51
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Kim JY, Lee JH, Park GW, Cho K, Kwon KH, Park YM, Cho SY, Paik YK, Yoo JS. Utility of electrophoretically derived protein mass estimates as additional constraints in proteome analysis of human serum based on MS/MS analysis. Proteomics 2005; 5:3376-85. [PMID: 16052618 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The proteome of a HUPO human serum reference sample was analyzed using multidimensional separation techniques at both the protein and the peptide levels. To eliminate false-positive identifications from the search results, we employed a data filtering method using molecular weight (MW) correlations derived from denaturing 1-DE. First, the six most abundant serum proteins were removed from the sample using immunoaffinity chromatography. 1-DE was then used to fractionate the remaining serum proteins according to the MW. Gel bands were isolated and in-gel digested with trypsin, and the resulting peptides were analyzed by 2-D LC/ESI-MS/MS. A SEQUEST search using the MS/MS results identified 494 proteins. Of these, 202 were excluded formally using protein data filtering as they were single-assignment proteins and their theoretical and electrophoretically-derived MWs did not correlate at high confidence. To evaluate this method, the results were compared with those of 1-D LC/MALDI-TOF/TOF and HUPO Plasma Proteome Project analyses. Our data filtering approach proved valuable in analysis of complex, large-scale proteomes such as human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Kim
- Proteome Analysis Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Yusung-Ku, Daejeon, Korea
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52
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Fujimura K, Kobayashi S, Yoshitake Y, Tsuruoka N, Kaneyama K, Segami N. Electrophoretically separation of the synovial fluid proteins in rabbit temporomandibular arthritis induced by mechanical loading. J Oral Pathol Med 2005; 34:546-51. [PMID: 16138893 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2005.00350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concentration of protein in synovial fluid (SF) of temporomandibular joints (TMJs) with disorders tends to be increased. We investigated the protein composition of SF of rabbits in which arthritis of the TMJ was induced. METHOD Arthritis was induced in six TMJs in six rabbits by exertion of a load for 4 weeks. Six non-loaded TMJs in six rabbits served as controls. The protein concentration and content in TMJ SF of the two groups were compared. RESULTS The mean protein concentration was higher in the SF of the loaded group than in that of the non-loaded group (1824 microg/ml vs. 398 microg/ml, P = 0.002). Proteins with molecular weights of more than 95 kDa were abundant in the loaded group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Temporomandibular arthritis induced by mechanical loading in rabbit is accompanied by an increase in the abundance of relatively high molecular weight proteins in SF.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fujimura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan.
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53
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Ruiz-Romero C, López-Armada MJ, Blanco FJ. Proteomic characterization of human normal articular chondrocytes: A novel tool for the study of osteoarthritis and other rheumatic diseases. Proteomics 2005; 5:3048-59. [PMID: 16035116 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200402106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is composed of cells and an extracellular matrix. The chondrocyte is the only cell type present in mature cartilage, and it is important in the control of cartilage integrity. There is currently a great lack of knowledge about the chondrocyte proteome. To solve this deficiency, we have obtained the first reference map of the human normal articular chondrocyte. Cells were isolated from cartilages obtained from autopsies without history of joint disease. Cultured cells were used to obtain protein extracts which were resolved by 2-DE and visualized by silver nitrate or CBB staining. Almost 200 spots were excised from the gels and analyzed using MALDI-TOF or MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. The analysis leads to the identification of 136 spots that represent 93 different proteins. A significant proportion of proteins are involved in cell organization (26%), energy (16%), protein fate (14%), metabolism (12%), and cell stress (12%). From all the identified proteins, annexins, vimentin, transgelin, destrin, cathepsin D, heat shock protein 47, and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase were more abundant in chondrocytes than in other types of mesenchymal cells such as Jurkat-T cells. As metabolic program of chondrocytes is altered in osteoarthritis and other rheumatic diseases, this proteomic map is an important tool for future studies on these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ruiz-Romero
- Osteoarticular and Aging Research Unit, Rheumatology Division, Juan Canalejo Hospital, C/Xubias 84, E-15006-A Coruña, Spain
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54
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Pietrogrande MC, Marchetti N, Tosi A, Dondi F, Righetti PG. Decoding two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis complex maps by autocovariance function: A simplified approach useful for proteomics. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:2739-48. [PMID: 15966009 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a mathematical approach applied for decoding the complex signal of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis maps of protein mixtures. The method is helpful in extracting analytical information since separation of all the proteins present in the sample is still far from being achieved and co-migrating proteins are generally present in the same spot. The simplified method described is based on the study of the 2-D autocovariance function (2D-ACVF) computed on an experimental digitized map. The first part of the 2D-ACVF allows for the estimation of the number of proteins present in the sample (2D-ACVF computed at the origin) and of the separation performance (mean spot size). Moreover, the 2D-ACVF plot is a powerful tool in identifying order in the spot position, and singling it out from the complex separation pattern. This method was validated on synthetic maps obtained by computer simulation to describe 2-D PAGE real maps and reference maps retrieved from the SWISS-2DPAGE database. The results obtained are discussed by focusing on specific information relevant in proteomics: sample complexity, separation performance, and identification of spot trains related to post-translational modifications.
