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Holmgren A, Lu J. Thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase: current research with special reference to human disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 396:120-4. [PMID: 20494123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 602] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) plus NADPH, comprising the thioredoxin system, has a large number of functions in DNA synthesis, defense against oxidative stress and apoptosis or redox signaling with reference to many diseases. All three isoenzymes of mammalian TrxR contain an essential selenocysteine residue, which is the target of several drugs in cancer treatment or mercury intoxication. The cytosolic Trx1 acting as the cells' protein disulfide reductase is itself reversibly redox regulated via three structural Cys residues. The evolution of mammalian Trx system compared to its prokaryotic counterparts may be an adaptation to the use of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide in redox regulation and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Holmgren
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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52
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Selenius M, Rundlöf AK, Olm E, Fernandes AP, Björnstedt M. Selenium and the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase in the prevention, treatment and diagnostics of cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 12:867-80. [PMID: 19769465 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Selenium is an essential element that is specifically incorporated as selenocystein into selenoproteins. It is a potent modulator of eukaryotic cell growth with strictly concentration-dependant effects. Lower concentrations are necessary for cell survival and growth, whereas higher concentrations inhibit growth and induce cell death. It is well established that selenium has cancer preventive effects, and several studies also have shown that it has strong anticancer effects with a selective cytotoxicity on malignant drug-resistant cells while only exerting marginal effects on normal and benign cells. This cancer-specific cytotoxicity is likely explained by high affinity selenium uptake dependent on proteins connected to multidrug resistance. One of the most studied selenoproteins in cancer is thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) that has important functions in neoplastic growth and is an important component of the resistant phenotype. Several reports have shown that TrxR is induced in tumor cells and pre-neoplastic cells, and several commonly used drugs interact with the protein. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of selenium as a potent preventive and tumor selective anticancer drug, and we also discuss the potential of using the expression and modulation of the selenoprotein TrxR in the diagnostics and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Selenius
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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53
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Yoon BI, Kim YH, Yi JY, Kang MS, Jang JJ, Joo KH, Kim Y, McHugh Law J, Kim DY. Expression of thioredoxin during progression of hamster and human cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:281-8. [PMID: 19799607 PMCID: PMC11159955 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) is a multifunctional redox protein that has growth-promoting and anti-apoptotic effects on cells and protects cells from endogenous and exogenous free radicals. Recently, altered expression of Trx has been reported in various cancers. In the present study, we investigated altered expression of Trx at the precancerous and carcinogenic phases during cholangiocarcinogenesis in a hamster cholangiocarcinoma (ChC) model, using semiquantitative immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses. Moreover, to determine if the results correlated well with those in human ChCs, we carried out a comparative immunohistochemical study for Trx in tissue-arrayed human ChCs with different grades of tumor cell differentiation. Trx was found highly expressed in the cytoplasm of dysplastic bile ducts with highly abnormal growth patterns and ChCs irrespective of tumor type or tumor cell differentiation. Overexpression of Trx at the precancerous and carcinogenic phases was further supported by significant elevation of Trx protein in Western blotting. The results from the hamster ChCs were in good agreement with those from human ChCs. Our results strongly suggested that the redox regulatory function of Trx plays an important role in bile duct cell transformation and tumor progression during cholangiocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Il Yoon
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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54
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Chew EH, Nagle AA, Zhang Y, Scarmagnani S, Palaniappan P, Bradshaw TD, Holmgren A, Westwell AD. Cinnamaldehydes inhibit thioredoxin reductase and induce Nrf2: potential candidates for cancer therapy and chemoprevention. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:98-111. [PMID: 19837157 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trans-cinnamaldehyde (CA) and its analogs 2-hydroxycinnamaldehyde and 2-benzoyloxycinnamaldehyde have been reported to possess antitumor activity. CA is also a known Nrf2 activator. In this study, a series of ortho-substituted cinnamaldehyde analogs was synthesized and screened for antiproliferative and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR)-inhibitory activities. Whereas CA was weakly cytotoxic and TrxR inhibiting, hydroxy and benzoyloxy substitutions resulted in analogs with enhanced antiproliferative activity paralleling increased potency in TrxR inactivation. A novel analog, 5-fluoro-2-hydroxycinnamaldehyde, was identified as exhibiting the strongest antitumor effect (GI(50) 1.6 microM in HCT 116 cells) and TrxR inhibition (IC(50) 7 microM, 1 h incubation with recombinant TrxR). CA and its 2-hydroxy- and 2-benzoyloxy-substituted analogs possessed dual TrxR-inhibitory and Nrf2-inducing effects, both attributed to an active Michael acceptor pharmacophore. At lethal concentrations, TrxR-inhibitory potencies correlated with the compounds' antiproliferative activities. The penultimate C-terminal selenocysteine residue was shown to be a possible target. Conversely, at sublethal concentrations, these agents induced an adaptive antioxidant response through Nrf2-mediated upregulation of phase II enzymes, including TrxR induction. We conclude from the results obtained that TrxR inactivation contributes at least partly to cinnamaldehyde cytotoxicity. These Michael acceptor molecules can potentially be exploited for use in different concentrations in chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng-Hui Chew
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543.
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55
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Huang F, Nie C, Yang Y, Yue W, Ren Y, Shang Y, Wang X, Jin H, Xu C, Chen Q. Selenite induces redox-dependent Bax activation and apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:1186-96. [PMID: 19439215 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that selenium has chemotherapeutic potential by inducing cancer cell apoptosis with minimal side effects to normal cells. However, the mechanism by which selenium induces apoptosis is not well understood. We have investigated the role of Bax, a Bcl-2 family protein and a critical regulator of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, in selenite-induced apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. We found that supranutritional doses of selenite could induce typical apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells in vitro and in xenograft tumors. Selenite triggers a conformational change in Bax, as detected by the 6A7 antibody, and leads to Bax translocation into the mitochondria, where Bax forms oligomers to mediate cytochrome c release. Importantly, we show that the two conserved cysteine residues of Bax seem to be critical for sensing the intracellular ROS to initiate Bax conformational changes and subsequent apoptosis. Our results show for the first time that selenite can activate the apoptotic machinery through redox-dependent activation of Bax and further suggest that selenite could be useful in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Huang
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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56
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Arnér ESJ. Focus on mammalian thioredoxin reductases--important selenoproteins with versatile functions. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:495-526. [PMID: 19364476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxin systems, involving redox active thioredoxins and thioredoxin reductases, sustain a number of important thioredoxin-dependent pathways. These redox active proteins support several processes crucial for cell function, cell proliferation, antioxidant defense and redox-regulated signaling cascades. Mammalian thioredoxin reductases are selenium-containing flavoprotein oxidoreductases, dependent upon a selenocysteine residue for reduction of the active site disulfide in thioredoxins. Their activity is required for normal thioredoxin function. The mammalian thioredoxin reductases also display surprisingly multifaceted properties and functions beyond thioredoxin reduction. Expressed from three separate genes (in human named TXNRD1, TXNRD2 and TXNRD3), the thioredoxin reductases can each reduce a number of different types of substrates in different cellular compartments. Their expression patterns involve intriguingly complex transcriptional mechanisms resulting in several splice variants, encoding a number of protein variants likely to have specialized functions in a cell- and tissue-type restricted manner. The thioredoxin reductases are also targeted by a number of drugs and compounds having an impact on cell function and promoting oxidative stress, some of which are used in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, cancer or other diseases. However, potential specific or essential roles for different forms of human or mouse thioredoxin reductases in health or disease are still rather unclear, although it is known that at least the murine Txnrd1 and Txnrd2 genes are essential for normal development during embryogenesis. This review is a survey of current knowledge of mammalian thioredoxin reductase function and expression, with a focus on human and mouse and a discussion of the striking complexity of these proteins. Several yet open questions regarding their regulation and roles in different cells or tissues are emphasized. It is concluded that the intriguingly complex regulation and function of mammalian thioredoxin reductases within the cellular context and in intact mammals strongly suggests that their functions are highly fi ne-tuned with the many pathways involving thioredoxins and thioredoxin-related proteins. These selenoproteins furthermore propagate many functions beyond a reduction of thioredoxins. Aberrant regulation of thioredoxin reductases, or a particular dependence upon these enzymes in diseased cells, may underlie their presumed therapeutic importance as enzymatic targets using electrophilic drugs. These reductases are also likely to mediate several of the effects on health and disease that are linked to different levels of nutritional selenium intake. The thioredoxin reductases and their splice variants may be pivotal components of diverse cellular signaling pathways, having importance in several redox-related aspects of health and disease. Clearly, a detailed understanding of mammalian thioredoxin reductases is necessary for a full comprehension of the thioredoxin system and of selenium dependent processes in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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57
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Inhibition of mammalian thioredoxin reductase by black tea and its constituents: implications for anticancer actions. Biochimie 2008; 91:434-44. [PMID: 19059456 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Black tea is recently reported to have anti-carcinogenic effects through pro-oxidant property, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Mammalian cytosolic thioredoxin reductase (TrxR1) is well -known for its anti-oxidation activity. In this study, we found that black tea extract (BTE) and theaflavins (TFs), the major black tea polyphenols, inhibited the purified TrxR1 with IC(50) 44 microg/ml and 21+/-1 microg/ml, respectively. Kinetics of TFs exhibited a mixed type of competitive and non-competitive inhibition, with K(is) 4+/-1 microg/ml and K(ii) 26+/-5 microg/ml against coenzyme NADPH, and with K(is) 12+/-3 microg/ml and K(ii) 27+/-5 microg/ml against substrate DTNB. In addition, TFs inhibited TrxR1 in a time-dependent manner. In an equilibrium step, a reversible TrxR1-TFs complex (E*I) forms, which is followed by a slow irreversible first-order inactivation step. Rate constant of the inactivation was 0.7 min(-1), and dissociation constant of E*I was 51.9 microg/ml. Treatment of NADPH-reduced TrxR1 with TFs decreased 5-(Iodoacetamido) fluorescein incorporation, a fluorescent thiol-reactive reagent, suggesting that Sec/Cys residue(s) in the active site may be involved in the binding of TFs. The inhibitory capacity of TFs depends on their structure. Among the TFs tested, gallated forms had strong inhibitory effects. The interactions between TFs and TrxR1 were investigated by molecular docking, which revealed important features of the binding mechanism of theaflavins. An inhibitory effect of BTE on viability of HeLa cells was observed with IC(50) 29 microg/ml. At 33 microg/ml of BTE, TrxR1 activity in HeLa cells was decreased by 73% at 22 h after BTE treatment. TFs inhibited cell viability with IC(50) 10+/-4 microg/ml for HeLa cells and with IC(50) 20+/-5 microg/ml for EAhy926 cells. The cell susceptibility to TFs was inversely correlated to cellular levels of TrxR1. The inhibitory actions of TFs on TrxR1 may be an important mechanism of their anti-cancer properties.
