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Role of Hyperinsulinemia and Insulin Resistance in Hypertension: Metabolic Syndrome Revisited. Can J Cardiol 2020; 36:671-682. [PMID: 32389340 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance were proposed more than 30 years ago to be important contributors to elevated blood pressure (BP) associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome, also called syndrome X. Support for this concept initially came from clinical and population studies showing correlations among hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and elevated BP in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Short-term studies in experimental animals and in humans provided additional evidence that hyperinsulinemia may evoke increases in sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity and renal sodium retention that, if sustained, could increase BP. Although insulin infusions may increase SNS activity and modestly raise BP in rodents, chronic insulin administration does not significantly increase BP in lean or obese insulin-resistant rabbits, dogs, horses, or humans. Multiple studies in humans and experimental animals have also shown that severe insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia may occur in the absence of elevated BP. These observations question whether insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are major factors linking obesity/metabolic syndrome with hypertension. Other mechanisms, such as physical compression of the kidneys, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, hyperleptinemia, stimulation of the brain melanocortin system, and SNS activation, appear to play a more critical role in initiating hypertension in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome. However, the metabolic effects of insulin resistance, including hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, appear to interact synergistically with increased BP to cause vascular and kidney injury that can exacerbate the hypertension and associated injury to the kidneys and cardiovascular system.
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Xu P, Gildea JJ, Zhang C, Konkalmatt P, Cuevas S, Bigler Wang D, Tran HT, Jose PA, Felder RA. Stomach gastrin is regulated by sodium via PPAR-α and dopamine D1 receptor. J Mol Endocrinol 2020; 64:53-65. [PMID: 31794424 PMCID: PMC7654719 DOI: 10.1530/jme-19-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gastrin, secreted by stomach G cells in response to ingested sodium, stimulates the renal cholecystokinin B receptor (CCKBR) to increase renal sodium excretion. It is not known how dietary sodium, independent of food, can increase gastrin secretion in human G cells. However, fenofibrate (FFB), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) agonist, increases gastrin secretion in rodents and several human gastrin-secreting cells, via a gastrin transcriptional promoter. We tested the following hypotheses: (1.) the sodium sensor in G cells plays a critical role in the sodium-mediated increase in gastrin expression/secretion, and (2.) dopamine, via the D1R and PPAR-α, is involved. Intact human stomach antrum and G cells were compared with human gastrin-secreting gastric and ovarian adenocarcinoma cells. When extra- or intracellular sodium was increased in human antrum, human G cells, and adenocarcinoma cells, gastrin mRNA and protein expression/secretion were increased. In human G cells, the PPAR-α agonist FFB increased gastrin protein expression that was blocked by GW6471, a PPAR-α antagonist, and LE300, a D1-like receptor antagonist. LE300 prevented the ability of FFB to increase gastrin protein expression in human G cells via the D1R, because the D5R, the other D1-like receptor, is not expressed in human G cells. Human G cells also express tyrosine hydroxylase and DOPA decarboxylase, enzymes needed to synthesize dopamine. G cells in the stomach may be the sodium sensor that stimulates gastrin secretion, which enables the kidney to eliminate acutely an oral sodium load. Dopamine, via the D1R, by interacting with PPAR-α, is involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - John J Gildea
- Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Prasad Konkalmatt
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Santiago Cuevas
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Dora Bigler Wang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Hanh T Tran
- Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Robin A Felder
- Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Abstract
Despite availability of effective drugs for hypertension therapy, significant numbers of hypertensive patients fail to achieve recommended blood pressure levels on ≥3 antihypertensive drugs of different classes. These individuals have a high prevalence of adverse cardiovascular events and are defined as having resistant hypertension (RHT) although nonadherence to prescribed antihypertensive medications is common in patients with apparent RHT. Furthermore, apparent and true RHT often display increased sympathetic activity. Based on these findings, technology was developed to treat RHT by suppressing sympathetic activity with electrical stimulation of the carotid baroreflex and catheter-based renal denervation (RDN). Over the last 15 years, experimental and clinical studies have provided better understanding of the physiological mechanisms that account for blood pressure lowering with baroreflex activation and RDN and, in so doing, have provided insight into which patients in this heterogeneous hypertensive population are most likely to respond favorably to these device-based therapies. Experimental studies have also played a role in modifying device technology after early clinical trials failed to meet key endpoints for safety and efficacy. At the same time, these studies have exposed potential differences between baroreflex activation and RDN and common challenges that will likely impact antihypertensive treatment and clinical outcomes in patients with RHT. In this review, we emphasize physiological studies that provide mechanistic insights into blood pressure lowering with baroreflex activation and RDN in the context of progression of clinical studies, which are now at a critical point in determining their fate in RHT management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Lohmeier
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics (T.E.L., J.E.H.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - John E Hall
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics (T.E.L., J.E.H.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research (J.E.H.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
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Thériault S, Sjaarda J, Chong M, Hess S, Gerstein H, Paré G. Identification of Circulating Proteins Associated With Blood Pressure Using Mendelian Randomization. CIRCULATION-GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2020; 13:e002605. [PMID: 31928076 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.119.002605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a common modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality. Pathophysiological mechanisms leading to hypertension remain incompletely understood. Mendelian randomization (MR) allows the evaluation of the causal role of markers by minimizing the risk of biases such as reverse causation and confounding. We aimed to identify novel circulating proteins associated with blood pressure through a comprehensive screen of 227 blood biomarkers using MR. METHODS Genetic determinants of 227 biomarkers were identified in ORIGIN (Outcome Reduction With Initial Glargine Intervention; URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00069784) participants (N=4147) and combined with genetic effects on systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and pulse pressure from the International Consortium for Blood Pressure (74 064 individuals) using MR. Results were replicated in the UK Biobank (up to 319 103 individuals) and using another biomarker dataset (N=3301). MR analyses with cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes as well as other biomarkers were performed to further evaluate the mechanisms involved. RESULTS Six biomarkers were associated with blood pressure using MR after adjustment for multiple hypothesis testing. Relationships between NT-proBNP (N-terminal Pro-B-type natriuretic peptide), systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure confirmed previous reports. Novel circulating proteins associated with blood pressure were also identified. uPA (urokinase-type plasminogen activator) was related to systolic blood pressure; ADM (adrenomedullin) was related to systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure; IL (interleukin) 16 was related to diastolic blood pressure; cFn (cellular fibronectin) and IGFBP3 (insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3) were related to pulse pressure. With the exception of IL16 and diastolic blood pressure (P=0.58), these relationships were validated in the UK Biobank (P<0.0001). Further MR analyses with cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes showed relationships between NT-proBNP and large-artery atherosclerotic stroke, IGFBP3 and diabetes mellitus as well as cFn and body mass index. CONCLUSIONS We identified novel biomarkers associated with blood pressure using MR. These markers could prove useful for risk assessment and as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Thériault
- Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute (S.T., J.S., M.C., H.G., G.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada (S.T.)
| | - Jennifer Sjaarda
- Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute (S.T., J.S., M.C., H.G., G.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (J.S., M.C., G.P), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Chong
- Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute (S.T., J.S., M.C., H.G., G.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (J.S., M.C., G.P), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sibylle Hess
- R&D, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Biomarkers and Clinical Bioanalyses, Sanofi Aventis Deutschland GmbH Frankfurt, Germany (S.H.)
| | - Hertzel Gerstein
- Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute (S.T., J.S., M.C., H.G., G.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute (S.T., J.S., M.C., H.G., G.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (J.S., M.C., G.P), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Titova OE, Lindberg E, Tan X, Elmståhl S, Lind L, Schiöth HB, Benedict C. Association between sleep duration and executive function differs between diabetic and non-diabetic middle-aged and older adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 111:104472. [PMID: 31610410 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Executive function is defined as a set of cognitive skills that are necessary to plan, monitor, and execute a sequence of goal-directed complex actions. Executive function is influenced by a variety of factors, including habitual sleep duration and diabetes. In the present study, we investigated in 18,769 Swedish adults (mean age: 61 y) the association between executive function, diabetes, and self-reported sleep duration. We observed a significant interaction between diabetes and sleep duration for the Trail Making Test (TMT) ratio (P < 0.01). This ratio is a measure of executive function where higher values indicate worse performance. Among diabetic participants (n = 1,523), long (defined as ≥9 h per day) vs. normal sleep duration (defined as 7-8 hours per day) was associated with a higher TMT ratio (P < 0.05). Similar significant results were observed in diabetic individuals without pharmacological treatment for diabetes (n = 1,062). Among non-diabetic participants (n = 17,246), no association between long sleep duration and the TMT ratio was observed (P > 0.05). Instead, short (defined as <7 h per day) vs. normal sleep duration was linked to a higher TMT ratio (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that the association between sleep duration and executive function differs between diabetic and non-diabetic middle-aged and older adults. Based on the cross-sectional design of the study, no firm conclusions can be drawn on the causality of the relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga E Titova
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Orthopedics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Eva Lindberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xiao Tan
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sölve Elmståhl
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Eren OC, Ortiz A, Afsar B, Covic A, Kuwabara M, Lanaspa MA, Johnson RJ, Kanbay M. Multilayered Interplay Between Fructose and Salt in Development of Hypertension. Hypertension 2019; 73:265-272. [PMID: 30595116 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur C Eren
- Department of Medicine, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey (O.C.E., M. Kanbay)
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Dialysis Unit, School of Medicine, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (A.O.)
