, (v) release of cathepsin B, (vi) phagocytosis of stressed neurons, and (vii) decreased release of nutritive BDNF and IGF-1. PHOX stimulation contributes to microglial activation, but is not directly neurotoxic unless NO is present. NO is normally neuroprotective, but can react with superoxide to produce neurotoxic peroxynitrite, or in the presence of hypoxia inhibit mitochondrial respiration. Glutamate can be released by glia or neurons, but is neurotoxic only if the neurons are depolarised, for example as a result of mitochondrial inhibition. TNFα is normally neuroprotective, but can become toxic if caspase-8 or NF-κB activation are inhibited. If the above mechanisms do not kill neurons, they may still stress the neurons sufficiently to make them susceptible to phagocytosis by activated microglia. We review here whether microglial killing of neurons is an artefact, makes evolutionary sense or contributes in common neuropathologies and by what mechanisms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK.
| | - Anna Vilalta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
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Low-dose ribavirin treatments attenuate neuroinflammatory activation of BV-2 Cells by interfering with inducible nitric oxide synthase. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2015; 2015:923614. [PMID: 26413464 PMCID: PMC4564589 DOI: 10.1155/2015/923614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play a key role in defending central nervous system from various internal and external threats. However, their excessive and/or chronic activation is associated with deleterious effects in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Previously, we have shown that ribavirin when applied in clinically relevant dosage (10 μM) modulates activated microglia in complex fashion inducing both anti- and proinflammatory effects, simultaneously causing cytotoxicity. Here, we examined potential of low-dose ribavirin (0.1 and 1 μM) to modulate activated BV-2 microglia. Morphological and functional activation of BV-2 cells was achieved with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Our results demonstrated that low-dose ribavirin did not induce cell death, while 10 μM ribavirin promoted LPS induced apoptosis. We determined that 1 μM ribavirin was equally efficient in deactivation of LPS induced morphological changes as 10 μM ribavirin treatment. Ribavirin showed halfway success in reducing markers of functional activation of microglia. Namely, none of the doses had effect on LPS triggered production of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha. On the other hand, low-dose ribavirin proved its effectiveness in reduction of another inflammatory mediator, nitric oxide, by inhibiting inducible form of nitric oxide synthase. Our results imply that low-dose ribavirin may alleviate nitrosative stress during neuroinflammation.
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Edvinsson J, Warfvinge K, Edvinsson L. Modulation of inflammatory mediators in the trigeminal ganglion by botulinum neurotoxin type A: an organ culture study. J Headache Pain 2015; 16:555. [PMID: 26245187 PMCID: PMC4526514 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-015-0555-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Onabotulinumtoxin type A (BoNT-A) has been found to reduce pain in chronic migraine. The aim of the present study was to ask if BoNT-A can interact directly on sensory mechanisms in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) using an organ culture method. Methods To induce inflammation, rat TGs were incubated for 24 hrs with either the mitogen MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126, BoNT-A or NaCl. After this the TGs were prepared for immunohistochemistry. Sections of the TG were then incubated with primary antibodies against CGRP (neuronal transmitter), iNOS (inflammatory marker), IL-1β (Interleukin 1β), SNAP-25 (synaptic vesicle docking protein) or SV2-A (Botulinum toxin receptor element). Results We report that CGRP, iNOS, IL-1β, SNAP-25 and SV2-A were observed in fresh TG with a differential distribution. Interestingly, NaCl organ culture of the TG resulted in enhanced expression of CGRP and SNAP-25 in neurons and iNOS in SGCs. Co-incubation with U0126 or BoNT-A retained the increased expression of SNAP-25, while it decreased the IL-1β immunoreactivity in neurons. The iNOS expression in SGCs returned to levels observed in fresh specimens. Moreover, we observed no alteration SV2-A expression in SGCs. Thus, the overall picture is that both U0126 and BoNT-A have the ability to modify the expression of certain molecules in the TG. Conclusion We hypothesize that chronic migraine might be associated with some degree of inflammation in the TG that could involve both neurons and SGCs. It is clinically well recognized that treatment with corticosteroids will reduce the symptoms of chronic migraine; however this remedy is associated with long-term side effects. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the expressional alterations may suggest novel ways to modify the changes and indicate novel therapeutics. The results of the present work illustrate one way by which BoNT-A may modify these expressional alterations.
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Neochlorogenic Acid Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Activation and Pro-inflammatory Responses in BV2 Microglial Cells. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1792-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1659-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Inflammation, Iron, Energy Failure, and Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:725370. [PMID: 26106458 PMCID: PMC4461760 DOI: 10.1155/2015/725370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Different trigger pathologies have been suggested by the primary cytodegenerative “inside-out” and primary inflammation-driven “outside-in” hypotheses. Recent data indicate that mitochondrial injury and subsequent energy failure are key factors in the induction of demyelination and neurodegeneration. The brain weighs only a few percent of the body mass but accounts for approximately 20% of the total basal oxygen consumption of mitochondria. Oxidative stress induces mitochondrial injury in patients with multiple sclerosis and energy failure in the central nervous system of susceptible individuals. The interconnected mechanisms responsible for free radical production in patients with multiple sclerosis are as follows: (i) inflammation-induced production of free radicals by activated immune cells, (ii) liberation of iron from the myelin sheets during demyelination, and (iii) mitochondrial injury and thus energy failure-related free radical production. In the present review, the different sources of oxidative stress and their relationships to patients with multiple sclerosis considering tissue injury mechanisms and clinical aspects have been discussed.
