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Nawaz A, Liu Q, Leong WL, Fairfull-Smith KE, Sonar P. Organic Electrochemical Transistors for In Vivo Bioelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101874. [PMID: 34606146 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are presently a focus of intense research and hold great potential in expanding the horizons of the bioelectronics industry. The notable characteristics of OECTs, including their electrolyte-gating, which offers intimate interfacing with biological environments, and aqueous stability, make them particularly suitable to be operated within a living organism (in vivo). Unlike the existing in vivo bioelectronic devices, mostly based on rigid metal electrodes, OECTs form a soft mechanical contact with the biological milieu and ensure a high signal-to-noise ratio because of their powerful amplification capability. Such features make OECTs particularly desirable for a wide range of in vivo applications, including electrophysiological recordings, neuron stimulation, and neurotransmitter detection, and regulation of plant processes in vivo. In this review, a systematic compilation of the in vivo applications is presented that are addressed by the OECT technology. First, the operating mechanisms, and the device design and materials design principles of OECTs are examined, and then multiple examples are provided from the literature while identifying the unique device properties that enable the application progress. Finally, one critically looks at the future of the OECT technology for in vivo bioelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nawaz
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19044, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
- Center for Sensors and Devices, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Trento, 38123, Italy
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Wei Lin Leong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kathryn E Fairfull-Smith
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
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52
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Mello HJNPD, Faleiros MC, Mulato M. Electrochemically activated polyaniline based ambipolar organic electrochemical transistor. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo José Nogueira Pedroza Dias Mello
- Institute of Physics Federal University of Goiás (UFG) Goiânia Goiás Brazil
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirao Preto (FFCLRP) University of Sao Paulo (USP) Ribeirao Preto Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Murilo Calil Faleiros
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirao Preto (FFCLRP) University of Sao Paulo (USP) Ribeirao Preto Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Marcelo Mulato
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirao Preto (FFCLRP) University of Sao Paulo (USP) Ribeirao Preto Sao Paulo Brazil
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Roy AL, Chiu HN, Walus K. A microfluidic-enabled combinatorial formulation and integrated inkjet printing platform for evaluating functionally graded material blends. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:4427-4436. [PMID: 34605520 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00524c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sample library preparation is a central step in the process of evaluating materials with the general aim of efficient library formulation while minimizing resource consumption. We demonstrate here the first implementation of a microfluidic-enabled thin film sample library formulation platform with integrated inkjet printing capability for directly patterning these libraries with reduced material wastage. System development and general performance screening protocol for these patterned thin films are described. We study the combinatorial formulation capabilities of this system by focusing on some practical case studies for probing the electrical conductivity in organic, biocompatible and electroactive polymer/additive (PEDOT:PSS/DMSO and PEDOT:PSS/EG) blends. Functionally-graded thin film libraries are prepared by mixing ink components and directly dispensing the processed blends into programmed geometries using the integrated platform. Electrical and morphological characterization of these printed thin film libraries is conducted to validate the formulation efficacy of the platform. Interrogating these printed libraries, we were able to iteratively identify the location of conductivity maxima for the studied blends and corroborate the morphological basis of this enhancement with established theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Lal Roy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia (Vancouver campus), Canada.
| | - Hsi Nien Chiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia (Vancouver campus), Canada.
| | - Konrad Walus
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia (Vancouver campus), Canada.
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54
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Fu Y, Wang N, Yang A, Xu Z, Zhang W, Liu H, Law HKW, Yan F. Ultrasensitive Detection of Ribonucleic Acid Biomarkers Using Portable Sensing Platforms Based on Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Anal Chem 2021; 93:14359-14364. [PMID: 34661391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) plays an important role in the early diagnosis of diseases and will greatly benefit patients with a higher cure rate. However, the low abundance of RNA in physiological environments requires ultrahigh sensitivity of a detection technology. Here, we construct a portable and smart-phone-controlled biosensing platform based on disposable organic electrochemical transistors for ultrasensitive analysis of microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers within 1 h. Due to their inherent amplification function, the devices can detect miRNA cancer biomarkers from little-volume solutions with concentrations down to 10-14 M. The devices can distinguish blood miRNA expression levels at different cancer stages using a 4T1 mouse tumor model. The technique for ultrasensitive and fast detection of RNA biomarkers with high selectivity opens a window for mobile diagnosis of various diseases with low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, United Kingdom
| | - Naixiang Wang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Anneng Yang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhiai Xu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Helen Ka-Wai Law
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Research Institute of Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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55
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Yu S, Ratcliff EL. Tuning Organic Electrochemical Transistor (OECT) Transconductance toward Zero Gate Voltage in the Faradaic Mode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:50176-50186. [PMID: 34644052 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we investigate material design criteria for low-powered/self-powered and efficient organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) to be operated in the faradaic mode (detection at the gate electrode occurs via electron transfer events). To rationalize device design principles, we adopt a Marcus-Gerischer perspective for electrochemical processes at both the gate and channel interfaces. This perspective considers density of states (DOS) for the semiconductor channel, the gate electrode, and the electrolyte. We complement our approach with energy band offsets of relevant electrochemical potentials that can be independently measured from transistor geometry using conventional electrochemical methods as well as an approach to measure electrolyte potential in an operating OECT. By systematically changing the relative redox property offsets between the redox-active electrolyte and semiconducting polymer channel, we demonstrate a first-order design principle that necessary gate voltage is minimized by good DOS overlap of the two redox processes at the gate and channel. Specifically, for p-type turn-on OECTs, the voltage-dependent, electrochemically active semiconductor DOS should overlap with the oxidant form of the electrolyte to minimize the onset voltage for transconductance. A special case where the electrolyte can be used to spontaneously dope the polymer via charge transfer is also considered. Collectively, our results provide material design pathways toward the development of simple, robust, power-saving, and high-throughput OECT biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyan Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Arizona, 1235 E. James E Rogers Way, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Erin L Ratcliff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Arizona, 1235 E. James E Rogers Way, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E Rogers Way, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Way, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Rashid RB, Ji X, Rivnay J. Organic electrochemical transistors in bioelectronic circuits. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 190:113461. [PMID: 34197997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) represents a versatile and impactful electronic building block in the areas of printed electronics, bioelectronics, and neuromorphic computing. Significant efforts in OECTs have focused on device physics, new active material design and synthesis, and on preliminary implementation of individual transistors as proof-of-concept components for sensing and computation. However, as most of the current studies are based on single devices, the integration of OECTs into circuits or high-level systems has lagged. In this review, we focus on recent efforts to incorporate individual OECTs into digital, analog, and neuromorphic circuits, and lay out important considerations relevant for (hybrid) systems integration. We summarize the operation principles and the functions of OECT-based circuits and discuss the approaches for wireless power and data transmission for practicality in biological and bio-inspired applications. Finally, we comment on the future directions and challenges facing OECT circuits from both a fundamental and applied perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem B Rashid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Xudong Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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57
