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Neuromodulation of insect motion vision. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2019; 206:125-137. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-019-01383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Stolz T, Diesner M, Neupert S, Hess ME, Delgado-Betancourt E, Pflüger HJ, Schmidt J. Descending octopaminergic neurons modulate sensory-evoked activity of thoracic motor neurons in stick insects. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:2388-2413. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00196.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulatory neurons located in the brain can influence activity in locomotor networks residing in the spinal cord or ventral nerve cords of invertebrates. How inputs to and outputs of neuromodulatory descending neurons affect walking activity is largely unknown. With the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry, we show that a population of dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurons descending from the gnathal ganglion to thoracic ganglia of the stick insect Carausius morosus contains the neuromodulatory amine octopamine. These neurons receive excitatory input coupled to the legs’ stance phases during treadmill walking. Inputs did not result from connections with thoracic central pattern-generating networks, but, instead, most are derived from leg load sensors. In excitatory and inhibitory retractor coxae motor neurons, spike activity in the descending DUM (desDUM) neurons increased depolarizing reflexlike responses to stimulation of leg load sensors. In these motor neurons, descending octopaminergic neurons apparently functioned as components of a positive feedback network mainly driven by load-detecting sense organs. Reflexlike responses in excitatory extensor tibiae motor neurons evoked by stimulations of a femur-tibia movement sensor either are increased or decreased or were not affected by the activity of the descending neurons, indicating different functions of desDUM neurons. The increase in motor neuron activity is often accompanied by a reflex reversal, which is characteristic for actively moving animals. Our findings indicate that some descending octopaminergic neurons can facilitate motor activity during walking and support a sensory-motor state necessary for active leg movements. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We investigated the role of descending octopaminergic neurons in the gnathal ganglion of stick insects. The neurons become active during walking, mainly triggered by input from load sensors in the legs rather than pattern-generating networks. This report provides novel evidence that octopamine released by descending neurons on stimulation of leg sense organs contributes to the modulation of leg sensory-evoked activity in a leg motor control system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stolz
- Departments of Biology and Animal Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Max Diesner
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne Neupert
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin E. Hess
- Departments of Biology and Animal Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Hans-Joachim Pflüger
- Institute für Biologie und Neurobiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Schmidt
- Departments of Biology and Animal Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Selcho M, Pauls D. Linking physiological processes and feeding behaviors by octopamine. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 36:125-130. [PMID: 31606580 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The biogenic amine octopamine and to some extent its precursor tyramine function as an alerting signal in insects. Octopaminergic/tyraminergic neurons arborize in most parts of the central nervous system and additionally reach almost all peripheral organs, tissues, and muscles. Indeed, octopamine is involved in motivation, arousal, and the initiation of different behaviors reflecting its function as an alerting signal. A well-studied example of octopamine function is feeding behavior in Drosophila. Here, the amine is involved in food search, sugar/bitter sensitivity, food intake, and starvation-induced hyperactivity. Thereby octopamine modulates feeding initiation in response to internal needs and external stimuli. Additionally, it seems that octopamine/tyramine orchestrate behaviors such as locomotion and feeding or flight and song production to adapt the behavioral outcome of an animal to physiological and environmental conditions. There is a possibility that octopamine and tyramine are required in the selection of behaviors in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Selcho
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Dennis Pauls
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
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von Hadeln J, Hensgen R, Bockhorst T, Rosner R, Heidasch R, Pegel U, Quintero Pérez M, Homberg U. Neuroarchitecture of the central complex of the desert locust: Tangential neurons. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:906-934. [PMID: 31625611 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The central complex (CX) comprises a group of midline neuropils in the insect brain, consisting of the protocerebral bridge (PB), the upper (CBU) and lower division (CBL) of the central body and a pair of globular noduli. It receives prominent input from the visual system and plays a major role in spatial orientation of the animals. Vertical slices and horizontal layers of the CX are formed by columnar, tangential, and pontine neurons. While pontine and columnar neurons have been analyzed in detail, especially in the fruit fly and desert locust, understanding of the organization of tangential cells is still rudimentary. As a basis for future functional studies, we have studied the morphologies of tangential neurons of the CX of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Intracellular dye injections revealed 43 different types of tangential neuron, 8 of the PB, 5 of the CBL, 24 of the CBU, 2 of the noduli, and 4 innervating multiple substructures. Cell bodies of these neurons were located in 11 different clusters in the cell body rind. Judging from the presence of fine versus beaded terminals, the vast majority of these neurons provide input into the CX, especially from the lateral complex (LX), the superior protocerebrum, the posterior slope, and other surrounding brain areas, but not directly from the mushroom bodies. Connections are largely subunit- and partly layer-specific. No direct connections were found between the CBU and the CBL. Instead, both subdivisions are connected in parallel with the PB and distinct layers of the noduli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joss von Hadeln
- Fachbereich Biologie, Tierphysiologie, and Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Ronja Hensgen
- Fachbereich Biologie, Tierphysiologie, and Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Bockhorst
- Fachbereich Biologie, Tierphysiologie, and Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Ronny Rosner
- Fachbereich Biologie, Tierphysiologie, and Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Ronny Heidasch
- Fachbereich Biologie, Tierphysiologie, and Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Uta Pegel
- Fachbereich Biologie, Tierphysiologie, and Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Manuel Quintero Pérez
- Fachbereich Biologie, Tierphysiologie, and Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Uwe Homberg
- Fachbereich Biologie, Tierphysiologie, and Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
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55
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Masuzzo A, Manière G, Viallat-Lieutaud A, Avazeri É, Zugasti O, Grosjean Y, Kurz CL, Royet J. Peptidoglycan-dependent NF-κB activation in a small subset of brain octopaminergic neurons controls female oviposition. eLife 2019; 8:50559. [PMID: 31661076 PMCID: PMC6819134 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
When facing microbes, animals engage in behaviors that lower the impact of the infection. We previously demonstrated that internal sensing of bacterial peptidoglycan reduces Drosophila female oviposition via NF-κB pathway activation in some neurons (Kurz et al., 2017). Although we showed that the neuromodulator octopamine is implicated, the identity of the involved neurons, as well as the physiological mechanism blocking egg-laying, remained unknown. In this study, we identified few ventral nerve cord and brain octopaminergic neurons expressing an NF-κB pathway component. We functionally demonstrated that NF-κB pathway activation in the brain, but not in the ventral nerve cord octopaminergic neurons, triggers an egg-laying drop in response to infection. Furthermore, we demonstrated via calcium imaging that the activity of these neurons can be directly modulated by peptidoglycan and that these cells do not control other octopamine-dependent behaviors such as female receptivity. This study shows that by sensing peptidoglycan and hence activating NF-κB cascade, a couple of brain neurons modulate a specific octopamine-dependent behavior to adapt female physiology status to their infectious state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Masuzzo
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM, Marseille, France
| | - Gérard Manière
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | | | | | | | - Yaël Grosjean
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | | | - Julien Royet
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM, Marseille, France
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56
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An infection of Enterobacter ludwigii affects development and causes age-dependent neurodegeneration in Drosophila melanogaster. INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 19:13. [PMID: 31641932 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-019-0233-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of teeth-blackening bacteria Enterobacter ludwigii on the physiological system were investigated using the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. The bacteria were mixed with the fly food, and its effect was checked on the growth, development and behaviour of Drosophila. Microbes generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the haemolymph of the larvae once it enters into the body. The increased amount of ROS was evidenced by the NBT assay and using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate dye, which indicates the mitochondrial ROS. The increased amount of ROS resulted in a number of abnormal nuclei within the gut. Besides that larvae walking became sluggish in comparison with wild type although the larvae crawling path did not change much. Flies hatched from the infectious larvae have the posterior scutellar bristle absent from the thorax and abnormal mechanosensory hairs in the eye, and they undergo time-dependent neurodegeneration as evidenced by the geotrophic and phototrophic assays. To decipher the mechanism of neurodegeneration, flies were checked for the presence of four important bioamines: tyramine, cadaverine, putrescine and histamine. Out of these four, histamine was found to be absent in infected flies. Histamine is a key molecule required for the functioning of the photoreceptor as well as mechanoreceptors. The mechanism via which mouth infectious bacteria E. ludwigii can affect the development and cause age-dependent neurodegeneration is explained in this paper.