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58
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Selenius M, Fernandes AP, Brodin O, Björnstedt M, Rundlöf AK. Treatment of lung cancer cells with cytotoxic levels of sodium selenite: Effects on the thioredoxin system. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 75:2092-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Revised: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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59
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Peng ZF, Lan LX, Zhao F, Li J, Tan Q, Yin HW, Zeng HH. A novel thioredoxin reductase inhibitor inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in HL-60 and K562 cells. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2008; 9:16-21. [PMID: 18196608 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b071605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) system is associated with cancer cell growth and anti-apoptosis process. Effects of 1,2-[bis(1,2-benzisoselenazolone-3(2H)-ketone)]ethane (BBSKE), a novel TrxR inhibitor, were investigated on human leukemia cell lines HL-60 and K562. BBSKE treatment induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in both cell lines. Apoptosis induced by BBSKE is through Bcl-2/Bax and caspase-3 pathways. Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma-bearing mice were used to investigate the anti-tumor effect of BBSKE in vivo. Tumor-bearing mice treated with BBSKE showed an increase of life span with a comparable effect to cyclophosphamide (CTX). These results suggest a potential usage of BBSKE as a therapeutic agent against non-solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo-Fu Peng
- Department of Chem-Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
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60
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Chew E, Lu J, Bradshaw TD, Holmgren A. Thioredoxin reductase inhibition by antitumor quinols: a quinol pharmacophore effect correlating to antiproliferative activity. FASEB J 2008; 22:2072-83. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eng‐Hui Chew
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsMedical Nobel Institute for BiochemistryKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsMedical Nobel Institute for BiochemistryKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Tracey D. Bradshaw
- School of PharmacyCentre for Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsMedical Nobel Institute for BiochemistryKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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61
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Abstract
Malignant Mesothelioma presents with a characteristic heterogeneous growth pattern. Response to treatment is often only partial, which may be related to tumor cell heterogeneity. Molecular screening methods have revealed profound differences in the driving mechanisms of the variously differentiated mesothelioma cells. Characterization of these differences has made it possible to identify novel drug targets which are effective for both phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Dobra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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62
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Tipple TE, Welty SE, Rogers LK, Hansen TN, Choi YE, Kehrer JP, Smith CV. Thioredoxin-related mechanisms in hyperoxic lung injury in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 37:405-13. [PMID: 17575077 PMCID: PMC2176120 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0376oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduction of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) to glutathione (GSH) by glutathione reductase (GR) enhances the efficiency of GSH-dependent antioxidant activities. However, GR-deficient (a1Neu) mice are less susceptible to acute lung injury from continuous exposure to > 95% O(2) (96 h: 6.9 +/- 0.1 g right lung/kg body versus room air 3.6 +/- 0.3) than are C3H/HeN control mice (10.6 +/- 1.3 versus 4.2 +/- 0.3, P < 0.001). a1Neu mice have greater hepatic thioredoxin (Trx)1 and Trx2 levels than do C3H/HeN mice, suggesting compensation for the absence of GR. a1Neu mice exposed to hyperoxia for 96 hours showed lower levels of inflammatory infiltrates in lungs than did similarly exposed C3H/HeN mice. Pretreatment with aurothioglucose (ATG), a thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) inhibitor, exacerbated the effects of hyperoxia on lung injury in a1Neu mice (11.6 +/- 0.8, P < 0.001), but attenuated hyperoxic lung edema and inflammation in C3H/HeN mice (6.3 +/- 0.4, P < 0.001). No consistent alterations were observed in lung GSH contents or liver GSH or GSSG levels after ATG pretreatment. The data suggest that modulation of Trx/TrxR systems might provide therapeutically useful alterations of cellular resistance to oxidant stresses. The protective effects of ATG against hyperoxic lung injury could prove to be particularly useful therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent E Tipple
- Columbus Children's Research Institute, Columbus Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
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63
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Karihtala P, Soini Y, Auvinen P, Tammi R, Tammi M, Kosma VM. Hyaluronan in Breast Cancer: Correlations With Nitric Oxide Synthases and Tyrosine Nitrosylation. J Histochem Cytochem 2007; 55:1191-8. [PMID: 17827165 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.7a7270.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), including nitric oxide (NO•), are associated with all steps of carcinogenesis. Hyaluronan (HA), a high-molecular-mass glycosaminoglycan over-expressed in a variety of human malignancies also has ROS-scavenging properties. We histochemically studied the level of HA in breast carcinoma cells and their stroma and compared it with the expression of NO• synthases (NOSs), major antioxidant enzymes, and nitrotyrosine. We also assessed whether the level of HA correlates with traditional prognostic factors of breast cancer and survival. Stromal HA level was moderate or high in all the samples studied ( n=185), and 84% of the lesions showed HA-positive carcinoma cells. Intense stromal HA signal was associated with high neuronal NOS expression ( p=0.009), whereas tumor-cell associated HA was inversely correlated with nitrotyrosine expression ( p=0.027). Of the traditional prognostic factors, tumor cell-associated HA was correlated with poor differentiation ( p=0.011), and high stromal HA levels were associated with aggressive features of the carcinomas such as large primary tumor ( p=0.002), poor differentiation ( p=0.019), and estrogen ( p=0.012) and progesterone receptor negativity ( p=0.009). High stromal HA level also significantly predicted poorer survival. The strong positive correlation between neuronal NOS and stromal HA could reflect NO•-stimulated synthesis of HA, an extracellular matrix alteration that favors breast cancer progression. Furthermore, it is suggested that, while acting as a scavenger of NO•-derived radicals, cell-associated HA undergoes partial fragmentation, release from receptors, and further degradation in lysosomes, and thus becomes undetectable in histological sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peeter Karihtala
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, PO Box 5000, FIN-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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64
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Papp LV, Lu J, Holmgren A, Khanna KK. From selenium to selenoproteins: synthesis, identity, and their role in human health. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9:775-806. [PMID: 17508906 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 867] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The requirement of the trace element selenium for life and its beneficial role in human health has been known for several decades. This is attributed to low molecular weight selenium compounds, as well as to its presence within at least 25 proteins, named selenoproteins, in the form of the amino acid selenocysteine (Sec). Incorporation of Sec into selenoproteins employs a unique mechanism that involves decoding of the UGA codon. This process requires multiple features such as the selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) element and several protein factors including a specific elongation factor EFSec and the SECIS binding protein 2, SBP2. The function of most selenoproteins is currently unknown; however, thioredoxin reductases (TrxR), glutathione peroxidases (GPx) and thyroid hormone deiodinases (DIO) are well characterised selenoproteins involved in redox regulation of intracellular signalling, redox homeostasis and thyroid hormone metabolism. Recent evidence points to a role for selenium compounds as well as selenoproteins in the prevention of some forms of cancer. A number of clinical trials are either underway or being planned to examine the effects of selenium on cancer incidence. In this review we describe some of the recent progress in our understanding of the mechanism of selenoprotein synthesis, the role of selenoproteins in human health and disease and the therapeutic potential of some of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vanda Papp
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Herston, QLD, Australia
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65
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Liyanage NPM, Fernando MR, Lou MF. Regulation of the bioavailability of thioredoxin in the lens by a specific thioredoxin-binding protein (TBP-2). Exp Eye Res 2007; 85:270-9. [PMID: 17603038 PMCID: PMC1994116 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin (TRx) is known to control redox homeostasis in cells. In recent years, a specific TRx binding protein called thioredoxin binding protein-2 (TBP-2) was found in other cell types and it appeared to negatively regulate TRx bioavailability and thereby control TRx biological function. In view of the sensitivity of lens transparency to redox status, proper regulation of TRx bioavailability is of the utmost importance. This study was conducted to examine the presence and function of TBP-2 in human lens epithelial cells (HLE B3). We cloned human lens TBP-2 from a human cDNA library (GenBank accession number AY 594328) and showed that it is fully homologous to the human brain TBP-2 gene. The recombinant TBP-2 protein was partially purified and mass spectrometric analysis confirmed its sequence homology to that of brain TBP-2. Immunoprecipitates obtained from HLE B3 cells using anti-TRx and anti-TBP-2 antibodies showed the presence of TRx and TBP-2 in immunoprecipitates indicating the formation of a TRx-TBP-2 complex in vivo. Furthermore, under H(2)O(2)-stress conditions, TRx gene expression was transiently up-regulated while TBP-2 gene expression was inversely down-regulated as seen in both HLE B3 cells and in the epithelial cell layers from cultured pig lenses. Cells with overexpressed TBP-2 showed lower TRx activity, grew slower and were more susceptible to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. This is the first report of the presence of a TRx-specific binding protein in the lens. Our data suggest that TBP-2 is likely a negative regulator for the bioavailability, and therefore, the overall function of TRx in the lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namal P M Liyanage