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Koklu A, Ohayon D, Wustoni S, Druet V, Saleh A, Inal S. Organic Bioelectronic Devices for Metabolite Sensing. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4581-4635. [PMID: 34610244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical detection of metabolites is essential for early diagnosis and continuous monitoring of a variety of health conditions. This review focuses on organic electronic material-based metabolite sensors and highlights their potential to tackle critical challenges associated with metabolite detection. We provide an overview of the distinct classes of organic electronic materials and biorecognition units used in metabolite sensors, explain the different detection strategies developed to date, and identify the advantages and drawbacks of each technology. We then benchmark state-of-the-art organic electronic metabolite sensors by categorizing them based on their application area (in vitro, body-interfaced, in vivo, and cell-interfaced). Finally, we share our perspective on using organic bioelectronic materials for metabolite sensing and address the current challenges for the devices and progress to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Koklu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Ohayon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shofarul Wustoni
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Victor Druet
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulelah Saleh
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahika Inal
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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58
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Burtscher B, Manco Urbina PA, Diacci C, Borghi S, Pinti M, Cossarizza A, Salvarani C, Berggren M, Biscarini F, Simon DT, Bortolotti CA. Sensing Inflammation Biomarkers with Electrolyte-Gated Organic Electronic Transistors. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100955. [PMID: 34423579 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An overview of cytokine biosensing is provided, with a focus on the opportunities provided by organic electronic platforms for monitoring these inflammation biomarkers which manifest at ultralow concentration levels in physiopathological conditions. Specifically, two of the field's state-of-the-art technologies-organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) and electrolyte gated organic field effect transistors (EGOFETs)-and their use in sensing cytokines and other proteins associated with inflammation are a particular focus. The overview will include an introduction to current clinical and "gold standard" quantification techniques and their limitations in terms of cost, time, and required infrastructure. A critical review of recent progress with OECT- and EGOFET-based protein biosensors is presented, alongside a discussion onthe future of these technologies in the years and decades ahead. This is especially timely as the world grapples with limited healthcare diagnostics during the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)pandemic where one of the worst-case scenarios for patients is the "cytokine storm." Clearly, low-cost point-of-care technologies provided by OECTs and EGOFETs can ease the global burden on healthcare systems and support professionals by providing unprecedented wealth of data that can help to monitor disease progression in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Burtscher
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping 60174 Sweden
| | | | - Chiara Diacci
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping 60174 Sweden
| | - Simone Borghi
- Department of Life Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via Campi 103 Modena 41125 Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via Campi 103 Modena 41125 Italy
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via Campi 287 Modena 41125 Italy
| | - Carlo Salvarani
- Rheumatology Unit University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Medical School Azienda Ospedaliero‐Universitaria Policlinico di Modena Modena 41124 Italy
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping 60174 Sweden
| | - Fabio Biscarini
- Department of Life Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via Campi 103 Modena 41125 Italy
- Center for Translation Neurophysiology Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Fossato di Mortara 17–19 Ferrara 44100 Italy
| | - Daniel T. Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping 60174 Sweden
| | - Carlo A. Bortolotti
- Department of Life Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via Campi 103 Modena 41125 Italy
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59
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Wang G, Zhuang X, Huang W, Yu J, Zhang H, Facchetti A, Marks TJ. New Opportunities for High-Performance Source-Gated Transistors Using Unconventional Materials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101473. [PMID: 34449126 PMCID: PMC8529450 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Source-gated transistors (SGTs), which are typically realized by introducing a source barrier in staggered thin-film transistors (TFTs), exhibit many advantages over conventional TFTs, including ultrahigh gain, lower power consumption, higher bias stress stability, immunity to short-channel effects, and greater tolerance to geometric variations. These properties make SGTs promising candidates for readily fabricated displays, biomedical sensors, and wearable electronics for the Internet of Things, where low power dissipation, high performance, and efficient, low-cost manufacturability are essential. In this review, the general aspects of SGT structure, fabrication, and operation mechanisms are first discussed, followed by a detailed property comparison with conventional TFTs. Next, advances in high-performance SGTs based on silicon are first discussed, followed by recent advances in emerging metal oxides, organic semiconductors, and 2D materials, which are individually discussed, followed by promising applications that can be uniquely realized by SGTs and their circuitry. Lastly, this review concludes with challenges and outlook overview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated DevicesUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610054P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research CenterNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL60208USA
| | - Xinming Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated DevicesUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610054P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research CenterNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL60208USA
- School of PhysicsState Key Laboratory of Crystal MaterialsShandong UniversityJinan250100P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research CenterNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL60208USA
- School of Automation EngineeringUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)ChengduSichuan611731P. R. China
| | - Junsheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated DevicesUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610054P. R. China
| | - Huaiwu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated DevicesUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610054P. R. China
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research CenterNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL60208USA
- Flexterra CorporationSkokieIL60077USA
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research CenterNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL60208USA
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Liu H, Yang A, Song J, Wang N, Lam P, Li Y, Law HKW, Yan F. Ultrafast, sensitive, and portable detection of COVID-19 IgG using flexible organic electrochemical transistors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg8387. [PMID: 34524851 PMCID: PMC8443172 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg8387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 and its continued spread have seriously threatened public health. Antibody testing is essential for infection diagnosis, seroepidemiological analysis, and vaccine evaluation. However, convenient, fast, and accurate antibody detection remains a challenge in this protracted battle. Here, we report an ultrafast, low-cost, label-free, and portable SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) detection platform based on organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), which can be remotely controlled by a mobile phone. To enable faster detection, voltage pulses are applied on the gate electrode of the OECT to accelerate binding between the antibody and antigen. By optimizing ion concentrations and pH values of test solutions, we realize specific detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgG in several minutes with a detectable region from 10 fM to 100 nM, which encompasses the range of serum SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels in humans. These portable sensors show promise for use in diagnosis and prognosis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, 999077 Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Anneng Yang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, 999077 Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jiajun Song
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, 999077 Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Naixiang Wang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, 999077 Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Puiyiu Lam
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, 999077 Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yuenling Li
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, 999077 Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Helen Ka-wai Law
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, 999077 Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, 999077 Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Corresponding author.