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57
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Sayin S, De Backer JF, Siju KP, Wosniack ME, Lewis LP, Frisch LM, Gansen B, Schlegel P, Edmondson-Stait A, Sharifi N, Fisher CB, Calle-Schuler SA, Lauritzen JS, Bock DD, Costa M, Jefferis GSXE, Gjorgjieva J, Grunwald Kadow IC. A Neural Circuit Arbitrates between Persistence and Withdrawal in Hungry Drosophila. Neuron 2019; 104:544-558.e6. [PMID: 31471123 PMCID: PMC6839618 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In pursuit of food, hungry animals mobilize significant energy resources and overcome exhaustion and fear. How need and motivation control the decision to continue or change behavior is not understood. Using a single fly treadmill, we show that hungry flies persistently track a food odor and increase their effort over repeated trials in the absence of reward suggesting that need dominates negative experience. We further show that odor tracking is regulated by two mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) connecting the MB to the lateral horn. These MBONs, together with dopaminergic neurons and Dop1R2 signaling, control behavioral persistence. Conversely, an octopaminergic neuron, VPM4, which directly innervates one of the MBONs, acts as a brake on odor tracking by connecting feeding and olfaction. Together, our data suggest a function for the MB in internal state-dependent expression of behavior that can be suppressed by external inputs conveying a competing behavioral drive. Hunger motivates persistent food odor tracking even without reward Two synaptically connected MBONs, -γ1pedc>αβ and -α2sc, regulate odor tracking Octopamine neurons connect feeding and counteract MBON and odor tracking Dopaminergic neurons and Dop1R2 signaling promote persistent tracking
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Affiliation(s)
- Sercan Sayin
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | | | - K P Siju
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Marina E Wosniack
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Computation in Neural Circuits Group, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Laurence P Lewis
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Chemosensory Coding Group, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lisa-Marie Frisch
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Benedikt Gansen
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Philipp Schlegel
- Drosophila Connectomics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Amelia Edmondson-Stait
- Drosophila Connectomics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Davi D Bock
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Marta Costa
- Drosophila Connectomics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Gregory S X E Jefferis
- Drosophila Connectomics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK; Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Julijana Gjorgjieva
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Computation in Neural Circuits Group, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ilona C Grunwald Kadow
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany; ZIEL - Institute for food and health, 85354 Freising, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Chemosensory Coding Group, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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58
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Olfactory and Neuromodulatory Signals Reverse Visual Object Avoidance to Approach in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2058-2065.e2. [PMID: 31155354 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral reactions of animals to environmental sensory stimuli are sometimes reflexive and stereotyped but can also vary depending on contextual conditions. Engaging in active foraging or flight provokes a reversal in the valence of carbon dioxide responses from aversion to approach in Drosophila [1, 2], whereas mosquitoes encountering this same chemical cue show enhanced approach toward a small visual object [3]. Sensory plasticity in insects has been broadly attributed to the action of biogenic amines, which modulate behaviors such as olfactory learning, aggression, feeding, and egg laying [4-14]. Octopamine acts rapidly upon the onset of flight to modulate the response gain of directionally selective motion-detecting neurons in Drosophila [15]. How the action of biogenic amines might couple sensory modalities to each other or to locomotive states remains poorly understood. Here, we use a visual flight simulator [16] equipped for odor delivery [17] to confirm that flies avoid a small contrasting visual object in odorless air [18] but that the same animals reverse their preference to approach in the presence of attractive food odor. An aversive odor does not reverse object aversion. Optogenetic activation of either octopaminergic neurons or directionally selective motion-detecting neurons that express octopamine receptors elicits visual valence reversal in the absence of odor. Our results suggest a parsimonious model in which odor-activated octopamine release excites the motion detection pathway to increase the saliency of either a small object or a bar, eliciting tracking responses by both visual features.
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59
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Frechter S, Bates AS, Tootoonian S, Dolan MJ, Manton J, Jamasb AR, Kohl J, Bock D, Jefferis G. Functional and anatomical specificity in a higher olfactory centre. eLife 2019; 8:44590. [PMID: 31112127 PMCID: PMC6550879 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most sensory systems are organized into parallel neuronal pathways that process distinct aspects of incoming stimuli. In the insect olfactory system, second order projection neurons target both the mushroom body, required for learning, and the lateral horn (LH), proposed to mediate innate olfactory behavior. Mushroom body neurons form a sparse olfactory population code, which is not stereotyped across animals. In contrast, odor coding in the LH remains poorly understood. We combine genetic driver lines, anatomical and functional criteria to show that the Drosophila LH has ~1400 neurons and >165 cell types. Genetically labeled LHNs have stereotyped odor responses across animals and on average respond to three times more odors than single projection neurons. LHNs are better odor categorizers than projection neurons, likely due to stereotyped pooling of related inputs. Our results reveal some of the principles by which a higher processing area can extract innate behavioral significance from sensory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Frechter
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sina Tootoonian
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Neurophysiology of Behaviour Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael-John Dolan
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, United States
| | - James Manton
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Johannes Kohl
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Davi Bock
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, United States
| | - Gregory Jefferis
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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60
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Meissner GW, Nern A, Singer RH, Wong AM, Malkesman O, Long X. Mapping Neurotransmitter Identity in the Whole-Mount Drosophila Brain Using Multiplex High-Throughput Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization. Genetics 2019; 211:473-482. [PMID: 30563859 PMCID: PMC6366916 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the neurotransmitters used by specific neurons is a critical step in understanding the function of neural circuits. However, methods for the consistent and efficient detection of neurotransmitter markers remain limited. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) enables direct labeling of type-specific mRNA in neurons. Recent advances in FISH allow this technique to be carried out in intact tissue samples such as whole-mount Drosophila melanogaster brains. Here, we present a FISH platform for high-throughput detection of eight common neurotransmitter phenotypes in Drosophila brains. We greatly increase FISH throughput by processing samples mounted on coverslips and optimizing fluorophore choice for each probe to facilitate multiplexing. As application examples, we demonstrate cases of neurotransmitter coexpression, reveal neurotransmitter phenotypes of specific cell types, and explore the onset of neurotransmitter expression in the developing optic lobe. Beyond neurotransmitter markers, our protocols can in principle be used for large-scale FISH detection of any mRNA in whole-mount fly brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey W Meissner
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147
| | - Aljoscha Nern
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147
| | - Robert H Singer
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Allan M Wong
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147
| | - Oz Malkesman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147
| | - Xi Long
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147
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61
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Kononenko NL, Hartfil S, Willer J, Ferch J, Wolfenberg H, Pflüger HJ. A population of descending tyraminergic/octopaminergic projection neurons of the insect deutocerebrum. J Comp Neurol 2018; 527:1027-1038. [PMID: 30444529 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we describe a cluster of tyraminergic/octopaminergic neurons in the lateral dorsal deutocerebrum of desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) with descending axons to the abdominal ganglia. In the locust, these neurons synthesize octopamine from tyramine stress-dependently. Electrophysiological recordings in locusts reveal that they respond to mechanosensory touch stimuli delivered to various parts of the body including the antennae. A similar cluster of tyraminergic/octopaminergic neurons was also identified in the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) and the pink winged stick insect (Sipyloidea sipylus). It is suggested that these neurons release octopamine in the ventral nerve cord ganglia and, most likely, convey information on arousal and/or stressful stimuli to neuronal circuits thus contributing to the many actions of octopamine in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergej Hartfil
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Willer
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica Ferch
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Wolfenberg
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Berlin, Germany
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62
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Wolff T, Rubin GM. Neuroarchitecture of the Drosophila central complex: A catalog of nodulus and asymmetrical body neurons and a revision of the protocerebral bridge catalog. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:2585-2611. [PMID: 30084503 PMCID: PMC6283239 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The central complex, a set of neuropils in the center of the insect brain, plays a crucial role in spatial aspects of sensory integration and motor control. Stereotyped neurons interconnect these neuropils with one another and with accessory structures. We screened over 5,000 Drosophila melanogaster GAL4 lines for expression in two neuropils, the noduli (NO) of the central complex and the asymmetrical body (AB), and used multicolor stochastic labeling to analyze the morphology, polarity, and organization of individual cells in a subset of the GAL4 lines that showed expression in these neuropils. We identified nine NO and three AB cell types and describe them here. The morphology of the NO neurons suggests that they receive input primarily in the lateral accessory lobe and send output to each of the six paired noduli. We demonstrate that the AB is a bilateral structure which exhibits asymmetry in size between the left and right bodies. We show that the AB neurons directly connect the AB to the central complex and accessory neuropils, that they target both the left and right ABs, and that one cell type preferentially innervates the right AB. We propose that the AB be considered a central complex neuropil in Drosophila. Finally, we present highly restricted GAL4 lines for most identified protocerebral bridge, NO, and AB cell types. These lines, generated using the split-GAL4 method, will facilitate anatomical studies, behavioral assays, and physiological experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Wolff
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia
| | - Gerald M Rubin
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia
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63
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Pauls D, Blechschmidt C, Frantzmann F, El Jundi B, Selcho M. A comprehensive anatomical map of the peripheral octopaminergic/tyraminergic system of Drosophila melanogaster. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15314. [PMID: 30333565 PMCID: PMC6192984 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33686-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The modulation of an animal’s behavior through external sensory stimuli, previous experience and its internal state is crucial to survive in a constantly changing environment. In most insects, octopamine (OA) and its precursor tyramine (TA) modulate a variety of physiological processes and behaviors by shifting the organism from a relaxed or dormant condition to a responsive, excited and alerted state. Even though OA/TA neurons of the central brain are described on single cell level in Drosophila melanogaster, the periphery was largely omitted from anatomical studies. Given that OA/TA is involved in behaviors like feeding, flying and locomotion, which highly depend on a variety of peripheral organs, it is necessary to study the peripheral connections of these neurons to get a complete picture of the OA/TA circuitry. We here describe the anatomy of this aminergic system in relation to peripheral tissues of the entire fly. OA/TA neurons arborize onto skeletal muscles all over the body and innervate reproductive organs, the heart, the corpora allata, and sensory organs in the antennae, legs, wings and halteres underlining their relevance in modulating complex behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Pauls
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christine Blechschmidt
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Felix Frantzmann
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Basil El Jundi
- Zoology II, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mareike Selcho
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany.