| | - Baris Afsar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey (B.A.)
| | - Adrian Covic
- Nephrology Clinic, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Center, 'C.I. PARHON' University Hospital, and 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine, Iasi, Romania (A.C.)
| | - Masanari Kuwabara
- Department of Cardiology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (M. Kuwabara)
| | - Miguel A Lanaspa
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora (M.A.L., R.J.J.)
| | - Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora (M.A.L., R.J.J.)
| | - Mehmet Kanbay
- From the Division of Nephrology, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey (M. Kanbay).,Department of Medicine, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey (O.C.E., M. Kanbay)
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Alsheikh AJ, Lund H, Dasinger JH, Abais-Battad JM, Fehrenbach DJ, Mattson DL. Renal nerves and leukocyte infiltration in the kidney during salt-sensitive hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 317:R182-R189. [PMID: 31166692 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00070.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Based on previous studies suggesting a role of renal nerves in renal inflammation, the present studies were performed to test the hypothesis that renal nerves mediate renal damage in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) hypertension by increasing renal leukocyte infiltration. Experiments were performed in Dahl SS rats with bilateral renal denervation (RDN) and bilateral sham operation (n = 10 or 11 per group) and with unilateral RDN and contralateral sham operation (n = 10). After denervation, rats were switched from a low-salt 0.4% NaCl (LS) diet to a high-salt 4% NaCl (HS) diet and maintained on HS diet for 21 days. Bilateral RDN reduced the magnitude of hypertension assessed by radiotelemetry in Dahl SS rats compared with sham-operated rats (mean arterial pressure 140.9 ±4.8 mmHg and 159.7 ± 3.5 mmHg, respectively) and reduced proteinuria at day 21 of HS diet. However, assessment of renal leukocyte infiltration demonstrated no significant effect of bilateral RDN on the number of infiltrating leukocytes (RDN 3.6 ± 0.5 × 106 vs. sham operated 4.3 ± 0.3 × 106 CD45+ cells) or any of the subsets examined by flow cytometry. The unilateral RDN experiment showed no effect of RDN on the renal infiltration of leukocytes (RDN 6.5 ± 0.9 × 106 vs. sham operated 6.1 ± 1.1 × 106 CD45+ cells/kidney) or renal damage in RDN vs. sham-operated kidney after 21 days of HS diet. This work investigated the relationship between renal nerves and renal inflammation during Dahl SS hypertension. Contrary to our hypothesis, the results of this work suggest that immune cell infiltration in the kidney of Dahl SS rats is not mediated by the renal nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar J Alsheikh
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Hayley Lund
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - John Henry Dasinger
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Daniel J Fehrenbach
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - David L Mattson
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Chen JX, Xue KY, Xin JJ, Yan X, Li RL, Wang XX, Wang XL, Tong MM, Gan L, Li H, Lan J, Li X, Zhuo CL, Li LY, Deng ZJ, Zhang HY, Jiang W. 5-Lipoxagenase deficiency attenuates L-NAME-induced hypertension and vascular remodeling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:2379-2392. [PMID: 31167124 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities of the L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway induce hypertension. 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) is the key enzyme involved in synthesis of leukotrienes (LTs). However, whether nitricoxide synthase dysfunction induces hypertensive vascular remodeling by regulating 5-LO activity and its downstream inflammatory metabolites remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Six-week L-NAME treatment significantly induced hypertension and vascular remodeling in both wild-type (WT) and 5-LO-knockout (5-LO-KO) mice, and blood pressure in caudal and carotid arteries was lower in 5-LO-KO than WT mice with L-NAME exposure. On histology, L-NAME induced less media thickness, media-to-lumen ratio, and collagen deposition and fewer Ki-67-positive vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) but more elastin expression in thoracic and mesenteric aortas of 5-LO-KO than L-NAME-treated WT mice. L-NAME significantly increased LT content, including LTB4 and cysteinyl LT (CysLTs), in plasma and neutrophil culture supernatants from WT mice. On immunohistochemistry, L-NAME promoted the colocalization of 5-LO and 5-LO-activating protein on the nuclear envelope of cultured neutrophils, which was accompanied by elevated LT content in culture supernatants. In addition, LTs significantly promoted BrdU incorporation, migration and phenotypic modulation in VSMCs. CONCLUSION L-NAME may activate the 5-LO/LT pathway in immune cells, such as neutrophils, and promote the products of 5-LO metabolites, including LTB4 and CysLTs, which aggravate vascular remodeling in hypertension. 5-LO deficiency may protect against hypertension and vascular remodeling by reducing levels of 5-LO downstream inflammatory metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xiang Chen
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Kun-Yue Xue
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Juan-Juan Xin
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Xin Yan
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China; Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Ru-Li Li
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Wang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Xu-Lei Wang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China; School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, PR China
| | - Ming-Ming Tong
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Lu Gan
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - He Li
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Jie Lan
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Xue Li
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Cai-Li Zhuo
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Ling-Yu Li
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Zi-Jie Deng
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Heng-Yu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
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Liu C, Luo R, Wang W, Peng Z, Johnson GVW, Kellems RE, Xia Y. Tissue Transglutaminase-Mediated AT1 Receptor Sensitization Underlies Pro-inflammatory Cytokine LIGHT-Induced Hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2019; 32:476-485. [PMID: 30715101 PMCID: PMC6475879 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although numerous recent studies have shown a strong link between inflammation and hypertension, the underlying mechanisms by which inflammatory cytokines induce hypertension remain to be fully elucidated. Hypertensive disorders are also associated with elevated pressor sensitivity. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2), a potent cross-linking enzyme, is known to be transcriptionally activated by inflammatory cytokines and stabilize angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor AT1 (AT1R) via ubiquitination-preventing posttranslational modification. Here we sought to investigate the TG2-mediated AT1R stabilization in inflammation-induced hypertension and its functional consequences with a focus on receptor abundance and Ang II responsiveness. METHODS AND RESULTS Using an experimental model of inflammation-induced hypertension established by introducing the pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor cytokine LIGHT, we provide pharmacologic and genetic evidence that TG2 is required for LIGHT-induced hypertension (systolic pressure on day 6: LIGHT = 152.3 ± 7.4 vs. LIGHT+ERW1041E [TG2 inhibitor] = 105.8 ± 13.1 or LIGHT+TG2−/− = 114.3 ± 4.3 mm Hg, P < 0.05, n = 4–5) and renal compromise (urine albumin/creatinine: LIGHT = 0.17 ± 0.05 vs. LIGHT+ERW1041E = 0.03 ± 0.01 or LIGHT+TG2−/− = 0.06 ± 0.01 mg/mg; plasma creatinine: LIGHT = 1.11 ± 0.04 vs. LIGHT+ERW1041E = 0.94 ± 0.04 or LIGHT+TG2−/− = 0.88 ± 0.09 mg/dl; urine volume: LIGHT = 0.23 ± 0.1 vs. LIGHT+ERW1041E = 0.84 ± 0.13 or LIGHT+TG2−/− = 1.02 ± 0.09 ml/24 hour on day 14, P < 0.05, n = 4–5). Our mechanistic studies showed that the TG2-mediated AT1R modification and accumulation (relative renal AT1R level: phosphate-buffered saline [PBS] = 1.23 ± 0.22, LIGHT = 3.49 ± 0.37, and LIGHT+ERW1041E = 1.77 ± 0.46, P < 0.05, n = 3; LIGHT+TG2+/+ = 85.28 ± 36.11 vs. LIGHT+TG2−/− = 7.01 ± 5.68, P < 0.05, n = 3) induced by LIGHT is associated with abrogated β-arrestin binding (AT1R/associated β-arrestin ratio: PBS = 2.62 ± 1.07, LIGHT = 38.60 ± 13.91, and LIGHT+ERW1041E = 6.97 ± 2.91, P < 0.05, n = 3; LIGHT+TG2+/+ = 66.43 ± 44.81 vs. LIGHT+TG2−/− = 2.45 ± 1.78, P < 0.01, n = 3) and could be found in renal medulla tubules of kidneys (relative tubular AT1R level: PBS = 5.91 ± 2.93, LIGHT = 92.82 ± 19.54, LIGHT+ERW1041E = 28.49 ± 11.65, and LIGHT+TG2−/− = 0.14 ± 0.10, P < 0.01, n = 5) and the blood vasculature (relative vascular AT1R level: PBS = 0.70 ± 0.30, LIGHT = 13.75 ± 2.49, and LIGHT+ERW1041E = 3.28 ± 0.87, P < 0.01, n = 3), 2 of the tissues highly related to the genesis of hypertension. Our in vitro cellular assays showed that LIGHT stimulation triggered a rapid TG2-dependent increase in the abundance of AT1Rs (relative AT1R level after 2-hour LIGHT treatment: AT1R (WT)+TG2 = 2.21 ± 0.23, AT1R (Q315A)+TG2 = 0.18 ± 0.23, P < 0.05 vs. starting point = 1, n = 2) and downstream calcium signaling (fold increase in NFAT-driven luciferase activity: Saline = 0.02 ± 0.03, Ang II = 0.17 ± 0.08, LIGHT = 0.05 ± 0.04, LIGHT+Ang II = 0.90 ± 0.04 (P < 0.01 vs. Ang II), and LIGHT+Ang II+ERW1041E = 0.15 ± 0.15 (P < 0.01 vs. LIGHT+Ang II), n = 3). CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate an essential and systemic role for TG2 in bridging inflammation to hypertension via its posttranslational modifications stabilizing AT1 receptor and sensitizing Ang II. Our findings also suggest that TG2 inhibitors could be used as a novel group of cardiovascular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at Houston, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Renna Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at Houston, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Nephrology, The First Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PRC
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, PRC
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at Houston, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Nephrology, The First Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PRC
| | - Zhangzhe Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at Houston, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Nephrology, The First Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PRC
| | - Gail V W Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Rodney E Kellems
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at Houston, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at Houston, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Nephrology, The First Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PRC
