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Karoń K, Łapkowski M, Dobrowolski JC. ECD spectroelectrochemistry: A review. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 250:119349. [PMID: 33429130 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy is probably the most important chiraloptical method, and the role of chirality in contemporary chemistry, pharmacy, and material science constantly increases. On the other hand, the electrochemical methods are also very sensitive tools for studying multivarious redox processes. Nevertheless, the first ECD spectroelectrochemical (SEC) study was only published by Daub, Salbeck and Aurbach in 1988, and since then, the ECD SEC method has been mentioned in only thirty papers. By the summer of 2020, the ECD SEC studies were mainly focused around molecular systems for organic, and marginally, inorganic chiroptical switching studies of biochemical redox reactions. The review provides more details about the ECD SEC studies carried out so far. At the end, we suggest some future applications for the ECD spectroelectrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Karoń
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 9 Strzody Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mieczysław Łapkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 9 Strzody Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Science, Curie Sklodowska 34 Street, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Jan Cz Dobrowolski
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 16 Dorodna Street, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland; National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chelmska-Street, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland.
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52
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Magdesieva TV. Ni(II) Schiff-Base Complexes as Chiral Electroauxiliaries and Methodological Platform for Stereoselective Electrochemical Functionalization of Amino Acids. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2178-2192. [PMID: 33783962 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The concept of chiral electroauxiliary based on the redox active chiral platform to perform transformations of a redox inactive substrate is suggested and discussed in the context of the targeted stereoselective electrochemical functionalization of amino acids. Tailor-made amino acids are essential structural features of modern medicinal chemistry and drug design; the development of efficient synthetic approaches to these compounds is of topical interest. The modified substrate (an amino acid) is included as a structural motif in the redox active complex (with a possibility to be released after modification) that integrates "a bifunctional linker" (the structural motif capable to "catch" a substrate) and a chiral moiety responsible for asymmetry induction. The amino acid, being included as a part of such ensemble, becomes stable towards redox destruction and its targeted electrochemical modification saving the amino acid skeleton is possible, thus developing new modes of reactivity for well-known compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Magdesieva
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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53
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Zhu C, Ang NWJ, Meyer TH, Qiu Y, Ackermann L. Organic Electrochemistry: Molecular Syntheses with Potential. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:415-431. [PMID: 33791425 PMCID: PMC8006177 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and selective molecular syntheses are paramount to inter alia biomolecular chemistry and material sciences as well as for practitioners in chemical, agrochemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Organic electrosynthesis has undergone a considerable renaissance and has thus in recent years emerged as an increasingly viable platform for the sustainable molecular assembly. In stark contrast to early strategies by innate reactivity, electrochemistry was recently merged with modern concepts of organic synthesis, such as transition-metal-catalyzed transformations for inter alia C-H functionalization and asymmetric catalysis. Herein, we highlight the unique potential of organic electrosynthesis for sustainable synthesis and catalysis, showcasing key aspects of exceptional selectivities, the synergism with photocatalysis, or dual electrocatalysis, and novel mechanisms in metallaelectrocatalysis until February of 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiju Zhu
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nate W. J. Ang
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tjark H. Meyer
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Woehler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Youai Qiu
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Woehler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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54
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Mitsudo K. Electro-Oxidative Coupling Reactions Leading to π-Conjugated Compounds. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2269-2276. [PMID: 33735536 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical reactions are rapidly gaining attention today as a powerful and environmentally benign reaction processes for organic synthesis. We found that the electro-oxidation of palladium acetate afforded cationic palladium species and thus-generated cationic Pd species were efficient mediators for electro-oxidative coupling reactions. Homo-coupling of arylboronic acids and terminal alkynes proceeded efficiently to afford biaryls and butadiyne, respectively. Cross-coupling reactions between terminal alkynes and arylboronic acids were also achieved with the use of a Ag anode. As an advantage of electrochemical reactions, we developed a sequential reaction system switched between oxidative and neutral conditions by the on/off application of electricity, and several π-extended butadiynes were obtained in one-sequence by the system. Electrochemical intramolecular C-S coupling for the synthesis of thienoacene was also developed. The use of Bu4 NBr as a halogen mediator was essential for the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Mitsudo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
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55
