51
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Exosomes, DAMPs and miRNA: Features of Stress Physiology and Immune Homeostasis. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:768-776. [PMID: 28838855 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Psychological/physical stressors and local tissue damage increase inflammatory proteins in tissues and blood in humans and animals, in the absence of pathogenic disease. Stress-evoked cytokine/chemokine responses, or sterile inflammation, can facilitate host survival and/or negatively affect health, depending on context. Recent evidence supports the hypothesis that systemic stress-evoked sterile inflammation is initiated by the sympathetic nervous system, resulting in the elevation of exosome-associated immunostimulatory endogenous danger/damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and a reduction in immunoinhibitory miRNA, which are carried in the circulation to tissues throughout the body. We propose that sterile inflammation should be considered an elemental feature of the stress response and that circulating exosomes transporting immunomodulatory signals, may play a role fundamental role in immune homeostasis.
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52
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de Candia P, De Rosa V, Gigantino V, Botti G, Ceriello A, Matarese G. Immunometabolism of human autoimmune diseases: from metabolites to extracellular vesicles. FEBS Lett 2017. [PMID: 28649760 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunometabolism focuses on the mechanisms regulating the impact of metabolism on lymphocyte activity and autoimmunity outbreak. The adipose tissue is long known to release adipokines, either pro- or anti-inflammatory factors bridging nutrition and immune function. More recently, adipocytes were discovered to also release extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing a plethora of biological molecules, including metabolites and microRNAs, which can regulate cell function/metabolism in distant tissues, suggesting that immune regulatory function by the adipose tissue may be far more complex than originally thought. Moreover, EVs were also identified as important mediators of immune cell-to-cell communication, adding a further microenvironmental mechanism of plasticity to fine-tune specific lymphocyte responses. This Review will first focus on the known mechanisms by which metabolism impacts immune function, presenting a systemic (nutrition and long-ranged adipokines) and a cellular point of view (metabolic pathway derangement in autoimmunity). It will then discuss the new discoveries concerning how EVs may act as nanometric vehicles integrating immune/metabolic responses at the level of the extracellular environment and affecting pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | | | - Gerardo Botti
- IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
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53
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Aoki-Yoshida A, Saito S, Tsuruta T, Ohsumi A, Tsunoda H, Sonoyama K. Exosomes isolated from sera of mice fed Lactobacillus strains affect inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 489:248-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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54
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Jelonek K, Widlak P, Pietrowska M. The Influence of Ionizing Radiation on Exosome Composition, Secretion and Intercellular Communication. Protein Pept Lett 2017; 23:656-63. [PMID: 27117741 PMCID: PMC5029112 DOI: 10.2174/0929866523666160427105138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A large variety of vesicles is actively secreted into the extracellular space by most type of cells. The smallest nanoparticles (30-120 nm), called exosomes, are known to transport their cargo (nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) between diverse locations in the body. Specific content of exosomes and their influence on recipient cells depends primarily on the type of the secretory (donor) cell, yet several studies highlight the importance of environmental stress on which the donor cells are exposed. Ionizing radiation, which induces damage to DNA and other structures of a target cell, is one of well-recognized stress conditions influencing behavior of affected cells. A few recent studies have evidenced radiation-induced changes in composition of exosomes released from irradiated cells and their involvement in radiation-related communication between cells. Inducible pathways of exosome secretion activated in irradiated cells are regulated by TSAP6 protein (the transmembrane protein tumor suppressor-activated pathway 6), which is transcriptionally regulated by p53, hence cellular status of this major DNA damage response factor affects composition and secretion rate of exosomes released from target cells. Moreover, exosomes released from irradiated cells have been shown to mediate the radiation-induced bystander effect. Understanding radiation-related mechanisms involved in exosome formation and “makeup” of their cargo would shed light on the role of exosomes in systemic response of cells, tissues and organisms to ionizing radiation which may open new perspectives in translational medicine and anticancer-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monika Pietrowska
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
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55
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Selmaj I, Mycko MP, Raine CS, Selmaj KW. The role of exosomes in CNS inflammation and their involvement in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 306:1-10. [PMID: 28385180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a putative autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which autoreactive immune cells recognizing myelin antigens lead to demyelination and axonal injury. Mechanisms relevant to the pathogenesis of MS have not been fully elucidated, particularly those underlying initiation of immune system dysfunction. For example, it is not known how reactivity against CNS components is generated within the peripheral immune system. In this review, we propose that a significant contribution to the immunoregulatory events may derive from a cell-to-cell communication system involving the production, secretion and transfer of extracellular vesicles known as exosomes. Herein, we discuss in detail the biogenesis and roles of these cell surface-generated vesicles from the standpoint of receptors and their cargo, microRNA. It is well known that exosomes can cross the blood-brain barrier and thus may contribute to the spread of brain antigens to the periphery. Further understanding of exosome-dependent mechanisms in MS should provide a novel angle to the analysis of the pathogenesis of this disease. Finally, we launch the idea that exosomes and their contents may serve as biomarkers in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Selmaj
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin P Mycko
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Cedric S Raine
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Krzysztof W Selmaj
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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56
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Stokes CR. The development and role of microbial-host interactions in gut mucosal immune development. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:12. [PMID: 28149511 PMCID: PMC5270223 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
At birth the piglet’s immune system is immature and it is dependent upon passive maternal protection until weaning. The piglet’s mucosal immune system develops over the first few weeks but has not reached maturity at weaning ages which are common on commercial farms. At weaning piglets are presented with a vast and diverse range of microbial and dietary/environmental antigens. Their ability to distinguish between antigens and mount a protective response to potential pathogens and to develop tolerance to dietary antigens is critical to their survival and failure to do so is reflected in the high incidence of morbidity and mortality in the post-weaning period. A growing recognition that the widespread use of antibiotics to control infection during this critical period should be controlled has led to detailed studies of those factors which drive the development of the mucosal immune system, the role of gut microbiota in driving this process, the origin of the bacteria that colonise the young piglet’s intestine and the impact of rearing environment. This review briefly describes how the mucosal immune system is equipped to respond “appropriately” to antigenic challenge and the programmed sequence by which it develops. The results of studies on the critical interplay between the host immune system and gut microbiota are discussed along with the effects of rearing environment. By comparing these with results from human studies on the development of allergies in children, an approach to promote an earlier maturation of the piglet immune system to resist the challenges of weaning are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Stokes