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Rizvi SMD, Shaikh S, Waseem SMA, Shakil S, Abuzenadah AM, Biswas D, Tabrez S, Ashraf GM, Kamal MA. Role of anti-diabetic drugs as therapeutic agents in Alzheimer's disease. EXCLI JOURNAL 2015; 14:684-96. [PMID: 27152105 PMCID: PMC4849108 DOI: 10.17179/excli2015-252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent data have suggested a strong possible link between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer's disease (AD), although exact mechanisms linking the two are still a matter of research and debate. Interestingly, both are diseases with high incidence and prevalence in later years of life. The link appears so strong that some scientists use Alzheimer's and Type 3 Diabetes interchangeably. In depth study of recent data suggests that the anti diabetic drugs not only have possible role in treatment of Alzheimer's but may also arrest the declining cognitive functions associated with it. The present review gives an insight into the possible links, existing therapeutics and clinical trials of anti diabetic drugs in patients suffering from AD primarily or as co-morbidity. It may be concluded that the possible beneficial effects and usefulness of the current anti diabetic drugs in AD cannot be neglected and further research is required to achieve positive results. Currently, several drug trials are in progress to give conclusive evidence based data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shah Mohammad Abbas Waseem
- Department of Physiology, Integral Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Shazi Shakil
- Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences,King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel M. Abuzenadah
- Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences,King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Shams Tabrez
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Md. Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Enzymoic, 7 Peterlee Pl, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
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Azizi G, Goudarzvand M, Afraei S, Sedaghat R, Mirshafiey A. Therapeutic effects of dasatinib in mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2015; 37:287-94. [PMID: 25975582 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2015.1028074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a mouse model for multiple sclerosis (MS). EAE is mainly mediated by adaptive and innate immune responses that lead to an inflammatory demyelination and axonal damage. Dasatinib (Sprycel) is a selective protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor with immunomodulatory properties that abrogates multiple signal transduction pathways in immune cells. In the present research, our aim was to test the therapeutic efficacy of dasatinib in experimental model of MS. METHODS We performed EAE induction in female C57BL/6 mice by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein(35-55) (MOG(35-55)) in Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) emulsion, and used dasatinib for the treatment of EAE. During the course of study, clinical evaluation was assessed, and on day 21 post-immunization blood samples were taken from the heart of mice for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO) and antioxidants capacity evaluation. The mice were sacrificed and brains and cerebellums of mice were removed for histological analysis. Also for in vitro analysis, we used C6 astrocytoma cell line to evaluate the inhibitory effects of dasatinib in cell proliferation and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity. RESULTS Our findings demonstrated that dasatinib had beneficial effects on EAE by lower incidence, attenuation in the severity and a delay in the onset of disease. The serum level of NO and TNF-α in dasatinib treated mice was significantly lower than control mice. In vitro, dasatinib inhibited cell proliferation and MMP-2 activity. CONCLUSION Dasatinib with its potential therapeutic effects and immunomodulatory properties may be recommended, after additional necessary tests and trials, for the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Azizi
- Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences , Karaj , Iran
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69
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Marzban F, Azizi G, Afraei S, Sedaghat R, Seyedzadeh MH, Razavi A, Mirshafiey A. Kombucha tea ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mouse model of multiple sclerosis. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2015.1036353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Afraei
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Sedaghat
- Department of Anatomy and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Hadi Seyedzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Razavi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Xie AX, Petravicz J, McCarthy KD. Molecular approaches for manipulating astrocytic signaling in vivo. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:144. [PMID: 25941472 PMCID: PMC4403552 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the predominant glial type in the central nervous system and play important roles in assisting neuronal function and network activity. Astrocytes exhibit complex signaling systems that are essential for their normal function and the homeostasis of the neural network. Altered signaling in astrocytes is closely associated with neurological and psychiatric diseases, suggesting tremendous therapeutic potential of these cells. To further understand astrocyte function in health and disease, it is important to study astrocytic signaling in vivo. In this review, we discuss molecular tools that enable the selective manipulation of astrocytic signaling, including the tools to selectively activate and inactivate astrocyte signaling in vivo. Lastly, we highlight a few tools in development that present strong potential for advancing our understanding of the role of astrocytes in physiology, behavior, and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison X Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeremy Petravicz
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ken D McCarthy
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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71
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Bozic I, Savic D, Laketa D, Bjelobaba I, Milenkovic I, Pekovic S, Nedeljkovic N, Lavrnja I. Benfotiamine attenuates inflammatory response in LPS stimulated BV-2 microglia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118372. [PMID: 25695433 PMCID: PMC4335016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), recognized as key elements in the regulation of neural homeostasis and the response to injury and repair. As excessive activation of microglia may lead to neurodegeneration, therapeutic strategies targeting its inhibition were shown to improve treatment of most neurodegenerative diseases. Benfotiamine is a synthetic vitamin B1 (thiamine) derivate exerting potentially anti-inflammatory effects. Despite the encouraging results regarding benfotiamine potential to alleviate diabetic microangiopathy, neuropathy and other oxidative stress-induced pathological conditions, its activities and cellular mechanisms during microglial activation have yet to be elucidated. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory effects of benfotiamine were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine BV-2 microglia. We determined that benfotiamine remodels activated microglia to acquire the shape that is characteristic of non-stimulated BV-2 cells. In addition, benfotiamine significantly decreased production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and NO; cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70), tumor necrosis factor alpha α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), whereas it increased anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10) production in LPS stimulated BV-2 microglia. Moreover, benfotiamine suppressed the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and protein kinase B Akt/PKB. Treatment with specific inhibitors revealed that benfotiamine-mediated suppression of NO production was via JNK1/2 and Akt pathway, while the cytokine suppression includes ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and Akt pathways. Finally, the potentially protective effect is mediated by the suppression of translocation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) in the nucleus. Therefore, benfotiamine may have therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases by inhibiting inflammatory mediators and enhancing anti-inflammatory factor production in activated microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Bozic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Savic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Laketa
- Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Bjelobaba
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Milenkovic
- Carl Ludwig Institute for Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sanja Pekovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadezda Nedeljkovic
- Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Lavrnja
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- * E-mail:
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Guan DF, Ren PY, Hu W, Zhang YL. The mGluR5 Positive Allosteric Modulator CDPPB Inhibits SO2-Induced Protein Radical Formation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Through Activation of Akt in Mouse Hippocampal HT22 Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 35:573-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kim JY, Kim N, Yenari MA. Mechanisms and potential therapeutic applications of microglial activation after brain injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 21:309-19. [PMID: 25475659 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, microglia rapidly respond to brain insults, including stroke and traumatic brain injury. Microglial activation plays a major role in neuronal cell damage and death by releasing a variety of inflammatory and neurotoxic mediators. Their activation is an early response that may exacerbate brain injury and many other stressors, especially in the acute stages, but are also essential to brain recovery and repair. The full range of microglial activities is still not completely understood, but there is accumulating knowledge about their role following brain injury. We review recent progress related to the deleterious and beneficial effects of microglia in the setting of acute neurological insults and the current literature surrounding pharmacological interventions for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Youl Kim
- Department of Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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74
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Kim DC, Lee HS, Ko W, Lee DS, Sohn JH, Yim JH, Kim YC, Oh H. Anti-inflammatory effect of methylpenicinoline from a marine isolate of Penicillium sp. (SF-5995): inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK pathways in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 macrophages and BV2 microglia. Molecules 2014; 19:18073-89. [PMID: 25379644 PMCID: PMC6271136 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191118073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the course of a search for anti-inflammatory metabolites from marine-derived fungi, methylpenicinoline (1) was isolated from a marine isolate of Penicillin sp. Compound 1 inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production by suppressing the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in RAW264.7 macrophages and BV2 microglia. It also attenuated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production by suppressing cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in a concentration-dependent manner (from 10 μM to 80 μM) without affecting cell viability. In addition, compound 1 reduced the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β). In a further study designed to elucidate the mechanism of its anti-inflammatory effects, compound 1 was shown to block nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages and BV2 microglia by inhibiting the phosphorylation of inhibitor kappa B-α (IκB-α), thereby suppressing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB dimers, namely p50 and p65, that are known to be crucial molecules associated with iNOS and COX-2 expression. In addition, compound 1 inhibited the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Taken together, the results suggest that compound 1 might be a valuable therapeutic agent for the treatment of anti-inflammatory and anti-neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Cheol Kim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea.
| | - Hee-Suk Lee
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea.
| | - Wonmin Ko
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea.
| | - Dong-Sung Lee
- Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 400-712, Korea.
| | - Jae Hak Sohn
- College of Medical and Life Sciences, Silla University, Busan 617-736, Korea.
| | - Joung Han Yim
- Korea Polar Research Institute, KORDI, 7-50 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, Korea.
| | - Youn-Chul Kim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea.
| | - Hyuncheol Oh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea.
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Li XB, Zhang X, Ju J, Li Y, Yin L, Pu Y. Alterations in neurobehaviors and inflammation in hippocampus of rats induced by oral administration of microcystin-LR. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:12419-12425. [PMID: 24938810 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a widely studied toxic peptide secreted by certain water blooms of cyanobacteria that exhibit hepatotoxicity and neural toxicity. This study aimed to observe the neurotoxic effects of low-dose MC-LR exposure by oral administration. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were administered orally every 2 days for 8 weeks with pure water and 0.2, 1.0, and 5.0 μg/kg MC-LR. The Morris water maze test was used to assess the spatial learning and memory capability of rats. The activation of astrocytes and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) in rat hippocampus were analyzed. Slight liver dysfunction was observed in the 5.0 μg/kg MC-LR-treated rats. Impairment of spatial learning and memory was also observed in the 5.0 μg/kg MC-LR-treated rats. Astrocytes in the hippocampus of the 5.0 μg/kg MC-LR-treated rats showed enhanced activation and cell density; the inflammatory indicators, NOS and NO, increased in accordance with astrocyte activation. This study showed that oral exposure of MC-LR had adverse affects on neurobehaviors, and induced inflammation in memory-related brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, China,
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Carreira BP, Morte MI, Santos AI, Lourenço AS, Ambrósio AF, Carvalho CM, Araújo IM. Nitric oxide from inflammatory origin impairs neural stem cell proliferation by inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:343. [PMID: 25389386 PMCID: PMC4211408 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is characterized by activation of microglial cells, followed by production of nitric oxide (NO), which may have different outcomes on neurogenesis, favoring or inhibiting this process. In the present study, we investigated how the inflammatory mediator NO can affect proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs), and explored possible mechanisms underlying this effect. We investigated which mechanisms are involved in the regulation of NSC proliferation following treatment with an inflammatory stimulus (lipopolysaccharide plus IFN-γ), using a culture system of subventricular zone (SVZ)-derived NSCs mixed with microglia cells obtained from wild-type mice (iNOS(+/+)) or from iNOS knockout mice (iNOS(-/-)). We found an impairment of NSC cell proliferation in iNOS(+/+) mixed cultures, which was not observed in iNOS(-/-) mixed cultures. Furthermore, the increased release of NO by activated iNOS(+/+) microglial cells decreased the activation of the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway, which was concomitant with an enhanced nitration of the EGF receptor. Preventing nitrogen reactive species formation with MnTBAP, a scavenger of peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), or using the ONOO(-) degradation catalyst FeTMPyP, cell proliferation and ERK signaling were restored to basal levels in iNOS(+/+) mixed cultures. Moreover, exposure to the NO donor NOC-18 (100 μM), for 48 h, inhibited SVZ-derived NSC proliferation. Regarding the antiproliferative effect of NO, we found that NOC-18 caused the impairment of signaling through the ERK/MAPK pathway, which may be related to increased nitration of the EGF receptor in NSC. Using MnTBAP nitration was prevented, maintaining ERK signaling, rescuing NSC proliferation. We show that NO from inflammatory origin leads to a decreased function of the EGF receptor, which compromised proliferation of NSC. We also demonstrated that NO-mediated nitration of the EGF receptor caused a decrease in its phosphorylation, thus preventing regular proliferation signaling through the ERK/MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P Carreira