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Martinez-Gonzalez JA, Cavaye H, McGettrick JD, Meredith P, Motovilov KA, Mostert AB. Interfacial water morphology in hydrated melanin. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:7940-7952. [PMID: 34378618 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00777g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The importance of electrically functional biomaterials is increasing as researchers explore ways to utilise them in novel sensing capacities. It has been recognised that for many of these materials the state of hydration is a key parameter that can heavily affect the conductivity, particularly those that rely upon ionic or proton transport as a key mechanism. However, thus far little attention has been paid to the nature of the water morphology in the hydrated state and the concomitant ionic conductivity. Presented here is an inelastic neutron scattering (INS) experiment on hydrated eumelanin, a model bioelectronic material, in order to investigate its 'water morphology'. We develop a rigorous new methodology for performing hydration dependent INS experiments. We also model the eumelanin dry spectra with a minimalist approach whereas for higher hydration levels we are able to obtain difference spectra to extract out the water scattering signal. A key result is that the physi-sorbed water structure within eumelanin is dominated by interfacial water with the number of water layers between 3-5, and no bulk water. We also detect for the first time, the potential signatures for proton cations, most likely the Zundel ion, within a biopolymer/water system. These new signatures may be general for soft proton ionomer systems, if the systems are comprised of only interfacial water within their structure. The nature of the water morphology opens up new questions about the potential ionic charge transport mechanisms within hydrated bioelectronics materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Martinez-Gonzalez
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
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Oh HS, Lee CH, Kim NK, An T, Kim GH. Review: Sensors for Biosignal/Health Monitoring in Electronic Skin. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2478. [PMID: 34372081 PMCID: PMC8347500 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest sensory organ and receives information from external stimuli. Human body signals have been monitored using wearable devices, which are gradually being replaced by electronic skin (E-skin). We assessed the basic technologies from two points of view: sensing mechanism and material. Firstly, E-skins were fabricated using a tactile sensor. Secondly, E-skin sensors were composed of an active component performing actual functions and a flexible component that served as a substrate. Based on the above fabrication processes, the technologies that need more development were introduced. All of these techniques, which achieve high performance in different ways, are covered briefly in this paper. We expect that patients' quality of life can be improved by the application of E-skin devices, which represent an applied advanced technology for real-time bio- and health signal monitoring. The advanced E-skins are convenient and suitable to be applied in the fields of medicine, military and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Seok Oh
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chungbuk National University (CBNU), 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si 28644, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea; (H.S.O.); (C.H.L.); (N.K.K.)
| | - Chung Hyeon Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chungbuk National University (CBNU), 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si 28644, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea; (H.S.O.); (C.H.L.); (N.K.K.)
| | - Na Kyoung Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chungbuk National University (CBNU), 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si 28644, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea; (H.S.O.); (C.H.L.); (N.K.K.)
| | - Taechang An
- Department of Mechanical & Robotics Engineering, Andong National University (ANU), 1375, Gyeong-dong-ro, Andong-si 36729, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea;
| | - Geon Hwee Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chungbuk National University (CBNU), 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si 28644, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea; (H.S.O.); (C.H.L.); (N.K.K.)
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Ličen M, Masiero S, Pieraccini S, Drevenšek-Olenik I. Reversible Photoisomerization in Thin Surface Films from Azo-Functionalized Guanosine Derivatives. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:15421-15430. [PMID: 34151120 PMCID: PMC8210406 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two novel azo-functionalized guanosine derivatives were synthesized, and their photoisomerization process was investigated in molecular monolayers at the air-water interface and in the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films on solid substrates. Measurements of surface pressure vs area isotherms, surface potential measurements, UV-visible (vis) absorption spectroscopy, Brewster angle microscopy (BAM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were performed. Despite not having a typical amphiphilic molecular structure, the derivatives formed stable films on the water surface. They could also undergo repeated photoisomerization in all of the investigated thin-film configurations. The observations suggest that in the films at the air-water interface, the molecules first exhibit a conformational change, and then they reorient to an energetically more favored orientation. In the LB films transferred onto solid substrates, the isomerization process occurs on a similar time scale as in solution. However, the isomerization efficiency is about an order of magnitude lower than that in solution. Our results show that DNA nucleobases functionalized with azobenzene moieties are suitable candidates for the fabrication of photoactive two-dimensional (2D) materials that can provide all beneficial functionalities of DNA-based compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matjaž Ličen
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Physics, University of
Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stefano Masiero
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via San Giacomo 11, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Pieraccini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via San Giacomo 11, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Irena Drevenšek-Olenik
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Physics, University of
Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department
of Complex Matter, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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66
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Zhu L, Wang Z, Lu J, Zhou X, Zeng Z, Huang L, Chi L. Influence of SAM Quality on the Organic Semiconductor Thin Film Gas Sensors. Chem Res Chin Univ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-021-1167-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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67
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Hou S, Shao B, Yu X, Yu J. Gold nanorods doping induced performance improvement of room temperature OTFT NO 2sensors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:325503. [PMID: 33957611 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abfe90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) are regarded as the promising candidates for low-cost gas sensors due to their advantages of high throughput, large-area and sensitive to various gas analytes. Microstructure control of organic active layers in OTFTs is an effective route to improve the sensing performance. In this work, we report a simple method to modify the morphology of 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (TIPS-pentacene) thin films via doping gold nanorods (Au NRs) for enhancing the performance of the corresponding OTFT sensors for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) detection. With the optimized doping ratio of Au nanorods, the TIPS-pentacene OTFT snesors not only exhibit a 3-fold increase in mobility, but also obtain a high sensitivity of 70% to 18 ppm NO2with a detection limit of 270 ppb. The microstructures and morphologies of the modified TIPS-pentacene thin film characterized by atomic force microscopy and field scanning electron microscope. The experimental results indicate that the proper addition of Au NRs could effectively regulate the grain size of TIPS-pentacene, and therein control the density of grain boundaries during the crystallization, which is essential for the high-performance gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihui Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingyao Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinge Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junsheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, 610054, People's Republic of China
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68
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Guo S, Wang Z, Chen X, Li L, Li J, Ji D, Li L, Hu W. Low‐voltage polymer‐dielectric‐based organic field‐effect transistors and applications. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Department of Chemistry Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science Tianjin University Tianjin China
| | - Zhongwu Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Department of Chemistry School of Science Tianjin University Tianjin China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin China
| | - Xiaosong Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Department of Chemistry Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science Tianjin University Tianjin China
| | - Lin Li
- Institute of Molecular Plus Tianjin University Tianjin China
| | - Jie Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Department of Chemistry Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science Tianjin University Tianjin China
| | - Deyang Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Department of Chemistry Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science Tianjin University Tianjin China
| | - Liqiang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Department of Chemistry Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science Tianjin University Tianjin China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University Fuzhou China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Department of Chemistry School of Science Tianjin University Tianjin China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University Fuzhou China
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69
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Zhang L, Kaneko S, Fujii S, Kiguchi M, Nishino T. Single-molecule determination of chemical equilibrium of DNA intercalation by electrical conductance. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4380-4383. [PMID: 33949386 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc08348h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated a single-molecule reaction of DNA intercalation as an example of a bimolecular association reaction. Single-molecule conductance values of the product and reactant molecules adsorbed on an Au surface were measured to identify and quantify these molecules. The binding isotherm was constructed, and the association constant of the reaction was determined on a single-molecule basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
| | - Shintaro Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
| | - Manabu Kiguchi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
| | - Tomoaki Nishino
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
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70
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Majak D, Fan J, Kang S, Gupta M. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9-THC) sensing using an aerosol jet printed organic electrochemical transistor (OECT). J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:2107-2117. [PMID: 33596277 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02951c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recreational use of marijuana/cannabis was legalized in Canada in 2018 and has been decriminalized in several other countries; however, the detection of impairment has remained elusive for law enforcement. The psychoactive ingredient in cannabis, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), can be detected in saliva and be correlated well with the intake of cannabis. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have been used for a variety of biosensing applications like glucose, pH, ions, etc. In this work, we demonstrate the use of unfunctionalized OECTs for the detection of Δ9-THC down to 0.1 nM and 1 nM diluted in DI water and synthetic saliva buffer, respectively. These OECTs have been aerosol jet printed entirely with PEDOT:PSS as the channel material. Using a platinum gate coupled with an aerosol jet printed OECT, Δ9-THC concentration can be detected due to its oxidation reaction at the gate. These results were consistent with cyclic voltammetry measurements of Δ9-THC using Pt as the working and counter electrode. Utilizing these OECT based sensors, we have achieved high sensitivity of detection of Δ9-THC in the range from 0.1 nM to 5 μM. These OECT based Δ9-THC sensors demonstrate less than 3% error indicating good repeatability which is averaged over 15 measurements on multiple devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Majak
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Jiaxin Fan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Seongdae Kang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Manisha Gupta
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada.