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Nr Bristol, BS40 5DU UK
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57
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Torri A, Carpi D, Bulgheroni E, Crosti MC, Moro M, Gruarin P, Rossi RL, Rossetti G, Di Vizio D, Hoxha M, Bollati V, Gagliani C, Tacchetti C, Paroni M, Geginat J, Corti L, Venegoni L, Berti E, Pagani M, Matarese G, Abrignani S, de Candia P. Extracellular MicroRNA Signature of Human Helper T Cell Subsets in Health and Autoimmunity. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:2903-2915. [PMID: 28077577 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.769893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon T cell receptor stimulation, CD4+ T helper (Th) lymphocytes release extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing microRNAs. However, no data are available on whether human CD4+ T cell subsets release EVs containing different pattern of microRNAs. The present work aimed at filling this gap by assessing the microRNA content in EVs released upon in vitro T cell receptor stimulation of Th1, Th17, and T regulatory (Treg) cells. Our results indicate that EVs released by Treg cells are significantly different compared with those released by the other subsets. In particular, miR-146a-5p, miR-150-5p, and miR-21-5p are enriched, whereas miR-106a-5p, miR-155-5p, and miR-19a-3p are depleted in Treg-derived EVs. The in vitro identified EV-associated microRNA signature was increased in serum of autoimmune patients with psoriasis and returned to healthy levels upon effective treatment with etanercept, a biological drug targeting the TNF pathway and suppressing inflammation. Moreover, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis showed an over-representation of genes relevant for T cell activation, such as CD40L, IRAK1, IRAK2, STAT1, and c-Myb in the list of validated targets of Treg-derived EV miRNAs. At functional level, Treg-derived (but not Th1/Th17-derived) EVs inhibited CD4+ T cell proliferation and suppressed two relevant targets of miR-146a-5p: STAT1 and IRAK2. In conclusion, our work identified the miRNAs specifically released by different human CD4+ T cell subsets and started to unveil the potential use of their quantity in human serum to mark the pathological elicitation of these cells in vivo and their biological effect in cell to cell communication during the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Torri
- From the INGM Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Carpi
- From the INGM Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bulgheroni
- From the INGM Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria-Cristina Crosti
- From the INGM Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Moro
- From the INGM Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Gruarin
- From the INGM Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo L Rossi
- From the INGM Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Grazisa Rossetti
- From the INGM Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Dolores Di Vizio
- the Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Mirjam Hoxha
- the Laboratorio di Epidemiologia Molecolare e Epigenetica Ambientale, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità
| | - Valentina Bollati
- the Laboratorio di Epidemiologia Molecolare e Epigenetica Ambientale, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità
| | - Cristina Gagliani
- the Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Carlo Tacchetti
- the Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Moira Paroni
- From the INGM Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Jens Geginat
- From the INGM Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Corti
- the Dipartimento di Dermatologia, Fondazione IRCCS_Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigia Venegoni
- the Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti
| | - Emilio Berti
- the Dipartimento di Dermatologia, Fondazione IRCCS_Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy.,the Dipartimento di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Pagani
- From the INGM Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," 20122 Milan, Italy.,the Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, and
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- the Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy, and
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- From the INGM Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," 20122 Milan, Italy, .,the DISCCO Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola de Candia
- the IRCCS Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy
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58
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Yang M, Song D, Cao X, Wu R, Liu B, Ye W, Wu J, Yue X. Comparative proteomic analysis of milk-derived exosomes in human and bovine colostrum and mature milk samples by iTRAQ-coupled LC-MS/MS. Food Res Int 2016; 92:17-25. [PMID: 28290293 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are membranous vesicles found in biological fluids with important functions. However, milk-derived exosome proteins from humans and bovines have not been studied in detail. The advanced iTRAQ proteomic approach was used to analyze milk-derived exosomes in human and bovine colostrum and mature milk samples. A total of 920 milk exosome proteins were identified and quantified. Among these, 575 differentially expressed exosome proteins (P<0.05) were found. Multivariate analysis, gene ontology (GO) annotation and the KEGG pathway were used to interpret the identified proteins. The major biological processes involved were: response to stimulus (22%), localization (16%), establishment of localization (14%), and cellular component organization (14%). Cellular components engaged in intracellular (31%) and intracellular part (31%). The most prevalent molecular function mainly touched upon binding (52%). Milk exosome proteins participated in several KEGG pathways containing ribosome, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, leukocyte transendothelial migration, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, pentose phosphate pathway, galactose metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis. These results provide important information on human and bovine milk exosomes, and increase knowledge on the proteomes of these exosomes across different lactation stages, which could provide potential directions for newborn milk powder, biological markers and functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dahe Song
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xueyan Cao
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Rina Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Biao Liu
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Company Limited, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Wenhui Ye
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Company Limited, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Junrui Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Xiqing Yue
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
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59
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Exosomes from Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Identification, Purification, and Biological Characteristics. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:1929536. [PMID: 28105054 PMCID: PMC5220513 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1929536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our and other groups have discovered that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived exosomes are a novel therapeutical modality for many diseases. In this study, we summarized a method to extract and purify hucMSCs-exosomes using ultrafiltration and gradient centrifugation in our laboratory and proved that hucMSCs-exosomes prepared according to our procedure were stable and bioactive. Results showed that exosomes derived from hucMSC were 40~100 nm and CD9 and CD81 positive. Functionally, hucMSCs-exosomes promoted cell proliferation and protected against oxidative stress-induced cell apoptosis in vitro by activation of ERK1/2 and p38. Interestingly, UV exposure abrogated the regulatory roles of exosomes under oxidative stress, indicating that hucMSCs-exosomes may regulate cell growth and apoptosis by exosomal shuttle of RNA. Furthermore, cytokine profile analysis revealed that hucMSCs-exosomes contained high dose of IL-6, IL-8, and other cytokines. The established method is practical and efficient, which provides a basis for further evaluating the potential of hucMSCs-exosomes as therapeutic agents.