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Cardoso BV, Custódio AH, Boer PA, Gontijo JAR. Effect of intracerebroventricular epinephrine microinjection on blood pressure and urinary sodium handling in gestational protein-restricted male adult rat offspring. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.038562. [PMID: 30936071 PMCID: PMC6503991 DOI: 10.1242/bio.038562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we hypothesized that blunting of the natriuresis response to intracerebroventricularly (ICV) microinjected adrenergic agonists is involved in the development of hypertension in maternal low-protein intake (LP) offspring. A stainless steel cannula was stereotaxically implanted into the right lateral ventricle (LV), then we evaluated the ICV administration of adrenergic agonists at increasing concentrations, and of α1 and α2-adrenoceptor antagonists on blood pressure and urinary sodium handling in LP offspring relative to an age-matched normal-protein intake (NP) group. We confirmed that epinephrine (Epi) microinjected into the LV of conscious NP rats leads to enhanced natriuresis followed by a reduction in arterial pressure. This response is associated with increased proximal and post-proximal sodium excretion accompanied by an unchanged glomerular filtration rate. The current study showed, in both NP and LP offspring, that the natriuretic effect of Epi injection into the LV was abolished by prior local microinjection of an α1-adrenoceptor antagonist (prazosin). Conversely, LV α2-adrenoceptor antagonist (yohimbine) administration potentiated the action of Epi. The LV yohimbine pretreatment normalized urinary sodium excretion and reduced the blood pressure in LP compared with age-matched NP offspring. These are, as far as we are aware, the first results showing the role of central adrenergic receptors’ interaction on hypertension pathogenesis in maternal LP fetal-programming offspring. This study also provides good evidence for the existence of central nervous system adrenergic mechanisms consisting of α1 and α2-adrenoceptors, which work reciprocally on the control of renal sodium excretion and blood pressure. Although the precise mechanism of the different natriuretic response of NP and LP rats is still uncertain, these results lead us to speculate that inappropriate neural adrenergic pathways might have significant effects on tubule sodium transport, resulting in the inability of the kidneys to control hydrosaline balance and, consequently, an increase in blood pressure. Summary: We evaluated the effect of intracerebroventricular microinjections of adrenergic agonists at increasing concentrations, and μ1 and μ2-adrenergic receptors antagonists on blood pressure and urinary sodium in hypertensive low- and normal-protein rat offdpring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Vaccari Cardoso
- Fetal Programming Laboratory and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences at State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-894, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Augusto Henrique Custódio
- Fetal Programming Laboratory and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences at State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-894, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Aline Boer
- Fetal Programming Laboratory and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences at State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-894, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Antonio Rocha Gontijo
- Fetal Programming Laboratory and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences at State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-894, São Paulo, Brazil
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Twelve-Week Protocatechuic Acid Administration Improves Insulin-Induced and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1-Induced Vasorelaxation and Antioxidant Activities in Aging Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030699. [PMID: 30934575 PMCID: PMC6471824 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protocatechuic acid (PCA), a strong antioxidant, has been reported for its cardiovascular-protective effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PCA administration on vascular endothelial function, mediated by insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and antioxidant activities in aging hypertension. Thirty-six-week-old male aging spontaneously hypertensive rats were randomly divided into vehicle control (SHR) and PCA (SHR+PCA) groups, while age-matched Wistar–Kyoto rats (WKY) served as the normotensive vehicle control group. The oral PCA (200 mg/kg/day) was administered daily for a total of 12 weeks. When the rats reached the age of 48 weeks, the rat aortas were isolated for the evaluation of vascular reactivity and Western blotting. Also, nitric oxide (NO) production and antioxidant activities were examined among the three groups. The results showed that, when compared with the SHR group, the insulin-induced and IGF-1-induced vasorelaxation were significantly improved in the SHR+PCA group. There was no significant difference in the endothelium-denuded vessels among the three groups. After the pre-incubation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) or NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors, the vasorelaxation was abolished and comparable among the three groups. The protein levels of insulin receptors, IGF-1 receptors, phospho-protein kinase B (p-Akt)/Akt, and phospho-endothelial NOS (p-eNOS)/eNOS in aortic tissues were significantly enhanced in the SHR+PCA group when compared with the SHR group. Moreover, significant improvements of nitrate/nitrite concentration and antioxidant activities, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and total antioxidants, were also found in the SHR+PCA group. In conclusion, the 12 weeks of PCA administration remarkably improved the endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation induced by insulin and IGF-1 in aging hypertension through enhancing the PI3K–NOS–NO pathway. Furthermore, the enhanced antioxidant activities partly contributed to the improved vasorelaxation.
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62
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Chrysant SG. Pathophysiology and treatment of obesity‐related hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2019; 21:555-559. [DOI: 10.1111/jch.13518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Meleka MM, Edwards AJ, Xia J, Dahlen SA, Mohanty I, Medcalf M, Aggarwal S, Moeller KD, Mortensen OV, Osei-Owusu P. Anti-hypertensive mechanisms of cyclic depsipeptide inhibitor ligands for G q/11 class G proteins. Pharmacol Res 2019; 141:264-275. [PMID: 30634050 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Augmented vasoconstriction is a hallmark of hypertension and is mediated partly by hyper-stimulation of G protein couple receptors (GPCRs) and downstream signaling components. Although GPCR blockade is a key component of current anti-hypertensive strategies, whether hypertension is better managed by directly targeting G proteins has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we tested whether inhibiting Gq/11 proteins in vivo and ex vivo using natural cyclic depsipeptide, FR900359 (FR) from the ornamental plant, Ardisia crenata, and YM-254890 (YM) from Chromobacterium sp. QS3666, or it's synthetic analog, WU-07047 (WU), was sufficient to reverse hypertension in mice. All three inhibitors blocked G protein-dependent vasoconstriction, but to our surprise YM and WU and not FR inhibited K+-induced Ca2+ transients and vasoconstriction of intact vessels. However, each inhibitor blocked whole-cell L-type Ca2+ channel current in vascular smooth muscle cells. Subcutaneous injection of FR or YM (0.3 mg/kg, s.c.) in normotensive and hypertensive mice elicited bradycardia and marked blood pressure decrease, which was more severe and long lasting after the injection of FR relative to YM (FRt1/2 ≅ 12 h vs. YMt1/2 ≅ 4 h). In deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension mice, chronic injection of FR (0.3 mg/kg, s.c., daily for seven days) reversed hypertension (vehicle SBP: 149 ± 5 vs. FR SBP: 117 ± 7 mmHg), without any effect on heart rate. Our results together support the hypothesis that increased LTCC and Gq/11 activity is involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension, and that dual targeting of both proteins can reverse hypertension and associated cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Meleka
- Departments of Pharmacology & Physiology, United States; Internal Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, United States
| | | | - Jingsheng Xia
- Departments of Pharmacology & Physiology, United States
| | | | | | - Matthew Medcalf
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, United States
| | | | - Kevin D Moeller
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, United States
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Dlamini Z, Hull R, Makhafola TJ, Mbele M. Regulation of alternative splicing in obesity-induced hypertension. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:1597-1615. [PMID: 31695458 PMCID: PMC6718130 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s188680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is the result of genetics which predisposes an individual to obesity and environmental factors, resulting in excessive weight gain. A well-established linear relationship exists between hypertension and obesity. The combined burden of hypertension and obesity poses significant health and economic challenges. Many environmental factors and genetic traits interact to contribute to obesity-linked hypertension. These include excess sodium re-absorption or secretion by the kidneys, a hypertensive shift of renal-pressure and activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Most individuals suffering from hypertension need drugs in order to treat their raised blood pressure, and while a number of antihypertensive therapeutic agents are currently available, 50% of cases remain uncontrolled. In order to develop new and effective therapeutic agents combating obesity-induced hypertension, a thorough understanding of the molecular events leading to adipogenesis is critical. With the advent of whole genome and exome sequencing techniques, new genes and variants which can be used as markers for obesity and hypertension are being identified. This review examines the role played by alternative splicing (AS) as a contributing factor to the metabolic regulation of obesity-induced hypertension. Splicing mutations constitute at least 14% of the disease-causing mutations, thus implicating polymorphisms that effect splicing as indicators of disease susceptibility. The unique transcripts resulting from the alternate splicing of mRNA encoding proteins that play a key role in contributing to obesity would be vital to gain a proper understanding of the genetic causes of obesity. A greater knowledge of the genetic basis for obesity-linked hypertension will assist in the development of appropriate diagnostic tests as well as the identification of new personalized therapeutic targets against obesity-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zodwa Dlamini
- South African Medical Research Council/University of Pretoria Precision Prevention & Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield0028, South Africa
- Correspondence: Zodwa Dlamini South African Medical Research Council/University of Pretoria Precision Prevention & Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South AfricaTel +27 3 18 199 334/5Email
| | - Rodney Hull
- South African Medical Research Council/University of Pretoria Precision Prevention & Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield0028, South Africa
| | - Tshepiso J Makhafola
- South African Medical Research Council/University of Pretoria Precision Prevention & Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield0028, South Africa
| | - Mzwandile Mbele
- South African Medical Research Council/University of Pretoria Precision Prevention & Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield0028, South Africa
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65