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71
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An ultrasensitive biosensor based on three-dimensional nanoporous conducting polymer decorated with gold nanoparticles for microRNA detection. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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72
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Yu ZQ, Li X, Wan W, Li XS, Fu K, Wu Y, Li ADQ. Cooperatively assembled liquid crystals enable temperature-controlled Förster resonance energy transfer. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3146-3151. [PMID: 34164081 PMCID: PMC8179397 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06838a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Balancing the rigidity of a π-conjugated structure for strong emission and the flexibility of liquid crystals for self-assembly is the key to realizing highly emissive liquid crystals (HELCs). Here we show that (1) integrating organization-induced emission into dual molecular cooperatively-assembled liquid crystals, (2) amplifying mesogens, and (3) elongating the spacer linking the emitter and the mesogen create advanced materials with desired thermal–optical properties. Impressively, assembling the fluorescent acceptor Nile red into its host donor designed according to the aforementioned strategies results in a temperature-controlled Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) system. Indeed, FRET exhibits strong S-curve dependence as temperature sweeps through the liquid crystal phase transformation. Such thermochromic materials, suitable for dynamic thermo-optical sensing and modulation, are anticipated to unlock new and smart approaches for controlling and directing light in stimuli-responsive devices. A temperature-sensitive Förster resonance energy transfer system was constructed using a highly emissive liquid crystal co-assembled with Nile red, enabling thermo-optical modulation for controlling and directing light in stimuli-responsive devices.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Qiang Yu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518073 China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518073 China
| | - Wei Wan
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University Pullman WA 99164 USA
| | - Xin-Shun Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518073 China
| | - Kuo Fu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518073 China
| | - Yue Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518073 China
| | - Alexander D Q Li
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University Pullman WA 99164 USA
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73
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Organic Thin-Film Transistors as Gas Sensors: A Review. MATERIALS 2020; 14:ma14010003. [PMID: 33375044 PMCID: PMC7792760 DOI: 10.3390/ma14010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) are miniaturized devices based upon the electronic responses of organic semiconductors. In comparison to their conventional inorganic counterparts, organic semiconductors are cheaper, can undergo reversible doping processes and may have electronic properties chiefly modulated by molecular engineering approaches. More recently, OTFTs have been designed as gas sensor devices, displaying remarkable performance for the detection of important target analytes, such as ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The present manuscript provides a comprehensive review on the working principle of OTFTs for gas sensing, with concise descriptions of devices’ architectures and parameter extraction based upon a constant charge carrier mobility model. Then, it moves on with methods of device fabrication and physicochemical descriptions of the main organic semiconductors recently applied to gas sensors (i.e., since 2015 but emphasizing even more recent results). Finally, it describes the achievements of OTFTs in the detection of important gas pollutants alongside an outlook toward the future of this exciting technology.
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74
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Xu Z, Liu F, Zhang T, Gu Y, Lu N, Xu H, Yan X, Song Y, Xing Y, Yu D, Zhang Z, Lu P. Density Functional Theory-Assisted Electrochemical Assay Manipulated by a Donor-Acceptor Structure toward Pharmaceutical Diagnostic. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15297-15305. [PMID: 33185440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a state of stress injury, which leads to the pathogenesis of most neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, this is also one of the main reasons for the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the abnormal content of dopamine (DA). In the past decades, a number of studies have found that acetaminophen (AP) is metabolized and distributed in the brain when it is used as a neuroprotective compound. In this context, we proposed an electrochemical sensor based on 9-(4-(10-phenylanthracen-9-yl)phenyl)-9H-carbazole with the goal of diagnosing these two drugs in the body. Carbazole groups can easily be formed into large π-conjugated systems by electropolymerization. The introduction of anthracene exactly combined the carbazole group to establish an efficient electron donor-acceptor pattern, which enhanced π-π interaction with the electrode surface and charge transporting ability. The diagnostic platform showed good sensing activity toward the oxidation of DA and AP. The detection range for DA and AP is from 0.2 to 300 μM and from 0.2 to 400 μM, respectively. The simultaneous detection range is from 0.5 to 250 μM, which is wider than most reports. After a series of electrochemical assessments were determined, the sensor was finally developed to the analysis of pharmaceutical and human serum, displaying a meaningful potential in clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqian Xu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Futong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Yue Gu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Nannan Lu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Haixin Xu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Yan
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Yu Song
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Yue Xing
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Dexun Yu
- Jilin Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zhiquan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Ping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
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75
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Ma M, Zhou Y, Li J, Ge Z, He H, Tao T, Cai Z, Wang X, Chang G, He Y. Non-invasive detection of glucose via a solution-gated graphene transistor. Analyst 2020; 145:887-896. [PMID: 31820746 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01754b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its high sensitivity, a solution-gated graphene transistor has rapidly emerged as a cutting edge technology in electrochemical sensing. In this work, composites of gold nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide were synthesized on a glassy carbon electrode by using the electrodeposition method. A modified glassy carbon electrode was used as the gate electrode and assembled into the solution-gated graphene transistor device along with the graphene channel for a non-invasive glucose detection. The sensing mechanism was based on the change in current in the channel of the device caused by the addition of glucose, of which electro-oxidation on the surface of the gold nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide led to a change in equivalent gate voltage, and consequently, affected the channel carrier concentration. The self-amplification effect of transistors was utilized in our sensors, which resulted in a detection limit that was 10 times lower than those of conventional electrochemical sensors. Compared to traditional enzymatic transistor sensors, the novel solution-gated graphene transistor nonenzymatic sensors based on gold nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide demonstrated significant sensing advantages, such as a simple structure, wide linear range from 10 μM to 400 μM and 400 μM to 31 mM, and low detection limit down to 4 μM. The chemicals coexisting in human sweat e.g. sodium chloride, urea, and lactic acid imposed no distinct interference for the glucose detection. Therefore, we achieved a non-invasive detection of glucose in the artificial sweat samples with satisfactory sensing results. This work demonstrates an effective route for non-invasive glucose testing in practical clinical diagnosis by using nonenzymatic, solution-gated graphene transistor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, No. 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang, Wuhan 430062, China.