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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66
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Rundlöf AK, Fernandes AP, Selenius M, Babic M, Shariatgorji M, Nilsonne G, Ilag LL, Dobra K, Björnstedt M. Quantification of alternative mRNA species and identification of thioredoxin reductase 1 isoforms in human tumor cells. Differentiation 2007; 75:123-32. [PMID: 17316382 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2006.00121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The human selenoenzyme thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) is a very important enzyme for cell growth, differentiation, and the defense against oxidative stress. Several studies have shown that TrxR1 is up-regulated in tumor cells. The regulation of TrxR1 is very complex and involves the expression of different transcript forms of mRNA. We have, by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, investigated the total expression of TrxR1 mRNA and quantified the expression of alternative mRNA forms (alpha1/2, alpha6, alpha7/8, alpha10/11, alpha13, gamma2-4, and beta1) in six different human malignant mesothelioma cell lines of epithelioid, sarcomatoid, or mixed phenotype. The most abundant alpha-form was surprisingly alpha1/2 and not the expected alpha7/8. Selenium treatment resulted in increased expression of all alpha-variants, except the alpha10/11, where the levels were unaffected. The expression of protein isoforms was studied and the less abundant forms TrxR1v.2, TrxR1v.3, and TrxR1v.5 were detected in cell lysates and in human tumor tissue, using specific peptide antibodies. Furthermore, TrxR1v.3 and TrxR1v.5, previously not identified in human cells, were detected by mass spectrometry. Our data show differential expression of TrxR1 mRNA forms in malignant mesothelioma of different phenotype, and investigation of alternative transcript variants of TrxR1 could be a valuable tool in the diagnostics and characterization of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Klara Rundlöf
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology F46, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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67
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Karihtala P, Soini Y. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant mechanisms in human tissues and their relation to malignancies. APMIS 2007; 115:81-103. [PMID: 17295675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2007.apm_514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed in mammalian cells as a consequence of aerobic respiration. Despite multiple conserved redox modulating systems, a given proportion of ROS continuously escape from the mitochondrial respiratory chain, being sufficiently potent to damage cells in various ways, including numerous carcinogenic DNA mutations. Oxidative stress resulting from an imbalanced ratio between ROS production and detoxification may also disturb physiological signal transduction, lead to chain reactions in lipid layers, and damage DNA repair enzymes. The significance of ROS and antioxidant systems in carcinogenesis is still complicated and in many ways contradictory. Enhanced antioxidant mechanisms in tumor cells in vivo have been implicated in chemoresistance and lead to poor prognosis, whereas most in vitro studies have reported tumor-suppressing properties of antioxidant enzymes. The present review aims to clarify the significance of oxidative stress and the role of cell redox state modulating systems in human malignancies in light of the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peeter Karihtala
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
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68
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Ganyc D, Talbot S, Konate F, Jackson S, Schanen B, Cullen W, Self WT. Impact of trivalent arsenicals on selenoprotein synthesis. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:346-53. [PMID: 17431482 PMCID: PMC1849912 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to arsenic has been associated with development of skin, lung, bladder, liver, and kidney cancer. Recent evidence suggests that an increase in oxidative stress in cells treated with arsenicals represents the molecular mechanism behind arsenic-induced carcinogenesis. Selenium, in the form of selenocysteine, is necessary for the activity of several enzymes with a role in defense against reactive oxygen species. A mutual sparing effect between arsenic and selenium has been shown in animal studies when both metalloids are present in high concentrations. OBJECTIVES To determine whether changes in selenoprotein synthesis may be an underlying mechanism behind arsenic-induced carcinogenesis, we analyzed the new synthesis of selenoproteins within cells after exposure to inorganic or methylated arsenicals using a human keratinocyte cell model. RESULTS Addition of arsenite to culture medium blocked new synthesis of selenoproteins when selenium was present in the form of selenite, and appeared to stimulate the use of serum-derived selenium. Monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)) treatment of cells, in contrast, did not block all new synthesis of selenoproteins but did result in an increase in cytosolic thioredoxin reductase (TrxR1) at both the mRNA and protein levels. MMA(III) also reduced the new synthesis of cellular glutatione peroxidase (cGpx) and other smaller selenoproteins. Dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)) stimulated selenoprotein synthesis by an as yet unknown mechanism. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that arsenite and MMA(III) are key metabolites that trigger higher levels of TrxR1, and both lead to a reduction in the expression of cGpx. Together these effects certainly could lead to carcinogenesis given the knowledge that many cancers have higher levels of TrxR, and reduced Gpx levels will reduce the cell's ability to defend against reactive oxygen species. Based on these results, the impact of the trivalent arsenicals arsenite and MMA(III) on selenoprotein synthesis may indeed represent a potential molecular mechanism for the higher rates of cancer observed in populations exposed to high levels of arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Ganyc
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett College of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Sarah Talbot
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett College of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Fanta Konate
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett College of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Sarah Jackson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett College of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Brian Schanen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett College of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - William Cullen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William T. Self
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett College of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Address correspondence to W. Self, Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett College of Biomedical Science, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Bldg. 20, Rm. 124, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816-2364 USA. Telephone: (407) 823-4262. Fax: (407) 823-0956. E-mail:
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Nymark P, Lindholm PM, Korpela MV, Lahti L, Ruosaari S, Kaski S, Hollmén J, Anttila S, Kinnula VL, Knuutila S. Gene expression profiles in asbestos-exposed epithelial and mesothelial lung cell lines. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:62. [PMID: 17331233 PMCID: PMC1821332 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asbestos has been shown to cause chromosomal damage and DNA aberrations. Exposure to asbestos causes many lung diseases e.g. asbestosis, malignant mesothelioma, and lung cancer, but the disease-related processes are still largely unknown. We exposed the human cell lines A549, Beas-2B and Met5A to crocidolite asbestos and determined time-dependent gene expression profiles by using Affymetrix arrays. The hybridization data was analyzed by using an algorithm specifically designed for clustering of short time series expression data. A canonical correlation analysis was applied to identify correlations between the cell lines, and a Gene Ontology analysis method for the identification of enriched, differentially expressed biological processes. RESULTS We recognized a large number of previously known as well as new potential asbestos-associated genes and biological processes, and identified chromosomal regions enriched with genes potentially contributing to common responses to asbestos in these cell lines. These include genes such as the thioredoxin domain containing gene (TXNDC) and the potential tumor suppressor, BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19kD-interacting protein gene (BNIP3L), GO-terms such as "positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade" and "positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent", and chromosomal regions such as 2p22, 9p13, and 14q21. We present the complete data sets as Additional files. CONCLUSION This study identifies several interesting targets for further investigation in relation to asbestos-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Nymark
- Health and Work Ability, Biological Mechanisms and Prevention of Work-related Diseases, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pamela M Lindholm
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko V Korpela
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Laboratory of Computer and Information Science, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland
| | - Leo Lahti
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Laboratory of Computer and Information Science, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland
| | - Salla Ruosaari
- Health and Work Ability, Biological Mechanisms and Prevention of Work-related Diseases, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Laboratory of Computer and Information Science, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland
| | - Samuel Kaski
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Laboratory of Computer and Information Science, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jaakko Hollmén
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Laboratory of Computer and Information Science, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland
| | - Sisko Anttila
- Health and Work Ability, Biological Mechanisms and Prevention of Work-related Diseases, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vuokko L Kinnula
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sakari Knuutila
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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70
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McCue P, Shetty K. A Hypothetical Model for Action of Soybean Isoflavonoids Against Cancer Involving a Shift to Proline-Linked Energy Metabolism Through Activation of the Pentose-Phosphate Pathway. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/fbt-120030383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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71