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Ormerod KG, Jung J, Mercier AJ. Modulation of neuromuscular synapses and contraction in Drosophila 3rd instar larvae. J Neurogenet 2018; 32:183-194. [PMID: 30303434 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2018.1502761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past four decades, Drosophila melanogaster has become an increasingly important model system for studying the modulation of chemical synapses and muscle contraction by cotransmitters and neurohormones. This review describes how advantages provided by Drosophila have been utilized to investigate synaptic modulation, and it discusses key findings from investigations of cotransmitters and neurohormones that act on body wall muscles of 3rd instar Drosophila larvae. These studies have contributed much to our understanding of how neuromuscular systems are modulated by neuropeptides and biogenic amines, but there are still gaps in relating these peripheral modulatory effects to behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiel G Ormerod
- a Department of Biology , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - JaeHwan Jung
- b Department of Biological Sciences , Brock University , St. Catharines , Canada
| | - A Joffre Mercier
- b Department of Biological Sciences , Brock University , St. Catharines , Canada
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65
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Shin M, Copeland JM, Venton BJ. Drosophila as a Model System for Neurotransmitter Measurements. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:1872-1883. [PMID: 29411967 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, is an important, simple model organism for studying the effects of genetic mutations on neuronal activity and behavior. Biologists use Drosophila for neuroscience studies because of its genetic tractability, complex behaviors, well-known and simple neuroanatomy, and many orthologues to human genes. Neurochemical measurements in Drosophila are challenging due to the small size of the central nervous system. Recently, methods have been developed to measure real-time neurotransmitter release and clearance in both larvae and adults using electrochemistry. These studies have characterized dopamine, serotonin, and octopamine release in both wild type and genetic mutant flies. Tissue content measurements are also important, and separations are predominantly used. Capillary electrophoresis, with either electrochemical, laser-induced fluorescence, or mass spectrometry detection, facilitates tissue content measurements from single, isolated Drosophila brains or small samples of hemolymph. Neurochemical studies in Drosophila have revealed that flies have functioning transporters and autoreceptors, that their metabolism is different than in mammals, and that flies have regional, life stage, and sex differences in neurotransmission. Future studies will develop smaller electrodes, expand optical imaging techniques, explore physiological stimulations, and use advanced genetics to target single neuron release or study neurochemical changes in models of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Copeland
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, United States
- Department of Biology, Eastern Mennonite University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22802, United States
| | - B. Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, United States
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66
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Zheng Z, Lauritzen JS, Perlman E, Robinson CG, Nichols M, Milkie D, Torrens O, Price J, Fisher CB, Sharifi N, Calle-Schuler SA, Kmecova L, Ali IJ, Karsh B, Trautman ET, Bogovic JA, Hanslovsky P, Jefferis GSXE, Kazhdan M, Khairy K, Saalfeld S, Fetter RD, Bock DD. A Complete Electron Microscopy Volume of the Brain of Adult Drosophila melanogaster. Cell 2018; 174:730-743.e22. [PMID: 30033368 PMCID: PMC6063995 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has a rich repertoire of innate and learned behaviors. Its 100,000-neuron brain is a large but tractable target for comprehensive neural circuit mapping. Only electron microscopy (EM) enables complete, unbiased mapping of synaptic connectivity; however, the fly brain is too large for conventional EM. We developed a custom high-throughput EM platform and imaged the entire brain of an adult female fly at synaptic resolution. To validate the dataset, we traced brain-spanning circuitry involving the mushroom body (MB), which has been extensively studied for its role in learning. All inputs to Kenyon cells (KCs), the intrinsic neurons of the MB, were mapped, revealing a previously unknown cell type, postsynaptic partners of KC dendrites, and unexpected clustering of olfactory projection neurons. These reconstructions show that this freely available EM volume supports mapping of brain-spanning circuits, which will significantly accelerate Drosophila neuroscience. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Zheng
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - J Scott Lauritzen
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Eric Perlman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Camenzind G Robinson
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Matthew Nichols
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | | | - Omar Torrens
- Coleman Technologies, Newtown Square, PA 19073, USA
| | - John Price
- Hudson Price Designs, Hingham, MA 02043, USA
| | - Corey B Fisher
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Nadiya Sharifi
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | | | - Lucia Kmecova
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Iqbal J Ali
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Bill Karsh
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Eric T Trautman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - John A Bogovic
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Philipp Hanslovsky
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Gregory S X E Jefferis
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Michael Kazhdan
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Khaled Khairy
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Stephan Saalfeld
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Richard D Fetter
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Davi D Bock
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
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67
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Konstantinides N, Kapuralin K, Fadil C, Barboza L, Satija R, Desplan C. Phenotypic Convergence: Distinct Transcription Factors Regulate Common Terminal Features. Cell 2018; 174:622-635.e13. [PMID: 29909983 PMCID: PMC6082168 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors regulate the molecular, morphological, and physiological characteristics of neurons and generate their impressive cell-type diversity. To gain insight into the general principles that govern how transcription factors regulate cell-type diversity, we used large-scale single-cell RNA sequencing to characterize the extensive cellular diversity in the Drosophila optic lobes. We sequenced 55,000 single cells and assigned them to 52 clusters. We validated and annotated many clusters using RNA sequencing of FACS-sorted single-cell types and cluster-specific genes. To identify transcription factors responsible for inducing specific terminal differentiation features, we generated a "random forest" model, and we showed that the transcription factors Apterous and Traffic-jam are required in many but not all cholinergic and glutamatergic neurons, respectively. In fact, the same terminal characters often can be regulated by different transcription factors in different cell types, arguing for extensive phenotypic convergence. Our data provide a deep understanding of the developmental and functional specification of a complex brain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarina Kapuralin
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chaimaa Fadil
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Luendreo Barboza
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA
| | - Rahul Satija
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA
| | - Claude Desplan
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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68
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Claßen G, Scholz H. Octopamine Shifts the Behavioral Response From Indecision to Approach or Aversion in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:131. [PMID: 30018540 PMCID: PMC6037846 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals must make constant decisions whether to respond to external sensory stimuli or not to respond. The activation of positive and/or negative reinforcers might bias the behavioral response towards approach or aversion. To analyze whether the activation of the octopaminergic neurotransmitter system can shift the decision between two identical odor sources, we active in Drosophila melanogaster different sets of octopaminergic neurons using optogenetics and analyze the choice of the flies using a binary odor trap assay. We show that the release of octopamine from a set of neurons and not acetylcholine acts as positive reinforcer for one food odor source resulting in attraction. The activation of a subset of these neurons causes the opposite behavior and results in aversion. This aversion is due to octopamine release and not tyramine, since in Tyramine-β-hydroxylase mutants (Tβh) lacking octopamine, the aversion is suppressed. We show that when given the choice between two different attractive food odor sources the activation of the octopaminergic neurotransmitter system switches the attraction for ethanol-containing food odor to a less attractive food odor. Consistent with the requirement for octopamine in biasing the behavioral outcome, Tβh mutants fail to switch their attraction. The execution of attraction does not require octopamine but rather initiation of the behavior or a switch of the behavioral response. The attraction to ethanol also depends on octopamine. Pharmacological increases in octopamine signaling in Tβh mutants increase ethanol attraction and blocking octopamine receptor function reduces ethanol attraction. Taken together, octopamine in the central brain orchestrates behavioral outcomes by biasing the decision of the animal towards food odors. This finding might uncover a basic principle of how octopamine gates behavioral outcomes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerbera Claßen
- Department of Biology, Institute for Zoology, Biocenter, Albertus-Magnus University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Henrike Scholz
- Department of Biology, Institute for Zoology, Biocenter, Albertus-Magnus University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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69