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76
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Sardini E, Serpelloni M, Tonello S. Printed Electrochemical Biosensors: Opportunities and Metrological Challenges. BIOSENSORS 2020; 10:E166. [PMID: 33158129 PMCID: PMC7694196 DOI: 10.3390/bios10110166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Printed electrochemical biosensors have recently gained increasing relevance in fields ranging from basic research to home-based point-of-care. Thus, they represent a unique opportunity to enable low-cost, fast, non-invasive and/or continuous monitoring of cells and biomolecules, exploiting their electrical properties. Printing technologies represent powerful tools to combine simpler and more customizable fabrication of biosensors with high resolution, miniaturization and integration with more complex microfluidic and electronics systems. The metrological aspects of those biosensors, such as sensitivity, repeatability and stability, represent very challenging aspects that are required for the assessment of the sensor itself. This review provides an overview of the opportunities of printed electrochemical biosensors in terms of transducing principles, metrological characteristics and the enlargement of the application field. A critical discussion on metrological challenges is then provided, deepening our understanding of the most promising trends in order to overcome them: printed nanostructures to improve the limit of detection, sensitivity and repeatability; printing strategies to improve organic biosensor integration in biological environments; emerging printing methods for non-conventional substrates; microfluidic dispensing to improve repeatability. Finally, an up-to-date analysis of the most recent examples of printed electrochemical biosensors for the main classes of target analytes (live cells, nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites and electrolytes) is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Sardini
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (E.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Mauro Serpelloni
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (E.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Sarah Tonello
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6, 35131 Padova, Italy
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77
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Pankow RM, Thompson BC. The development of conjugated polymers as the cornerstone of organic electronics. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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78
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Rivera JM, Rivera M. Tetraphenyl porphyrin films as selective detectors for amino acid molecules. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424620500340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of different amino acids and vacuum evaporated tetraphenyl porphyrin films was investigated by using kinetic isotherms, UV-vis spectroscopy, quartz crystal microbalance and density functional theory techniques. The adsorption process was analyzed by using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. From these results, the adsorption order changed depending on the chemical characteristics of the porphyrin film, although most of the interactions were classified as pseudo-second-order at the films interface. From absorbance measurements, red shifts on the Soret peak positions were observed for all amino acids interacting with the metal free and the ZnTPP systems, while the position of the Soret peak barely change for the CuTPP surface, except for a slight bathocromic shift for arginine. On the other hand, the broadening of the Soret peak was more important for the ZnTPP and H2TPP surfaces, but the interaction with the CuTPP interfaces decreased the width of the peaks in all cases. In addition, a quartz crystal microbalance analysis was employed to investigate the film sensing performance during amino acid exposure. From these results, positively charged amino acids were more easily adsorbed on the films in contrast with the polar (serine) molecule. DFT calculations exhibited important deformations for H2TPP, the out-of-plane displacement of the Zn atom for ZnTPP, and hydrogen bond interactions with the CuTPP molecule. DFT also showed high binding energies for the positively charged amino acids but low binding energies for serine in agreement with experimental data. From these results, porphyrin films could be used as selective detectors for various L-amino acid molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Miguel Rivera
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Margarita Rivera
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
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79
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Wang Y, Zhang J, Zhang S, Huang J. OFET chemical sensors: Chemical sensors based on ultrathin organic field‐effect transistors. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Junyao Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Jia Huang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai P. R. China
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80
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Organic electrochemical transistor for sensing of sialic acid in serum samples. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1128:231-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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81
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Khlyustova A, Cheng Y, Yang R. Vapor-deposited functional polymer thin films in biological applications. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:6588-6609. [PMID: 32756662 PMCID: PMC7429282 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00681e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Functional polymer coatings have become ubiquitous in biological applications, ranging from biomaterials and drug delivery to manufacturing-scale separation of biomolecules using functional membranes. Recent advances in the technology of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) have enabled precise control of the polymer chemistry, coating thickness, and conformality. That comprehensive control of surface properties has been used to elicit desirable interactions at the interface between synthetic materials and living organisms, making vapor-deposited functional polymers uniquely suitable for biological applications. This review captures the recent technological development in vapor-deposited functional polymer coatings, highlighting their biological applications, including membrane-based bio-separations, biosensing and bio-MEMS, drug delivery, and tissue engineering. The conformal nature of vapor-deposited coatings ensures uniform coverage over micro- and nano-structured surfaces, allowing the independent optimization of surface and bulk properties. The substrate-independence of CVD techniques enables facile transfer of surface characteristics among different applications. The vapor-deposited functional polymer thin films tend to be biocompatible because they are free of remnant toxic solvents and precursor molecules, potentially lowering the barrier to clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Khlyustova
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA.
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82
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All-Inkjet Printed Organic Thin-Film Transistors with and without Photo-Sensitivity to Visible Lights. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10090727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Printable organic thin-film transistors have enabled flexible low-cost electronics, which has the potential for a lot of emerging electronic applications. Despite the excellent dark performance of advanced all-inkjet printed organic thin-film transistors, their photoresponse is less explored and needs to be investigated, especially photoresponse to visible lights that human beings can see and are most familiar with. Importantly, for electronics integration, both devices with and without photo-sensitivity to visible light are important, for photo-detecting and signal processing, respectively. In this study, two organic semiconductor materials are used in all-inkjet printed organic thin-film transistors, namely 2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (C8-BTBT), 6,13-bis (triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene (TIPS-pentacene). By characterizing devices under optical exposure with wavelengths from 400 to 800 nm, photocurrents and threshold voltage shifts of the devices are extracted. The fabricated C8-BTBT organic thin-film transistors do not exhibit noticeable photo-sensitivity to visible light, whereas the TIPS-pentacene devices demonstrate significant photoresponse to visible lights, with photocurrents in nano- to micro-ampere levels and threshold voltage shifts of hundreds of millivolts to several volts depending on the photon energy of lights under the same intensity. The TIPS-pentacene devices demonstrated reproducible characteristics before and after light exposure. In addition, the responsivity and sensitivity of the devices were characterized with a decent responsivity of 55.9 mA/W. The photoresponse mechanisms are explained with ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) adsorption spectroscopy measurements and extracted optical bandgaps of the two semiconductors. This study shows both printed organic transistors with and without photo-sensitivity can be fabricated with the same device structure and fabrication process at low cost, which opens the new possibility of using printed organic thin-film transistors for integrated optoelectronic applications.