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60
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Nazimek K, Bryniarski K, Askenase PW. Functions of Exosomes and Microbial Extracellular Vesicles in Allergy and Contact and Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2016; 171:1-26. [PMID: 27820941 PMCID: PMC5131095 DOI: 10.1159/000449249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes, are newly recognized intercellular conveyors of functional molecular mechanisms. Notably, they transfer RNAs and proteins between different cells that can then participate in the complex pathogenesis of allergic and related hypersensitivity responses and disease mechanisms, as described herein. This review highlights this important new appreciation of the in vivo participation of such extracellular vesicles in the interactions between allergy-mediating cells. We take into account paracrine epigenetic exchanges mediated by surrounding stromal cells and the endocrine receipt of exosomes from distant cells via the circulation. Exosomes are natural ancient nanoparticles of life. They are made by all cells and in some form by all species down to fungi and bacteria, and are present in all fluids. Besides a new focus on their role in the transmission of genetic regulation, exosome transfer of allergens was recently shown to induce allergic inflammation. Importantly, regulatory and tolerogenic exosomes can potently inhibit allergy and hypersensitivity responses, usually acting nonspecifically, but can also proceed in an antigen-specific manner due to the coating of the exosome surface with antibodies. Deep analysis of processes mediated by exosomes should result in the development of early diagnostic biomarkers, as well as allergen-specific, preventive and therapeutic strategies. These will likely significantly diminish the risks of current allergen-specific parenteral desensitization procedures, and of the use of systemic immunosuppressive drugs. Since extracellular vesicles are physiological, they can be fashioned for the specific delivery of therapeutic molecular instructions through easily tolerated, noninvasive routes, such as oral ingestion, nasal administration, and perhaps even inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nazimek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Philip W. Askenase
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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61
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EpCAM-dependent extracellular vesicles from intestinal epithelial cells maintain intestinal tract immune balance. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13045. [PMID: 27721471 PMCID: PMC5062543 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
How the intestinal tract develops a tolerance to foreign antigens is still largely unknown. Here we report that extracellular vesicles (EVs) with TGF-β1-dependent immunosuppressive activity are produced by intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) under physiological conditions. Transfer of these EVs into inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium salt decreases IBD severity by inducing regulatory T cells and immunosuppressive dendritic cells. In contrast, decreased endogenous EV production promotes IBD development. IECs produce EVs with increased levels of TGF-β1 upon IBD development in an ERK-dependent manner. Furthermore, these EVs tend to localize in the intestinal tract associated with epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM). Knockdown of EpCAM in vivo increases the severity of murine IBD, and the protective effect of EVs from IECs with decreased EpCAM on murine IBD is blunted. Therefore, our study indicates that EVs from IECs participate in maintaining the intestinal tract immune balance.
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62
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De Palma G, Sallustio F, Schena FP. Clinical Application of Human Urinary Extracellular Vesicles in Kidney and Urologic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071043. [PMID: 27376269 PMCID: PMC4964419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been isolated in different body fluids, including urine. The cargo of urinary EVs is composed of nucleic acids and proteins reflecting the physiological and possibly pathophysiological state of cells lining the nephron and the urinary tract. Urinary EVs have been confirmed to contain low amounts of various types of RNA that play a role in intercellular communication by transferring genetic information. This communication through EV RNAs includes both continuation of normal physiological processes and conditioning in disease mechanisms. Although proteins included in urinary EVs represent only 3% of the whole-urine proteome, urinary EVs can influence cells in the renal epithelia not only by delivering RNA cargo, but also by delivering a wide range of proteins. Since urine is a readily available biofluid, the discovery of EVs has opened a new field of biomarker research. The potential use of urinary EV RNAs and proteins as diagnostic biomarkers for various kidney and urologic diseases is currently being explored. Here, we review recent studies that deal in identifying biomarker candidates for human kidney and urologic diseases using urinary EVs and might help to understand the pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe De Palma
- C.A.R.S.O. Consortium, University of Bari, Valenzano 70010, Italy.
- Schena Foundation-European Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Valenzano 70010, Italy.
| | - Fabio Sallustio
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, DETO, Bari 70124, Italy.
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63
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Diaz-Hidalgo L, Altuntas S, Rossin F, D'Eletto M, Marsella C, Farrace MG, Falasca L, Antonioli M, Fimia GM, Piacentini M. Transglutaminase type 2-dependent selective recruitment of proteins into exosomes under stressful cellular conditions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2084-92. [PMID: 27169926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies are revealing a role of exosomes in intercellular communication, and growing evidence indicates an important function for these vesicles in the progression and pathogenesis of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the biogenesis process of exosomes is still unclear. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a multifunctional enzyme with different subcellular localizations. Particularly, under stressful conditions, the enzyme has been also detected in the extracellular matrix, but the mechanism(s) by which TG2 is released outside the cells requires further investigation. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to determine whether exosomes might be a vehicle for TG2 to reach the extracellular space, and whether TG2 could be involved in exosomes biogenesis. To address this issue, we isolated and characterized exosomes derived from cells either expressing or not TG2, under stressful conditions (i.e. proteasome impairment or expressing a mutated form of huntingtin (mHtt) containing 84 polyglutamine repeats). Our results show that TG2 is present in the exosomes only upon proteasome blockade, a condition in which TG2 interacts with TSG101 and ALIX, two key proteins involved in exosome biogenesis. Interestingly, we found that TG2 favours the assembly of a protein complex including mHtt, ALIX, TSG101 and BAG3, a co-chaperone involved in the clearance of mHtt. The formation of this complex is paralleled by the selective recruitment of mHtt and BAG3 in the exosomes derived from TG2 proficient cells only. Overall, our data indicate that TG2 is an important player in the biogenesis of exosomes controlling the selectivity of their cargo under stressful cellular conditions. In addition, these vesicles represent the way by which cells can release TG2 into the extracellular space under proteostasis impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Altuntas
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Rossin
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela D'Eletto
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Marsella
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Laura Falasca
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Antonioli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy; Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy.