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Yamamoto K, Kuriyama M, Onomura O. Shono-Type Oxidation for Functionalization of N-Heterocycles. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2239-2253. [PMID: 33656281 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of facile synthetic methods for stereodefined aliphatic cyclic amines is an important research field in synthetic organic chemistry since such scaffolds constitute a variety of natural products and biologically active compounds. N-Acyl cyclic N,O-acetals which prepared by electrochemical oxidation of the corresponding cyclic amines have proven to be useful and versatile precursors for the synthesis of such skeletons. In this Personal Account, we introduce our efforts toward the development of synthetic strategies for the diastereo- and/or enantioselective synthesis of cyclic amines by using electrochemically prepared cyclic N,O-acetals. In addition, the investigation of the "memory of chirality" in the electrooxidative methoxylation of N-acyl amino acid derivatives, the strategy for the synthesis of chiral azabicyclic compounds by utilizing electrochemical oxidation, and halogen cation-mediated synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Masami Kuriyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Osamu Onomura
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
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56
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Chen N, Xu HC. Electrochemical generation of nitrogen-centered radicals for organic synthesis. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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57
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Wang Z, Zhao Y, Xiong R, Yang L, Wang H, Lu J. Electrochemical Asymmetric Reduction of Ketoesters Induced by β‐Cyclodextrin Modified by (1S,2S)‐(+)‐1,2‐Diaminocyclohexane. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo‐Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Yi‐Jun Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Rui Xiong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Li‐Rong Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Huan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Jia‐Xing Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
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58
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Zhong JS, Yu Y, Shi Z, Ye KY. An electrochemical perspective on the roles of ligands in the merger of transition-metal catalysis and electrochemistry. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01227k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A perspective on the roles of ligands in transition-metal catalysis under electrochemical conditions is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Song Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University)
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- China
| | - Yi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University)
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- China
| | - Zhaojiang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University)
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University)
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- China
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59
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Li H, Xue YF, Ge Q, Liu M, Cong H, Tao Z. Chiral electroorganic chemistry: An interdisciplinary research across electrocatalysis and asymmetric synthesis. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.111296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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60
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Dhawa U, Kaplaneris N, Ackermann L. Green strategies for transition metal-catalyzed C–H activation in molecular syntheses. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00727k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable strategies for the activation of inert C–H bonds towards improved resource-economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Dhawa
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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61
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Wu S, Žurauskas J, Domański M, Hitzfeld PS, Butera V, Scott DJ, Rehbein J, Kumar A, Thyrhaug E, Hauer J, Barham JP. Hole-mediated photoredox catalysis: tris(p-substituted)biarylaminium radical cations as tunable, precomplexing and potent photooxidants. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01609h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Triarylamines are demonstrated as novel, tunable electroactivated photocatalysts that use dispersion precomplexation to harness the full potential of the visible photon (>4.0 V vs. SCE) in anti-Kasha photo(electro)chemical super-oxidations of arenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangze Wu
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Jonas Žurauskas
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Michał Domański
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Patrick S. Hitzfeld
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Valeria Butera
- Central European Institute of Technology
- CEITEC
- 61200 Brno
- Czech Republic
| | - Daniel J. Scott
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Julia Rehbein
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Ajeet Kumar
- Technische Universität München
- Fakültat für Chemie
- 85748 Garching b. München
- Germany
| | - Erling Thyrhaug
- Technische Universität München
- Fakültat für Chemie
- 85748 Garching b. München
- Germany
| | - Jürgen Hauer
- Technische Universität München
- Fakültat für Chemie
- 85748 Garching b. München
- Germany
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
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62
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Abstract
The merger of transition metal catalysis and electroorganic synthesis has recently emerged as a versatile platform for the development of highly enabling radical reactions in a sustainable fashion. Electrochemistry provides access to highly reactive radical species under extremely mild reaction conditions from abundant native functionalities. Transition metal catalysts can be used as redox-active electrocatalysts to shuttle electrons, chiral information to organic substrates, and the reactive intermediates in the electrolytic systems. The combination of these strategies in this mechanistic paradigm thus makes the generation and utilization of radical species in a chemoselective manner and allows further application to more synthetically attractive enantioselective radical transformations. This perspective discusses key advances over the past few years in the field of electrochemical transition metal catalysis and demonstrates how the unique features of this strategy permit challenging or previously elusive transformations via radical pathways to be successfully achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqing Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yukang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Terry McCallum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Niankai Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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63