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Abstract
Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR)-as part of a major thiol regulating system-allows redox metabolism to adjust to cellular requirements. Therefore, changes at the redox level reflect as a pars pro toto changes concerning the entire cell. Three different TrxR isoenzymes, TrxR1 as cytosolic, TrxR2 as mitochondrial, and TrxR3 as testis-specific thiol regulator are known. All three enzymes contain a reactive and solvent accessible selenocysteine residue which is located on a flexible C-terminal arm of the protein. This selenocysteine is essentially involved in the catalytic cycle of TrxR and thus represents an attractive binding site for inhibitors. Many tumor cells have elevated TrxR levels and TrxR has been shown to play a major role in drug resistance. Inhibition of TrxR and its related redox reactions may thus contribute to a successful single, combinatory or adjuvant cancer therapy. A great number of effective natural and synthetic TrxR inhibitors are now available possessing antitumor potential ranging from induction of oxidative stress to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. This article summarizes the present knowledge on the potential of TrxR inhibitors and TrxR as anticancer drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Urig
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre (IFZ), Nutritional Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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72
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Peltoniemi MJ, Rytilä PH, Harju TH, Soini YM, Salmenkivi KM, Ruddock LW, Kinnula VL. Modulation of glutaredoxin in the lung and sputum of cigarette smokers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2006; 7:133. [PMID: 17064412 PMCID: PMC1633737 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One typical feature in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the disturbance of the oxidant/antioxidant balance. Glutaredoxins (Grx) are thiol disulfide oxido-reductases with antioxidant capacity and catalytic functions closely associated with glutathione, the major small molecular weight antioxidant of human lung. However, the role of Grxs in smoking related diseases is unclear. METHODS Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses were conducted with lung specimens (n = 45 and n = 32, respectively) and induced sputum (n = 50) of healthy non-smokers and smokers without COPD and at different stages of COPD. RESULTS Grx1 was expressed mainly in alveolar macrophages. The percentage of Grx1 positive macrophages was significantly lower in GOLD stage IV COPD than in healthy smokers (p = 0.021) and the level of Grx1 in total lung homogenate decreased both in stage I-II (p = 0.045) and stage IV COPD (p = 0.022). The percentage of Grx1 positive macrophages correlated with the lung function parameters (FEV1, r = 0.45, p = 0.008; FEV1%, r = 0.46, p = 0.007, FEV/FVC%, r = 0.55, p = 0.001). Grx1 could also be detected in sputum supernatants, the levels being increased in the supernatants from acute exacerbations of COPD compared to non-smokers (p = 0.013) and smokers (p = 0.051). CONCLUSION The present cross-sectional study showed that Grx1 was expressed mainly in alveolar macrophages, the levels being decreased in COPD patients. In addition, the results also demonstrated the presence of Grx1 in extracellular fluids including sputum supernatants. Overall, the present study suggests that Grx1 is a potential redox modulatory protein regulating the intracellular as well as extracellular homeostasis of glutathionylated proteins and GSH in human lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirva J Peltoniemi
- Biocenter Oulu and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Paula H Rytilä
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Terttu H Harju
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ylermi M Soini
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kaisa M Salmenkivi
- Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lloyd W Ruddock
- Biocenter Oulu and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Vuokko L Kinnula
- Biomedicum Helsinki and Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, PO Box 340 (Haartmaninkatu 4), 00029 Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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73
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Yoon BI, Kim DY, Jang JJ, Han JH. Altered expression of thioredoxin reductase-1 in dysplastic bile ducts and cholangiocarcinoma in a hamster model. J Vet Sci 2006; 7:211-6. [PMID: 16871013 PMCID: PMC3242118 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2006.7.3.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR) is a homodimeric selenoenzyme catalyzing thioredoxin (Trx) in an NADPH-dependent manner. With regard to carcinogenesis, these redox proteins have been implicated in cell proliferation, transformation and anti-apoptosis. In the present study, using a hamster cholangiocarcinoma (ChC) model, we evaluated the immunohistochemical expression pattern of TrxR in precancerous lesions and ChCs as well as in normal bile ducts. The goal of this study was to determine the potential role and importance of TrxR in cholangiocarcinogenesis. For the ChC model, we obtained liver tissue specimens with dysplastic bile ducts prior to the development of ChC 8 weeks after initiation of the experiment and ChC samples at 27 weeks. The immunohistochemical analysis showed diffuse cytoplasmic overexpression of TrxR in the dysplastic bile duct epithelial cells as well as in cholangiocarcinoma; this was comparable to the negative or weakly positive in normal and type 1 hyperplastic bile ducts. However, TrxR appeared to be considerably down-regulated in the ChCs when compared to the higher expression observed in the dysplastic bile ducts. Therefore, these results suggest that TrxR overexpression followed by down-regulation might be an important event in cholangiocarcinogenesis, especially at early stages including the cellular transformation of candidate bile ducts. Further studies are however required to determine whether TrxR may be a potential target molecule for chemoprevention against cholangiocarcinogenesis. In addition, the molecular mechanism as well as the importance of the loss of TrxR in the development of cholangiocarcinoma, following dysplastic transformation of bile duct cells, also remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Il Yoon
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea.
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Nilsonne G, Sun X, Nyström C, Rundlöf AK, Potamitou Fernandes A, Björnstedt M, Dobra K. Selenite induces apoptosis in sarcomatoid malignant mesothelioma cells through oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 41:874-85. [PMID: 16934670 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma cells differentiate into sarcomatoid or epithelioid phenotypes. The sarcomatoid cell type is more resistant to chemotherapy and gives a worse prognosis. We have investigated whether selenite alone and in combination with doxorubicin induced apoptosis in variously differentiated mesothelioma cells. Selenite in concentrations that could potentially be administered to patients strongly inhibited the growth of the sarcomatoid mesothelioma cells (IC50 = 7.5 microM), whereas epithelioid cells were more sensitive to doxorubicin. Benign mesothelial cells remained largely unaffected. Selenite potentiated doxorubicin treatment. Apoptosis was the dominating mode of cell death. The toxicity of selenite was mediated by oxidative stress. Furthermore the activity of the thioredoxin system was directly dependent on the concentration of selenite. This offers a possible mechanism of action of selenite treatment. Our findings suggest that selenite is a promising new drug for the treatment of malignant mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Nilsonne
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, F-46, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 86 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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75
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Jin LJ, Shin BK, Jung WY, Lee HJ, Cho SJ, Han JH, Ha SY, Kim AR, Sik Kim Y, Sun Kim I, Uhm CS, Kim HK. Proteomic analysis of pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma. Proteomics 2006; 6:4877-83. [PMID: 16892484 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sclerosing hemangioma (SH) is a rare benign pulmonary tumor derived from the primitive respiratory epithelium. However, the pathogenesis of SH has not yet been clear. Surfactant protein, thyroid transcription factor-1, epithelial membrane antigen, cytokeratin, and vimentin have been identified in SH by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. To identify proteins specifically regulated in SH, 2-D PAGE was performed using SH and paired normal tissues. Ten selected differentially expressed protein spots were identified by PMF, MALDI-TOF-MS, and database searching. Apolipoprotein A-1, antizyme inhibitor, heat shock 27-kDa protein 1, and antioxidant proteins, such as peroxiredoxin II (Prx II) and GST, were identified among the down-regulated proteins in SH. Western blot and immunohistochemistry confirmed reduced expressions of Prx II and GST in SH versus normal lung tissue. This study is the first report on the reduced expressions of Prx II and GST in SH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Jin Jin
- Korea Lung Tissue Bank, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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76
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Lee Y, Vassilakos A, Feng N, Avolio T, Jin H, Viau S, Wang M, Courssaris B, Xiong K, Wright J, Young A. Anti-proliferative and anti-tumor effects of antisense oligonucleotide GTI-2601 targeted against human thioredoxin. Anticancer Drugs 2006; 17:143-54. [PMID: 16428932 DOI: 10.1097/00001813-200602000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human thioredoxin has been implicated in cancer as a growth stimulator through regulation of DNA replication and growth factor activity, as a modulator of transcription factor activity, and as an inhibitor of apoptosis. In the present study, the steady-state level of thioredoxin protein was examined in a number of cancer cell lines. Interestingly, thioredoxin expression is elevated in a variety of human tumor cell lines compared with normal cell lines. The altered expression of thioredoxin in tumor cells suggests it may be a target in the development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment and prevention of cancer. Further to this possibility, 26 phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (PS-AS-ODNs) were evaluated for the ability to inhibit thioredoxin expression in cell culture. One PS-AS-ODN, GTI-2601, specifically reduced the levels of thioredoxin mRNA and protein, exhibited potent anti-proliferative effects on colony formation in vitro, and had anti-tumor effects in human tumor xenograft mouse models in vivo. Sequence-specific decreases in thioredoxin expression levels were accompanied by significant suppression of tumor growth in mice. Taken together, these data suggest that thioredoxin may be a useful target for developing PS-AS-ODNs as drug candidates against human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Lee