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria I Morte
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana I Santos
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal ; Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, CBME/IBB, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal
| | - Ana S Lourenço
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal ; Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, CBME/IBB, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal
| | - António F Ambrósio
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal ; Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Caetana M Carvalho
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês M Araújo
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, CBME/IBB, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal
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77
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Goursaud S, Schäfer S, Dumont AO, Vergouts M, Gallo A, Desmet N, Deumens R, Hermans E. The anti-inflammatory peptide stearyl-norleucine-VIP delays disease onset and extends survival in a rat model of inherited amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Exp Neurol 2014; 263:91-101. [PMID: 25311268 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has potent immune modulatory actions that may influence the course of neurodegenerative disorders associated with chronic inflammation. Here, we show the therapeutic benefits of a modified peptide agonist stearyl-norleucine-VIP (SNV) in a transgenic rat model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (mutated superoxide dismutase 1, hSOD1(G93A)). When administered by systemic every-other-day intraperitoneal injections during a period of 80 days before disease, SNV delayed the onset of motor dysfunction by no less than three weeks, while survival was extended by nearly two months. SNV-treated rats showed reduced astro- and microgliosis in the lumbar ventral spinal cord and a significant degree of motor neuron preservation. Throughout the treatment, SNV promoted the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 as well as neurotrophic factors commonly considered as beneficial in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis management (glial derived neuroptrophic factor, insulin like growth factor, brain derived neurotrophic factor). The peptide nearly totally suppressed the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and repressed the production of the pro-inflammatory mediators interleukin-1β, nitric oxide and of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α likely accounted for the observed down-regulation of nuclear factor kappa B that modulates the transcription of genes specifically involved in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sod1 and the glutamate transporter slc1a2). In line with this, levels of human superoxide dismutase 1 mRNA and protein were decreased by SNV treatment, while the expression and activity of the glutamate transporter-1 was promoted. Considering the large diversity of influences of this peptide on both clinical features of the disease and associated biochemical markers, we propose that SNV or related peptides may constitute promising candidates for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Goursaud
- Group of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sabrina Schäfer
- Group of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amélie O Dumont
- Group of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maxime Vergouts
- Group of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alessandro Gallo
- Group of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Desmet
- Group of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ronald Deumens
- Group of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Hermans
- Group of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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78
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Mitochondrial dynamics: cell-type and hippocampal region specific changes following global cerebral ischemia. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2014; 47:13-31. [PMID: 25248415 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-014-9575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles that undergo continuous cycles of fission and fusion. This dynamic nature of mitochondria is important for cell physiology. Transgenic mouse models that express mitochondria targeted fluorescence protein, in either neurons or astrocytes, were used to examine the role of alterations in mitochondrial morphology in mechanisms of ischemic brain injury. The animals were subjected to global cerebral ischemia and allowed to recover before their brains were perfusion fixed and processed for histology and confocal microscopy. After capturing z-stack images from different hippocampal sub-regions, mitochondrial organelles were 3D reconstructed using volocity software and then their morphological parameters were calculated. The data shows cell-type specific alterations in mitochondrial dynamics following ischemia. Fission is activated in all hippocampal areas at 2 h recovery with mitochondria in CA1 becoming progressively more fragmented during the 24 h recovery period. Mitochondria in CA3 and dentate gyrus neurons started to re-fuse after 24 h of recirculation; this was even more pronounced 3 days after ischemia. Astrocytic mitochondria underwent transient fission 2 h after ischemic insult and regained their normal shape at 24 h recovery. Surprisingly, no positive correlation was found between increased nitrotyrosine levels and mitochondrial fission, particularly in ischemia resistant CA3 and dentate gyrus neurons. Our data suggest that ischemia resistant neurons are able to shift their mitochondrial dynamics toward fusion after extensive fragmentation. The re-fusion ability of fragmented mitochondria is most likely a vital feature for cell survival.
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79
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Álvarez MI, Rivas L, Lacruz C, Toledano A. Astroglial cell subtypes in the cerebella of normal adults, elderly adults, and patients with Alzheimer's disease: A histological and immunohistochemical comparison. Glia 2014; 63:287-312. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luís Rivas
- Department of Ophthalmology; Hospital Ramón y Cajal; Madrid Spain
| | - César Lacruz
- Department of Pathology; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Madrid Spain
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80
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A pivotal role of nonmuscle myosin II during microglial activation. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:666-76. [PMID: 25150163 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are resident macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS) and the primary cells that contribute to CNS inflammation in many pathological conditions. Upon any signs of brain damage, microglia become activated and undergo tremendous cellular reorganization to adopt appropriate phenotypes. They migrate to lesion areas, accumulate, phagocytose cells or cellular debris, and produce a large array of inflammatory mediators like cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species, and other mediators. To cope with the extreme cellular rearrangements during activation, microglia have to be highly dynamic. One major component of the cytoskeleton in nonmuscle cells is nonmuscle myosin II (NM II). This study was aimed to examine the functional role of NM II in resting and activated microglia. Using immunohistochemistry, we demonstrate strong expression of NM II isoform B (NM IIB) in microglia during cuprizone-induced demyelination as well as in cultured microglia. Treatment with the NM II inhibitor blebbistatin prevented the morphological shaping of microglial cells, led to functional deficits during chemokine-directed migration and phagocytosis, induced NM IIB redistribution, and affected actin microfilament patterning. In addition, inhibition of NM II led to an attenuated release of nitric oxide (NO), while TNFα secretion was not altered. In conclusion, we propose a pivotal role of NM II in cytoskeleton organization during microglial activation. This is of great importance to understand the mechanisms of microglial action in inflammatory CNS diseases.