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Chang X, Zhang J, Zhang Q, Guo C. Merging Electrosynthesis and Bifunctional Squaramide Catalysis in the Asymmetric Detrifluoroacetylative Alkylation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18500-18504. [PMID: 32652737 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An enantioselective bifunctional squaramide-catalyzed detrifluoroacetylative alkylation reaction has been developed under electrochemical conditions. The unified strategy based on this key tandem methodology has been divergently explored for the asymmetric synthesis of fluorine-containing target molecules with good stereocontrol (up to 95 % ee). Furthermore, this asymmetric catalytic reaction combines the benefits of electrosynthesis and organocatalysis for the preparation of biologically relevant products containing C-F tertiary stereogenic centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihao Chang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jiayin Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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64
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65
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Phillips AMF, Pombeiro AJL. Electrochemical asymmetric synthesis of biologically active substances. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7026-7055. [PMID: 32909570 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01425g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Electrically driven oxidation and reduction reactions are well-established methods for synthesis even in the chemical industry, but asymmetric versions are still few. The mild conditions used, atom efficiency and low cost make these reactions a very attractive alternative to other methods of synthesis. Very fine tuning can be achieved based on minute changes in potentials, allowing only one functional group in a molecule to react in the presence of several others, which is ideal for applications in total synthesis. In this review, the literature in the field of asymmetric synthesis of biologically active substances over the last 10 years is surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Faisca Phillips
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Armando J L Pombeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal.
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66
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Abstract
The renewed interest in electrosynthesis demonstrated by organic chemists in the last years has allowed for rapid development of new methodologies. In this review, advances in enantioselective electrosynthesis that rely on catalytic amounts of organic or metal-based chiral mediators are highlighted with focus on the most recent developments up to July 2020. Examples of C-H functionalization, alkene functionalization, carboxylation and cross-electrophile couplings are discussed, along with their related mechanistic aspects.
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67
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Zhang S, Samanta RC, Del Vecchio A, Ackermann L. Evolution of High-Valent Nickela-Electrocatalyzed C-H Activation: From Cross(-Electrophile)-Couplings to Electrooxidative C-H Transformations. Chemistry 2020; 26:10936-10947. [PMID: 32329534 PMCID: PMC7497266 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
C-H activation has emerged as one of the most efficient tools for the formation of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds, avoiding the use of prefunctionalized materials. In spite of tremendous progress in the field, stoichiometric quantities of toxic and/or costly chemical redox reagents, such as silver(I) or copper(II) salts, are largely required for oxidative C-H activations. Recently, electrosynthesis has experienced a remarkable renaissance that enables the use of storable, safe and waste-free electric current as a redox equivalent. While major recent momentum was gained in electrocatalyzed C-H activations by 4d and 5d metals, user-friendly and inexpensive nickela-electrocatalysis has until recently proven elusive for oxidative C-H activations. Herein, the early developments of nickela-electrocatalyzed reductive cross-electrophile couplings as well as net-redox-neutral cross-couplings are first introduced. The focus of this Minireview is, however, the recent emergence of nickel-catalyzed electrooxidative C-H activations until April 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou‐Kun Zhang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Ramesh C. Samanta
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Antonio Del Vecchio
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
- Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
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68
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Chang X, Zhang J, Zhang Q, Guo C. Merging Electrosynthesis and Bifunctional Squaramide Catalysis in the Asymmetric Detrifluoroacetylative Alkylation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xihao Chang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Jiayin Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Chang Guo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
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69
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Dhawa U, Tian C, Wdowik T, Oliveira JCA, Hao J, Ackermann L. Enantioselective Pallada-Electrocatalyzed C-H Activation by Transient Directing Groups: Expedient Access to Helicenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13451-13457. [PMID: 32243685 PMCID: PMC7497116 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric pallada-electrocatalyzed C-H olefinations were achieved through the synergistic cooperation with transient directing groups. The electrochemical, atroposelective C-H activations were realized with high position-, diastereo-, and enantio-control under mild reaction conditions to obtain highly enantiomerically-enriched biaryls and fluorinated N-C axially chiral scaffolds. Our strategy provided expedient access to, among others, novel chiral BINOLs, dicarboxylic acids and helicenes of value to asymmetric catalysis. Mechanistic studies by experiments and computation provided key insights into the catalyst's mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Dhawa