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Fei Y, Zhu D, Sun Y, Gong C, Huang S, Gong Z. Repeated Failure in Reward Pursuit Alters Innate Drosophila Larval Behaviors. Neurosci Bull 2018; 34:901-911. [PMID: 29951979 PMCID: PMC6246844 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-018-0248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals always seek rewards and the related neural basis has been well studied. However, what happens when animals fail to get a reward is largely unknown, although this is commonly seen in behaviors such as predation. Here, we set up a behavioral model of repeated failure in reward pursuit (RFRP) in Drosophila larvae. In this model, the larvae were repeatedly prevented from reaching attractants such as yeast and butyl acetate, before finally abandoning further attempts. After giving up, they usually showed a decreased locomotor speed and impaired performance in light avoidance and sugar preference, which were named as phenotypes of RFRP states. In larvae that had developed RFRP phenotypes, the octopamine concentration was greatly elevated, while tβh mutants devoid of octopamine were less likely to develop RFRP phenotypes, and octopamine feeding efficiently restored such defects. By down-regulating tβh in different groups of neurons and imaging neuronal activity, neurons that regulated the development of RFRP states and the behavioral exhibition of RFRP phenotypes were mapped to a small subgroup of non-glutamatergic and glutamatergic octopaminergic neurons in the central larval brain. Our results establish a model for investigating the effect of depriving an expected reward in Drosophila and provide a simplified framework for the associated neural basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Fei
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dikai Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yixuan Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Caixia Gong
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shenyang Huang
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Zhefeng Gong
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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70
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A subset of octopaminergic neurons that promotes feeding initiation in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198362. [PMID: 29949586 PMCID: PMC6021039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Octopamine regulates feeding behavioral responses in Drosophila melanogaster, however the molecular and circuit mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the role of a subset of octopaminergic neurons, the OA-VPM4 cluster, in sucrose acceptance behavior. Thermogenetic activation of Gal4 lines containing OA-VPM4 promoted proboscis extension to sucrose, while optogenetic inactivation reduced extension. Anatomically, the presynaptic terminals of OA-VPM4 are in close proximity to the axons of sugar-responsive gustatory sensory neurons. Moreover, RNAi knockdown of a specific class of octopamine receptor, OAMB, selectively in sugar-sensing gustatory neurons decreased the behavioral response to sucrose. By calcium imaging experiments, we found that application of octopamine potentiates sensory responses to sucrose in satiated flies. Taken together, these findings suggest a model by which OA-VPM4 promotes feeding behavior by modulating the activity of sensory neurons.
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71
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Namiki S, Dickinson MH, Wong AM, Korff W, Card GM. The functional organization of descending sensory-motor pathways in Drosophila. eLife 2018; 7:e34272. [PMID: 29943730 PMCID: PMC6019073 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In most animals, the brain controls the body via a set of descending neurons (DNs) that traverse the neck. DN activity activates, maintains or modulates locomotion and other behaviors. Individual DNs have been well-studied in species from insects to primates, but little is known about overall connectivity patterns across the DN population. We systematically investigated DN anatomy in Drosophila melanogaster and created over 100 transgenic lines targeting individual cell types. We identified roughly half of all Drosophila DNs and comprehensively map connectivity between sensory and motor neuropils in the brain and nerve cord, respectively. We find the nerve cord is a layered system of neuropils reflecting the fly's capability for two largely independent means of locomotion -- walking and flight -- using distinct sets of appendages. Our results reveal the basic functional map of descending pathways in flies and provide tools for systematic interrogation of neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiro Namiki
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Michael H Dickinson
- Division of Biology and BioengineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Allan M Wong
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Wyatt Korff
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Gwyneth M Card
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
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72
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Sujkowski A, Ramesh D, Brockmann A, Wessells R. Octopamine Drives Endurance Exercise Adaptations in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2018; 21:1809-1823. [PMID: 29141215 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Endurance exercise is an effective therapeutic intervention with substantial pro-healthspan effects. Male Drosophila respond to a ramped daily program of exercise by inducing conserved physiological responses similar to those seen in mice and humans. Female flies respond to an exercise stimulus but do not experience the adaptive training response seen in males. Here, we use female flies as a model to demonstrate that differences in exercise response are mediated by differences in neuronal activity. The activity of octopaminergic neurons is specifically required to induce the conserved cellular and physiological changes seen following endurance training. Furthermore, either intermittent, scheduled activation of octopaminergic neurons or octopamine feeding is able to fully substitute for exercise, conferring a suite of pro-healthspan benefits to sedentary Drosophila. These experiments indicate that octopamine is a critical mediator of adaptation to endurance exercise in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Sujkowski
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Divya Ramesh
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Axel Brockmann
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Robert Wessells
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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73
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Nicholson DA, Roberts TF, Sober SJ. Thalamostriatal and cerebellothalamic pathways in a songbird, the Bengalese finch. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1550-1570. [PMID: 29520771 PMCID: PMC5899675 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The thalamostriatal system is a major network in the mammalian brain, originating principally from the intralaminar nuclei of thalamus. Its functions remain unclear, but a subset of these projections provides a pathway through which the cerebellum communicates with the basal ganglia. Both the cerebellum and basal ganglia play crucial roles in motor control. Although songbirds have yielded key insights into the neural basis of vocal learning, it is unknown whether a thalamostriatal system exists in the songbird brain. Thalamic nucleus DLM is an important part of the song system, the network of nuclei required for learning and producing song. DLM receives output from song system basal ganglia nucleus Area X and sits within dorsal thalamus, the proposed avian homolog of the mammalian intralaminar nuclei that also receives projections from the cerebellar nuclei. Using a viral vector that specifically labels presynaptic axon segments, we show in Bengalese finches that dorsal thalamus projects to Area X, the basal ganglia nucleus of the song system, and to surrounding medial striatum. To identify the sources of thalamic input to Area X, we map DLM and cerebellar-recipient dorsal thalamus (DTCbN ). Surprisingly, we find both DLM and dorsal anterior DTCbN adjacent to DLM project to Area X. In contrast, the ventral medial subregion of DTCbN projects to medial striatum outside Area X. Our results suggest the basal ganglia in the song system, like the mammalian basal ganglia, integrate feedback from the thalamic region to which they project as well as thalamic regions that receive cerebellar output.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Nicholson
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, Georgia
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, Georgia
| | - Todd F Roberts
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9111
| | - Samuel J Sober
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, Georgia
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74
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Diesner M, Neupert S. Quantification of Biogenic Amines from Individual GFP-Labeled Drosophila Cells by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8035-8043. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Max Diesner
- University of Cologne, Department of Biology, Institute for Zoology, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne Neupert
- University of Cologne, Department of Biology, Institute for Zoology, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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75
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Ly S, Pack AI, Naidoo N. The neurobiological basis of sleep: Insights from Drosophila. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 87:67-86. [PMID: 29391183 PMCID: PMC5845852 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is a biological enigma that has raised numerous questions about the inner workings of the brain. The fundamental question of why our nervous systems have evolved to require sleep remains a topic of ongoing scientific deliberation. This question is largely being addressed by research using animal models of sleep. Drosophila melanogaster, also known as the common fruit fly, exhibits a sleep state that shares common features with many other species. Drosophila sleep studies have unearthed an immense wealth of knowledge about the neuroscience of sleep. Given the breadth of findings published on Drosophila sleep, it is important to consider how all of this information might come together to generate a more holistic understanding of sleep. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the neurobiology of Drosophila sleep and explores the broader insights and implications of how sleep is regulated across species and why it is necessary for the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ly
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, 125 South 31st St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3403, United States.
| | - Allan I Pack
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, 125 South 31st St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3403, United States; Division of Sleep Medicine/Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 125 South 31st St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3403, United States
| | - Nirinjini Naidoo
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, 125 South 31st St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3403, United States; Division of Sleep Medicine/Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 125 South 31st St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3403, United States.