- Lorus Therapeutics Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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77
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Freeman RE, Neuzil J. Role of thioredoxin-1 in apoptosis induction by alpha-tocopheryl succinate and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in mesothelioma cells. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:2671-6. [PMID: 16647070 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2005] [Revised: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a fatal type of cancer. We studied the role of the redox-active protein thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) in apoptosis induced in MM cells and their non-malignant counterparts (Met-5A) by alpha-tocopheryl succinate (alpha-TOS) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). MM cells were susceptible to alpha-TOS and less to TRAIL, while Met-5A cells were susceptible to TRAIL and resistant to alpha-TOS. MM cells expressed very low level of the Trx-1 protein, which was high in Met-5A cells, while the level of Trx-1 mRNA was similar in all cell lines. Downregulation of Trx-1 further sensitised Met-5A cells to TRAIL but not to alpha-TOS. Our data suggest that the role of Trx-1 in apoptosis modulation is unrelated to its anti-oxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Freeman
- Apoptosis Research Group, Heart Foundation Research Centre, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 9716, Australia
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78
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Lu J, Papp LV, Fang J, Rodriguez-Nieto S, Zhivotovsky B, Holmgren A. Inhibition of Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase by Some Flavonoids: Implications for Myricetin and Quercetin Anticancer Activity. Cancer Res 2006; 66:4410-8. [PMID: 16618767 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The thioredoxin system, composed of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), thioredoxin (Trx), and NADPH, exerts a wide range of activities in cellular redox control, antioxidant function, cell viability, and proliferation. Recently, the selenocysteine (Sec)-containing mammalian TrxR has emerged as a new target for anticancer drug development because TrxR and Trx are overexpressed in many aggressive tumors and the tumor cells seem to be more dependent on Trx system than normal cells. Here we have investigated the inhibition of mammalian TrxR by flavonoids which have been presumed to be cancer chemoprevention agents because of their antioxidant activities. Myricetin and quercetin were found to have strong inhibitory effects on mammalian TrxRs with IC50 values of 0.62 and 0.97 micromol/L, respectively. The inhibition was shown to be concentration, NADPH, and time dependent and involved an attack on the reduced COOH-terminal -Cys-Sec-Gly active site of TrxR. Oxygen-derived superoxide anions enhanced the inhibitory effect whereas anaerobic conditions attenuated inhibition. Spectral analysis suggested that the flavonols might perform their inhibitory effects via semiquinone radicals. Additionally, the flavonols had the potential to inhibit the growth of A549 cells with the same potency as inhibition of TrxR. TrxR activity in the cell lysates was reduced on treatment with myricetin >50 micromol/L, which coincided with the oxidization of Trx. The cell cycle was arrested in S phase by quercetin and an accumulation of cells in sub-G1 was observed in response to myricetin. Thus, the anticancer activity of quercetin and myricetin may be due to inhibition of TrxR, consequently inducing cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- Medical Nobel Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
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79
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Andricopulo AD, Akoachere MB, Krogh R, Nickel C, McLeish MJ, Kenyon GL, Arscott LD, Williams CH, Davioud-Charvet E, Becker K. Specific inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum thioredoxin reductase as potential antimalarial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2283-92. [PMID: 16458512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2005] [Revised: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum thioredoxin reductase (PfTrxR: NADPH+Trx(S)2+H+<-->NADP++Trx(SH)2) is a high Mr flavin-dependent TrxR that reduces thioredoxin (Trx) via a CysXXXXCys pair located penultimately to the C-terminal Gly. In this respect, PfTrxR differs significantly from its human counterpart which bears a Cys-Sec redox pair at the same position. PfTrxR is essentially involved in antioxidant defense and redox regulation of the parasite and has been previously validated by knock-out studies as a potential drug target for malaria chemotherapy. Moreover, human TrxR is present in most cancer cells at levels tenfold higher than in normal cells. Here we report the discovery of a series of potent inhibitors of PfTrxR. The three most promising inhibitors, 3(IC50(PfTrxR)=2 microM and IC50(hTrxR)=50 microM), 7(IC50(PfTrxR)=2 microM and IC50(hTrxR)=140 microM), and 11(IC50(PfTrxR)=0.5 microM and IC50(hTrxR)=4 microM) were selective for the parasite enzyme. Detailed mechanistic characterization of the effects of these compounds on the PfTrxR-catalyzed reaction showed clear uncompetitive inhibition with respect to both substrate and cofactor. For the most specific PfTrxR inhibitor 7, an alkylation mechanism study based on a thiol conjugation model was performed. Furthermore, all three compounds were active in the lower micromolar range on the chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum strain K1 in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Andricopulo
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
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80
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Ahmadi R, Urig S, Hartmann M, Helmke BM, Koncarevic S, Allenberger B, Kienhoefer C, Neher M, Steiner HH, Unterberg A, Herold-Mende C, Becker K. Antiglioma activity of 2,2':6',2"-terpyridineplatinum(II) complexes in a rat model--effects on cellular redox metabolism. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:763-78. [PMID: 16520229 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Revised: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian thioredoxin system, comprising the selenoenzyme thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and the 12-kDa protein thioredoxin (Trx), is implicated in thiol-mediated antioxidant defense and redox regulatory processes including transcriptional control, DNA synthesis, and apoptosis. Cell proliferation supported by the thioredoxin system can be suppressed by TrxR inhibition. In this study, we assessed the effects of the potent hTrxR inhibitors 4-mercaptopyridine (4'-chloro-2,2':6',2"-terpyridine)platinum nitrate (I(23)2N) and 2-mercaptopyridine (4'-chloro-2,2':6',2"-terpyridine)platinum nitrate (I(25)2N) on glioblastoma in a rat model. These compounds show no or little cross-resistance with cisplatin and are thus of great clinical interest. Triple intravenous application of 25-35 mg/kg of the compounds led to a significant decrease of tumor growth as determined by magnetic resonance imaging. Metabolic as well as redox parameters in the blood of the animals were not altered. However, TrxR activity was significantly decreased in the tumor tissue, and redox parameters-including glutathione concentrations, total antioxidant status, and the activities of different antioxidant enzymes-showed tissue-specific variations. As indicated by different apoptotic markers, the antitumor activity of I(23)2N is not mediated by the induction of programmed cell death but rather by hTrxR inhibition and DNA intercalation leading to cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezvan Ahmadi
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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81
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Hashemy SI, Ungerstedt JS, Zahedi Avval F, Holmgren A. Motexafin gadolinium, a tumor-selective drug targeting thioredoxin reductase and ribonucleotide reductase. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:10691-7. [PMID: 16481328 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m511373200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Motexafin gadolinium (MGd) is a chemotherapeutic drug that selectively targets tumor cells and mediates redox reactions generating reactive oxygen species. Thioredoxin (Trx), NADPH, and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) of the cytosol/nucleus or mitochondria are major thiol-dependent reductases with many functions in cell growth, defense against oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Mammalian TrxRs are selenocysteine-containing flavoenzymes; MGd was an NADPH-oxidizing substrate for human or rat TrxR1 with a Km value of 8.65 microM (kcat/Km of 4.86 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1)). The reaction involved redox cycling of MGd by oxygen producing superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. MGd acted as a non-competitive inhibitor (IC50 of 6 microM) for rat TrxR. In contrast, direct reaction between MGd and reduced human Trx was negligible. The corresponding reaction with reduced Escherichia coli Trx was also negligible, but MGd was a better substrate (kcat/Km of 2.23 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1)) for TrxR from E. coli and a strong inhibitor of Trx-dependent protein disulfide reduction. Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), a 1:1 complex of the non-identical R1- and R2-subunits, catalyzes the essential de novo synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides for DNA synthesis using electrons from Trx and TrxR. MGd inhibited recombinant mouse RNR activity with either 3 microM reduced human Trx (IC50 2 microM) or 4 mM dithiothreitol (IC50 6 microM) as electron donors. Our results demonstrate MGd-induced enzymatic generation of reactive oxygen species by TrxR plus a powerful inhibition of RNR. This may explain the effects of the drug on cancer cells, which often overproduce TrxR and have induced RNR for replication and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Isaac Hashemy
- Medical Nobel Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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82