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Cong Tian
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Tomasz Wdowik
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - João C. A. Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Jiping Hao
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
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70
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Li L, Li Y, Fu N, Zhang L, Luo S. Catalytic Asymmetric Electrochemical α‐Arylation of Cyclic β‐Ketocarbonyls with Anodic Benzyne Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14347-14351. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Longji Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yao Li
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS) Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Niankai Fu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Long Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS) Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Sanzhong Luo
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS) Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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71
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Li L, Li Y, Fu N, Zhang L, Luo S. Catalytic Asymmetric Electrochemical α‐Arylation of Cyclic β‐Ketocarbonyls with Anodic Benzyne Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Longji Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yao Li
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS) Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Niankai Fu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Long Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS) Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Sanzhong Luo
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS) Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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72
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Song L, Fu N, Ernst BG, Lee WH, Frederick MO, DiStasio RA, Lin S. Dual electrocatalysis enables enantioselective hydrocyanation of conjugated alkenes. Nat Chem 2020; 12:747-754. [PMID: 32601407 PMCID: PMC7390704 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-0469-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chiral nitriles and their derivatives are prevalent in pharmaceuticals and bioactive compounds. Enantioselective alkene hydrocyanation represents a convenient and efficient approach for synthesizing these molecules. However, a generally applicable method featuring a broad substrate scope and high functional group tolerance remains elusive. Here, we address this long-standing synthetic problem using dual electrocatalysis. Using this strategy, we leverage electrochemistry to seamlessly combine two canonical radical reactions—cobalt-mediated hydrogen-atom transfer and copper-promoted radical cyanation—to accomplish highly enantioselective hydrocyanation without the need for stoichiometric oxidants. We also harness electrochemistry’s unique feature of precise potential control to optimize the chemoselectivity of challenging substrates. Computational analysis uncovers the origin of enantio-induction, for which the chiral catalyst imparts a combination of attractive and repulsive non-covalent interactions to direct the enantio-determining C–CN bond formation. This work demonstrates the power of electrochemistry in accessing new chemical space and providing solutions to pertinent challenges in synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Song
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Niankai Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Brian G Ernst
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Wai Hang Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Michael O Frederick
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert A DiStasio
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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73
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Gao P, Weng X, Wang Z, Zheng C, Sun B, Chen Z, You S, Mei T. Cu
II
/TEMPO‐Catalyzed Enantioselective C(sp
3
)–H Alkynylation of Tertiary Cyclic Amines through Shono‐Type Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15254-15259. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei‐Sen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xin‐Jun Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zhen‐Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zhi‐Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Shu‐Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Tian‐Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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74
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Gao P, Weng X, Wang Z, Zheng C, Sun B, Chen Z, You S, Mei T. Cu
II
/TEMPO‐Catalyzed Enantioselective C(sp
3
)–H Alkynylation of Tertiary Cyclic Amines through Shono‐Type Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei‐Sen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xin‐Jun Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zhen‐Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zhi‐Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Shu‐Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Tian‐Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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75
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Krištofíková D, Modrocká V, Mečiarová M, Šebesta R. Green Asymmetric Organocatalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2828-2858. [PMID: 32141177 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric organocatalysis is becoming one of the main tools for the synthesis of chiral compounds that are needed as medicines, crop protection agents, and other bioactive molecules. It can be effectively combined with various green chemistry methodologies. Intensification techniques, such as ball milling, flow, high pressure, or light, bring not only higher yields, faster reactions, and easier product isolation, but also new reactivities. More sustainable reaction media, such as ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, green solvent alternatives, and water, also considerably enhance the sustainability profile of many organocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Krištofíková
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Viktória Modrocká