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Kopp W. How Western Diet And Lifestyle Drive The Pandemic Of Obesity And Civilization Diseases. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:2221-2236. [PMID: 31695465 PMCID: PMC6817492 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s216791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Westernized populations are plagued by a plethora of chronic non-infectious degenerative diseases, termed as "civilization diseases", like obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, autoimmune diseases, Alzheimer's disease and many more, diseases which are rare or virtually absent in hunter-gatherers and other non-westernized populations. There is a growing awareness that the cause of this amazing discrepancy lies in the profound changes in diet and lifestyle during recent human history. This paper shows that the transition from Paleolithic nutrition to Western diets, along with lack of corresponding genetic adaptations, cause significant distortions of the fine-tuned metabolism that has evolved over millions of years of human evolution in adaptation to Paleolithic diets. With the increasing spread of Western diet and lifestyle worldwide, overweight and civilization diseases are also rapidly increasing in developing countries. It is suggested that the diet-related key changes in the developmental process include an increased production of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress, development of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, low-grade inflammation and an abnormal activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin system, all of which play pivotal roles in the development of diseases of civilization. In addition, diet-related epigenetic changes and fetal programming play an important role. The suggested pathomechanism is also able to explain the well-known but not completely understood close relationship between obesity and the wide range of comorbidities, like type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, etc., as diseases of the same etiopathology. Changing our lifestyle in accordance with our genetic makeup, including diet and physical activity, may help prevent or limit the development of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kopp
- Retired Head, Diagnostikzentrum Graz, Graz8043, Austria
- Correspondence: Wolfgang Kopp Mariatrosterstraße 41, Graz8043, Austria Email
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66
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Zheng X, Asico LD, Ma X, Konkalmatt PR. G protein-coupled receptor 37L1 regulates renal sodium transport and blood pressure. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 316:F506-F516. [PMID: 30566002 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00289.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the kidney regulate the reabsorption of essential nutrients, ions, and water from the glomerular filtrate. Abnormalities in renal epithelial ion transport play important roles in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. The orphan G protein-coupled receptor 37L1 (GPR37L1), also known as endothelin receptor type B-like protein (ETBR-LP2), is expressed in several regions in the brain, but its expression profile and function in peripheral tissues are poorly understood. We found that GPR37L1 mRNA expression is highest in the brain, followed by the stomach, heart, testis, and ovary, with moderate expression in the kidney, pancreas, skeletal muscle, liver, lung, and spleen. Immunofluorescence analyses revealed the expression of GPR37L1 in specific regions within some organs. In the kidney, GPR37L1 is expressed in the apical membrane of renal proximal tubule cells. In human renal proximal tubule cells, the transient expression of GPR37LI increased intracellular sodium, whereas the silencing of GPR37LI decreased intracellular sodium. Inhibition of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) activity abrogated the GPR37L1-mediated increase in intracellular sodium. Renal-selective silencing of Gpr37l1 in mice increased urine output and sodium excretion and decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressures. The renal-selective silencing of GPR37L1 decreased the protein expression of NHE3 but not the expression of Na+-K+-ATPase or sodium-glucose cotransporter 2. Our findings show that in the kidney, GPR37L1 participates in renal proximal tubule luminal sodium transport and regulation of blood pressure by increasing the renal expression and function of NHE3 by decreasing cAMP production. The role of GPR37L1, expressed in specific cell types in organs other than the kidney, remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Zheng
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Laureano D Asico
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Xiaobo Ma
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Prasad R Konkalmatt
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia
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67
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Jin H, Huang Y, Yang G. Association between α-adducin rs4961 polymorphism and hypertension: A meta-analysis based on 40 432 subjects. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:4613-4619. [PMID: 30552709 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the role of α-adducin rs4961 polymorphism in hypertension (HTN) was intensively analyzed, but the results of these studies were inconsistent. Therefore, we performed this study to better assess the relationship between α-adducin rs4961 polymorphism and the likelihood of HTN. METHODS Eligible studies were searched in PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Web of Science. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were used to assess the relationship between α-adducin rs4961 polymorphism and HTN. RESULTS A total of 33 studies with 40 432 participants were analyzed. Significant associations with the likelihood of HTN were detected for the α-adducin rs4961 polymorphism with fixed effect models (FEM) (dominant model: P = 0.003; allele model: P = 0.003), but not with random effect models (REM). Further subgroup analysis according to ethnicity of participants revealed that the α-adducin rs4961 polymorphism was significantly associated with the likelihood of HTN in Asians (7721 cases and 8299 controls) with both FEMs (dominant model: P < 0.0001; additive model: P = 0.01; allele model: P < 0.0001) and REMs (dominant model: P = 0.0005; additive model: P = 0.03; allele model: P = 0.0006). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the α-adducin rs4961 polymorphism may serve as a genetic biomarker of HTN in Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Hanyang hospital of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hanyang, Wuhan, China
| | - Yupeng Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Hanyang hospital of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hanyang, Wuhan, China
| | - Guokang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Hanyang hospital of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hanyang, Wuhan, China
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68
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Bie P. Mechanisms of sodium balance: total body sodium, surrogate variables, and renal sodium excretion. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R945-R962. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00363.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The classical concepts of human sodium balance include 1) a total pool of Na+ of ≈4,200 mmol (total body sodium, TBS) distributed primarily in the extracellular fluid (ECV) and bone, 2) intake variations of 0.03 to ≈6 mmol·kg body mass−1·day−1, 3) asymptotic transitions between steady states with a halftime (T½) of 21 h, 4) changes in TBS driven by sodium intake measuring ≈1.3 day [ΔTBS/Δ(Na+ intake/day)], 5) adjustment of Na+ excretion to match any diet thus providing metabolic steady state, and 6) regulation of TBS via controlled excretion (90–95% renal) mediated by surrogate variables. The present focus areas include 1) uneven, nonosmotic distribution of increments in TBS primarily in “skin,” 2) long-term instability of TBS during constant Na+ intake, and 3) physiological regulation of renal Na+ excretion primarily by neurohumoral mechanisms dependent on ECV rather than arterial pressure. Under physiological conditions 1) the nonosmotic distribution of Na+ seems conceptually important, but quantitatively ill defined; 2) long-term variations in TBS represent significant deviations from steady state, but the importance is undetermined; and 3) the neurohumoral mechanisms of sodium homeostasis competing with pressure natriuresis are essential for systematic analysis of short-term and long-term regulation of TBS. Sodium homeostasis and blood pressure regulation are intimately related. Real progress is slow and will accelerate only through recognition of the present level of ignorance. Nonosmotic distribution of sodium, pressure natriuresis, and volume-mediated regulation of renal sodium excretion are essential intertwined concepts in need of clear definitions, conscious models, and future attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bie
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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69
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Palygin O, Miller BS, Nishijima Y, Zhang DX, Staruschenko A, Sorokin A. Endothelin receptor A and p66Shc regulate spontaneous Ca 2+ oscillations in smooth muscle cells controlling renal arterial spontaneous motion. FASEB J 2018; 33:2636-2645. [PMID: 30303741 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800776rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adaptor protein p66Shc is overexpressed in smooth muscle cells of renal resistance vessels of hypertensive salt-sensitive rats and is involved in the regulation of renal vascular tone. We applied 2-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy to analyze spontaneous dynamic fluctuations in intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) in smooth muscle cells embedded in the walls of freshly isolated renal resistance arteries. The amplitude, number of events, and frequency of spontaneous [Ca2+]i oscillations triggered by endogenously released endothelin-1 were recorded in smooth muscle cells of the renal arteries. Endothelin receptor A antagonist BQ123 dramatically reduced the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous Ca2+ events, producing marked inhibition of renal vessels spontaneous motion. Spontaneous Ca2+ fluctuations in smooth muscle cells of p66Shc knockout (p66ShcKO) rats had significantly higher amplitude than in control rats. The frequency of spontaneous [Ca2+]i oscillations did not change in p66ShcKO rats, suggesting that p66Shc expression did not affect endothelin-1 release from resident endothelial cells. Acute application of endothelin-1 revealed significantly elevated production of the total [Ca2+]i in p66ShcKO rats. Spontaneous cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations in smooth muscle cells of renal vessels mediate their spontaneous motion via the endothelin-1/endothelin receptor A pathway. p66Shc decreases the amplitude of individual changes in [Ca2+]i, which mitigates the spontaneous motion of renal vessels.-Palygin, O., Miller, B. S., Nishijima, Y., Zhang, D. X., Staruschenko, A., Sorokin, A. Endothelin receptor A and p66Shc regulate spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations in smooth muscle cells controlling renal arterial spontaneous motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Palygin
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Bradley S Miller
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yoshinori Nishijima
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA; and.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David X Zhang
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA; and.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alexander Staruschenko