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83
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Kumar A, Meunier-Prest R, Bouvet M. Organic Heterojunction Devices Based on Phthalocyanines: A New Approach to Gas Chemosensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4700. [PMID: 32825335 PMCID: PMC7506627 DOI: 10.3390/s20174700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Organic heterostructures have emerged as highly promising transducers to realize high performance gas sensors. The key reason for such a huge interest in these devices is the associated organic heterojunction effect in which opposite free charges are accumulated at the interface making it highly conducting, which can be exploited in producing highly sensitive and faster response kinetics gas sensors. Metal phthalocyanines (MPc) have been extensively studied to fabricate organic heterostructures because of the large possibilities of structural engineering which are correlated with their bulk thin film properties. Accordingly, in this review, we have performed a comprehensive literature survey of the recent researches reported about MPc based organic heterostructures and their application in gas sensors. These heterostructures were used in Organic Field-Effect Transistor and Molecular Semiconductor-Doped Insulator sensing device configurations, in which change in their electrical properties such as field-effect mobility and saturation current in the former and current at a fixed bias in the latter under redox gases exposure were assessed to determine the chemosensing performances. These sensing devices have shown very high sensitivity to redox gases like nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone and ammonia (NH3), which monitoring is indispensable for implementing environmental guidelines. Some of these sensors exhibited ultrahigh sensitivity to NH3 demonstrated by a detection limit of 140 ppb and excellent signal stability under variable humidity, making them among the best NH3 sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), UMR CNRS 6302, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon CEDEX, France;
| | | | - Marcel Bouvet
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), UMR CNRS 6302, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon CEDEX, France;
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84
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Controlling orientation, conformation, and biorecognition of proteins on silane monolayers, conjugate polymers, and thermo-responsive polymer brushes: investigations using TOF-SIMS and principal component analysis. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04711-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractControl over orientation and conformation of surface-immobilized proteins, determining their biological activity, plays a critical role in biointerface engineering. Specific protein state can be achieved with adjusted surface preparation and immobilization conditions through different types of protein-surface and protein-protein interactions, as outlined in this work. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy, combining surface sensitivity with excellent chemical specificity enhanced by multivariate data analysis, is the most suited surface analysis method to provide information about protein state. This work highlights recent applications of the multivariate principal component analysis of TOF-SIMS spectra to trace orientation and conformation changes of various proteins (antibody, bovine serum albumin, and streptavidin) immobilized by adsorption, specific binding, and covalent attachment on different surfaces, including self-assembled monolayers on silicon, solution-deposited polythiophenes, and thermo-responsive polymer brushes. Multivariate TOF-SIMS results correlate well with AFM data and binding assays for antibody-antigen and streptavidin-biotin recognition. Additionally, several novel extensions of the multivariate TOF-SIMS method are discussed.Graphical abstract
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85
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Gebers J, Özen B, Hartmann L, Schaer M, Suàrez S, Bugnon P, Scopelliti R, Steinrück H, Konovalov O, Magerl A, Brinkmann M, Petraglia R, Silva P, Corminboeuf C, Frauenrath H. Crystallization and Organic Field‐Effect Transistor Performance of a Hydrogen‐Bonded Quaterthiophene. Chemistry 2020; 26:10265-10275. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gebers
- Institute of Materials École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-STI-IMX-LMOM, MXG 135 Station 12 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Bilal Özen
- Institute of Materials École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-STI-IMX-LMOM, MXG 135 Station 12 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Lucia Hartmann
- Institute of Materials École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-STI-IMX-LMOM, MXG 135 Station 12 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Michel Schaer
- Institute of Materials École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-STI-IMX-LMOM, MXG 135 Station 12 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Suàrez
- Institute of Materials École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-STI-IMX-LMOM, MXG 135 Station 12 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Philippe Bugnon
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-PH J0 491 Station 3 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-BCH 2111, Batochime UNIL Avenue Forel 2 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Hans‐Georg Steinrück
- Crystallography and Structural Physics University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Staudtstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Present address: Department Chemie Universität Paderborn Warburger Strasse 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Oleg Konovalov
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP220 38043 Grenoble Cedex France
| | - Andreas Magerl
- Crystallography and Structural Physics University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Staudtstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Martin Brinkmann
- Institut Charles Sadron CNRS Université de Strasbourg Rue du Loess 23 67034 Strasbourg France
| | - Riccardo Petraglia
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-BCH 5312, Batochime UNIL Avenue Forel 2 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Piotr Silva
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-BCH 5312, Batochime UNIL Avenue Forel 2 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- present address: Department of Energy Conversion and Storage Technical University of Denmark Anker Engelunds Vej 301 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-BCH 5312, Batochime UNIL Avenue Forel 2 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Holger Frauenrath
- Institute of Materials École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-STI-IMX-LMOM, MXG 135 Station 12 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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86
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Baek S, Kwon J, Mano T, Tokito S, Jung S. A Flexible 3D Organic Preamplifier for a Lactate Sensor. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000144. [PMID: 32613734 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Organic transistors are promising platforms for wearable biosensors. However, the strategies to improve signal amplification have yet to be determined, particularly regarding biosensors that generate very weak signals. In this study, an organic voltage amplifier is presented for a lactate sensor on flexible plastic foil. The preamplifier is based on a 3D complementary inverter, which is achieved by vertically stacking complementary transistors with a shared gate between them. The shared gate is extended and functionalized with a lactate oxidase enzyme to detect lactate. The sensing device successfully detects the lactate concentration in the human sweat range (20-60 mm) with high sensitivity (6.82 mV mm-1 ) due to high gain of its amplification. The 3D integration process is cost-effective as it is solution-processable and doubles the number of transistors per unit area. The device presented in this study would pave the way for the development of high-gain noninvasive sweat lactate sensors that can be wearable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Baek
- Department of Creative IT Engineering / Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Kwon
- Department of Creative IT Engineering / Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Taisei Mano
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Shizuo Tokito
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Sungjune Jung
- Department of Creative IT Engineering / Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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87
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Synthesis and Characterization of Fluorenone-Based Donor-Acceptor Small Molecule Organic Semiconductors for Organic Field-Effect Transistors. Macromol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-020-8123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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88
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Layered Double Hydroxide-Modified Organic Electrochemical Transistor for Glucose and Lactate Biosensing. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20123453. [PMID: 32570942 PMCID: PMC7348845 DOI: 10.3390/s20123453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors based on Organic Electrochemical Transistors (OECTs) are developed for the selective detection of glucose and lactate. The transistor architecture provides signal amplification (gain) with respect to the simple amperometric response. The biosensors are based on a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) channel and the gate electrode is functionalised with glucose oxidase (GOx) or lactate oxidase (LOx) enzymes, which are immobilised within a Ni/Al Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) through a one-step electrodeposition procedure. The here-designed OECT architecture allows minimising the required amount of enzyme during electrodeposition. The output signal of the biosensor is the drain current (Id), which decreases as the analyte concentration increases. In the optimised conditions, the biosensor responds to glucose in the range of 0.1–8.0 mM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.02 mM. Two regimes of proportionality are observed. For concentrations lower than 1.0 mM, a linear response is obtained with a mean gain of 360, whereas for concentrations higher than 1.0 mM, Id is proportional to the logarithm of glucose concentration, with a gain of 220. For lactate detection, the biosensor response is linear in the whole concentration range (0.05–8.0 mM). A LOD of 0.04 mM is reached, with a net gain equal to 400.