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Wahlgren J, Statello L, Skogberg G, Telemo E, Valadi H. Delivery of Small Interfering RNAs to Cells via Exosomes. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1364:105-25. [PMID: 26472446 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3112-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane bound vesicles between 30 and 100 nm in diameter of endocytic origin that are secreted into the extracellular environment by many different cell types. Exosomes play a role in intercellular communication by transferring proteins, lipids, and RNAs to recipient cells.Exosomes from human cells could be used as vectors to provide cells with therapeutic RNAs. Here we describe how exogenous small interfering RNAs may successfully be introduced into various kinds of human exosomes using electroporation and subsequently delivered to recipient cells. Methods used to confirm the presence of siRNA inside exosomes and cells are presented, such as flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and Northern blot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wahlgren
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Luisa Statello
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gabriel Skogberg
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Esbjörn Telemo
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hadi Valadi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Cheung KH, Keerthikumar S, Roncaglia P, Subramanian SL, Roth ME, Samuel M, Anand S, Gangoda L, Gould S, Alexander R, Galas D, Gerstein MB, Hill AF, Kitchen RR, Lötvall J, Patel T, Procaccini DC, Quesenberry P, Rozowsky J, Raffai RL, Shypitsyna A, Su AI, Théry C, Vickers K, Wauben MHM, Mathivanan S, Milosavljevic A, Laurent LC. Extending gene ontology in the context of extracellular RNA and vesicle communication. J Biomed Semantics 2016; 7:19. [PMID: 27076901 PMCID: PMC4830068 DOI: 10.1186/s13326-016-0061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To address the lack of standard terminology to describe extracellular RNA (exRNA) data/metadata, we have launched an inter-community effort to extend the Gene Ontology (GO) with subcellular structure concepts relevant to the exRNA domain. By extending GO in this manner, the exRNA data/metadata will be more easily annotated and queried because it will be based on a shared set of terms and relationships relevant to extracellular research. Methods By following a consensus-building process, we have worked with several academic societies/consortia, including ERCC, ISEV, and ASEMV, to identify and approve a set of exRNA and extracellular vesicle-related terms and relationships that have been incorporated into GO. In addition, we have initiated an ongoing process of extractions of gene product annotations associated with these terms from Vesiclepedia and ExoCarta, conversion of the extracted annotations to Gene Association File (GAF) format for batch submission to GO, and curation of the submitted annotations by the GO Consortium. As a use case, we have incorporated some of the GO terms into annotations of samples from the exRNA Atlas and implemented a faceted search interface based on such annotations. Results We have added 7 new terms and modified 9 existing terms (along with their synonyms and relationships) to GO. Additionally, 18,695 unique coding gene products (mRNAs and proteins) and 963 unique non-coding gene products (ncRNAs) which are associated with the terms: “extracellular vesicle”, “extracellular exosome”, “apoptotic body”, and “microvesicle” were extracted from ExoCarta and Vesiclepedia. These annotations are currently being processed for submission to GO. Conclusions As an inter-community effort, we have made a substantial update to GO in the exRNA context. We have also demonstrated the utility of some of the new GO terms for sample annotation and metadata search.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei-Hoi Cheung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale Center for Medical Informatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA ; VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Shivakumar Keerthikumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Paola Roncaglia
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD UK ; Gene Ontology Consortium (GOC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Sai Lakshmi Subramanian
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Matthew E Roth
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Monisha Samuel
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia
| | - Sushma Anand
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia
| | - Lahiru Gangoda
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia
| | - Stephen Gould
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ ; American Society for Exosomes and Microvesicles (ASEMV), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Roger Alexander
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, WA USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - David Galas
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, WA USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Mark B Gerstein
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ; Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ; Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia ; International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Robert R Kitchen
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Jan Lötvall
- University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ; International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Tushar Patel
- Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Dena C Procaccini
- Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Rockville, MD USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Peter Quesenberry
- University Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, Providence, RI USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ ; International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Joel Rozowsky
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ; Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Robert L Raffai
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco and VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Aleksandra Shypitsyna
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD UK ; Gene Ontology Consortium (GOC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Andrew I Su
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Clotilde Théry
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France ; International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Kasey Vickers
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands ; International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ ; International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Aleksandar Milosavljevic
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Louise C Laurent
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
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de Candia P, De Rosa V, Casiraghi M, Matarese G. Extracellular RNAs: A Secret Arm of Immune System Regulation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7221-8. [PMID: 26887954 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r115.708842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system has evolved to protect multicellular organisms from the attack of a variety of pathogens. To exert this function efficiently, the system has developed the capacity to coordinate the function of different cell types and the ability to down-modulate the response when the foreign attack is over. For decades, immunologists believed that these two characteristics were primarily related to cytokine/chemokine-based communication and cell-to-cell direct contact. More recently, it has been shown that immune cells also communicate by transferring regulatory RNAs, microRNAs in particular, from one cell to the other. Several studies have suggested a functional role of extracellular regulatory RNAs in cell-to-cell communication in different cellular contexts. This minireview focuses on the potential role of extracellular RNA transfer in the regulation of adaptive immune response, also contextualizing it in a broader field of what is known of cell-free RNAs in communication among different organisms in the evolutionary scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- the Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Napoli and Unità di NeuroImmunologia, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00142 Roma
| | - Maurizio Casiraghi
- the ZooPlantLab, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, and
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- the Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Chiba M, Watanabe N, Watanabe M, Sakamoto M, Sato A, Fujisaki M, Kubota S, Monzen S, Maruyama A, Nanashima N, Kashiwakura I, Nakamura T. Exosomes derived from SW480 colorectal cancer cells promote cell migration in HepG2 hepatocellular cancer cells via the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:305-12. [PMID: 26647805 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-derived extracellular vesicles that have recently been recognized as important mediators of intercellular communication. In the present study, we investigated the effects of exosomes derived from SW480 colorectal cancer cells in recipient HepG2 hepatocellular cancer cells. We demonstrated that SW480-derived exosomes were taken up by the recipient HepG2 cells via dynamin-dependent endocytosis and were localized to the HepG2 lysosomes. In addition, SW480-derived exosomes induced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 following their uptake into HepG2 cells. Of note, these changes occurred during the early phase after exosome treatment. Furthermore, SW480-derived exosomes promoted the migration of recipient HepG2 cells in a wound-healing assay, which was suppressed by pretreatment with U0126, an upstream inhibitor of ERK1/2. These results indicated that SW480-derived exosomes activated a classical mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in recipient HepG2 cells via dynamin-dependent endocytosis and subsequently enhanced cell migration by ERK1/2 activation. Our results provide new insights into the regulation of cellular functions by exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Chiba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Narumi Watanabe
- Department of Medical Technology, Hirosaki University School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Miki Watanabe
- Department of Medical Technology, Hirosaki University School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Maki Sakamoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Hirosaki University School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Akika Sato
- Department of Medical Technology, Hirosaki University School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Mizuki Fujisaki
- Department of Medical Technology, Hirosaki University School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Shiori Kubota
- Department of Medical Technology, Hirosaki University School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Satoru Monzen
- Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Atsushi Maruyama
- Department of Stress Response Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Naoki Nanashima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kashiwakura
- Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Toshiya Nakamura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
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Trevaskis NL, Kaminskas LM, Porter CJH. From sewer to saviour — targeting the lymphatic system to promote drug exposure and activity. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:781-803. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd4608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ptak W, Nazimek K, Askenase PW, Bryniarski K. From Mysterious Supernatant Entity to miRNA-150 in Antigen-Specific Exosomes: a History of Hapten-Specific T Suppressor Factor. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 63:345-56. [PMID: 25690461 PMCID: PMC4572057 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0331-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Soon after the discovery of T suppressor cells by Gershon in 1970, it was demonstrated that one subpopulation of these lymphocytes induced by i.v. hapten injection suppresses contact sensitivity response mediated by effector CD4+ or CD8+ T cells in mice through the release of soluble T suppressor factor (TsF) that acts antigen specifically. Our experiments showed that biologically active TsF is a complex entity consisting of two subfactors, one antigen specific and other non-specific, produced by differently induced populations of cells. In following years, we found that the antigen-specific subfactor is a light chain of IgM antibody that is produced by B1a lymphocytes. However, the exact nature of non-specific part remained a mystery for about 30 years. Our current studies characterized TsF as regulatory miRNA-150 carried by T suppressor cell-derived exosomes that are antigen specific due to a surface coat of IgM antibody light chains produced by B1a cells. The present communication briefly summarizes our studies on TsF that led to discovery of regulating miRNA that acts antigen specifically to suppress immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Włodzimierz Ptak
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Nazimek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland
| | - Philip W Askenase
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland.