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76
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Stocker B, Bochow C, Damrau C, Mathejczyk T, Wolfenberg H, Colomb J, Weber C, Ramesh N, Duch C, Biserova NM, Sigrist S, Pflüger HJ. Structural and Molecular Properties of Insect Type II Motor Axon Terminals. Front Syst Neurosci 2018; 12:5. [PMID: 29615874 PMCID: PMC5867341 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2018.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparison between the axon terminals of octopaminergic efferent dorsal or ventral unpaired median neurons in either desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) or fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) across skeletal muscles reveals many similarities. In both species the octopaminergic axon forms beaded fibers where the boutons or varicosities form type II terminals in contrast to the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) or type I terminals. These type II terminals are immunopositive for both tyramine and octopamine and, in contrast to the type I terminals, which possess clear synaptic vesicles, only contain dense core vesicles. These dense core vesicles contain octopamine as shown by immunogold methods. With respect to the cytomatrix and active zone peptides the type II terminals exhibit active zone-like accumulations of the scaffold protein Bruchpilot (BRP) only sparsely in contrast to the many accumulations of BRP identifying active zones of NMJ type I terminals. In the fruit fly larva marked dynamic changes of octopaminergic fibers have been reported after short starvation which not only affects the formation of new branches (“synaptopods”) but also affects the type I terminals or NMJs via octopamine-signaling (Koon et al., 2011). Our starvation experiments of Drosophila-larvae revealed a time-dependency of the formation of additional branches. Whereas after 2 h of starvation we find a decrease in “synaptopods”, the increase is significant after 6 h of starvation. In addition, we provide evidence that the release of octopamine from dendritic and/or axonal type II terminals uses a similar synaptic machinery to glutamate release from type I terminals of excitatory motor neurons. Indeed, blocking this canonical synaptic release machinery via RNAi induced downregulation of BRP in neurons with type II terminals leads to flight performance deficits similar to those observed for octopamine mutants or flies lacking this class of neurons (Brembs et al., 2007).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Stocker
- Institute of Biology, Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Bochow
- Institute of Biology, Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Damrau
- Institute of Biology, Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Mathejczyk
- Institute of Biology, Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Wolfenberg
- Institute of Biology, Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julien Colomb
- Institute of Biology, Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Weber
- Institute of Biology, Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niraja Ramesh
- Institute of Biology, Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Duch
- Institute of Biology, Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia M Biserova
- Institute of Biology, Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Sigrist
- Institute of Biology, Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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77
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Elucidating the Neuronal Architecture of Olfactory Glomeruli in the Drosophila Antennal Lobe. Cell Rep 2018; 16:3401-3413. [PMID: 27653699 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory glomeruli are morphologically conserved spherical compartments of the olfactory system, distinguishable solely by their chemosensory repertoire, anatomical position, and volume. Little is known, however, about their numerical neuronal composition. We therefore characterized their neuronal architecture and correlated these anatomical features with their functional properties in Drosophila melanogaster. We quantitatively mapped all olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) innervating each glomerulus, including sexually dimorphic distributions. Our data reveal the impact of OSN number on glomerular dimensions and demonstrate yet unknown sex-specific differences in several glomeruli. Moreover, we quantified uniglomerular projection neurons for each glomerulus, which unraveled a glomerulus-specific numerical innervation. Correlation between morphological features and functional specificity showed that glomeruli innervated by narrowly tuned OSNs seem to possess a larger number of projection neurons and are involved in less lateral processing than glomeruli targeted by broadly tuned OSNs. Our study demonstrates that the neuronal architecture of each glomerulus encoding crucial odors is unique.
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78
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Image processing for precise three-dimensional registration and stitching of thick high-resolution laser-scanning microscopy image stacks. Comput Biol Med 2018; 92:22-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2017.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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79
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Abstract
The behavioral state of an animal can dynamically modulate visual processing. In flies, the behavioral state is known to alter the temporal tuning of neurons that carry visual motion information into the central brain. However, where this modulation occurs and how it tunes the properties of this neural circuit are not well understood. Here, we show that the behavioral state alters the baseline activity levels and the temporal tuning of the first directionally selective neuron in the ON motion pathway (T4) as well as its primary input neurons (Mi1, Tm3, Mi4, Mi9). These effects are especially prominent in the inhibitory neuron Mi4, and we show that central octopaminergic neurons provide input to Mi4 and increase its excitability. We further show that octopamine neurons are required for sustained behavioral responses to fast-moving, but not slow-moving, visual stimuli in walking flies. These results indicate that behavioral-state modulation acts directly on the inputs to the directionally selective neurons and supports efficient neural coding of motion stimuli.
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80
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Ichinose T, Tanimoto H, Yamagata N. Behavioral Modulation by Spontaneous Activity of Dopamine Neurons. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:88. [PMID: 29321731 PMCID: PMC5732226 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine modulates a variety of animal behaviors that range from sleep and learning to courtship and aggression. Besides its well-known phasic firing to natural reward, a substantial number of dopamine neurons (DANs) are known to exhibit ongoing intrinsic activity in the absence of an external stimulus. While accumulating evidence points at functional implications for these intrinsic "spontaneous activities" of DANs in cognitive processes, a causal link to behavior and its underlying mechanisms has yet to be elucidated. Recent physiological studies in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster have uncovered that DANs in the fly brain are also spontaneously active, and that this activity reflects the behavioral/internal states of the animal. Strikingly, genetic manipulation of basal DAN activity resulted in behavioral alterations in the fly, providing critical evidence that links spontaneous DAN activity to behavioral states. Furthermore, circuit-level analyses have started to reveal cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate or regulate spontaneous DAN activity. Through reviewing recent findings in different animals with the major focus on flies, we will discuss potential roles of this physiological phenomenon in directing animal behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Ichinose
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Neuroscience of Disease, Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiromu Tanimoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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81