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrey Sorokin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Luo H, Chen C, Guo L, Xu Z, Peng X, Wang X, Wang J, Wang N, Li C, Luo X, Wang H, Jose PA, Fu C, Huang Y, Shi W, Zeng C. Exposure to Maternal Diabetes Mellitus Causes Renal Dopamine D 1 Receptor Dysfunction and Hypertension in Adult Rat Offspring. Hypertension 2018; 72:962-970. [PMID: 30354705 PMCID: PMC6207228 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.10908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that maternal diabetes mellitus programs hypertension that is associated with impaired sodium excretion in the adult offspring. However, the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Because dopamine receptor function is involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension, we hypothesized that impaired renal dopamine D1 receptor function is also involved in the hypertension in offspring of maternal diabetes mellitus. Maternal diabetes mellitus was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats at day 0 of gestation. Compared with the offspring of mothers injected with citrate buffer (control mother offspring), the diabetic mother offspring (DMO) had increased systolic blood pressure and impaired D1 receptor-mediated diuresis and natriuresis, accompanied by increased renal PKC (protein kinase C) expression and activity, GRK-2 (G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2) expression, D1 receptor phosphorylation, D1 receptor/Gαs uncoupling, and loss of D1 receptor-mediated inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase activity in renal proximal tubule cells from DMO. Inhibition of PKC reduced the increased GRK-2 expression and normalized D1 receptor function in primary cultures of renal proximal tubule cells from DMO. In addition, DMO, relative to control mother offspring, in vivo, had increased oxidative stress, indicated by decreased renal glutathione and increased renal malondialdehyde and urine 8-isoprostane. Normalization of oxidative stress with tempol also normalized the renal D1 receptor phosphorylation, D1 receptor-mediated diuresis and natriuresis, and blood pressure in DMO. Our present study indicates that maternal diabetes mellitus-programed hypertension in the offspring is caused by impaired renal D1 receptor function because of oxidative stress that is mediated by increased PKC-GRK-2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Caiyu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zaicheng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jialiang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuanwei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoli Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pedro A. Jose
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Chunjiang Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weibin Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Men and women differ in the prevalence, pathophysiology and control rate of hypertension in an age-dependent manner. The renal endothelin system plays a central role in sex differences in blood pressure regulation by control of sodium excretion and vascular function. Improving our understanding of the sex differences in the endothelin system, especially in regard to blood pressure regulation and sodium homeostasis, will fill a significant gap in our knowledge and may identify sex-specific therapeutic targets for management of hypertension. RECENT FINDINGS The current review will highlight evidence for the potential role for endothelin system in the pathophysiology of hypertension within three female populations: (i) postmenopausal women, (ii) women suffering from preeclampsia, or (iii) pulmonary arterial hypertension. Clinical trials that specifically address cardiovascular and renal diseases in females under different hormonal status are limited. Studies of the modulatory role of gonadal hormones and sex-specific mechanisms on critically important systems involved, such as endothelin, are needed to establish new clinical practice guidelines based on systematic evidence.
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Clinical significance of stress-related increase in blood pressure: current evidence in office and out-of-office settings. Hypertens Res 2018; 41:553-569. [DOI: 10.1038/s41440-018-0053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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73
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Kopp W. Diet-Induced Hyperinsulinemia as a Key Factor in the Etiology of Both Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Essential Hypertension? Nutr Metab Insights 2018; 11:1178638818773072. [PMID: 30455570 PMCID: PMC6238249 DOI: 10.1177/1178638818773072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia and hypertension are common age-related comorbidities. Although the etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is still largely unresolved and poorly understood, a significant age-independent association was found between BPH and hypertension, indicating a common pathophysiological factor for both diseases. It has previously been suggested that the development of essential hypertension may be related to diet-induced hyperinsulinemia. This study follows the question, whether BPH may develop due to the same mechanism, thereby explaining the well-known comorbidity of these 2 disorders. The scientific evidence presented shows that BPH and hypertension share the same pathophysiological changes, with hyperinsulinemia as the driving force. It further shows that significant dietary changes during human history cause disruption of a finely tuned metabolic balance that has evolved over millions of years of evolution: high-insulinemic food, typical of current “Western” diets, has the potential to cause hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, as well as an abnormally increased activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, alterations that play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of BPH and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kopp
- Former head of the Diagnostikzentrum Graz, Graz, Austria
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74
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Liao W, Jahandideh F, Fan H, Son M, Wu J. Egg Protein-Derived Bioactive Peptides: Preparation, Efficacy, and Absorption. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2018; 85:1-58. [PMID: 29860972 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The hen's egg is an important protein source of human diet. On average one large egg contains ~6g protein, which contributes to ~11% of daily protein intake. As a high-quality protein, egg proteins are well recognized as excellent sources of bioactive peptides. The objectives of this chapter are to introduce generation, bioactivities, and absorption of egg protein-derived bioactive peptides. Research on egg protein-derived bioactive peptides has been progressed during the past decades. Enzymatic hydrolysis is the major technique to prepare bioactive peptides from egg protein. Quantitative structure-activity relationships-aided in silico prediction is increasingly applied as a promising tool for efficient prediction of novel bioactive peptides. A number of bioactive peptides from egg proteins have been characterized for antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. Egg protein-derived peptides that can improve bone health have been reported as well. However, molecular mechanisms of many peptides are not fully understood. The stability and absorption routes, bioavailability, safety, and production of bioactive peptides await further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Liao
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Forough Jahandideh
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hongbing Fan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Myoungjin Son
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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75
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Wiig H, Luft FC, Titze JM. The interstitium conducts extrarenal storage of sodium and represents a third compartment essential for extracellular volume and blood pressure homeostasis. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222. [PMID: 29193764 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The role of salt in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension is not well understood. According to the current understanding, the central mechanism for blood pressure (BP) regulation relies on classical studies linking BP and Na+ balance, placing the kidney at the very centre of long-term BP regulation. To maintain BP homeostasis, the effective circulating fluid volume and thereby body Na+ content has to be maintained within very narrow limits. From recent work in humans and rats, the notion has emerged that Na+ could be stored somewhere in the body without commensurate water retention to buffer free extracellular Na+ and that previously unidentified extrarenal, tissue-specific regulatory mechanisms are operative regulating the release and storage of Na+ from a kidney-independent reservoir. Moreover, immune cells from the mononuclear phagocyte system not only function as local on-site sensors of interstitial electrolyte concentration, but also, together with lymphatics, act as systemic regulators of body fluid volume and BP. These studies have established new and unexpected targets in studies of BP control and thus the pathophysiology of hypertension: the interstitium/extracellular matrix of the skin, its inherent interstitial fluid and the lymphatic vasculature forming a vessel network in the interstitium. Aspects of the interstitium in relation to Na+ balance and hypertension are the focus of this review. Taken together, observations of salt storage in the skin to buffer free extracellular Na+ and macrophage modulation of the extracellular matrix and lymphatics suggest that electrolyte homeostasis in the body cannot be achieved by renal excretion alone, but also relies on extrarenal regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Wiig
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - F. C. Luft
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center; Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Charité Medical Faculty; Berlin Germany
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville TN USA
| | - J. M. Titze
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville TN USA
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76
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Anti-Hypertensive Peptides Derived from Caseins: Mechanism of Physiological Action, Production Bioprocesses, and Challenges for Food Applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 185:884-908. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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77
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Wu J, Liao W, Udenigwe CC. Revisiting the mechanisms of ACE inhibitory peptides from food proteins. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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78
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Owens EA, Jie L, Reyes BA, Van Bockstaele EJ, Osei-Owusu P. Elastin insufficiency causes hypertension, structural defects and abnormal remodeling of renal vascular signaling. Kidney Int 2017; 92:1100-1118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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79
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Guarino D, Nannipieri M, Iervasi G, Taddei S, Bruno RM. The Role of the Autonomic Nervous System in the Pathophysiology of Obesity. Front Physiol 2017; 8:665. [PMID: 28966594 PMCID: PMC5606212 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is reaching epidemic proportions globally and represents a major cause of comorbidities, mostly related to cardiovascular disease. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction has a two-way relationship with obesity. Indeed, alterations of the ANS might be involved in the pathogenesis of obesity, acting on different pathways. On the other hand, the excess weight induces ANS dysfunction, which may be involved in the haemodynamic and metabolic alterations that increase the cardiovascular risk of obese individuals, i.e., hypertension, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. This article will review current evidence about the role of the ANS in short-term and long-term regulation of energy homeostasis. Furthermore, an increased sympathetic activity has been demonstrated in obese patients, particularly in the muscle vasculature and in the kidneys, possibily contributing to increased cardiovascular risk. Selective leptin resistance, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, hyperinsulinemia and low ghrelin levels are possible mechanisms underlying sympathetic activation in obesity. Weight loss is able to reverse metabolic and autonomic alterations associated with obesity. Given the crucial role of autonomic dysfunction in the pathophysiology of obesity and its cardiovascular complications, vagal nerve modulation and sympathetic inhibition may serve as therapeutic targets in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Guarino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of PisaPisa, Italy.,Institute of Clinical Physiology of CNRPisa, Italy.,Scuola Superiore Sant'AnnaPisa, Italy