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Chiueh CC, Andoh T, Chock PB. Induction of Thioredoxin and Mitochondrial Survival Proteins Mediates Preconditioning-Induced Cardioprotection and Neuroprotection. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1042:403-18. [PMID: 15965087 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1338.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Delayed cardio- and neuroprotection are observed following a preconditioning procedure evoked by a brief and nontoxic oxidative stress due to deprivation of oxygen, glucose, serum, trophic factors, and/or antioxidative enzymes. Preconditioning protection can be observed in vivo and is under clinical trials for preservation of cell viability following organ transplants of liver. Previous studies indicated that ischemic preconditioning increases the expression of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Our pilot studies indicate that the treatment of neuronal NOS inhibitor (7-nitroindazole) and 6Br-cGMP blocks and mimics, respectively, preconditioning protection in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. This minireview focuses on nitric oxide-mediated cellular adaptation and the related cGMP/PKG signaling pathway in a compensatory mechanism underlying preconditioning-induced hormesis. Both preconditioning and 6Br-cGMP increase the induction of human thioredoxin (Trx) mRNA and protein for cytoprotection, which is largely prevented by transfection of cells with Trx antisense but not sense oligonucleotides. Cytosolic Trx1 and mitochondrial Trx2 suppress free radical formation, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis; knock out/down of either Trx1 or Trx2 is detrimental to cell survival. Other recent findings indicate that a transgenic increase of Trx in mice increases tolerance against oxidative nigral injury caused by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Trx1 can be translocated into nucleus and phosphoactivated CREB for a delayed induction of mitochondrial anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and antioxidative MnSOD that is known to increase vitality and survival of cells in the brain and the heart. In conclusion, preconditioning adaptation or a brief oxidative stress induces a delayed nitric oxide-mediated compensatory mechanism for cell survival and vitality in the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system. Preconditioning-induced adaptive tolerance may be signaling through a cGMP-dependent induction of cytosolic redox protein Trx1 and subsequently mitochondrial proteins such as Bcl-2, MnSOD, and perhaps Trx2 or HSP70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang C Chiueh
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
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83
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Zhao F, Yan J, Deng S, Lan L, He F, Kuang B, Zeng H. A thioredoxin reductase inhibitor induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in five cultured human carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Lett 2005; 236:46-53. [PMID: 15982805 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2004] [Revised: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) system is associated with cancer cell growth and anti-apoptosis process. Effects of 1, 2-[bis (1,2-Benzisoselenazolone-3 (2H) -ketone)]ethane (BBSKE), a novel TrxR inhibitor, were investigated on A549, HeLa, Bel-7402, BGC823 and KB cell lines. After treated with BBSKE, a good linear correlation coefficient (r>or=0.989) between TrxR activity and cell viability exists in each cell line together with cell growth/proliferation inhibition and apoptosis through Bcl-2/Bax and Caspase-3 pathways. These results suggest that there exists some relationship between TrxR inactivation and growth/proliferation inhibition or apoptosis in the investigated cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100083, China
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84
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Menth M, Schmutzler C, Mentrup B, Hoang-Vu C, Takahashi K, Honjoh T, Köhrle J. Selenoprotein expression in Hürthle cell carcinomas and in the human Hürthle cell carcinoma line XTC.UC1. Thyroid 2005; 15:405-16. [PMID: 15929660 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2005.15.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hürthle cell carcinomas (HTC) are characterized by mitochondrial amplification and enhanced oxygen metabolism. To clarify if defects in enzymes scavenging reactive oxygen species are involved in the pathogenesis of HTC, we analyzed selenium (Se)-dependent expression of various detoxifying selenoproteins in the HTC cell line XTC.UC1. Glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase activity was found both in cell lysates and conditioned media of XTC.UC1 cells and was increased by Na(2)SeO(3). Western blot analysis demonstrated the presence of thioredoxin reductase both in cell lysates and conditioned media and of glutathione peroxidase 3 in conditioned media. Type I 5'-deiodinase, another selenoprotein that catalyzes thyroid hormone metabolism, was detectable only in cell lysates by enzyme assay and Western blot, and responded to stimulation by both Na(2)SeO(3) and retinoic acid. A selenoprotein P signal was detected in conditioned media by Western blot, but was not enhanced by Na(2)SeO(3) treatment. In situ hybridization revealed glutathione peroxidase mRNAs in HTC specimen; glutathione peroxidase 3 mRNA levels were reduced. These data suggest adequate expression and Se-dependent regulation of a couple of selenoproteins involved in antioxidant defense and thyroid hormone metabolism in XTC.UC1 cells, so far giving no evidence of a role of these proteins in the pathogenesis of HTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Menth
- Abteilung für Molekulare Innere Medizin und Klinische Forschergruppe der Medizinischen Poliklinik, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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85
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Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma remains a highly lethal cancer. Recent advances in both surgical and medical therapy have improved survival, but the treatments remain toxic and selection of appropriate patients for these therapies is difficult. Research into the molecular pathways involved in the development of mesothelioma should yield information that will guide therapeutic decisions in the near future. In particular, expression of EGFR and VEGF receptor hold promise to alter standards of patient care in the next few years. Alterations in cell cycle control proteins such as p16, p21, and p27 also offer information on prognosis and represent potential targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Kumar
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Section of Heme-Onc-Transplant, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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86
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Mukherjee A, Westwell AD, Bradshaw TD, Stevens MFG, Carmichael J, Martin SG. Cytotoxic and antiangiogenic activity of AW464 (NSC 706704), a novel thioredoxin inhibitor: an in vitro study. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:350-8. [PMID: 15655539 PMCID: PMC2361836 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AW464 (NSC 706704) is a novel benzothiazole substituted quinol compound active against colon, renal and certain breast cancer cell lines. NCI COMPARE analysis indicates possible interaction with thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase, which is upregulated under hypoxia. Through activity on HIF1α, VEGF levels are regulated and angiogenesis controlled. A thioredoxin inhibitor could therefore exhibit enhanced hypoxic toxicity and indirect antiangiogenic effects. In vitro experiments were performed on colorectal and breast cancer cell lines under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions and results compared against those obtained with normal cell lines, fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Antiangiogenic effects were studied using both large and microvessel cells. Indirect antiangiogenic effects (production of angiogenic growth factors) were studied via ELISA. We show that AW464 exerts antiproliferative effects on tumour cell lines as well as endothelial cells with an IC50 of ∼0.5 μM. Fibroblasts are however resistant. Proliferating, rather than quiescent, endothelial cells are sensitive to the drug indicating potential antiangiogenic rather than antivascular action. Endothelial differentiation is also inhibited in vitro. Hypoxia (1% O2 for 48 h) sensitises colorectal cells to lower drug concentrations, and in HT29s greater inhibition of VEGF is observed under such conditions. In contrast, bFGF levels are unaffected, suggesting possible involvement of HIF1α. Thus, AW464 is a promising chemotherapeutic drug that may have enhanced potency under hypoxic conditions and also additional antiangiogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mukherjee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, City Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - A D Westwell
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - T D Bradshaw
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - M F G Stevens
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - J Carmichael
- Department of Clinical Oncology, City Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - S G Martin
- Department of Clinical Oncology, City Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
- Department of Clinical Oncology, City Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK. E-mail:
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87
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Iwao-Koizumi K, Matoba R, Ueno N, Kim SJ, Ando A, Miyoshi Y, Maeda E, Noguchi S, Kato K. Prediction of Docetaxel Response in Human Breast Cancer by Gene Expression Profiling. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:422-31. [PMID: 15659489 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Docetaxel is one of the most effective anticancer drugs available in the treatment of breast cancer. Nearly half of the treated patients, however, do not respond to chemotherapy and suffer from side effects. The ability to reliably predict a patient's response based on tumor gene expression will improve therapeutic decision making and save patients from unnecessary side effects. Patients and Methods A total of 44 breast tumor tissues were sampled by biopsy before treatment with docetaxel, and the response to therapy was clinically evaluated by the degree of reduction in tumor size. Gene expression profiling of the biopsy samples was performed with 2,453 genes using a high-throughput reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction technique. Using genes differentially expressed between responders and nonresponders, a diagnostic system based on the weighted-voting algorithm was constructed. Results This system predicted the clinical response of 26 previously unanalyzed samples with over 80% accuracy, a level promising for clinical applications. Diagnostic profiles in nonresponders were characterized by elevated expression of genes controlling the cellular redox environment (ie, redox genes, such as thioredoxin, glutathione-S-transferase, and peroxiredoxin). Overexpression of these genes protected cultured mammary tumor cells from docetaxel-induced cell death, suggesting that enhancement of the redox system plays a major role in docetaxel resistance. Conclusion These results suggest that the clinical response to docetaxel can be predicted by gene expression patterns in biopsy samples. The results also suggest that one of the molecular mechanisms of the resistance is activation of a group of redox genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Iwao-Koizumi
- Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-2 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
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88