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Sinakevitch IT, Daskalova SM, Smith BH. The Biogenic Amine Tyramine and its Receptor (AmTyr1) in Olfactory Neuropils in the Honey Bee ( Apis mellifera) Brain. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:77. [PMID: 29114209 PMCID: PMC5660842 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes the cellular sources for tyramine and the cellular targets of tyramine via the Tyramine Receptor 1 (AmTyr1) in the olfactory learning and memory neuropils of the honey bee brain. Clusters of approximately 160 tyramine immunoreactive neurons are the source of tyraminergic fibers with small varicosities in the optic lobes, antennal lobes, lateral protocerebrum, mushroom body (calyces and gamma lobes), tritocerebrum and subesophageal ganglion (SEG). Our tyramine mapping study shows that the primary sources of tyramine in the antennal lobe and calyx of the mushroom body are from at least two Ventral Unpaired Median neurons (VUMmd and VUMmx) with cell bodies in the SEG. To reveal AmTyr1 receptors in the brain, we used newly characterized anti-AmTyr1 antibodies. Immunolocalization studies in the antennal lobe with anti-AmTyr1 antibodies showed that the AmTyr1 expression pattern is mostly in the presynaptic sites of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). In the mushroom body calyx, anti-AmTyr1 mapped the presynaptic sites of uniglomerular Projection Neurons (PNs) located primarily in the microglomeruli of the lip and basal ring calyx area. Release of tyramine/octopamine from VUM (md and mx) neurons in the antennal lobe and mushroom body calyx would target AmTyr1 expressed on ORN and uniglomerular PN presynaptic terminals. The presynaptic location of AmTyr1, its structural similarity with vertebrate alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, and previous pharmacological evidence suggests that it has an important role in the presynaptic inhibitory control of neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sasha M Daskalova
- Biodesign Center for BioEnergetics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Brian H Smith
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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82
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Watanabe K, Chiu H, Pfeiffer BD, Wong AM, Hoopfer ED, Rubin GM, Anderson DJ. A Circuit Node that Integrates Convergent Input from Neuromodulatory and Social Behavior-Promoting Neurons to Control Aggression in Drosophila. Neuron 2017; 95:1112-1128.e7. [PMID: 28858617 PMCID: PMC5588916 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse neuromodulatory systems such as norepinephrine (NE) control brain-wide states such as arousal, but whether they control complex social behaviors more specifically is not clear. Octopamine (OA), the insect homolog of NE, is known to promote both arousal and aggression. We have performed a systematic, unbiased screen to identify OA receptor-expressing neurons (OARNs) that control aggression in Drosophila. Our results uncover a tiny population of male-specific aSP2 neurons that mediate a specific influence of OA on aggression, independent of any effect on arousal. Unexpectedly, these neurons receive convergent input from OA neurons and P1 neurons, a population of FruM+ neurons that promotes male courtship behavior. Behavioral epistasis experiments suggest that aSP2 neurons may constitute an integration node at which OAergic neuromodulation can bias the output of P1 neurons to favor aggression over inter-male courtship. These results have potential implications for thinking about the role of related neuromodulatory systems in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiichi Watanabe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29 and the Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Hui Chiu
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29 and the Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Barret D Pfeiffer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Janelia Research Campus, HHMI, Ashburn VA, USA
| | - Allan M Wong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Janelia Research Campus, HHMI, Ashburn VA, USA
| | - Eric D Hoopfer
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29 and the Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - David J Anderson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29 and the Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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83
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Li Y, Tiedemann L, von Frieling J, Nolte S, El-Kholy S, Stephano F, Gelhaus C, Bruchhaus I, Fink C, Roeder T. The Role of Monoaminergic Neurotransmission for Metabolic Control in the Fruit Fly Drosophila Melanogaster. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:60. [PMID: 28878633 PMCID: PMC5572263 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormones control various metabolic traits comprising fat deposition or starvation resistance. Here we show that two invertebrate neurohormones, octopamine (OA) and tyramine (TA) as well as their associated receptors, had a major impact on these metabolic traits. Animals devoid of the monoamine OA develop a severe obesity phenotype. Using flies defective in the expression of receptors for OA and TA, we aimed to decipher the contributions of single receptors for these metabolic phenotypes. Whereas those animals impaired in octß1r, octß2r and tar1 share the obesity phenotype of OA-deficient (tβh-deficient) animals, the octß1r, octß2r deficient flies showed reduced insulin release, which is opposed to the situation found in tβh-deficient animals. On the other hand, OAMB deficient flies were leaner than controls, implying that the regulation of this phenotype is more complex than anticipated. Other phenotypes seen in tβh-deficient animals, such as the reduced ability to perform complex movements tasks can mainly be attributed to the octß2r. Tissue-specific RNAi experiments revealed a very complex interorgan communication leading to the different metabolic phenotypes observed in OA or OA and TA-deficient flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Zoology, Kiel UniversityKiel, Germany
| | - Lasse Tiedemann
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Zoology, Kiel UniversityKiel, Germany
| | - Jakob von Frieling
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Zoology, Kiel UniversityKiel, Germany
| | - Stella Nolte
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Zoology, Kiel UniversityKiel, Germany
| | - Samar El-Kholy
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Zoology, Kiel UniversityKiel, Germany
| | - Flora Stephano
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Zoology, Kiel UniversityKiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Gelhaus
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Zoology, Kiel UniversityKiel, Germany
| | - Iris Bruchhaus
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical MedicineHamburg, Germany
| | - Christine Fink
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Zoology, Kiel UniversityKiel, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN)Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Zoology, Kiel UniversityKiel, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN)Kiel, Germany
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84
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Iliadi KG, Iliadi N, Boulianne GL. Drosophila
mutants lacking octopamine exhibit impairment in aversive olfactory associative learning. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 46:2080-2087. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin G. Iliadi
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning The Hospital for Sick Children 686 Bay Street Room 15‐9‐708/477 Toronto ON M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Natalia Iliadi
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning The Hospital for Sick Children 686 Bay Street Room 15‐9‐708/477 Toronto ON M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Gabrielle L. Boulianne
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning The Hospital for Sick Children 686 Bay Street Room 15‐9‐708/477 Toronto ON M5G 1L7 Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
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85
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Maximized complexity in miniaturized brains: morphology and distribution of octopaminergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons in the parasitic wasp, Trichogramma evanescens. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 369:477-496. [PMID: 28597098 PMCID: PMC5579201 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2642-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic wasp, Trichogramma evanescens, is an extremely small insect, with a body length as small as 0.3 mm. To facilitate this miniaturization, their brains may have evolved to contain smaller neural components and/or reduced neural complexity than larger insects. Here, we study whether the size and number of neurons are reduced in the miniaturized brain of T. evanescens, focusing on neurons that express serotonin (5HT), octopamine (OA) and dopamine (DA). We provide the first description of the distribution, projection patterns and number of 5HT-, OA- and DA-like immunoreactive cell bodies in T. evanescens and compare our observations with descriptions of much larger insects. The brains of T. evanescens contain comparable numbers of monoaminergic neurons to those of larger insects. Serotonergic neurons appear to be especially conserved; most of the clusters contain a similar number of neurons to those described in Apis mellifera and Drosophila melanogaster. This maintained complexity may have been facilitated by miniaturization of neuron size. However, many dopaminergic and some octopaminergic neuron clusters in T. evanescens contain fewer neurons than in larger insects. Modification of the complexity of these monoaminergic systems may have been necessary to maintain neuron functionality during brain miniaturization in T. evanescens. Our results reveal some of the evolutionary adaptations that may enable behavioural and cognitive complexity with respect to miniaturized brains.