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81
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Guedes RP, Csizmadia E, Moll HP, Ma A, Ferran C, da Silva CG. A20 deficiency causes spontaneous neuroinflammation in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:122. [PMID: 25026958 PMCID: PMC4128606 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A20 (TNFAIP3) is a pleiotropic NFκB-dependent gene that terminates NFκB activation in response to inflammatory stimuli. The potent anti-inflammatory properties of A20 are well characterized in several organs. However, little is known about its role in the brain. In this study, we investigated the brain phenotype of A20 heterozygous (HT) and knockout (KO) mice. Methods The inflammatory status of A20 wild type (WT), HT and KO brain was determined by immunostaining, quantitative PCR, and Western blot analysis. Cytokines secretion was evaluated by ELISA. Quantitative results were statistically analyzed by ANOVA followed by a post-hoc test. Results Total loss of A20 caused remarkable reactive microgliosis and astrogliosis, as determined by F4/80 and GFAP immunostaining. Glial activation correlated with significantly higher mRNA and protein levels of the pro-inflammatory molecules TNF, IL-6, and MCP-1 in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of A20 KO, as compared to WT. Basal and TNF/LPS-induced cytokine production was significantly higher in A20 deficient mouse primary astrocytes and in a mouse microglia cell line. Brain endothelium of A20 KO mice demonstrated baseline activation as shown by increased vascular immunostaining for ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, and mRNA levels of E-selectin. In addition, total loss of A20 increased basal brain oxidative/nitrosative stress, as indicated by higher iNOS and NADPH oxidase subunit gp91phox levels, correlating with increased protein nitration, gauged by nitrotyrosine immunostaining. Notably, we also observed lower neurofilaments immunostaining in A20 KO brains, suggesting higher susceptibility to axonal injury. Importantly, A20 HT brains showed an intermediate phenotype, exhibiting considerable, albeit not statistically significant, increase in markers of basal inflammation when compared to WT. Conclusions This is the first characterization of spontaneous neuroinflammation caused by total or partial loss of A20, suggesting its key role in maintenance of nervous tissue homeostasis, particularly control of inflammation. Remarkably, mere partial loss of A20 was sufficient to cause chronic, spontaneous low-grade cerebral inflammation, which could sensitize these animals to neurodegenerative diseases. These findings carry strong clinical relevance in that they question implication of identified A20 SNPs that lower A20 expression/function (phenocopying A20 HT mice) in the pathophysiology of neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Cleide Gonçalves da Silva
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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82
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Genkwanin inhibits proinflammatory mediators mainly through the regulation of miR-101/MKP-1/MAPK pathway in LPS-activated macrophages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96741. [PMID: 24800851 PMCID: PMC4011752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genkwanin is one of the major non-glycosylated flavonoids in many herbs with anti-inflammatory activities. Although its anti-inflammatory activity in vivo has been reported, the potential molecular mechanisms remain obscure. In this study, by pharmacological and genetic approaches, we explore the anti-inflammatory effects of genkwanin in LPS-activated RAW264.7 macrophages. Genkwanin potently decreases the proinflammatory mediators, such as iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, at the transcriptional and translational levels without cytotoxicity, indicating the excellent anti-inflammatory potency of genkwanin in vitro. Mechanism study shows that genkwanin significantly suppresses the p38- and JNK-mediated AP-1 signaling pathway and increases the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase 1 (MKP-1) expression at the posttranscriptional level. We also confirmed that microRNA-101 (miR-101) is a negative regulator of MKP-1 expression. Moreover, regardless of miR-101-deficient cells or miR-101-abundant cells, the suppression effects of genkwanin on supernatant proinflammatory mediators' levels are far less than that in respective negative control cells, suggesting that genkwanin exerts anti-inflammatory effect mainly through reducing miR-101 production. However, genkwanin can't affect the level of phospho-Akt (p-Akt), indicating that the phosphorylation of Akt may be not responsible for the effect of genkwanin on miR-101 production. We conclude that genkwanin exerts its anti-inflammatory effect mainly through the regulation of the miR-101/MKP-1/MAPK pathway.
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83
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Yu W, Wang H, Ying H, Yu Y, Chen D, Ge W, Shi L. Daphnetin attenuates microglial activation and proinflammatory factor production via multiple signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 21:1-9. [PMID: 24747094 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Daphnetin, a natural coumarin derivative, is known to display anti-inflammatory properties and has been used to treat inflammatory diseases. A novel finding suggested that daphnetin might have a neuroprotective effect in stressed mice, leading us to explore its role in the microglial inflammatory response, as well as its underlying mechanism of action. We found that the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or β-amyloid (Aβ) was significantly suppressed by daphnetin in a dose-dependent manner in BV2 microglia. Also, daphnetin inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and NO formation by microglia. Mechanistically, daphnetin blunted the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), which was associated with the down-regulation of the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of RelA/p65. Inhibitors of kappa B (IκB) phosphorylation and degradation were also affected by daphnetin, which was likely due to the reduced activation of IκB kinase (IKK). Additionally, LPS-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK, were, to a varying extent, altered by daphnetin. Finally, daphnetin blocked phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling in LPS-activated microglia, which appeared to at least partially account for the reduction in NF-κB transcriptional activity. Thus, daphnetin inhibited microglial activation and proinflammatory responses by modulating a series of intracellular signaling pathways, including IKK/IκB, MAPKs and PI-3K/Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China; Department of Basic Medical Science, Key Lab of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Key Lab of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Hangjie Ying
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Key Lab of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Yingying Yu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Key Lab of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Key Lab of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Weihong Ge
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Liyun Shi
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Key Lab of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China.