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Parigi SM, Eldh M, Larssen P, Gabrielsson S, Villablanca EJ. Breast Milk and Solid Food Shaping Intestinal Immunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:415. [PMID: 26347740 PMCID: PMC4541369 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
After birth, the intestinal immune system enters a critical developmental stage, in which tolerogenic and pro-inflammatory cells emerge to contribute to the overall health of the host. The neonatal health is continuously challenged by microbial colonization and food intake, first in the form of breast milk or formula and later in the form of solid food. The microbiota and dietary compounds shape the newborn immune system, which acquires the ability to induce tolerance against innocuous antigens or induce pro-inflammatory immune responses against pathogens. Disruption of these homeostatic mechanisms might lead to undesired immune reactions, such as food allergies and inflammatory bowel disease. Hence, a proper education and maturation of the intestinal immune system is likely important to maintain life-long intestinal homeostasis. In this review, the most recent literature regarding the effects of dietary compounds in the development of the intestinal immune system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Parigi
- Translational Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Maria Eldh
- Translational Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Pia Larssen
- Translational Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Susanne Gabrielsson
- Translational Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Eduardo J Villablanca
- Translational Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
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Skogberg G, Telemo E, Ekwall O. Exosomes in the Thymus: Antigen Transfer and Vesicles. Front Immunol 2015; 6:366. [PMID: 26257734 PMCID: PMC4507453 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymocytes go through several steps of maturation and selection in the thymus in order to form a functional pool of effector T-cells and regulatory T-cells in the periphery. Close interactions between thymocytes, thymic epithelial cells, and dendritic cells are of vital importance for the maturation, selection, and lineage decision of the thymocytes. One important question that is still unanswered is how a relatively small epithelial cell population can present a vast array of self-antigens to the manifold larger population of developing thymocytes in this selection process. Here, we review and discuss the literature concerning antigen transfer from epithelial cells with a focus on exosomes. Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles released from a cell into the extracellular space. These vesicles can carry proteins, microRNAs, and mRNAs between cells and are thus able to participate in intercellular communication. Exosomes have been shown to be produced by thymic epithelial cells and to carry tissue-restricted antigens and MHC molecules, which may enable them to participate in the thymocyte selection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Skogberg
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Esbjörn Telemo
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Olov Ekwall
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University , Gothenburg , Sweden ; Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University , Gothenburg , Sweden
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Singh PP, Li L, Schorey JS. Exosomal RNA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Cells Is Functional in Recipient Macrophages. Traffic 2015; 16:555-71. [PMID: 25753779 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by cells that carry proteins, lipids and nucleic acids and function in intercellular communication. Previously, we determined that exosomes released from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb)-infected macrophages carry mycobacterial proteins and lipids. However, the RNA composition within these exosomes has not been defined. In this study, we characterized the exosomes released from M.tb-infected macrophages and identified a cohort of mouse messenger RNA (mRNA) and microRNA (miRNA). Quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis showed less abundance of miRNAs in exosomes released from infected compared with uninfected macrophages. Moreover, more than 100 transcripts were found to be enriched or unique to exosomes from infected cells including transcripts involved in regulating an immune response. The exosomal RNA could be transferred and expressed in naïve macrophages and was biologically active, stimulating production of inflammatory mediators and inducing apoptosis in recipient cells. Interestingly, we also identified mycobacterial transcripts in exosomes released from infected macrophages. To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify bacterial-derived RNA in exosomes. Our results suggest that exosomal RNA released from M.tb-infected macrophages may have functional and diagnostic potential in the context of a mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Pratap Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Jeffrey Scott Schorey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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Boukouris S, Mathivanan S. Exosomes in bodily fluids are a highly stable resource of disease biomarkers. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:358-67. [PMID: 25684126 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers are measurable indicators of a biological state. As our understanding of diseases meliorates, it is generally accepted that early diagnosis renders the best chance to cure a disease. In the context of proteomics, the discovery phase of identifying bonafide biomarkers and the ensuing validation phase involving large cohort of patient samples are impeded by the complexity of bodily fluid samples. High abundant proteins found in blood plasma make it difficult for the detection of low abundant proteins that may be potential biomarkers. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have reignited interest in the field of biomarker discovery. EVs contain a tissue-type signature wherein a rich cargo of proteins and RNA are selectively packaged. In addition, as EVs are membranous structures, the luminal contents are protected from degradation by extracellular proteases and are highly stable in storage conditions. Interestingly, an appealing feature of EV-based biomarker analysis is the significant reduction in the sample complexity compared to whole bodily fluids. With these prescribed attributes, which are the rate-limiting factors of traditional biomarker analysis, there is immense potential for the use of EVs for biomarker detection in clinical settings. This review will discuss the current issues with biomarker analysis and the potential use of EVs as reservoirs of disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Boukouris
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Benito-Martin A, Di Giannatale A, Ceder S, Peinado H. The new deal: a potential role for secreted vesicles in innate immunity and tumor progression. Front Immunol 2015; 6:66. [PMID: 25759690 PMCID: PMC4338782 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors must evade the immune system to survive and metastasize, although the mechanisms that lead to tumor immunoediting and their evasion of immune surveillance are far from clear. The first line of defense against metastatic invasion is the innate immune system that provides immediate defense through humoral immunity and cell-mediated components, mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and other myeloid-derived cells that protect the organism against foreign invaders. Therefore, tumors must employ different strategies to evade such immune responses or to modulate their environment, and they must do so prior metastasizing. Exosomes and other secreted vesicles can be used for cell–cell communication during tumor progression by promoting the horizontal transfer of information. In this review, we will analyze the role of such extracellular vesicles during tumor progression, summarizing the role of secreted vesicles in the crosstalk between the tumor and the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Benito-Martin
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY , USA
| | - Angela Di Giannatale
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY , USA
| | - Sophia Ceder
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Héctor Peinado
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY , USA ; Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Department of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
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JIANG HONG, LI ZHENG, LI XIAOHUA, XIA JIANGUO. Intercellular transfer of messenger RNAs in multiorgan tumorigenesis by tumor cell-derived exosomes. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:4657-63. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Chistiakov DA, Bobryshev YV, Kozarov E, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN. Intestinal mucosal tolerance and impact of gut microbiota to mucosal tolerance. Front Microbiol 2015; 5:781. [PMID: 25628617 PMCID: PMC4292724 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal barriers are very sensitive to pathogenic infection, thereby assuming the capacity of the mucosal immune system to induce protective immunity to harmful antigens and tolerance against harmless substances. This review provides current information about mechanisms of induction of mucosal tolerance and about impact of gut microbiota to mucosal tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University , Moscow, Russia ; The Mount Sinai Community Clinical Oncology Program, Mount Sinai Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mount Sinai Medical Center , Miami Beach, FL, USA ; Research Center for Children's Health , Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow, Russia ; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW, Australia ; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney , Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Emil Kozarov
- Department of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, Columbia University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Igor A Sobenin
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow, Russia ; Department of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, Columbia University , New York, NY, USA ; Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex , Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow, Russia
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78
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Milosevits G, Szebeni J, Krol S. Exosomes: potential model for complement-stealth delivery systems. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/ejnm-2015-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractExosomes are nature’s nanocarriers that transport biological information in humans. Their structural properties, origin and functions are making them interesting objects for the diagnosis of diseases, such as cancer, and also, as innovative tools for drug delivery. The interaction of exosomes with the immune system has been one of the focal points of interest; nevertheless their “stealth” properties helping to avoid adverse immune reactions are still not fully understood. In this review, after giving an overview of recent findings on the role of exosomes in disease pathogenesis and physiological functions, we focused on their interaction with the immune system and possibilities for clinical applications. The potential of exosomes of creating stealth nanoparticles that are better tolerated by the immune system than the presently available synthetic drug delivery systems represent a promising new approach in nanomedicine.