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86
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Machado DR, Afonso DJ, Kenny AR, Öztu Rk-Çolak A, Moscato EH, Mainwaring B, Kayser M, Koh K. Identification of octopaminergic neurons that modulate sleep suppression by male sex drive. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28510528 PMCID: PMC5433852 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular and circuit mechanisms for balancing competing drives are not well understood. While circadian and homeostatic mechanisms generally ensure sufficient sleep at night, other pressing needs can overcome sleep drive. Here, we demonstrate that the balance between sleep and sex drives determines whether male flies sleep or court, and identify a subset of octopaminergic neurons (MS1) that regulate sleep specifically in males. When MS1 neurons are activated, isolated males sleep less, and when MS1 neurons are silenced, the normal male sleep suppression in female presence is attenuated and mating behavior is impaired. MS1 neurons do not express the sexually dimorphic FRUITLESS (FRU) transcription factor, but form male-specific contacts with FRU-expressing neurons; calcium imaging experiments reveal bidirectional functional connectivity between MS1 and FRU neurons. We propose octopaminergic MS1 neurons interact with the FRU network to mediate sleep suppression by male sex drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Machado
- Department of Neuroscience, the Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Dinis Js Afonso
- Department of Neuroscience, the Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Alexandra R Kenny
- Department of Neuroscience, the Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Arzu Öztu Rk-Çolak
- Department of Neuroscience, the Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Emilia H Moscato
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Benjamin Mainwaring
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Matthew Kayser
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Kyunghee Koh
- Department of Neuroscience, the Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States
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87
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Kita T, Hayashi T, Ohtani T, Takao H, Takasu H, Liu G, Ohta H, Ozoe F, Ozoe Y. Amitraz and its metabolite differentially activate α- and β-adrenergic-like octopamine receptors. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:984-990. [PMID: 27484898 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amitraz is a formamidine acaricide and insecticide used to control ticks, mites and fleas. N2 -(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)-N1 -methyformamidine (DPMF), a metabolite of amitraz, is thought to be an active agent that exerts acaricidal and insecticidal effects by acting as an agonist on octopamine receptors. The emergence of cattle ticks resistant to amitraz is a serious problem that requires urgent attention. The objective of this research was to determine which type of octopamine receptor is the primary target of amitraz and thereby understand the molecular mechanisms of action and resistance to amitraz. RESULTS Amitraz and DPMF potently activated Bombyx mori α- and β-adrenergic-like octopamine receptors (α- and β-AL OARs) that were stably expressed in HEK-293 cells. Notably, DPMF elevated intracellular cAMP levels, with an EC50 of 79.6 pm in β-AL OARs, the transcripts of which were prevalently and widely localised in B. mori body parts. Furthermore, DPMF elevated the intracellular Ca2+ levels, with an EC50 of 1.17 nm in α-AL OARs. CONCLUSION Although both amitraz and DPMF acted as OAR agonists, the metabolite DPMF was more potent than amitraz and differentially activated α- and β-AL OARs. The present findings provide a basis for studies to examine the mechanism of amitraz resistance and to develop novel acaricides and insecticides. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomo Kita
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
- Present address: Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hayashi
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ohtani
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Haruka Takao
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takasu
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Genyan Liu
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
- Present address: School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hiroto Ohta
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Fumiyo Ozoe
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Ozoe
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
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88
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The Temporal Tuning of the Drosophila Motion Detectors Is Determined by the Dynamics of Their Input Elements. Curr Biol 2017; 27:929-944. [PMID: 28343964 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Detecting the direction of motion contained in the visual scene is crucial for many behaviors. However, because single photoreceptors only signal local luminance changes, motion detection requires a comparison of signals from neighboring photoreceptors across time in downstream neuronal circuits. For signals to coincide on readout neurons that thus become motion and direction selective, different input lines need to be delayed with respect to each other. Classical models of motion detection rely on non-linear interactions between two inputs after different temporal filtering. However, recent studies have suggested the requirement for at least three, not only two, input signals. Here, we comprehensively characterize the spatiotemporal response properties of all columnar input elements to the elementary motion detectors in the fruit fly, T4 and T5 cells, via two-photon calcium imaging. Between these input neurons, we find large differences in temporal dynamics. Based on this, computer simulations show that only a small subset of possible arrangements of these input elements maps onto a recently proposed algorithmic three-input model in a way that generates a highly direction-selective motion detector, suggesting plausible network architectures. Moreover, modulating the motion detection system by octopamine-receptor activation, we find the temporal tuning of T4 and T5 cells to be shifted toward higher frequencies, and this shift can be fully explained by the concomitant speeding of the input elements.
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89
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Identification of multiple functional receptors for tyramine on an insect secretory epithelium. Sci Rep 2017; 7:168. [PMID: 28279025 PMCID: PMC5427925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00120-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The biogenic amine tyramine (TA) regulates many aspects of invertebrate physiology and development. Although three TA receptor subtypes have been identified (TAR1-3), specific receptors have not been linked to physiological responses in native tissue. In the Malpighian (renal) tubule of Drosophila melanogaster, TA activates a transepithelial chloride conductance, resulting in diuresis and depolarization of the transepithelial potential. In the current work, mutation or RNAi-mediated knockdown in the stellate cells of the tubule of TAR2 (tyrR, CG7431) resulted in a dramatic reduction, but not elimination, of the TA-mediated depolarization. Mutation or knockdown of TAR3 (tyrRII, CG16766) had no effect. However, deletion of both genes, or knockdown of TAR3 on a TAR2 mutant background, eliminated the TA responses. Thus while TAR2 is responsible for the majority of the TA sensitivity of the tubule, TAR3 also contributes to the response. Knockdown or mutation of TAR2 also eliminated the response of tubules to the related amine octopamine (OA), indicating that OA can activate TAR2. This finding contrasts to reports that heterologously expressed TAR2 is highly selective for TA over OA. This is the first report of TA receptor function in a native tissue and indicates unexpected complexity in the physiology of the Malpighian tubule.
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90
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Follmann R, Goldsmith CJ, Stein W. Spatial distribution of intermingling pools of projection neurons with distinct targets: A 3D analysis of the commissural ganglia in Cancer borealis. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:1827-1843. [PMID: 28001296 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Projection neurons play a key role in carrying long-distance information between spatially distant areas of the nervous system and in controlling motor circuits. Little is known about how projection neurons with distinct anatomical targets are organized, and few studies have addressed their spatial organization at the level of individual cells. In the paired commissural ganglia (CoGs) of the stomatogastric nervous system of the crab Cancer borealis, projection neurons convey sensory, motor, and modulatory information to several distinct anatomical regions. While the functions of descending projection neurons (dPNs) which control downstream motor circuits in the stomatogastric ganglion are well characterized, their anatomical distribution as well as that of neurons projecting to the labrum, brain, and thoracic ganglion have received less attention. Using cell membrane staining, we investigated the spatial distribution of CoG projection neurons in relation to all CoG neurons. Retrograde tracing revealed that somata associated with different axonal projection pathways were not completely spatially segregated, but had distinct preferences within the ganglion. Identified dPNs had diameters larger than 70% of CoG somata and were restricted to the most medial and anterior 25% of the ganglion. They were contained within a cluster of motor neurons projecting through the same nerve to innervate the labrum, indicating that soma position was independent of function and target area. Rather, our findings suggest that CoG neurons projecting to a variety of locations follow a generalized rule: for all nerve pathway origins, the soma cluster centroids in closest proximity are those whose axons project down that pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosangela Follmann
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois
| | | | - Wolfgang Stein
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois
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91
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Kinoshita M, Homberg U. Insect Brains: Minute Structures Controlling Complex Behaviors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-56469-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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92
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Starvation-Induced Depotentiation of Bitter Taste in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2854-2861. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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93
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Schürmann FW. Fine structure of synaptic sites and circuits in mushroom bodies of insect brains. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2016; 45:399-421. [PMID: 27555065 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the insect brain, mushroom bodies represent a prominent central neuropil for multisensory integration and, crucially, for learning and memory. For this reason, special attention has been focused on its small chemical synapses. Early studies on synaptic types and their distribution, using conventional electron microscopy, and recent publications have resolved basic features of synaptic circuits. More recent studies, using experimental methods for resolving neurons, such as immunocytochemistry, genetic labelling, high resolution confocal microscopy and more advanced electron microscopy, have revealed many new details about the fine structure and molecular contents of identifiable neurons of mushroom bodies and has led to more refined modelling of functional organisation. Synaptic circuitries have been described in most detail for the calyces. In contrast, the mushroom bodies' columnar peduncle and lobes have been explored to a lesser degree. In dissecting local microcircuits, the scientist is confronted with complex neuronal compartmentalisation and specific synaptic arrangements. This article reviews classical and modern studies on the fine structure of synapses and their networks in mushroom bodies across several insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich-Wilhelm Schürmann
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Berlinerstrasse 28, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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94
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Huang J, Liu W, Qi YX, Luo J, Montell C. Neuromodulation of Courtship Drive through Tyramine-Responsive Neurons in the Drosophila Brain. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2246-56. [PMID: 27498566 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neuromodulators influence the activities of collections of neurons and have profound impacts on animal behavior. Male courtship drive is complex and subject to neuromodulatory control. Using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, we identified neurons in the brain (inferior posterior slope; IPS) that impact courtship drive and were controlled by tyramine-a biogenic amine related to dopamine, whose roles in most animals are enigmatic. We knocked out a tyramine-specific receptor, TyrR, which was expressed in IPS neurons. Loss of TyrR led to a striking elevation in courtship activity between males. This effect occurred only in the absence of females, as TyrR(Gal4) mutant males exhibited a wild-type preference for females. Artificial hyperactivation of IPS neurons caused a large increase in male-male courtship, whereas suppression of IPS activity decreased male-female courtship. We conclude that TyrR is a receptor for tyramine, and suggest that it serves to curb high levels of courtship activity through functioning as an inhibitory neuromodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Huang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Yi-Xiang Qi
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junjie Luo
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Craig Montell
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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95
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Landayan D, Wolf FW. Shared neurocircuitry underlying feeding and drugs of abuse in Drosophila. Biomed J 2016; 38:496-509. [PMID: 27013449 PMCID: PMC6138758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural circuitry and molecules that control the rewarding properties of food and drugs of abuse appear to partially overlap in the mammalian brain. This has raised questions about the extent of the overlap and the precise role of specific circuit elements in reward and in other behaviors associated with feeding regulation and drug responses. The much simpler brain of invertebrates including the fruit fly Drosophila, offers an opportunity to make high-resolution maps of the circuits and molecules that govern behavior. Recent progress in Drosophila has revealed not only some common substrates for the actions of drugs of abuse and for the regulation of feeding, but also a remarkable level of conservation with vertebrates for key neuromodulatory transmitters. We speculate that Drosophila may serve as a model for distinguishing the neural mechanisms underlying normal and pathological motivational states that will be applicable to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Landayan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA.
| | - Fred W Wolf
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA.