| | - Monica Nannipieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Taddei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Bruno
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of PisaPisa, Italy
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80
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81
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Li XC, Zhuo JL. Recent Updates on the Proximal Tubule Renin-Angiotensin System in Angiotensin II-Dependent Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2017; 18:63. [PMID: 27372447 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-016-0668-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is well recognized that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) exists not only as circulating, paracrine (cell to cell), but also intracrine (intracellular) system. In the kidney, however, it is difficult to dissect the respective contributions of circulating RAS versus intrarenal RAS to the physiological regulation of proximal tubular Na(+) reabsorption and hypertension. Here, we review recent studies to provide an update in this research field with a focus on the proximal tubular RAS in angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced hypertension. Careful analysis of available evidence supports the hypothesis that both local synthesis or formation and AT1 (AT1a) receptor- and/or megalin-mediated uptake of angiotensinogen (AGT), ANG I and ANG II contribute to high levels of ANG II in the proximal tubules of the kidney. Under physiological conditions, nearly all major components of the RAS including AGT, prorenin, renin, ANG I, and ANG II would be filtered by the glomerulus and taken up by the proximal tubules. In ANG II-dependent hypertension, the expression of AGT, prorenin, and (pro)renin receptors, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is upregulated rather than downregulated in the kidney. Furthermore, hypertension damages the glomerular filtration barrier, which augments the filtration of circulating AGT, prorenin, renin, ANG I, and ANG II and their uptake in the proximal tubules. Together, increased local ANG II formation and augmented uptake of circulating ANG II in the proximal tubules, via activation of AT1 (AT1a) receptors and Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 3, may provide a powerful feedforward mechanism for promoting Na(+) retention and the development of ANG II-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao C Li
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA
| | - Jia L Zhuo
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA.
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82
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Currie G, Delles C. Use of Biomarkers in the Evaluation and Treatment of Hypertensive Patients. Curr Hypertens Rep 2017; 18:54. [PMID: 27221728 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-016-0661-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The current definition of hypertension is based on blood pressure values, and blood pressure also drives treatment decisions, is the most important treatment monitoring tool and helps estimating risk of hypertension-related organ damage. In an era of precision medicine, additional biomarkers are needed in the diagnosis and management of patients with hypertension. In this review, we outline the areas in which functional, imaging and circulating biomarkers could help in a more individualised definition of hypertension and associated risk. We will cover biomarkers for diagnosis; of pathophysiology and prediction of hypertension; response to treatment, organ damage; and to monitor treatment. A clear focus is on the vasculature, the heart and the kidneys, whereas we see a need to further develop biomarkers of cerebral function in order to diagnose cognition deficits and monitor changes in cognition in the future to support addressing the growing burden of hypertension-associated vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Currie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Christian Delles
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK.
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83
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Abstract
Obesity greatly increases the risk for cardiovascular, metabolic, and renal diseases and is one of the most significant and preventable causes of increased blood pressure (BP) in patients with essential hypertension. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of central nervous system (CNS) signaling pathways that contribute to the etiology and pathogenesis of obesity-induced hypertension. We discuss the role of excess adiposity and activation of the brain leptin-melanocortin system in causing increased sympathetic activity in obesity. In addition, we highlight other potential brain mechanisms by which increased weight gain modulates metabolic and cardiovascular functions. Unraveling the CNS mechanisms responsible for increased sympathetic activation and hypertension and how circulating hormones activate brain signaling pathways to control BP offer potentially important therapeutic targets for obesity and hypertension.
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84
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Liu C, Kellems RE, Xia Y. Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and Hypertension: The Essential Role of Tissue Transglutaminase. Am J Hypertens 2017; 30:756-764. [PMID: 28338973 PMCID: PMC5861548 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpx027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines cause hypertension when introduced into animals. Additional evidence indicates that cytokines induce the production of autoantibodies that activate the AT1 angiotensin receptor (AT1R). Extensive evidence shows that these autoantibodies, termed AT1-AA, contribute to hypertension. We review here recent studies showing that cytokine-induced hypertension and AT1-AA production require the ubiquitous enzyme, tissue transglutaminase (TG2). We consider 3 mechanisms by which TG2 may contribute to hypertension. (i) One involves the posttranslational modification (PTM) of AT1Rs at a glutamine residue that is present in the epitope sequence (AFHYESQ) recognized by AT1-AA. (ii) Another mechanism by which TG2 may contribute to hypertension is by PTM of AT1Rs at glutamine 315. Modification at this glutamine prevents ubiquitination-dependent proteasome degradation and allows AT1Rs to accumulate. Increased AT1R abundance is likely to account for increased sensitivity to Ang II activation and in this way contribute to hypertension. (iii) The increased TG2 produced as a result of elevated inflammatory cytokines is likely to contribute to vascular stiffness by modification of intracellular contractile proteins or by crosslinking vascular proteins in the extracellular matrix. This process, termed inward remodeling, results in reduced vascular lumen, vascular stiffness, and increased blood pressure. Based on the literature reviewed here, we hypothesize that TG2 is an essential participant in cytokine-induced hypertension. From this perspective, selective TG2 inhibitors have the potential to be pharmacologic weapons in the fight against hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School of the University of Texas at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rodney E. Kellems
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School of the University of Texas at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School of the University of Texas at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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85
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Young CN. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:869-884. [DOI: 10.1113/ep086274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin N. Young
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences; The George Washington University; Washington DC USA
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86
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Becker BK, Feagans AC, Chen D, Kasztan M, Jin C, Speed JS, Pollock JS, Pollock DM. Renal denervation attenuates hypertension but not salt sensitivity in ET B receptor-deficient rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R425-R437. [PMID: 28701323 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00174.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a prevalent pathology that increases risk for numerous cardiovascular diseases. Because the etiology of hypertension varies across patients, specific and effective therapeutic approaches are needed. The role of renal sympathetic nerves is established in numerous forms of hypertension, but their contribution to salt sensitivity and interaction with factors such as endothelin-1 are poorly understood. Rats deficient of functional ETB receptors (ETB-def) on all tissues except sympathetic nerves are hypertensive and exhibit salt-sensitive increases in blood pressure. We hypothesized that renal sympathetic nerves contribute to hypertension and salt sensitivity in ETB-def rats. The hypothesis was tested through bilateral renal sympathetic nerve denervation and measuring blood pressure during normal salt (0.49% NaCl) and high-salt (4.0% NaCl) diets. Denervation reduced mean arterial pressure in ETB-def rats compared with sham-operated controls by 12 ± 3 (SE) mmHg; however, denervation did not affect the increase in blood pressure after 2 wk of high-salt diet (+19 ± 3 vs. +16 ± 3 mmHg relative to normal salt diet; denervated vs. sham, respectively). Denervation reduced cardiac sympathetic-to-parasympathetic tone [low frequency-high frequency (LF/HF)] during normal salt diet and vasomotor LF/HF tone during high-salt diet in ETB-def rats. We conclude that the renal sympathetic nerves contribute to the hypertension but not to salt sensitivity of ETB-def rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan K Becker
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Amanda C Feagans
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Daian Chen
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Malgorzata Kasztan
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Chunhua Jin
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Joshua S Speed
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jennifer S Pollock
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - David M Pollock
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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87
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Brain Under Stress and Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:73-84. [PMID: 28699112 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Modern society is characterized by the ubiquity of stressors that affect every individual to different extents. Furthermore, experimental, clinical, and epidemiological data have shown that chronic activation of the stress response may participate in the development of various somatic as well as neuropsychiatric diseases. Surprisingly, the role that stress plays in the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has not yet been studied in detail and is therefore not well understood. However, accumulated data have shown that neuroendocrine and behavioral changes accompanying the stress response affect neuronal homeostasis and compromise several key neuronal processes. Mediators of the neuroendocrine stress response, if elevated repeatedly or chronically, exert direct detrimental effects on the brain by impairing neuronal metabolism, plasticity, and survival. Stress-induced hormonal and behavioral reactions may also participate in the development of hypertension, atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, and other peripheral disturbances that may indirectly induce neuropathological processes participating in the development and progression of AD. Importantly, stress-induced detrimental effects as etiological factors of AD are attractive because they can be reduced by several approaches including behavioral and pharmacological interventions. These interventions may therefore represent an important strategy for prevention or attenuation of the progression of AD.