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84
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Lee M, Kim SH, Lee HK, Cho Y, Kang J, Sung SH. ent-Kaurane and ent-Pimarane Diterpenes from Siegesbeckia pubescens Inhibit Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Nitric Oxide Production in BV2 Microglia. Biol Pharm Bull 2014; 37:152-7. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b13-00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University
| | | | - Yekyung Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University
| | - Jimmy Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University
| | - Sang Hyun Sung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University
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85
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Chen X, Zong C, Gao Y, Cai R, Fang L, Lu J, Liu F, Qi Y. Curcumol exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by interfering with the JNK-mediated AP-1 pathway in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 723:339-45. [PMID: 24269960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Curcumol is one of the major components of the essential oil of Rhizoma Curcumae, a common traditional Chinese medicine with anti-inflammatory properties. However, the anti-inflammatory activity and the underlying molecular mechanisms of this compound remain unclear. In the present study, the anti-inflammation effect of curcumol on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells is demonstrated along with its underlying mechanisms. We show that curcumol inhibits LPS-induced NO production by suppressing iNOS mRNA expression and protein level but not iNOS activity. Moreover, curcumol inhibits LPS-induced production of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 at both the transcriptional and translational levels. Further investigations reveal that these effects mainly act via suppressing JNK-mediated AP-1 rather than the NF-κB pathway; these effects include a decrease in the phosphorylation level of JNK and a direct inhibition of the activity of p-JNK. These data provide scientific molecular evidence that curcumol may be a potential lead compound for a novel anti-inflammatory drug because of its inhibitory activity on the production of various inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chuanjie Zong
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Runlan Cai
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Fang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Juan Lu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fen Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yun Qi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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86
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Kim HW, Kim J, Kim J, Lee S, Choi BR, Han JS, Lee KW, Lee HJ. 3,3'-Diindolylmethane inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial hyperactivation and attenuates brain inflammation. Toxicol Sci 2013; 137:158-67. [PMID: 24162184 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that microglial hyperactivation and neuroinflammation are implicated in development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we examined the beneficial effects of 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) and indole-3-carbinol (I3C), dietary components found in cruciferous vegetables, on brain inflammation. DIM, a major metabolite of I3C, suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in BV-2 microglia, but I3C did not. DIM, but not I3C, attenuated DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and phosphorylation of inhibitor of κB, suggesting that DIM might inhibit microglial hyperactivation by attenuating inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB. In addition, DIM, but not I3C, protected primary cortical neurons from inflammatory toxicity induced by the conditioned media from LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglia, indicating that DIM might attenuate microglial hyperactivation-mediated neuronal death. In an in vivo model of neuroinflammation, DIM suppressed LPS-induced brain inflammation in mouse hippocampus, as determined by the number of Iba-1-positive cells and the mRNA expression of F4/80. Taken together, these results suggest that DIM may have beneficial potential against brain inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases through the negative regulation of the NF-κB signal pathway in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Won Kim
- * WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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87
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Yuan L, Wu Y, Ren X, Liu Q, Wang J, Liu X. Isoorientin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory responses through down-regulation of ROS-related MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway in BV-2 microglia. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 386:153-65. [PMID: 24114663 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1854-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Isoorientin (ISO) is a flavonoid compound in the human diet, and has been known to possess various bioactivities. However, the effects of ISO on microglia inflammation have not been investigated. The current study investigates the neuroprotective effect of ISO in LPS-activated mouse microglial (BV-2) cells. ISO significantly increased the BV-2 cells viability, blocked the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, and decreased the production of nitric oxide, pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. The activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was blocked by ISO, and NF-κB nuclear translocation was decreased by ISO both alone and together with NF-κB inhibitor (PDTC) and MAPKs inhibitors (U0126, SP 600125, and SB 203580). Furthermore, ISO strongly quenched intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. ROS inhibitor (N-acetyl cysteine, NAC) significantly inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines release and NF-κB and MAPKs activation, indicating that ISO attenuated neuroinflammation by inhibiting the ROS-related MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
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88