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79
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Graves CL, Harden SW, LaPato M, Nelson M, Amador B, Sorenson H, Frazier CJ, Wallet SM. A method for high purity intestinal epithelial cell culture from adult human and murine tissues for the investigation of innate immune function. J Immunol Methods 2014; 414:20-31. [PMID: 25193428 PMCID: PMC4384334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) serve as an important physiologic barrier between environmental antigens and the host intestinal immune system. Thus, IECs serve as a first line of defense and may act as sentinel cells during inflammatory insults. Despite recent renewed interest in IEC contributions to host immune function, the study of primary IEC has been hindered by lack of a robust culture technique, particularly for small intestinal and adult tissues. Here, a novel adaptation for culture of primary IEC is described for human duodenal organ donor tissue as well as duodenum and colon of adult mice. These epithelial cell cultures display characteristic phenotypes and are of high purity. In addition, the innate immune function of human primary IEC, specifically with regard to Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and microbial ligand responsiveness, is contrasted with a commonly used intestinal epithelial cell line (HT-29). Specifically, TLR expression at the mRNA level and production of cytokine (IFNγ and TNFα) in response to TLR agonist stimulation is assessed. Differential expression of TLRs as well as innate immune responses to ligand stimulation is observed in human-derived cultures compared to that of HT-29. Thus, use of this adapted method to culture primary epithelial cells from adult human donors and from adult mice will allow for more appropriate studies of IECs as innate immune effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Graves
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
| | - Scott W Harden
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100244, Gainesville 32610, FL, USA.
| | - Melissa LaPato
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
| | - Michael Nelson
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
| | - Byron Amador
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
| | - Heather Sorenson
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
| | - Charles J Frazier
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100244, Gainesville 32610, FL, USA; Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100244, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Shannon M Wallet
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
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80
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Kubota S, Chiba M, Watanabe M, Sakamoto M, Watanabe N. Secretion of small/microRNAs including miR-638 into extracellular spaces by sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:67-73. [PMID: 25394686 PMCID: PMC4254672 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent study demonstrated that intracellular small/microRNAs are released from cells, and some of these extracellular RNAs are embedded in vesicles, such as ceramide-rich exosomes, on lipid-bilayer membranes. In the present study, we examined the effects of sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3 (SMPD3), which generates ceramide from sphingomyelin, on the release of small/microRNAs from intracellular to extracellular spaces. In these experiments, SW480 human colorectal and HuH-7 human hepatocellular cancer cells were cultured for 48 h in serum-free media. Culture supernatants were then collected, and floating cells and debris were removed by centrifugation and filtration through a 0.22-μm filter. Extracellular small RNAs in purified culture supernatants were stable for 4 weeks at room temperature, after 20 freeze-thaw cycles and exposure to pH 2.0, and were resistant to ribonuclease A degradation. Amino acid sequence analyses of SMPD3 showed high homology between mammals, indicating evolutionary conservation. Therefore, to investigate the mechanisms of cellular small/microRNA export, SW480 and HuH-7 cells were treated with the SMPD3 inhibitor GW4869 in serum-free media. Culture supernatants were collected for microarray and/or reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) experiments. The number of microRNAs in culture supernatants was decreased following treatment with GW4869. Among these, extracellular and intracellular miR-638 were dose-dependently decreased and increased, respectively. These data suggest that SMPD3 plays an important role in the release of microRNAs into extracellular spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Kubota
- Department of Medical Technology, Hirosaki University School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Chiba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Miki Watanabe
- Department of Medical Technology, Hirosaki University School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Maki Sakamoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Hirosaki University School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Narumi Watanabe
- Department of Medical Technology, Hirosaki University School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
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81
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Al-Nedawi K, Mian MF, Hossain N, Karimi K, Mao YK, Forsythe P, Min KK, Stanisz AM, Kunze WA, Bienenstock J. Gut commensal microvesicles reproduce parent bacterial signals to host immune and enteric nervous systems. FASEB J 2014; 29:684-95. [PMID: 25392266 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-259721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ingestion of a commensal bacteria, Lactobacillus rhamnosus JB-1, has potent immunoregulatory effects, and changes nerve-dependent colon migrating motor complexes (MMCs), enteric nerve function, and behavior. How these alterations occur is unknown. JB-1 microvesicles (MVs) are enriched for heat shock protein components such as chaperonin 60 heat-shock protein isolated from Escherichia coli (GroEL) and reproduce regulatory and neuronal effects in vitro and in vivo. Ingested labeled MVs were detected in murine Peyer's patch (PP) dendritic cells (DCs) within 18 h. After 3 d, PP and mesenteric lymph node DCs assumed a regulatory phenotype and increased functional regulatory CD4(+)25(+)Foxp3+ T cells. JB-1, MVs, and GroEL similarly induced phenotypic change in cocultured DCs via multiple pathways including C-type lectin receptors specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 grabbing non-integrin-related 1 and Dectin-1, as well as TLR-2 and -9. JB-1 and MVs also decreased the amplitude of neuronally dependent MMCs in an ex vivo model of peristalsis. Gut epithelial, but not direct neuronal application of, MVs, replicated functional effects of JB-1 on in situ patch-clamped enteric neurons. GroEL and anti-TLR-2 were without effect in this system, suggesting the importance of epithelium neuron signaling and discrimination between pathways for bacteria-neuron and -immune communication. Together these results offer a mechanistic explanation of how Gram-positive commensals and probiotics may influence the host's immune and nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Al-Nedawi
- *Division of Nephrology, Departments of Medicine, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, and Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Firoz Mian
- *Division of Nephrology, Departments of Medicine, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, and Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nazia Hossain
- *Division of Nephrology, Departments of Medicine, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, and Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khalil Karimi
- *Division of Nephrology, Departments of Medicine, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, and Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yu-Kang Mao