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89
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Fan Q, Wang L, Xu D, Duo Y, Gao J, Zhang L, Wang X, Chen X, Li J, Zhang H. Solution-gated transistors of two-dimensional materials for chemical and biological sensors: status and challenges. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:11364-11394. [PMID: 32428057 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01125h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have been the focus of materials research for many years due to their unique fascinating properties and large specific surface area (SSA). They are very sensitive to the analytes (ions, glucose, DNA, protein, etc.), resulting in their wide-spread development in the field of sensing. New 2D materials, as the basis of applications, are constantly being fabricated and comprehensively studied. In a variety of sensing applications, the solution-gated transistor (SGT) is a promising biochemical sensing platform because it can work at low voltage in different electrolytes, which is ideal for monitoring body fluids in wearable electronics, e-skin, or implantable devices. However, there are still some key challenges, such as device stability and reproducibility, that must be faced in order to pave the way for the development of cost-effective, flexible, and transparent SGTs with 2D materials. In this review, the device preparation, device physics, and the latest application prospects of 2D materials-based SGTs are systematically presented. Besides, a bold perspective is also provided for the future development of these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Fan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.
| | - Lude Wang
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Duo Xu
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Yanhong Duo
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Jie Gao
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.
| | - Xianbao Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.
| | - Xiang Chen
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Jinhua Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.
| | - Han Zhang
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
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90
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Byrne K, Shik A, Wisniewski D, Ruda HE. Rethinking the Characterization of Nanoscale Field-Effect Transistors: A Universal Approach. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1907321. [PMID: 32378309 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Standard methods for calculating transport parameters in nanoscale field-effect transistors (FETs), namely carrier concentration and mobility, require a linear connection between the gate voltage and channel conductance; however, this is often not the case. One reason often overlooked is that shifts in chemical and electric potential can partially compensate each other, commonly referred to as quantum capacitance. In nanoscale FETs, capacitance is often unmeasurable and an analytical formula is required, which assumes the conducting channel as metallic and common methods of determining threshold voltage no longer couple properly into transport equations. As present and future FET structures become smaller and have increased channel-gate coupling, this issue will render standard methods impossible to use. This work discusses the validity of common methods of characterization for nanoscale FETs, develops a universal model to determine transport properties by only measuring the threshold voltage of an FET and presents a new parameter to easily classify FETs as either quantum capacitance-limited or metallic approximated charge transport. Also considered in this work is electrical hysteresis from trap states and, in combination with the proposed universal model, novel techniques are introduced to measure and remove the errors associated with these effects often ignored in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher Byrne
- Centre for Advanced Nanotechnology, University of Toronto, 170 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E3, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E3, Canada
| | - Alexander Shik
- Centre for Advanced Nanotechnology, University of Toronto, 170 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E3, Canada
| | - David Wisniewski
- Centre for Advanced Nanotechnology, University of Toronto, 170 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E3, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E3, Canada
| | - Harry E Ruda
- Centre for Advanced Nanotechnology, University of Toronto, 170 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E3, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E3, Canada
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
- Jilin Normal University, 1301 Haifeng Street, Siping, Jilin Province, 136000, China
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91
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Dantanarayana V, Nematiaram T, Vong D, Anthony JE, Troisi A, Nguyen Cong K, Goldman N, Faller R, Moulé AJ. Predictive Model of Charge Mobilities in Organic Semiconductor Small Molecules with Force-Matched Potentials. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:3494-3503. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Varuni Dantanarayana
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Tahereh Nematiaram
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Vong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California—Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - John E. Anthony
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Kien Nguyen Cong
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Nir Goldman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California—Davis - Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Roland Faller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California—Davis - Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Adam J. Moulé
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California—Davis - Davis, California 95616, United States
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92
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Roy D, Sinha S, Wang CH, Yang YW, Mukherjee M. Interfacial Interaction of Absorbate Copper Phthalocyanine with PVDF Based Ferroelectric Polymer Substrates: A Spectroscopic Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:4607-4618. [PMID: 32282215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies of CuPc thin films on underlying ferroelectric copolymeric and terpolymeric substrates have been performed by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. Work function (WF) and highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level shift observed from UPS spectroscopy for successive deposition of CuPc molecules on ferroelectric polymer surfaces confirm the formation of interface dipole at the CuPc-ferroelectric polymer interface owing to charge transfer from the tailing region of the CuPc HOMO density of states (DOS) to the ferroelectric polymer layer. According to our thickness dependent XPS data, CuPc molecules are coupled to the organic ferroelectric surfaces through the central metal atom of the CuPc molecules, i.e., copper atom, and the halogens of underlying ferroelectric polymer surfaces, and hence support the charge transfer phenomenon from CuPc molecules to the ferroelectric polymer substrate. Polarization dependent NEXAFS results reveal that CuPc molecules retain their tilted geometrical configuration even at submonolayer thickness of the molecular films on both ferroelectric surfaces and confirms the electronic structural disturbance associated with structural modification of CuPc molecules due to interfacial charge transfer. Therefore, the energy level alignment with increment in the thickness of CuPc films at both the organic semiconductor-ferroelectric polymer interface is controlled by the charge transfer phenomenon from deposited CuPc molecules to the organic ferroelectric substrates. Our results provide a clear understanding about chemical interactions, molecular configurations, energy level alignment, and their correlation at CuPc/polymeric ferroelectric interfaces that can be important for organic nonvolatile memory and synaptic based thin-film transistor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhrubojyoti Roy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, India
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF, Bidhannagar, Kolkata-700064, India
| | - Sumona Sinha
- S. N. Bose National Central for Basic Sciences, Kolkata-700106, India
| | - Chia-Hsin Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Yaw-Wen Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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93
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Shi W, Guo Y, Liu Y. When Flexible Organic Field-Effect Transistors Meet Biomimetics: A Prospective View of the Internet of Things. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1901493. [PMID: 31250497 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of flexible organic electronics that span the fields of physics and biomimetics creates the possibility for increasingly simple and intelligent products for use in everyday life. Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), with their inherent flexibility, light weight, and biocompatibility, have shown great promise in the field of biomimicry. By applying such biomimetic OFETs for the internet of things (IoT) makes it possible to imagine novel products and use cases for the future. Recent advances in flexible OFETs and their applications in biomimetic systems are reviewed. Strategies to achieve flexible OFETs are individually discussed and recent progress in biomimetic sensory systems and nervous systems is reviewed in detail. OFETs are revealed to be one of the best systems for mimicking sensory and nervous systems. Additionally, a brief discussion of information storage based on OFETs is presented. Finally, a personal view of the utilization of biomimetic OFETs in the IoT and future challenges in this research area are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solid Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solid Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solid Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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94
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Ganesh S, Venkatakrishnan K, Tan B. Quantum scale organic semiconductors for SERS detection of DNA methylation and gene expression. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1135. [PMID: 32111825 PMCID: PMC7048788 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14774-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) can be identified by modifications in their genomic DNA. Here, we report a concept of precisely shrinking an organic semiconductor surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) probe to quantum size, for investigating the epigenetic profile of CSC. The probe is used for tag-free genomic DNA detection, an approach towards the advancement of single-molecule DNA detection. The sensor detected structural, molecular and gene expression aberrations of genomic DNA in femtomolar concentration simultaneously in a single test. In addition to pointing out the divergences in genomic DNA of cancerous and non-cancerous cells, the quantum scale organic semiconductor was able to trace the expression of two genes which are frequently used as CSC markers. The quantum scale organic semiconductor holds the potential to be a new tool for label-free, ultra-sensitive multiplexed genomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarna Ganesh
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (I BEST), Partnership between Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.,Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ultrashort Laser Nanomanufacturing Research Facility, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada.,Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Nano Bio Interface facility, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Krishnan Venkatakrishnan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ultrashort Laser Nanomanufacturing Research Facility, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada. .,Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Nano Bio Interface facility, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada. .,Keenan Research Center, St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1T8, Canada.