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Lehtonen ST, Markkanen PMH, Peltoniemi M, Kang SW, Kinnula VL. Variable overoxidation of peroxiredoxins in human lung cells in severe oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 288:L997-1001. [PMID: 15626747 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00432.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a group of thiol containing proteins that participate both in signal transduction and in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) during oxidative stress. Six distinct Prxs have been characterized in human cells (Prxs I-VI). Prxs I-IV form dimers held together by disulfide bonds, Prx V forms intramolecular bond, but the mechanism of Prx VI, so-called 1-Cys Prx, is still unclear. Here we describe the regulation of all six Prxs in cultured human lung A549 and BEAS-2B cells. The cells were exposed to variable concentrations of H(2)O(2), menadione, tumor necrosis factor-alpha or transforming growth factor-beta. To evoke glutathione depletion, the cells were furthermore treated with buthionine sulfoximine. Only high concentrations (300 microM) of H(2)O(2) caused a minor increase (<28%, 4 h) in the expression of Prxs I, IV, and VI. Severe oxidant stress (250-500 microM H(2)O(2)) caused a significant increase in the proportion of the monomeric forms of Prxs I-IV; this was reversible at lower H(2)O(2) concentrations (< or =250 microM). This recovery of Prx overoxidation differed among the various Prxs; Prx I was recovered within 24 h, but recovery required 48 h for Prx III. Overall, Prxs are not significantly modulated by mild oxidant stress or cytokines, but there is variable, though reversible, overoxidation in these proteins during severe oxidant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri T Lehtonen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
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89
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Lehtonen ST, Svensk AM, Soini Y, Pääkkö P, Hirvikoski P, Kang SW, Säily M, Kinnula VL. Peroxiredoxins, a novel protein family in lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2004; 111:514-21. [PMID: 15239128 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke, the major risk factor for lung cancer, induces an accumulation of reactive oxygen species. These have multiple effects on cell defense, cell proliferation and cell death. Thus, compounds involved in the regulators of redox balance can be hypothesized to play a fundamental role in both carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Here, we have evaluated the expressions of all 6 peroxiredoxins (Prxs I-VI) in lung carcinomas. Prxs represent a protein family with the capability of breaking down hydrogen peroxide; thus, they can participate in cellular antioxidant defense, regulate cell proliferation and increase drug resistance of cultured cells. Altogether 92 cases were investigated by immunohistochemistry, including 32 adenocarcinomas, 45 squamous cell, 9 small cell and 6 other carcinomas. Additionally, 11 cases with adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma were studied by Western analysis and/or by RT-PCR. Prxs I, II, IV and VI were particularly elevated in lung carcinomas as assessed by immunohistochemistry and/or RT-PCR. Western analysis revealed that Prxs I and IV were significantly elevated in tumors compared to nonmalignant tissue (p = 0.04 and 0.002, respectively). There were remarkable variations in Prx expression in various tumor subtypes, the most striking being Prx IV expression, which was mainly associated with adenocarcinoma. Elevated Prx VI expression was associated with high-grade squamous cell carcinoma (p = 0.03) and Prx II expression, with advanced tumor stage (p = 0.01). Our results suggest that Prxs may have effects on the progression of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri T Lehtonen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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90
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Tomasetti M, Gellert N, Procopio A, Neuzil J. A vitamin E analogue suppresses malignant mesothelioma in a preclinical model: a future drug against a fatal neoplastic disease? Int J Cancer 2004; 109:641-2. [PMID: 14999768 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma is a fatal type of neoplasia of the pleura and the peritoneum with currently no known cure. Therefore, discovery of an efficient antimesothelioma drug with low deleterious side effects is desirable. Here, we studied in vivo the effect of alpha-tocopheryl succinate, a semisynthetic vitamin E analogue with proapoptotic and anticancer activity and selectivity for malignant cells, on experimental peritoneal mesothelioma using immunocompromised mice. Compared to untreated animals, the agent increased their survival >3-fold. Our finding warrants further testing of vitamin E analogues as potential antimesothelioma drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tomasetti
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, University Polytechnic of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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91
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Mohr S, Keith G, Galateau-Salle F, Icard P, Rihn BH. Cell protection, resistance and invasiveness of two malignant mesotheliomas as assessed by 10K-microarray. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2004; 1688:43-60. [PMID: 14732480 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2003.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive serosal tumor, strongly associated with former exposure to asbestos fibers and for which there is currently no effective treatment available. In human, MPM is characterized by a high local invasiveness, poor prognosis and therapeutic outcomes. In order to assess molecular changes that specify this phenotype, we performed a global gene expression profiling of human MPM. Using a 10,000-element microarray, we analyzed mRNA relative gene expression levels by comparing a mesothelioma cell line to either a pleural cell line or tumor specimens. To analyze these gene expression data, we used various bioinformatics softwares. Hierarchical clustering methods were used to group genes and samples with similar expression in an unsupervised mode. Genes of known function were further sorted by enzyme, function and pathway clusters using a supervised software (IncyteGenomics). Taken together, these data defined a molecular fingerprint of human MPM with more than 700 up- or down-regulated genes related to several traits of the malignant phenotype, specially associated with MPM invasiveness, protection and resistance to anticancer defenses. This portrait is meaningful in disease classification and management, and relevant in finding new specific markers of MPM. These molecular markers should improve the accuracy of mesothelioma diagnosis, prognosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Mohr
- Département Polluants et Santé, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, 30 Rue Lionnois, 54000 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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92
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Kinnula VL, Crapo JD. Superoxide dismutases in malignant cells and human tumors. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 36:718-44. [PMID: 14990352 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2003.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2003] [Revised: 12/01/2003] [Accepted: 12/12/2003] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen metabolites have multifactorial effects on the regulation of cell growth and the capacity of malignant cells to invade. Overexpression of the superoxide dismutases (SODs) in vitro increases cell differentiation, decreases cell growth and proliferation, and can reverse a malignant phenotype to a nonmalignant one. The situation in vivo is more complex due to multiple interactions of tumor cells with their environment. Numerous in vivo studies show that the superoxide dismutases can be highly expressed in aggressive human solid tumors. Furthermore, high SOD has occasionally been associated with a poor prognosis and with resistance to cytotoxic drugs and radiation. Most of the apparent conflicts between the above in vitro and in vivo observations can be reconciled by considering the net redox status of tumor cells in different environments. Administering high concentrations of SOD to cells in vitro is usually associated with a non- or less malignant phenotype, whereas secondary induction of SOD in tumors in vivo can be associated with an aggressive malignant transformation probably due to the altered (oxidative) redox state in the malignant cells. This concept suggests that for many types of tumors antioxidants could be used to diminish the invasive capability of malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuokko L Kinnula
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-0029 Helsinki, Finland.
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93
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Hedley D, Pintilie M, Woo J, Nicklee T, Morrison A, Birle D, Fyles A, Milosevic M, Hill R. Up-regulation of the redox mediators thioredoxin and apurinic/apyrimidinic excision (APE)/Ref-1 in hypoxic microregions of invasive cervical carcinomas, mapped using multispectral, wide-field fluorescence image analysis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 164:557-65. [PMID: 14742261 PMCID: PMC1602260 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin and apurinic/apyrimidinic excision (APE)/ref-1 are important redox mediators in biochemical pathways that promote cell survival under adverse conditions including hypoxia and oxidative stress. For example, elevated levels occur surrounding vascular infarcts and protect from reperfusion injury. Because elevated thioredoxin or APE/ref-1 is also associated with resistance to certain forms of cancer treatment, we examined their tissue distribution in a series of 110 cervical carcinoma biopsies. Analysis was done using a quadruple fluorescence imaging technique, incorporating carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) immunofluorescence to outline hypoxic microregions and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole to localize nuclear staining of thioredoxin and APE/ref-1. A scanning autostage was used to image the entire tissue section. Thioredoxin and APE/ref-1 levels were expressed as the average pixel brightness in tumor tissue, subdivided based on CAIX and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining. Results showed that the nuclear and cytoplasmic levels of thioredoxin were similar, whereas APE/ref-1 expression was greater in nuclei. Neither of these markers was predictive of outcome in this series of patients treated with radical radiotherapy. Both proteins showed highly significant elevations in CAIX-positive regions compared to CAIX-negative regions, and there was a nonsignificant trend for this effect to be greater in adenocarcinomas compared to squamous cell carcinomas. Levels of APE/ref-1 decreased with increasing tumor grade, but the expression was similar in CAIX-positive regions of poorly differentiated tumors compared to moderately or well-differentiated tumors. Elevated expression of thioredoxin and APE/ref-1 might promote cancer cell survival in hypoxic microenvironments of cervical carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hedley
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Canada.