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88
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La nanotecnología ofrece un enfoque terapéutico prometedor para el tratamiento de la hipertensión. HIPERTENSION Y RIESGO VASCULAR 2017; 34:120-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hipert.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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89
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Diao Z, Asico LD, Villar VAM, Zheng X, Cuevas S, Armando I, Jose PA, Wang X. Increased renal oxidative stress in salt-sensitive human GRK4γ486V transgenic mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 106:80-90. [PMID: 28189851 PMCID: PMC5376361 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that salt-sensitive hypertension is caused by renal oxidative stress by measuring the blood pressure and reactive oxygen species-related proteins in the kidneys of human G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4γ (hGRK4γ) 486V transgenic mice and non-transgenic (Non-T) littermates on normal and high salt diets. High salt diet increased the blood pressure, associated with impaired sodium excretion, in hGRK4γ486V mice. Renal expressions of NOX isoforms were similar in both strains on normal salt diet but NOX2 was decreased by high salt diet to a greater extent in Non-T than hGRK4γ486V mice. Renal HO-2, but not HO-1, protein was greater in hGRK4γ486V than Non-T mice on normal salt diet and normalized by high salt diet. On normal salt diet, renal CuZnSOD and ECSOD proteins were similar but renal MnSOD was lower in hGRK4γ486V than Non-T mice and remained low on high salt diet. High salt diet decreased renal CuZnSOD in hGRK4γ486V but not Non-T mice and decreased renal ECSOD to a greater extent in hGRK4γ486V than Non-T mice. Renal SOD activity, superoxide production, and NOS3 protein were similar in two strains on normal salt diet. However, high salt diet decreased SOD activity and NOS3 protein and increased superoxide production in hGRK4γ486V mice but not in Non-T mice. High salt diet also increased urinary 8-isoprostane and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine to a greater extent in hGRK4γ486V than Non-T mice. hGRK4γwild-type mice were normotensive and hGRK4γ142V mice were hypertensive but both were salt-resistant and in normal redox balance. Chronic tempol treatment partially prevented the salt-sensitivity of hGRK4γ486V mice. Thus, hGRK4γ486V causes salt-sensitive hypertension due, in part, to defective renal antioxidant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Diao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Laureano D Asico
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Van Anthony M Villar
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Xiaoxu Zheng
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Santiago Cuevas
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ines Armando
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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90
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Kalra J, Dhar A. Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase signalling and paradigms of cardiometabolic syndrome. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2017; 31:265-279. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kalra
- Department of Pharmacy; Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Hyderabad Campus; Jawahar Nagar Shameerpet, Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh 500078 India
| | - Arti Dhar
- Department of Pharmacy; Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Hyderabad Campus; Jawahar Nagar Shameerpet, Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh 500078 India
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91
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Department of Nutrition, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Disease & Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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92
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Liu J, Yan Y, Nie Y, Shapiro JI. Na/K-ATPase Signaling and Salt Sensitivity: The Role of Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:E18. [PMID: 28257114 PMCID: PMC5384181 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Other than genetic regulation of salt sensitivity of blood pressure, many factors have been shown to regulate renal sodium handling which contributes to long-term blood pressure regulation and have been extensively reviewed. Here we present our progress on the Na/K-ATPase signaling mediated sodium reabsorption in renal proximal tubules, from cardiotonic steroids-mediated to reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated Na/K-ATPase signaling that contributes to experimental salt sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
| | - Yanling Yan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
| | - Ying Nie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
| | - Joseph I Shapiro
- Department of Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA
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93
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Xie X, Shi X, Xun X, Rao L. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene single nucleotide polymorphisms and the risk of hypertension: A meta-analysis involving 63,258 subjects. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 39:175-182. [PMID: 28287883 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2016.1235177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Xie
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaohan Shi
- Division of Reproductive Medical Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Xun
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Rao
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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94
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do Carmo JM, da Silva AA, Romero DG, Hall JE. Changes in ambient temperature elicit divergent control of metabolic and cardiovascular actions by leptin. FASEB J 2017; 31:2418-2428. [PMID: 28228474 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601224r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Interactions of hypothalamic signaling pathways that control body temperature (BT), blood pressure (BP), and energy balance are poorly understood. We investigated whether the chronic BP and metabolic actions of leptin are differentially modulated by changes in ambient temperature (TA ). Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), BT, motor activity (MA), and oxygen consumption (Vo2) were measured 24 h/d at normal laboratory TA (23°C), at thermoneutral zone (TNZ, 30°C) for mice or during cold exposure (15°C) in male wild-type mice. After control measurements, leptin (4 μg/kg/min) or saline vehicle was infused for 7 d. At TNZ, leptin reduced food intake (-11.0 ± 0.5 g cumulative deficit) and body weight by 6% but caused no changes in MAP or HR. At 15°C, leptin infusion did not alter food intake but increased MAP and HR (8 ± 1 mmHg and 33 ± 7 bpm), while Vo2 increased by ∼10%. Leptin reduced plasma glucose and insulin levels at 15°C but not at 30°C. These results demonstrate that the chronic anorexic effects of leptin are enhanced at TNZ, while its effects on insulin and glucose levels are attenuated and its effects on BP and HR are abolished. Conversely, cold TA caused resistance to leptin's anorexic effects but amplified its effects to raise BP and reduce insulin and glucose levels. Thus, the brain circuits by which leptin regulates food intake and cardiovascular function are differentially influenced by changes in TA -Do Carmo, J. M., da Silva, A. A., Romero, D. G., Hall, J. E. Changes in ambient temperature elicit divergent control of metabolic and cardiovascular actions by leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussara M do Carmo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA;
| | - Alexandre A da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.,Centro Universitário Barão de Mauá, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Damian G Romero
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - John E Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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95
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Bie P, Evans RG. Normotension, hypertension and body fluid regulation: brain and kidney. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:288-304. [PMID: 27214656 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The fraction of hypertensive patients with essential hypertension (EH) is decreasing as the knowledge of mechanisms of secondary hypertension increases, but in most new cases of hypertension the pathophysiology remains unknown. Separate neurocentric and renocentric concepts of aetiology have prevailed without much interaction. In this regard, several questions regarding the relationships between body fluid and blood pressure regulation are pertinent. Are all forms of EH associated with sympathetic overdrive or a shift in the pressure-natriuresis curve? Is body fluid homoeostasis normally driven by the influence of arterial blood pressure directly on the kidney? Does plasma renin activity, driven by renal nerve activity and renal arterial pressure, provide a key to stratification of EH? Our review indicates that (i) a narrow definition of EH is useful; (ii) in EH, indices of cardiovascular sympathetic activity are elevated in about 50% of cases; (iii) in EH as in normal conditions, mediators other than arterial blood pressure are the major determinants of renal sodium excretion; (iv) chronic hypertension is always associated with a shift in the pressure-natriuresis curve, but this may be an epiphenomenon; (v) plasma renin levels are useful in the analysis of EH only after metabolic standardization and then determination of the renin function line (plasma renin as a function of sodium intake); and (vi) angiotensin II-mediated hypertension is not a model of EH. Recent studies of baroreceptors and renal nerves as well as sodium intake and renin secretion help bridge the gap between the neurocentric and renocentric concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Bie
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
- Cardiovascular Disease Program; Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology; Monash University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - R. G. Evans
- Cardiovascular Disease Program; Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology; Monash University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
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96
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Foss JD, Kirabo A, Harrison DG. Do high-salt microenvironments drive hypertensive inflammation? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 312:R1-R4. [PMID: 27903514 PMCID: PMC5283943 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00414.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a global epidemic affecting over one billion people worldwide. Despite this, the etiology of most cases of human hypertension remains obscure, and treatment remains suboptimal. Excessive dietary salt and inflammation are known contributors to the pathogenesis of this disease. Recently, it has been recognized that salt can accumulate in the skin and skeletal muscle, producing concentrations of sodium greater than the plasma in hypertensive animals and humans. Such elevated levels of sodium have been shown to alter immune cell function. Here, we propose a model in which tissue salt accumulation causes an immune response leading to renal and vascular inflammation and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Foss
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David G Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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97