- *Division of Nephrology, Departments of Medicine, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, and Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Forsythe
- *Division of Nephrology, Departments of Medicine, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, and Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin K Min
- *Division of Nephrology, Departments of Medicine, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, and Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew M Stanisz
- *Division of Nephrology, Departments of Medicine, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, and Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wolfgang A Kunze
- *Division of Nephrology, Departments of Medicine, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, and Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Bienenstock
- *Division of Nephrology, Departments of Medicine, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, and Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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82
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Andreu Z, Yáñez-Mó M. Tetraspanins in extracellular vesicle formation and function. Front Immunol 2014; 5:442. [PMID: 25278937 PMCID: PMC4165315 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 888] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a novel mechanism of intercellular communication as vehicles for intercellular transfer of functional membrane and cytosolic proteins, lipids, and RNAs. Microvesicles, ectosomes, shedding vesicles, microparticles, and exosomes are the most common terms to refer to the different kinds of EVs based on their origin, composition, size, and density. Exosomes have an endosomal origin and are released by many different cell types, participating in different physiological and/or pathological processes. Depending on their origin, they can alter the fate of recipient cells according to the information transferred. In the last two decades, EVs have become the focus of many studies because of their putative use as non-invasive biomarkers and their potential in bioengineering and clinical applications. In order to exploit this ability of EVs many aspects of their biology should be deciphered. Here, we review the mechanisms involved in EV biogenesis, assembly, recruitment of selected proteins, and genetic material as well as the uptake mechanisms by target cells in an effort to understand EV functions and their utility in clinical applications. In these contexts, the role of proteins from the tetraspanin superfamily, which are among the most abundant membrane proteins of EVs, will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoraida Andreu
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa , Madrid , Spain
| | - María Yáñez-Mó
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa , Madrid , Spain
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83
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Mincheva-Nilsson L, Baranov V. Placenta-Derived Exosomes and Syncytiotrophoblast Microparticles and their Role in Human Reproduction: Immune Modulation for Pregnancy Success. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 72:440-57. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mincheva-Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Clinical Immunology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Vladimir Baranov
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Clinical Immunology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
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84
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Cancer exosomes and NKG2D receptor-ligand interactions: impairing NKG2D-mediated cytotoxicity and anti-tumour immune surveillance. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 28:24-30. [PMID: 24602822 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human cancers constitutively produce and release endosome-derived nanometer-sized vesicles called exosomes that carry biologically active proteins, messenger and micro RNAs and serve as vehicles of intercellular communication. The tumour exosomes are present in the blood, urine and various malignant effusions such as peritoneal and pleural fluid of cancer patients and can modulate immune cells and responses thus deranging the immune system of cancer patients and giving advantage to the cancer to establish and spread itself. Here, the role of exosomes in the NKG2D receptor-ligand system's interactions is discussed. The activating NK cell receptor NKG2D and its multiple ligands, the MHC class I-related chain (MIC) A/B and the retinoic acid transcript-1/UL-16 binding proteins (RAET1/ULBP) 1-6 comprise a powerful stress-inducible danger detector system that targets infected, inflamed and malignantly transformed cells and plays a decisive role in anti-tumour immune surveillance. Mounting evidence reveals that the MIC- and RAET1/ULBP ligand family members are enriched in the endosomal compartment of various tumour cells and expressed and released into the intercellular space and bodily fluids on exosomes thus preserving their entire molecule, three-dimensional protein structure and biologic activity. The NKG2D ligand-expressing exosomes serve as decoys with a powerful ability to down regulate the cognate receptor and impair the cytotoxic function of NK-, NKT-, gamma/delta- and cytotoxic T cells. This review summarizes recent findings concerning the role of NKG2D receptor-ligand system in cancer with emphasis on regulation of NKG2D ligand expression and the immunosuppressive role of exosomally expressed NKG2D ligands.
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85
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Extracellular vesicles modulate host-microbe responses by altering TLR2 activity and phagocytosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89121. [PMID: 24586537 PMCID: PMC3930685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral delivery of Gram positive bacteria, often derived from the genera Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium, can modulate immune function. Although the exact mechanisms remain unclear, immunomodulatory effects may be elicited through the direct interaction of these bacteria with the intestinal epithelium or resident dendritic cell (DC) populations. We analyzed the immune activation properties of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium species and made the surprising observation that cellular responses in vitro were differentially influenced by the presence of serum, specifically the extracellular vesicle (EV) fraction. In contrast to the tested Lactobacilli species, tested Bifidobacterium species induce TLR2/6 activity which is inhibited by the presence of EVs. Using specific TLR ligands, EVs were found to enhance cellular TLR2/1 and TLR4 responses while TLR2/6 responses were suppressed. No effect could be observed on cellular TLR5 responses. We determined that EVs play a role in bacterial aggregation, suggesting that EVs interact with bacterial surfaces. EVs were found to slightly enhance DC phagocytosis of Bifidobacterium breve whereas phagocytosis of Lactobacillus rhamnosus was virtually absent upon serum EV depletion. DC uptake of a non-microbial substance (dextran) was not affected by the different serum fractions suggesting that EVs do not interfere with DC phagocytic capacity but rather modify the DC-microbe interaction. Depending on the microbe, combined effects of EVs on TLR activity and phagocytosis result in a differential proinflammatory DC cytokine release. Overall, these data suggest that EVs play a yet unrecognized role in host-microbe responses, not by interfering in recipient cellular responses but via attachment to, or scavenging of, microbe-associated molecular patterns. EVs can be found in any tissue or bodily fluid, therefore insights into EV-microbe interactions are important in understanding the mechanism of action of potential probiotics and gut immune homeostasis.