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mária Mečiarová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Radovan Šebesta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
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76
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Dhawa U, Tian C, Wdowik T, Oliveira JCA, Hao J, Ackermann L. Enantioselektive Pallada‐elektrokatalysierte C‐H‐Aktivierung durch transiente dirigierende Gruppen: Ein nützlicher Zugang zu Helicenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Dhawa
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Cong Tian
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Tomasz Wdowik
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - João C. A. Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Jiping Hao
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
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77
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Pollok D, Waldvogel SR. Electro-organic synthesis - a 21 st century technique. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12386-12400. [PMID: 34123227 PMCID: PMC8162804 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01848a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe limitations of fossil fuels and finite resources influence the scientific community to reconsider chemical synthesis and establish sustainable techniques. Several promising methods have emerged, and electro-organic conversion has attracted particular attention from international academia and industry as an environmentally benign and cost-effective technique. The easy application, precise control, and safe conversion of substrates with intermediates only accessible by this method reveal novel pathways in synthetic organic chemistry. The popularity of electricity as a reagent is accompanied by the feasible conversion of bio-based feedstocks to limit the carbon footprint. Several milestones have been achieved in electro-organic conversion at rapid frequency, which have opened up various perspectives for forthcoming processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Pollok
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany www.aksw.uni-mainz.de
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany www.aksw.uni-mainz.de
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78
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Abstract
The development of cross-dehydrogenative coupling in recent years has simplified the synthesis of many materials, as a result of facile C–H activation, which, together with its greater atom economy and environmental friendliness, has made an impact on modern organic chemistry. Indeed, many C–C and C–X (X = N, O, P, S, B, or Si) coupling reactions can now be performed directly between two C–H bonds or a C–H and an X–H bond, simply by adding catalytic amounts of a metal salt to a mixture of the two and an oxidant to accept the two hydrogen atoms released. Chiral organocatalysts or chiral ligands have been joined to promote enantioselective processes, resulting in the development of efficient reaction cascades that provide products in high yields and high levels of asymmetric induction through cooperative catalysis. In recent years, photochemical oxidation and electrochemistry have widened even more the scope of cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC). In this review, we summarized the recent literature in this subject, hoping that it will inspire many new synthetic strategies.
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79
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Qiu H, Shuai B, Wang YZ, Liu D, Chen YG, Gao PS, Ma HX, Chen S, Mei TS. Enantioselective Ni-Catalyzed Electrochemical Synthesis of Biaryl Atropisomers. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9872-9878. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bin Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yun-Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yue-Gang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pei-Sen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hong-Xing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China
| | - Song Chen
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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80
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihao Chang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Chang Guo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
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81
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Chang X, Zhang Q, Guo C. Asymmetric Electrochemical Transformations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12612-12622. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xihao Chang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Chang Guo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
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82
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Siu JC, Fu N, Lin S. Catalyzing Electrosynthesis: A Homogeneous Electrocatalytic Approach to Reaction Discovery. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:547-560. [PMID: 32077681 PMCID: PMC7245362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry has been used as a tool to drive chemical reactions for over two centuries. With the help of an electrode and a power source, chemists are bestowed with an imaginary reagent whose potential can be precisely dialed in. The theoretically infinite redox range renders electrochemistry capable of oxidizing or reducing some of the most tenacious compounds (e.g., F- to F2 and Li+ to Li0). Meanwhile, a granular level of control over the electrode potential allows for the chemoselective differentiation of functional groups with minute differences in potential. These features make electrochemistry an attractive technique for the discovery of new modes of reactivity and transformations that are not readily accessible with chemical reagents alone. Furthermore, the use of an electrical current in place of chemical redox agents improves the cost-efficiency of chemical processes and reduces byproduct generation. Therefore, electrochemistry represents an attractive approach to meet the prevailing trends in organic synthesis and has seen increasingly broad use in the synthetic community over the past several years.While electrochemical oxidation or reduction can provide access to reactive intermediates, redox-active molecular catalysts (i.e., electrocatalysts) can also enable the generation of these intermediates at reduced potentials with improved chemoselectivity. Moreover, electrocatalysts can impart control over the chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivities of the chemical processes that take place after electron transfer at electrode surfaces. Thus, electrocatalysis has the potential to significantly broaden the scope of organic electrochemistry and enable a wide range of new transformations. Our initial foray into electrocatalytic synthesis led to the development of two generations of alkene diazidation reactions, using transition-metal and organic catalysis, respectively. In these reactions, the electrocatalysts play two critical roles; they promote the single-electron oxidation of N3- at a reduced potential and complex with the resultant transient N3• to form persistent reactive intermediates. The catalysts facilitate the sequential addition of 2 equiv of azide across the alkene substrates, leading to a diverse array of synthetically useful vicinally diaminated products.We further applied this electrocatalytic radical mechanism to the heterodifunctionalization of alkenes. Anodically coupled electrolysis enables the simultaneous anodic generation of two distinct radical intermediates, and the appropriate choice of catalyst allowed the subsequent alkene addition to occur in a chemo- and regioselective fashion. Using this strategy, a variety of difunctionalization reactions, including halotrifluoromethylation, haloalkylation, and azidophosphinoylation, were successfully developed. Importantly, we also demonstrated enantioselective electrocatalysis in the context of Cu-promoted cyanofunctionalization reactions by employing a chiral bisoxazoline ligand. Finally, by introducing a second electrocatalyst that mediates oxidatively induced hydrogen atom transfer, we expanded scope of electrocatalysis to hydrofunctionalization reactions, achieving hydrocyanation of conjugated alkenes in high enantioselectivity. These developments showcase the generality of our electrocatalytic strategy in the context of alkene functionalization reactions. We anticipate that electrocatalysis will play an increasingly important role in the ongoing renaissance of synthetic organic electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juno C. Siu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | | | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
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83
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Yamamoto K, Kuriyama M, Onomura O. Anodic Oxidation for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Heterocycles. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:105-120. [PMID: 31872753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stereodefined aliphatic heterocycles are one of the fundamental structural motifs observed in natural products and biologically active compounds. Various strategies for the synthesis of these building blocks based on transition metal catalysis, organocatalysis, and noncatalytic conditions have been developed. Although electrosynthesis has also been utilized for the functionalization of aliphatic heterocycles, stereoselective transformations under electrochemical conditions are still a challenging field in electroorganic chemistry. This Account consists of four main topics related to our recent efforts on the diastereo- and/or enantioselective synthesis of aliphatic heterocycles, especially N-heterocycles, using anodic oxidations as key steps. The first topic is the development of stereoselective synthetic methods for multisubstituted piperidines and pyrrolidines from anodically prepared α-methoxy cyclic amines. Our strategies were based primarily on N-acyliminium ion chemistry, and the key electrochemical transformations were diastereoselective anodic methoxylation, diastereoselective arylation, and anodic deallylative methoxylation. Furthermore, we found a unique property of the N-cyano protecting group that enabled the electrochemical α-methoxylation of α-substituted cyclic amines. The second topic of investigation is memory of chirality in electrochemical decarboxylative methoxylation. We observed that the electrochemical decarboxylative methoxylation of oxazolidine and thiazolidine derivatives with the appropriate N-protecting group occurred in a stereospecific manner even though the reaction proceeded through an sp2 planar carbon center. Our findings demonstrated the first example of memory of chirality in N-acyliminium ion chemistry. The third topic is the synthesis of chiral azabicyclo-N-oxyls and their application to chiral organocatalysis in the electrochemical oxidative kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols. The final topic is stereoselective transformations utilizing anodically generated halogen cations. We investigated the oxidative kinetic resolution of amino alcohol derivatives using anodically generated bromo cations. We also developed an intramolecular C-C bond formation of keto amides, a diastereoselective bromoiminolactonization of α-allyl malonamides, and an oxidative ring expansion reaction of allyl alcohols. It is noteworthy that most of the electrochemical reactions were performed in undivided cells under constant-current conditions, which avoided a complicated reaction setup and was beneficial for a large-scale reaction. In addition, we developed some enantioselective electrochemical transformations that are still challenges in electroorganic chemistry. We hope that our research will contribute to the further development of diastereo- and/or enantioselective transformations and the construction of valuable heterocyclic compounds using an electrochemical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Masami Kuriyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Osamu Onomura
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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84
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Abstract