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96
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Rohwedder A, Wenz NL, Stehle B, Huser A, Yamagata N, Zlatic M, Truman JW, Tanimoto H, Saumweber T, Gerber B, Thum AS. Four Individually Identified Paired Dopamine Neurons Signal Reward in Larval Drosophila. Curr Biol 2016; 26:661-9. [PMID: 26877086 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons serve multiple functions, including reinforcement processing during associative learning [1-12]. It is thus warranted to understand which dopaminergic neurons mediate which function. We study larval Drosophila, in which only approximately 120 of a total of 10,000 neurons are dopaminergic, as judged by the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme of dopamine biosynthesis [5, 13]. Dopaminergic neurons mediating reinforcement in insect olfactory learning target the mushroom bodies, a higher-order "cortical" brain region [1-5, 11, 12, 14, 15]. We discover four previously undescribed paired neurons, the primary protocerebral anterior medial (pPAM) neurons. These neurons are TH positive and subdivide the medial lobe of the mushroom body into four distinct subunits. These pPAM neurons are acutely necessary for odor-sugar reward learning and require intact TH function in this process. However, they are dispensable for aversive learning and innate behavior toward the odors and sugars employed. Optogenetical activation of pPAM neurons is sufficient as a reward. Thus, the pPAM neurons convey a likely dopaminergic reward signal. In contrast, DL1 cluster neurons convey a corresponding punishment signal [5], suggesting a cellular division of labor to convey dopaminergic reward and punishment signals. On the level of individually identified neurons, this uncovers an organizational principle shared with adult Drosophila and mammals [1-4, 7, 9, 10] (but see [6]). The numerical simplicity and connectomic tractability of the larval nervous system [16-19] now offers a prospect for studying circuit principles of dopamine function at unprecedented resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Rohwedder
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1600 Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Nana L Wenz
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Bernhard Stehle
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Annina Huser
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Nobuhiro Yamagata
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiromu Tanimoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan
| | - Timo Saumweber
- Abteilung Genetik von Lernen und Gedächtnis, Leibniz Institut für Neurobiologie (LIN), 39118 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Bertram Gerber
- Abteilung Genetik von Lernen und Gedächtnis, Leibniz Institut für Neurobiologie (LIN), 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; Otto von Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Institut für Biologie, Verhaltensgenetik, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Andreas S Thum
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1600 Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany; Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.
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97
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Hsu CT, Bhandawat V. Organization of descending neurons in Drosophila melanogaster. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20259. [PMID: 26837716 PMCID: PMC4738306 DOI: 10.1038/srep20259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural processing in the brain controls behavior through descending neurons (DNs) - neurons which carry signals from the brain to the spinal cord (or thoracic ganglia in insects). Because DNs arise from multiple circuits in the brain, the numerical simplicity and availability of genetic tools make Drosophila a tractable model for understanding descending motor control. As a first step towards a comprehensive study of descending motor control, here we estimate the number and distribution of DNs in the Drosophila brain. We labeled DNs by backfilling them with dextran dye applied to the neck connective and estimated that there are ~1100 DNs distributed in 6 clusters in Drosophila. To assess the distribution of DNs by neurotransmitters, we labeled DNs in flies in which neurons expressing the major neurotransmitters were also labeled. We found DNs belonging to every neurotransmitter class we tested: acetylcholine, GABA, glutamate, serotonin, dopamine and octopamine. Both the major excitatory neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) and the major inhibitory neurotransmitter (GABA) are employed equally; this stands in contrast to vertebrate DNs which are predominantly excitatory. By comparing the distribution of DNs in Drosophila to those reported previously in other insects, we conclude that the organization of DNs in insects is highly conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia T Hsu
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.,Deparment of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Vikas Bhandawat
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.,Deparment of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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98
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Matsuo E, Seki H, Asai T, Morimoto T, Miyakawa H, Ito K, Kamikouchi A. Organization of projection neurons and local neurons of the primary auditory center in the fruit fly
Drosophila melanogaster. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:1099-164. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Matsuo
- Graduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityNagoya464‐8602 Japan
| | - Haruyoshi Seki
- School of Life SciencesTokyo University of Pharmacy and Life SciencesHachioji Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomonori Asai
- Graduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityNagoya464‐8602 Japan
| | - Takako Morimoto
- School of Life SciencesTokyo University of Pharmacy and Life SciencesHachioji Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Miyakawa
- School of Life SciencesTokyo University of Pharmacy and Life SciencesHachioji Tokyo Japan
| | - Kei Ito
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular BiosciencesThe University of TokyoYayoi, Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo113‐0032 Japan
| | - Azusa Kamikouchi
- Graduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityNagoya464‐8602 Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology AgencyTokyo102‐0076 Japan
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99
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Abstract
Starved animals often exhibit elevated locomotion, which has been speculated to partly resemble foraging behavior and facilitate food acquisition and energy intake. Despite its importance, the neural mechanism underlying this behavior remains unknown in any species. In this study we confirmed and extended previous findings that starvation induced locomotor activity in adult fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster. We also showed that starvation-induced hyperactivity was directed toward the localization and acquisition of food sources, because it could be suppressed upon the detection of food cues via both central nutrient-sensing and peripheral sweet-sensing mechanisms, via induction of food ingestion. We further found that octopamine, the insect counterpart of vertebrate norepinephrine, as well as the neurons expressing octopamine, were both necessary and sufficient for starvation-induced hyperactivity. Octopamine was not required for starvation-induced changes in feeding behaviors, suggesting independent regulations of energy intake behaviors upon starvation. Taken together, our results establish a quantitative behavioral paradigm to investigate the regulation of energy homeostasis by the CNS and identify a conserved neural substrate that links organismal metabolic state to a specific behavioral output.
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100
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Liu Y, Luo J, Carlsson MA, Nässel DR. Serotonin and insulin-like peptides modulate leucokinin-producing neurons that affect feeding and water homeostasis in Drosophila. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:1840-63. [PMID: 25732325 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis and water balance is maintained by tight hormonal and neuronal regulation. In Drosophila, insulin-like peptides (DILPs) are key regulators of metabolism, and the neuropeptide leucokinin (LK) is a diuretic hormone that also modulates feeding. However, it is not known whether LK and DILPs act together to regulate feeding and water homeostasis. Because LK neurons express the insulin receptor (dInR), we tested functional links between DILP and LK signaling in feeding and water balance. Thus, we performed constitutive and conditional manipulations of activity in LK neurons and insulin-producing cells (IPCs) in adult flies and monitored food intake, responses to desiccation, and peptide expression levels. We also measured in vivo changes in LK and DILP levels in neurons in response to desiccation and drinking. Our data show that activated LK cells stimulate diuresis in vivo, and that LK and IPC signaling affect food intake in opposite directions. Overexpression of the dInR in LK neurons decreases the LK peptide levels, but only caused a subtle decrease in feeding, and had no effect on water balance. Next we demonstrated that LK neurons express the serotonin receptor 5-HT1B . Knockdown of this receptor in LK neurons diminished LK expression, increased desiccation resistance, and diminished food intake. Live calcium imaging indicates that serotonin inhibits spontaneous activity in abdominal LK neurons. Our results suggest that serotonin via 5-HT1B diminishes activity in the LK neurons and thereby modulates functions regulated by LK peptide, but the action of the dInR in these neurons remains less clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Liu
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiangnan Luo
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael A Carlsson
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dick R Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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