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94
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Turunen N, Karihtala P, Mantyniemi A, Sormunen R, Holmgren A, Kinnula VL, Soini Y. Thioredoxin is associated with proliferation, p53 expression and negative estrogen and progesterone receptor status in breast carcinoma. APMIS 2004; 112:123-32. [PMID: 15056229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2004.apm1120207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the expression of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase in a large set of breast invasive and in situ carcinomas by immunohistochemistry. Additionally, NF-kappa B, p53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression was studied. Thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase expression was located in both cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments of the cell. Cytoplasmic thioredoxin positivity was found in 67 % and nuclear in 59 % of the cases, while thioredoxin reductase was found in 55 % and 6 % of cases, respectively. Ductal carcinomas showed stronger cytoplasmic thioredoxin immunoreactivity than lobular ones. Nuclear thioredoxin positivity was more often found in in situ lesions, and lobular carcinomas were more often negative than ductal ones. Both cytoplasmic and nuclear thioredoxin-positive cases had a high proliferation measured by PCNA staining. Positive nuclear immunostaining was associated with negative estrogen and progesterone receptor status. Cases with high p53 expression showed significantly higher nuclear thioredoxin positivity, but lower thioredoxin reductase positivity. Whilst thioredoxin or thioredoxin reductase was not associated with patient survival, cases showing both cytoplasmic and nuclear thioredoxin reductase-positive tumours had a shorter disease-free interval than those with negative immunostaining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Turunen
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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95
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Tiitto L, Kaarteenaho-Wiik R, Sormunen R, Holmgren A, Pääkkö P, Soini Y, Kinnula VL. Expression of the thioredoxin system in interstitial lung disease. J Pathol 2004; 201:363-70. [PMID: 14595747 DOI: 10.1002/path.1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The thioredoxin system containing thioredoxin (Trx) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) has profound effects on cell proliferation and protection against exogenous oxidants. The significance of the Trx system in human lung and lung diseases is, however, largely unresolved. Altogether, 66 specimens of human lung were investigated by immunohistochemistry for their expression of Trx and TrxR. The diseases included interstitial pneumonias such as usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP), and UIP associated with collagen vascular diseases (CVD-ILD), and granulomatous diseases such as sarcoidosis and allergic alveolitis. The ultrastructural localization of Trx and TrxR was analysed by immunoelectron microscopy. In healthy lung, Trx and TrxR were expressed in bronchial epithelium and alveolar macrophages. Trx and TrxR were highly concentrated in areas of metaplastic epithelium in UIP and in alveolar macrophages in DIP, though fibrotic areas in UIP were mainly negative. The expression of both enzymes was clearly weaker in CVD-ILD than in UIP. Granulomas of sarcoidosis showed moderate to intense Trx immunoreactivity. Ultrastructurally, Trx and TrxR were expressed diffusely in the cytosolic compartment and plasma membrane of metaplastic type II pneumocytes, macrophages, and bronchial epithelial cells. This study highlights the importance of Trx and TrxR in primary defence in bronchial epithelium, alveolar epithelium, and macrophages in human lung, but also indicates that elevated expression of these proteins may serve as markers of ongoing cell regeneration and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Tiitto
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
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96
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Mohr S, Bottin MC, Lannes B, Neuville A, Bellocq JP, Keith G, Rihn BH. Microdissection, mRNA amplification and microarray: a study of pleural mesothelial and malignant mesothelioma cells. Biochimie 2004; 86:13-9. [PMID: 14987796 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2003.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2003] [Accepted: 11/14/2003] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The studies of molecular alterations in tumor cells with microarrays are often hampered by inherent tissue heterogeneity. The emergence of Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM) allowed us to overcome this challenge since it gives selective access to cancer cells that are isolated from their native tissue environment. In this report, we microdissected mesothelial cells and malignant mesothelioma cells of ex vivo resected specimens using LCM. Amplified RNA from mesothelial and mesothelioma microdissected cells allowed us to measure global gene expression with 10 K-microarrays in four independent experiments. We screened 9850 annotated human genes, 1275 of which have satisfied our data analysis requirements. They included 302 overexpressed genes and 160 downregulated genes in mesothelioma microdissected cells as compared to mesothelial microdissected cells. Among them, the expression levels of eight genes, namely BF, FTL, IGFBP7, RARRES1, RARRES2, RBP1, SAT, and TXN according to HUGO nomenclature, were increased, whereas six: ALOX5AP, CLNS1A, EIF4A2, ELK3, REQ and SYPL, were found to be underexpressed in mesothelioma microdissected cells. The ferritin light polypeptide (FTL) gene overexpression was confirmed by real time quantitative PCR. Our approach allowed a comprehensive in situ examination of mesothelioma and provided an accurate way to find new marker genes that may be useful for diagnosis and treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Mohr
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Avenue de Bourgogne, BP27, 54501 Vandoeuvre, France
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Yoshida T, Oka SI, Masutani H, Nakamura H, Yodoi J. The role of thioredoxin in the aging process: involvement of oxidative stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2003; 5:563-70. [PMID: 14580311 DOI: 10.1089/152308603770310211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are produced by various stressors derived from internal and external sources, including endogenous metabolic activities. Glucose metabolism is one of the most primitive sources for energy production for most cells; however, it may at the same time yield hazardous oxidative stress via simultaneous oxidant production. The protective mechanism against oxidative stress is thus an indispensable biological function. Recently, genetic mutation loci affecting life span were isolated from experimental model organisms, and several locus products were found to be closely linked with machinery either producing or defending oxidative stress. Thioredoxin (TRX) is a small protein having strong antioxiradical quenching capabilities and other multiple functions depending on the cellular redox state. In this review, we focus on the role of TRX in the aging process (senescence) as a redox-regulating molecule against oxidative stress. We also discuss the possibility of the TRX system serving as an index marker for cellular proliferation and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Yoshida
- Department of Biological Responses, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin, Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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98
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Abstract
The thioredoxin system-formed by thioredoxin reductase and its characteristic substrate thioredoxin-is an important constituent of the intracellular redox milieu. Interactions with many different metabolic pathways such as DNA-synthesis, selenium metabolism, and the antioxidative network as well as significant species differences render this system an attractive target for chemotherapeutic approaches in many fields of medicine-ranging from infectious diseases to cancer therapy. In this review we will present and evaluate the preclinical and clinical results available today. Current trends in drug development are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Gromer
- Biochemie-Zentrum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Abstract
Malignant transformation results from accumulation of genetic and epigenetic events. Functional studies of cancer will be crucial to our understanding of its complexity and polymorphism. There is no doubt that emerging genomic and proteomic technologies will facilitate such investigations. Microarray technology is a new and efficient approach to extract data of biomedical relevance for a wide range of applications. In cancer research, it will provide high-throughput and valuable insights into differences in an individual's tumor as compared with constitutional DNA, mRNA expression, and protein expression and activity. Across individuals, comparisons could provide tissue-specific disease signatures that provide diagnosis based on hundreds of informative genes. The resulting product should be a wealth of tumor-associated and tumor-specific biomarkers, which may help in cancer etiology, diagnosis, and therapy and ultimately lead to "molecular nosology" of cancers. This review highlights the recent developments in microarray technologies in cancer research, focuses on the results obtained so far, and describes the eventual use of microarray technology for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Mohr
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
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100
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Kinnula VL, Soini Y, Kvist-Mäkelä K, Savolainen ER, Koistinen P. Antioxidant defense mechanisms in human neutrophils. Antioxid Redox Signal 2002; 4:27-34. [PMID: 11970840 DOI: 10.1089/152308602753625825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils have a short half-life and high tendency to undergo apoptosis. One feature that may influence these characteristics is the antioxidant/oxidant balance of these cells. There are few studies on the levels of antioxidant enzymes in human neutrophils. We have analyzed by immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded cells and from cytospin preparations the most important antioxidant proteins in human neutrophils, and compared their levels with those in blood monocytes. Neutrophils showed moderate to high catalase, weak to moderate extracellular superoxide dismutase, and weak copper zinc superoxide dismutase and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase immunoreactivities. There were no detectable levels of manganese superoxide dismutase, thioredoxin, and heme oxygenase 1. Some differences were observed between the samples prepared by embedding in paraffin or by cytospin. These results, in combination with a recent study from this laboratory, suggest that a prominent feature in neutrophils is their high catalase activity but lower level of glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzymes. The differences in antioxidant profiles in neutrophils and monocytes may have important effects on the life span of human neutrophils, in both healthy and diseased tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuokko L Kinnula
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Central Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
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