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Li Y, Chen G, Zhao J, Nie X, Wan C, Liu J, Duan Z, Xu G. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induces microglial nitric oxide production and subsequent rat primary cortical neuron apoptosis through p38/JNK MAPK pathway. Toxicology 2013; 312:132-41. [PMID: 23969120 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been widely accepted that microglia, which are the innate immune cells in the brain, upon activation can cause neuronal damage. In the present study, we investigated the role of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in regulating microglial nitric oxide production and its role in causing neuronal damage. The study revealed that TCDD stimulates the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) as well as the production of nitric oxide (NO) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Further, a rapid activation of p38 and JNK MAPKs was found in HAPI microglia following TCDD treatment. Blockage of p38 and JNK kinases with their specific inhibitors, SB202190 and SP600125, significantly reduced TCDD-induced iNOS expression and NO production. In addition, it was demonstrated through treating rat primary cortical neurons with media conditioned with TCDD treated microglia that microglial iNOS activation mediates neuronal apoptosis. Lastly, it was also found that p38 and JNK MAPK inhibitors could attenuate the apoptosis of rat cortical neurons upon exposure to medium conditioned by TCDD-treated HAPI microglial cells. Based on these observations, we highlight that the p38/JNK MAPK pathways play an important role in TCDD-induced iNOS activation in rat HAPI microglia and in the subsequent induction of apoptosis in primary cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanye Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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89
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YOON HYUNMIN, JANG KYUNGJUN, HAN MINSEOK, JEONG JINWOO, KIM GIYOUNG, LEE JAIHEON, CHOI YUNGHYUN. Ganoderma lucidum ethanol extract inhibits the inflammatory response by suppressing the NF-κB and toll-like receptor pathways in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. Exp Ther Med 2013; 5:957-963. [PMID: 23408713 PMCID: PMC3570243 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a traditional Oriental medicine that has been widely used as a tonic to promote longevity and health in Korea and other Asian countries. Although a great deal of work has been carried out on the therapeutic potential of this mushroom, the pharmacological mechanisms of its anti-inflammatory actions remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of G. lucidum ethanol extract (EGL) on the production of inflammatory mediators and cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine BV2 microglia. We also investigated the effects of EGL on the LPS-induced activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) and upregulation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88). Elevated levels of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and pro-inflammatory cytokine production were detected in BV2 microglia following LPS stimulation. We identifed that EGL significantly inhibits the excessive production of NO, PGE(2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α in a concentration-dependent manner without causing cytotoxicity. In addition, EGL suppressed NF-κB translocation and transcriptional activity by blocking IκB degradation and inhibiting TLR4 and MyD88 expression in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. Our results indicate that the inhibitory effects of EGL on LPS-stimulated inflammatory responses in BV2 microglia are associated with the suppression of the NF-κB and TLR signaling pathways. Therefore, EGL may be useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases by inhibiting inflammatory mediator responses in activated microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- HYUN-MIN YOON
- Departments of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dongeui University College of Oriental Medicine, Busan 614-052
| | - KYUNG-JUN JANG
- Departments of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dongeui University College of Oriental Medicine, Busan 614-052
| | - MIN SEOK HAN
- Departments of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dongeui University College of Oriental Medicine, Busan 614-052
| | - JIN-WOO JEONG
- Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Oriental Medicine, Busan 614-052
- Anti-Aging Research Center and Blue-Bio Industry RIC, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714
| | - GI YOUNG KIM
- Faculty of Applied Marine Science, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756
| | - JAI-HEON LEE
- College of Natural Resources and Life Science, BK21 Center for Silver-Bio Industrialization, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714
| | - YUNG HYUN CHOI
- Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Oriental Medicine, Busan 614-052
- Anti-Aging Research Center and Blue-Bio Industry RIC, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714
- Department of Biomaterial Control (BK21 program), Graduate School, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714,
Republic of Korea
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90
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Insulin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide synthase expression in rat primary astrocytes. Brain Res 2013; 1506:1-11. [PMID: 23416152 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Excessive production of nitric oxide (NO) by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) from reactive astrocytes and microglia may contribute to the development of many types of neurological diseases. Insulin has been shown to inhibit the expression of iNOS, in several organs and cell types. Although insulin and its receptors are present in the central nervous system, the effects of insulin on the iNOS pathway in the brain have not been determined. In this study, using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated astrocytes as a model of reactive astrocytes, we investigated the effects of insulin on iNOS expression in activated astrocytes and the mechanism involved. The expression of iNOS was significantly upregulated by LPS in astrocytes. Insulin applied prior to LPS, dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced iNOS gene expression and iNOS protein levels. In agreement with the suppressive effects of insulin on iNOS expression, insulin also inhibited LPS-induced iNOS activity and NO production. Moreover, insulin was found to significantly inhibit LPS-induced IκB-α phosphorylation and degradation, which led to a decrease in levels of the p65 subunit of NF-κB in the nuclear fraction. Therefore, insulin inhibited LPS-induced iNOS expression via suppressing NF-κB pathway in astrocytes. In addition, treatment with insulin had no effect on LPS-induced PKB phosphorylation. Based on our results, it is plausible to speculate that insulin in the brain may play a neuroprotective role in neurological disorders by controlling the release of NO via the regulation of iNOS expression in astrocytes.