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Huang YP, Jin HY, Yu HP. Inhibitory effects of alpha-lipoic acid on oxidative stress in the rostral ventrolateral medulla in rats with salt-induced hypertension. Int J Mol Med 2016; 39:430-436. [PMID: 28035366 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of hypertension. Alpha‑lipoic acid (ALA) is widely recognized for its potent superoxide inhibitory properties, and it can safely penetrate deep into the brain. The aim of this study was to explore whether ALA supplementation attenuates hypertensive responses and cardiac hypertrophy by decreasing the NAD(P)H oxidase (NOX)-derived overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the mitochondria in the RVLM, and thus attenuating the development of salt‑induced hypertension. For this purpose, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 2 groups and either fed a high-salt diet or not. After 8 weeks, the rats were either administered ALA or an equal volume of the vehicle for 8 weeks. The rats fed a high‑salt diet exhibited higher mean arterial pressure (MAP) and higher plasma noradrenaline (NE) levels, as well as cardiac hypertrophy, as evidence by the increased whole heart weight/body weight (WHW/BW) ratio, WHW/tibia length (TL) ratio and left‑ventricular weight (LVW)/TL ratio. Compared with the rats in the NS group, the rats in the HS group only exhibited increased levels of superoxide, NOX2, NOX4 and mitochondrial malondialdehyde (MDA), but also decreased levels of copper/zinc (Cu/Zn)-superoxide dismutase (SOD), mitochondrial SOD and glutathione (GSH) in the RVLM. The supplementation of ALA decreased MAP, plasma NE levels and the levels of cardiac hypertrophy indicators. It also decreased the levels of superoxide, NOX2, NOX4 and mitochondrial MDA, and increased the levels of Cu/Zn‑SOD, mitochondrial SOD and GSH in the RVLM compared with the rats fed a high-salt diet and not treated with ALA. On the whole, our findings indicate that long‑term ALA supplementation attenuates hypertensive responses and cardiac hypertrophy by decreasing the expression of NAD(P)H subunits (NOX2 and NOX4), increasing the levels of mitochondrial bioenergetic enzymes, and enhancing the intracellular antioxidant capacity in the RVLM during the development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Peng Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hanyang Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei 430050, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yan Jin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hanyang Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei 430050, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Ping Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hanyang Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei 430050, P.R. China
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98
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Clemmer JS, Pruett WA, Coleman TG, Hall JE, Hester RL. Mechanisms of blood pressure salt sensitivity: new insights from mathematical modeling. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 312:R451-R466. [PMID: 27974315 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00353.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mathematical modeling is an important tool for understanding quantitative relationships among components of complex physiological systems and for testing competing hypotheses. We used HumMod, a large physiological model, to test hypotheses of blood pressure (BP) salt sensitivity. Systemic hemodynamics, renal, and neurohormonal responses to chronic changes in salt intake were examined during normal renal function, fixed low or high plasma angiotensin II (ANG II) levels, bilateral renal artery stenosis, increased renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), and decreased nephron numbers. Simulations were run for 4 wk at salt intakes ranging from 30 to 1,000 mmol/day. Reducing functional kidney mass or fixing ANG II increased salt sensitivity. Salt sensitivity, associated with inability of ANG II to respond to changes in salt intake, occurred with smaller changes in renal blood flow but greater changes in glomerular filtration rate, renal sodium reabsorption, and total peripheral resistance (TPR). However, clamping TPR at normal or high levels had no major effect on salt sensitivity. There were no clear relationships between BP salt sensitivity and renal vascular resistance or extracellular fluid volume. Our robust mathematical model of cardiovascular, renal, endocrine, and sympathetic nervous system physiology supports the hypothesis that specific types of kidney dysfunction, associated with impaired regulation of ANG II or increased tubular sodium reabsorption, contribute to BP salt sensitivity. However, increased preglomerular resistance, increased RSNA, or inability to decrease TPR does not appear to influence salt sensitivity. This model provides a platform for testing competing concepts of long-term BP control during changes in salt intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Clemmer
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Computational Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - W Andrew Pruett
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Computational Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Thomas G Coleman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Computational Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - John E Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Computational Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Robert L Hester
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Computational Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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99
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Kurtz TW, DiCarlo SE, Morris RC. Logical Issues With the Pressure Natriuresis Theory of Chronic Hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2016. [PMID: 28637271 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpw073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The term "abnormal pressure natriuresis" refers to a subnormal effect of a given level of blood pressure (BP) on sodium excretion. It is widely believed that abnormal pressure natriuresis causes an initial increase in BP to be sustained. We refer to this view as the "pressure natriuresis theory of chronic hypertension." The proponents of the theory contend that all forms of chronic hypertension are sustained by abnormal pressure natriuresis, irrespective of how hypertension is initiated. This theory would appear to follow from "the three laws of long-term arterial pressure regulation" stated by Guyton and Coleman more than 3 decades ago. These "laws" articulate the concept that for a given level of salt intake, the relationship between arterial pressure and sodium excretion determines the chronic level of BP. Here, we review and examine the recent assertion by Beard that these "laws" of long-term BP control amount to nothing more than a series of tautologies. Our analysis supports Beard's assertion, and also indicates that contemporary investigators often use tautological reasoning in support of the pressure natriuresis theory of chronic hypertension. Although the theory itself is not a tautology, it does not appear to be testable because it holds that abnormal pressure natriuresis causes salt-induced hypertension to be sustained through abnormal increases in cardiac output that are too small to be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore W Kurtz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephen E DiCarlo
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - R Curtis Morris
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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100
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Morris BJ, Chen R, Donlon TA, Evans DS, Tranah GJ, Parimi N, Ehret GB, Newton-Cheh C, Seto T, Willcox DC, Masaki KH, Kamide K, Ryuno H, Oguro R, Nakama C, Kabayama M, Yamamoto K, Sugimoto K, Ikebe K, Masui Y, Arai Y, Ishizaki T, Gondo Y, Rakugi H, Willcox BJ. Association Analysis of FOXO3 Longevity Variants With Blood Pressure and Essential Hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2016; 29:1292-1300. [PMID: 26476085 PMCID: PMC5055732 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpv171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The minor alleles of 3 FOXO3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)- rs2802292 , rs2253310 , and rs2802288 -are associated with human longevity. The aim of the present study was to test these SNPs for association with blood pressure (BP) and essential hypertension (EHT). METHODS In a primary study involving Americans of Japanese ancestry drawn from the Family Blood Pressure Program II we genotyped 411 female and 432 male subjects aged 40-79 years and tested for statistical association by contingency table analysis and generalized linear models that included logistic regression adjusting for sibling correlation in the data set. Replication of rs2802292 with EHT was attempted in Japanese SONIC study subjects and of each SNP in a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of BP in individuals of European ancestry. RESULTS In Americans of Japanese ancestry, women homozygous for the longevity-associated (minor) allele of each FOXO3 SNP had 6mm Hg lower systolic BP and 3mm Hg lower diastolic BP compared with major allele homozygotes (Bonferroni corrected P < 0.05 and >0.05, respectively). Frequencies of minor allele homozygotes were 3.3-3.9% in women with EHT compared with 9.5-9.6% in normotensive women ( P = 0.03-0.04; haplotype analysis P = 0.0002). No association with BP or EHT was evident in males. An association with EHT was seen for the minor allele of rs2802292 in the Japanese SONIC cohort ( P = 0.03), while in European subjects the minor allele of each SNP was associated with higher systolic and diastolic BP. CONCLUSION Longevity-associated FOXO3 variants may be associated with lower BP and EHT in Japanese women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Randi Chen
- Honolulu Heart Program (HHP)/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study (HAAS), Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Timothy A. Donlon
- Honolulu Heart Program (HHP)/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study (HAAS), Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Daniel S. Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Gregory J. Tranah
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Neeta Parimi
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Georg B. Ehret
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christopher Newton-Cheh
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Todd Seto
- Department of Cardiology, The Queen’s Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - D. Craig Willcox
- Honolulu Heart Program (HHP)/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study (HAAS), Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
- Department of Human Welfare, Okinawa International University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Kamal H. Masaki
- Honolulu Heart Program (HHP)/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study (HAAS), Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Kei Kamide
- Department of Health Science and
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | | | - Ryosuke Oguro
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Chikako Nakama
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | | | - Koichi Yamamoto
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Ken Sugimoto
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ikebe
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Yukie Masui
- Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuro Ishizaki
- Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Gondo
- Department of Clinical Thanatology and Geriatric Behavioral Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Human Sciences, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Bradley J. Willcox
- Honolulu Heart Program (HHP)/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study (HAAS), Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
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