| | - Bo Tan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Nano Bio Interface facility, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada.,Keenan Research Center, St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1T8, Canada.,Nanocharacterization Laboratory, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
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95
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Griffith MJ, Holmes NP, Elkington DC, Cottam S, Stamenkovic J, Kilcoyne ALD, Andersen TR. Manipulating nanoscale structure to control functionality in printed organic photovoltaic, transistor and bioelectronic devices. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:092002. [PMID: 31726444 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab57d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Printed electronics is simultaneously one of the most intensely studied emerging research areas in science and technology and one of the fastest growing commercial markets in the world today. For the past decade the potential for organic electronic (OE) materials to revolutionize this printed electronics space has been widely promoted. Such conviction in the potential of these carbon-based semiconducting materials arises from their ability to be dissolved in solution, and thus the exciting possibility of simply printing a range of multifunctional devices onto flexible substrates at high speeds for very low cost using standard roll-to-roll printing techniques. However, the transition from promising laboratory innovations to large scale prototypes requires precise control of nanoscale material and device structure across large areas during printing fabrication. Maintaining this nanoscale material control during printing presents a significant new challenge that demands the coupling of OE materials and devices with clever nanoscience fabrication approaches that are adapted to the limited thermodynamic levers available. In this review we present an update on the strategies and capabilities that are required in order to manipulate the nanoscale structure of large area printed organic photovoltaic (OPV), transistor and bioelectronics devices in order to control their device functionality. This discussion covers a range of efforts to manipulate the electroactive ink materials and their nanostructured assembly into devices, and also device processing strategies to tune the nanoscale material properties and assembly routes through printing fabrication. The review finishes by highlighting progress in printed OE devices that provide a feedback loop between laboratory nanoscience innovations and their feasibility in adapting to large scale printing fabrication. The ability to control material properties on the nanoscale whilst simultaneously printing functional devices on the square metre scale is prompting innovative developments in the targeted nanoscience required for OPV, transistor and biofunctional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Griffith
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia. Centre for Organic Electronics, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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96
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Xie K, Wang N, Lin X, Wang Z, Zhao X, Fang P, Yue H, Kim J, Luo J, Cui S, Yan F, Shi P. Organic electrochemical transistor arrays for real-time mapping of evoked neurotransmitter release in vivo. eLife 2020; 9:50345. [PMID: 32043970 PMCID: PMC7075691 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Though neurotransmitters are essential elements in neuronal signal transduction, techniques for in vivo analysis are still limited. Here, we describe an organic electrochemical transistor array (OECT-array) technique for monitoring catecholamine neurotransmitters (CA-NTs) in rat brains. The OECT-array is an active sensor with intrinsic amplification capability, allowing real-time and direct readout of transient CA-NT release with a sensitivity of nanomolar range and a temporal resolution of several milliseconds. The device has a working voltage lower than half of that typically used in a prevalent cyclic voltammetry measurement, and operates continuously in vivo for hours without significant signal drift, which is inaccessible for existing methods. With the OECT-array, we demonstrate simultaneous mapping of evoked dopamine release at multiple striatal brain regions in different physiological scenarios, and reveal a complex cross-talk between the mesolimbic and the nigrostriatal pathways, which is heterogeneously affected by the reciprocal innervation between ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars compacta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Naixiang Wang
- Department of Applied Physics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, China
| | - Xudong Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Zixun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Peilin Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Haibing Yue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Junhwi Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaoyang Cui
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, China
| | - Peng Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.,Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
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97
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Fan J, Zhang S, Li F, Yang Y, Du M. Recent advances in cellulose-based membranes for their sensing applications. CELLULOSE (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 27:9157-9179. [PMID: 32934443 PMCID: PMC7483080 DOI: 10.1007/s10570-020-03445-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In recent years, sensing applications have played a very important role in various fields. As a novel natural material, cellulose-based membranes with many merits can be served as all kinds of sensors. This review summarizes the recent progress of cellulose membranes as sensors, mainly focusing on their preparation processes and sensing properties. In addition, the opportunities and challenges of cellulose membrane-based sensors are also prospected. This review provides some references for the design of cellulose membrane materials for sensing applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Fan
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Sufeng Zhang
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Li
- The Second Kindergarten, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Xi’an, 710021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonglin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Du
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710021 People’s Republic of China
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98
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Wu Y, Wang X, Li X, Xiao Y, Wang Y. Cyclodextrin derivatives functionalized highly sensitive chiral sensor based on organic field-effect transistor. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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99
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Ge Z, Ma M, Chang G, Chen M, He H, Zhang X, Wang S. A novel solution-gated graphene transistor biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of trinucleotide repeats. Analyst 2020; 145:4795-4805. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00205d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel SGGT biosensor is constructed to achieve highly sensitive and selective sensing of GAA TNRs by integrating G-quadruplex enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Ge
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules
- Hubei University
- Wuchang
- China
| | - Mingyu Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering
- Hubei University
- Wuchang
| | - Gang Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering
- Hubei University
- Wuchang
| | - Meijun Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules
- Hubei University
- Wuchang
- China
| | - Hanping He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules
- Hubei University
- Wuchang
- China
| | - Xiuhua Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules
- Hubei University
- Wuchang
- China
| | - Shengfu Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules
- Hubei University
- Wuchang
- China
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100
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Andriianova AN, Biglova YN, Mustafin AG. Effect of structural factors on the physicochemical properties of functionalized polyanilines. RSC Adv 2020; 10:7468-7491. [PMID: 35492197 PMCID: PMC9049894 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08644g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the physical and physicochemical properties of polyaniline (PANI) derivatives. The most important methods for the preparation of functionalized polyanilines are presented. The presence of various substituents in its structure changes the polymer characteristics significantly due to steric and electronic effects of the functional groups. This review describes the relationship between the properties of functionalized polyanilines depending on the nature, number and position of the substituents at the aromatic ring. The review describes the relationship between the properties of functionalized polyanilines depending on the nature of the substituents at the aromatic ring.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Akhat G. Mustafin
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 450054 Ufa
- Russian Federation
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