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86
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Beach A, Zhang HG, Ratajczak MZ, Kakar SS. Exosomes: an overview of biogenesis, composition and role in ovarian cancer. J Ovarian Res 2014; 7:14. [PMID: 24460816 PMCID: PMC3932023 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-7-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are tiny membrane-bound vesicles that are over produced by most proliferating cell types during normal and pathological states. Their levels are up-regulated during pregnancy and disease states such as cancer. Exosomes contain a wide variety of proteins, lipids, RNAs, non-transcribed RNAs, microRNAs and small RNAs that are representative to their cellular origin and shuttle from a donor cell to a recipient cell. From intercellular communication to tumor proliferation, exosomes carry out a diverse range of functions, both helpful and harmful. Useful as biomarkers, exosomes may be applicable in diagnostic assessments as well as cell-free anti-tumor vaccines. Exosomes of ovarian cancer contain different set of proteins and miRNAs compared to exosomes of normal, cancer-free individuals. These molecules may be used as multiple “barcode” for the development of a diagnostic tool for early detection of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sham S Kakar
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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87
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Mincheva-Nilsson L. Placental exosome-mediated immune protection of the fetus: feeling groovy in a cloud of exosomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eog.10.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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88
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Miron N, Feldrihan V, Berindan-Neagoe I, Cristea V. The role of Staphylococcal enterotoxin A in achieving oral tolerance to myelin basic protein in adult mice. Immunol Invest 2013; 43:267-77. [PMID: 24354887 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2013.868474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral tolerance is the biological process explaining the non-responsiveness of gut lymphoid tissue to intestinal content. Our study tested a new approach for the enhancement of oral tolerance to a multiple sclerosis-triggering auto-antigen-myelin basic protein, by its oral administration with the Staphylococcal enterotoxin A. METHODS Immune tolerance thus stimulated was assessed in adult BALB/c mice, by measuring different cytokines from the supernatant of mesenteric lymph nodes cells (IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, and TGF-β), and in a SJL/E mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, by evaluating the development of regulatory T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes and the clinical outcome of the intervention. RESULTS We obtained a significant rise in the levels of IL-10 and TGF-β compared with control and a significant decrease of IFN-γ, IL-4 (p < 0.05). Regulatory T cells were increased compared with control (p < 0.05). These results were attributable both to myelin basic protein and to Staphylococcal enterotoxin A. The clinical outcome of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis was influenced only by the administration of myelin basic protein. CONCLUSION In our experiment, Staphylococcal enterotoxin A enhanced the immune tolerance to myelin basic protein in the gut mucosa, but had no impact on the clinical evolution of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolae Miron
- Department of Immunology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Haţieganu" , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
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89
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90
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Cell-cell communication via extracellular membrane vesicles and its role in the immune response. Mol Cells 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0154-2 order by 8029-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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91
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Cell-cell communication via extracellular membrane vesicles and its role in the immune response. Mol Cells 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0154-2 order by 1-- gadu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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92
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Hwang I. Cell-cell communication via extracellular membrane vesicles and its role in the immune response. Mol Cells 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0154-2 and 1880=1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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93
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Hwang I. Cell-cell communication via extracellular membrane vesicles and its role in the immune response. Mol Cells 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0154-2 order by 8029-- awyx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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94
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Hwang I. Cell-cell communication via extracellular membrane vesicles and its role in the immune response. Mol Cells 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0154-2 order by 8029-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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95
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Hwang I. Cell-cell communication via extracellular membrane vesicles and its role in the immune response. Mol Cells 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0154-2 order by 1-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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96
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Hwang I. Cell-cell communication via extracellular membrane vesicles and its role in the immune response. Mol Cells 2013; 36:105-11. [PMID: 23807045 PMCID: PMC3887950 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The host immune response involves a variety of cell types, including specialized immune and non-immune cells. The delicate coordination among these cells via close communication is central for the proper operation of immune system. Cell-cell communication is mediated by a complex network that includes soluble factors such as cytokines, chemokines, and metabolites exported from cells, as well as membrane-bound receptors and their ligands. Cell-cell communication is also mediated by membrane vesicles (e.g., exosomes, ectosomes), which are either shed by distant cells or exchanged by cells that are making direct contact. Intercellular communication via extracellular membrane vesicles has drawn much attention recently, as they have been shown to carry various biomolecules that modulate the activities of recipient cells. In this review, I will discuss current views on cell-cell communication via extra-cellular membrane vesicles, especially shedded membrane vesicles, and their effects on the control of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inkyu Hwang
- Research Center for Chemical Biology, KRIBB-RIKEN Global R&D Center Program, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongwon 363-883, Korea.
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97
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Cell-cell communication via extracellular membrane vesicles and its role in the immune response. Mol Cells 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0154-2 order by 1-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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98
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Abstract
Exosomes are nanosized membrane-bound vesicles that are released by various cell types and are capable of carrying proteins, lipids and RNAs which can be delivered to recipient cells. Exosomes play a role in intercellular communication and have been described to mediate immunologic information. In this article we report the first isolation and characterization of exosomes from human thymic tissue. Using electron microscopy, particle size determination, density gradient measurement, flow cytometry, proteomic analysis and microRNA profiling we describe the morphology, size, density, protein composition and microRNA content of human thymic exosomes. The thymic exosomes share characteristics with previously described exosomes such as antigen presentation molecules, but they also exhibit thymus specific features regarding surface markers, protein content and microRNA profile. Interestingly, thymic exosomes carry proteins that have a tissue restricted expression in the periphery which may suggest a role in T cell selection and the induction of central tolerance. We speculate that thymic exosomes may provide the means for intercellular information exchange necessary for negative selection and regulatory T cell formation of the developing thymocytes within the human thymic medulla.
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99
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Chang C, Lang H, Geng N, Wang J, Li N, Wang X. Exosomes of BV-2 cells induced by alpha-synuclein: important mediator of neurodegeneration in PD. Neurosci Lett 2013; 548:190-5. [PMID: 23792198 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Alpha-synuclein aggregation, which can activate microglia to enhance its dopaminergic neurotoxicity, plays a central role in the progression of PD. However the mechanism is still unclear. To investigate how alpha-synuclein affects the neuron, exosomes were derived from alpha-synuclein treated mouse microglia cell line BV-2 cells by differential centrifugation and ultracentrifugation. We found that alpha-synuclein can induce an increase of exosomal secretion by microglia. These activated exosomes expressed a high level of MHC class II molecules and membrane TNF-α. In addition, the activated exosomes cause increased apoptosis. Exosomes secreted from activated microglias might be important mediator of alpha-synuclein-induced neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongwang Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
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100
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Saei A, Hadjati J. Tolerogenic dendritic cells: key regulators of peripheral tolerance in health and disease. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013; 161:293-303. [PMID: 23689518 DOI: 10.1159/000350328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) as professional antigen-presenting cells are able to induce immunity and tolerance in different conditions, which leads to strong immune responses against hostile agents or tolerance to self-antigens. Although for subsets of DCs, a regulatory function has been shown, the role of the microenvironment is momentous to generate tolerogenic DCs (tDCs). Different microorganisms and tumor cells escape from immune responses by producing mediators and components that influence DCs to show tolerogenic characteristics. In this review, tDC induction was explained in steady state and disease conditions. Moreover, an overview was presented on the efforts to generate in vitro tDCs, their clinical applications and the problems which remain to be solved in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azad Saei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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