To improve the efficacy of molecular syntheses, researchers wish to capitalize upon the selective modification of otherwise inert C-H bonds. The past two decades have witnessed considerable advances in coordination chemistry that have set the stage for transformative tools for C-H functionalizations. Particularly, oxidative C-H/C-H and C-H/Het-H transformations have gained major attention because they avoid all elements of substrate prefunctionalization. Despite considerable advances, oxidative C-H activations have been dominated by precious transition metal catalysts based on palladium, ruthenium, iridium, and rhodium, thus compromising the sustainable nature of the overall C-H activation approach. The same holds true for the predominant use of stoichiometric chemical oxidants for the regeneration of the active catalyst, prominently featuring hypervalent iodine(III), copper(II), and silver(I) oxidants. Thereby, stoichiometric quantities of undesired byproducts are generated, which are preventive for applications of C-H activation on scale. In contrast, the elegant merger of homogeneous metal-catalyzed C-H activation with molecular electrosynthesis bears the unique power to achieve outstanding levels of oxidant and resource economy. Thus, in contrast to classical electrosyntheses by substrate control, metalla-electrocatalysis holds huge and largely untapped potential for oxidative C-H activations with unmet site selectivities by means of catalyst control. While indirect electrolysis using precious palladium complexes has been realized, less toxic and less expensive base metal catalysts feature distinct beneficial assets toward sustainable resource economy. In this Account, I summarize the emergence of electrocatalyzed C-H activation by earth-abundant 3d base metals and beyond, with a topical focus on contributions from our laboratories through November 2019. Thus, cobalt electrocatalysis was identified as a particularly powerful platform for a wealth of C-H transformations, including C-H oxygenations and C-H nitrogenations as well as C-H activations with alkynes, alkenes, allenes, isocyanides, and carbon monoxide, among others. As complementary tools, catalysts based on nickel, copper, and very recently iron have been devised for metalla-electrocatalyzed C-H activations. Key to success were detailed mechanistic insights, prominently featuring oxidation-induced reductive elimination scenarios. Likewise, the development of methods that make use of weak O-coordination benefited from crucial insights into the catalyst's modes of action by experiment, in operando spectroscopy, and computation. Overall, metalla-electrocatalyzed C-H activations have thereby set the stage for molecular syntheses with unique levels of resource economy. These electrooxidative C-H transformations overall avoid the use of chemical oxidants and are frequently characterized by improved chemoselectivities. Hence, the ability to dial in the redox potential at the minimum level required for the desired transformation renders electrocatalysis an ideal platform for the functionalization of structurally complex molecules with sensitive functional groups. This strategy was, inter alia, successfully applied to scale-up by continuous flow and the step-economical assembly of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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85
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Lu FY, Chen YJ, Chen Y, Ding X, Guan Z, He YH. Highly enantioselective electrosynthesis of C2-quaternary indolin-3-ones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:623-626. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09178e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An asymmetric electrosynthesis is developed by combining anodic oxidation and proline-catalysis to realize enantioselective synthesis of C2-quaternary indolin-3-ones from 2-arylindoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fo-Yun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Yu-Jue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Yuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Xuan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Zhi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Yan-Hong He
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
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86
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Abstract
We highlight asymmetric electrochemical catalysis as a powerful tool in facilitating radical transformations. The tunable features of electrochemical methods enable mild generations of radicals and provide control of chemo- and stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Sanzhong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
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87
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Zhou Z, Xu S, Zhang J, Kong W. Nickel-catalyzed enantioselective electroreductive cross-couplings. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00901f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ni-Catalyzed reductive cross-coupling of two electrophiles has evolved into a powerful means for building diverse carbon-carbon bonds in an enantioselective manner. Here we summarize the recent progress in Ni-catalyzed enantioselective electroreductive coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Zhou
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS)
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Sheng Xu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS)
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS)
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Wangqing Kong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS)
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
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88
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Santi M, Seitz J, Cicala R, Hardwick T, Ahmed N, Wirth T. Memory of Chirality in Flow Electrochemistry: Fast Optimisation with DoE and Online 2D‐HPLC. Chemistry 2019; 25:16230-16235. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Micol Santi
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Jakob Seitz
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Rossana Cicala
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Tomas Hardwick
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
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89
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Ghosh M, Shinde VS, Rueping M. A review of asymmetric synthetic organic electrochemistry and electrocatalysis: concepts, applications, recent developments and future directions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:2710-2746. [PMID: 31807206 PMCID: PMC6880813 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The direct exploitation of ‘electrons’ as reagents in synthetic organic transformations is on the verge of a renaissance by virtue of its greenness, sustainability, atom economy, step economy and inherent safety. Achieving stereocontrol in such organic electrochemical reactions remains a major synthetic challenge and hence demands great expertise. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of the details of stereoselective organic electrochemical reactions along with the synthetic accomplishments achieved with these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munmun Ghosh
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Valmik S Shinde
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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