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91
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Kim BW, Koppula S, Hong SS, Jeon SB, Kwon JH, Hwang BY, Park EJ, Choi DK. Regulation of microglia activity by glaucocalyxin-A: attenuation of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated neuroinflammation through NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55792. [PMID: 23393601 PMCID: PMC3564949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are the resident macrophages and intrinsic arm of the central nervous system innate immune defense. Microglial cells become activated in response to injury, infection, environmental toxins, and other stimuli that threaten neuronal survival. Therefore, regulating microglial activation may have therapeutic benefits that lead to alleviating the progression of inflammatory-mediated neurodegeneration. In the present study, we investigated the effect of glaucocalyxin A (GLA) isolated from Rabdosia japonica on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated primary microglia and BV-2 cells. GLA significantly inhibited LPS-induced production of nitric oxide and reversed the morphological changes in primary microglia. Further, GLA suppressed expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 dose-dependently at the mRNA and protein levels. The production of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β (IL)-1β, and IL-6 were inhibited by suppressing their transcriptional activity. Furthermore, GLA suppressed nuclear factor-κB activation by blocking degradation of IκB-α and inhibited the induction of lipocalin-2 expression in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells. Mechanistic study revealed that the inhibitory effects of GLA were accompanied by blocking the p38 mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathway in activated microglia. In conclusion, given that microglial activation contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, GLA could be developed as a potential therapeutic agent for treating microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Wook Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Sushruta Koppula
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Seong-Su Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center (CICT), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sae-Bom Jeon
- Branches of Immune and Cell Therapy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Kwon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Bang-Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center (CICT), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Park
- Branches of Immune and Cell Therapy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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92
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Jeong JW, Lee WS, Shin SC, Kim GY, Choi BT, Choi YH. Anthocyanins downregulate lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in BV2 microglial cells by suppressing the NF-κB and Akt/MAPKs signaling pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:1502-15. [PMID: 23344054 PMCID: PMC3565332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14011502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are naturally occurring polyphenols that impart bright color to fruits, vegetables and plants and have a variety of protective properties, which have generally been attributed to their antioxidant capacity. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying anti-inflammatory effects of anthocyanins related to neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, we determined whether anthocyanins isolated from black soybean seed coats would inhibit pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine BV2 microglial cells. Our results showed that anthocyanins significantly inhibited LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E(2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β, without significant cytotoxicity. Anthocyanins also downregulated excessive expression of inducible NO synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, TNF-α, and IL-1β in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. Moreover, anthocyanins inhibited nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) by reducing inhibitor of NF-κB alpha degradation as well as phosphorylating extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Akt. These findings suggest that anthocyanins may offer substantial therapeutic potential for treating inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases accompanied by microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Oriental Medicine, Busan 614-052, Korea; E-Mail:
- Anti-Aging Research Center & Blue-Bio Industry RIC, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Korea
| | - Won Sup Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, Korea
- Gyeongnam Regional Cancer Center, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 660-702, Korea
| | - Sung Chul Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Faculty of Applied Marine Science, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Byung Tae Choi
- Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Oriental Medicine, Busan 614-052, Korea; E-Mail:
- Anti-Aging Research Center & Blue-Bio Industry RIC, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Korea
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93
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Rai S, Kamat PK, Nath C, Shukla R. A study on neuroinflammation and NMDA receptor function in STZ (ICV) induced memory impaired rats. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 254:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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94
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Virarkar M, Alappat L, Bradford PG, Awad AB. L-Arginine and Nitric Oxide in CNS Function and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 53:1157-67. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.573885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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95
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Paintlia MK, Paintlia AS, Singh AK, Singh I. S-nitrosoglutathione induces ciliary neurotrophic factor expression in astrocytes, which has implications to protect the central nervous system under pathological conditions. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:3831-43. [PMID: 23264628 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.405654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that reactive astrogliosis has beneficial and detrimental outcomes in various CNS disorders, but the mechanism behind this dichotomy is unclear. Recent advances in this direction suggested that NO signaling is critical to regulate the outcomes of reactive astrogliosis in vivo. Using biochemical and genetic approaches, we here investigated the effect of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO; a physiological NO donor) in astrocytes in vitro settings. GSNO enhanced the expressions of glial fibrillary acidic protein and neurotrophic factors including ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) in astrocytes in a dose-dependent manner. The enhanced CNTF expression in GSNO-treated astrocytes was ascribed to NO-mediated sGC/cGMP/PKG signaling. It was associated with p38 MAPK-dependent increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ transactivation. In addition, the chromatin accessibility of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ accompanied with ATF2 and CREB (cAMP-response element-binding protein) was enhanced across the CNTF gene promoter in GSNO treated astrocytes. Interestingly, secreted CNTF was responsible for increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in GSNO-treated astrocytes in an autocrine manner via a JAK2- and STAT3-dependent mechanism. In addition, CNTF secreted by GSNO-treated astrocytes enhanced the differentiation of immature oligodendrocytes in vitro. These effects of GSNO were consistent with an endogenously produced NO in astrocytes stimulated with proinflammatory cytokines in vitro. We conclude that NO signaling induces CNTF expression in astrocytes that favors the beneficial outcomes of reactive astrogliosis in vivo. Our data suggest that the endogenously produced NO or its exogenous source has potential to modulate the outcomes of reactive astrogliosis to protect CNS under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjeet K Paintlia
- Darby Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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96
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Matute C, Domercq M, Pérez-Samartín A, Ransom BR. Protecting white matter from stroke injury. Stroke 2012; 44:1204-11. [PMID: 23212168 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.112.658328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Matute
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, and CIBERNED, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU, E-48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain.
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97
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98
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Rodriguez M, Sabate M, Rodriguez-Sabate C, Morales I. The role of non-synaptic extracellular glutamate. Brain Res Bull 2012; 93:17-26. [PMID: 23149167 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although there are some mechanisms which allow the direct crossing of substances between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells (gap junctions), most substances use the extracellular space to diffuse between brain cells. The present work reviews the behavior and functions of extracellular glutamate (GLU). There are two extracellular pools of glutamate (GLU) in the brain, a synaptic pool whose functions in the excitatory neurotransmission has been widely studied and an extrasynaptic GLU pool although less known nonetheless is gaining attention among a growing number of researchers. Evidence accumulated over the last years shows a number of mechanisms capable of releasing glial GLU to the extracellular medium, thus modulating neurons, microglia and oligodendrocytes, and regulating the immune response, cerebral blood flow, neuronal synchronization and other brain functions. This new scenario is expanding present knowledge regarding the role of GLU in the brain under different physiological and pathological conditions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Extrasynaptic ionotropic receptors'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
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Yu X, Zhong Y, Zhu Z, Wu T, Shen A, Huang Y. Increased expression of nitric oxide synthase interacting protein (NOSIP) following traumatic spinal cord injury in rats. J Mol Histol 2012; 43:661-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-012-9460-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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100
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CHOI EUNA, PARK HYEYOUNG, YOO HWASEUNG, CHOI YUNGHYUN. Anti-inflammatory effects of egg white combined with chalcanthite in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglia through the inhibition of NF-κB, MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Int J Mol Med 2012; 31:154-62. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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