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55
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Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by the chorioid plexus in the ventricles. It surrounds the brain and bone marrow, and reflects several different disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Proteomics has been used to analyze CSF in order to discover disease-associated proteins and to elucidate the basic molecular mechanisms that either cause, or result from, CNS disorders. However, some disease-associated proteins are of low-abundance and are difficult to detect. A low total-protein concentration, a high amount of albumin and immunoglobins, and a wide dynamic range (several orders of magnitude) of protein concentration cause several difficulties in the identification of low-abundance CSF proteins. In this study, advantage was taken of the range of different hydrophobic properties of CSF proteins, and a reversed-phase solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge was used to prefractionate human lumbar CSF proteins into three separate fractions prior to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis resolution of the proteome. A portion of the high-abundance CSF proteins were removed from two (eluted with 35% and 50% acetonitrile) of the three fractions. Some trace CSF proteins were preferentially enriched in the two fractions, and many proteins were detected in the two-dimensional (2-D) gels of the two fractions. Among the novel proteins identified, sixty-two protein spots that represent forty-two proteins were characterized. Most of the proteins have not been annotated in any previous 2-D map of human CSF, and several have been implicated in CNS diseases. The prefractionation of CSF proteins with SPE, followed by proteomics analysis, provides a new method to explore low-abundance, disease-specific CSF proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglin Yuan
- Charles B. Stout Neuroscience Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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56
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Abstract
Pleural effusion, an accumulation of pleural fluid, contains proteins originating from plasma filtrate and, especially when tissues are damaged, parenchymal interstitial spaces of lungs and/or other organs. This report presents data of the first global proteomic analysis of human pleural effusion. A composite sample was prepared by pooling pleural effusions from seven lung adenocarcinoma patients. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis of the composite sample revealed 472 silver-stained spots. 242 selected gel spots were subjected to protein identification by in-gel digestion, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and sequence database search. 44 proteins were identified with higher confidence levels (at least two unique peptide sequences matched), while 161 other proteins were identified at the minimal confidence level (only one unique peptide sequence matched). The data provide fundamental information on the composition of protein contents in human pleural effusion. Among these 44 proteins that were identified with higher confidence levels, 7 proteins, retinoblastoma binding protein 7, synaptic vesicle membrane protein, corticosteroid binding globulin precursor, PR-domain containing protein 11, envelope glycoprotein, MSIP043 protein, and titin have not been reported in plasma and may represent proteins specifically present in pleural effusion. These proteins could have originated from parenchymal interstitial spaces and represent potential candidates of useful biomarkers that could not be readily detected in plasma but in pleural effusion. Retinoblastoma binding protein 7 is of special interest since it may play a role in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chang Tyan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
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57
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Yuan X, Desiderio DM. Human cerebrospinal fluid peptidomics. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2005; 40:176-181. [PMID: 15706611 DOI: 10.1002/jms.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has frequently been extensively studied to explore several different central nervous system (CNS) disorders because it contains proteins, enzymes, hormones, neuropeptides and neurotransmitters that play critical regulatory roles in many different physiological processes. Individual neuropeptidergic systems in CSF have been studied. In theory, peptidomics offers a bird's-eye, comprehensive and systems-level approach to analyze all of the peptidergic systems that have been expressed in CSF at any given time. In this study, low molecular mass (M(r) < 5 kDa) peptides were isolated by ultrafiltration. The isolated peptides, with or without trypsin digestion, were preferentially enriched with a solid-phase extraction cartridge, and the peptides were separated with capillary liquid chromatography and analyzed with on-line quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MS). In this proof-of-principle study, the 20 representative MS-characterized peptides were shown to be derived from 12 proteins, among which four proteins, amyloid-like protein 1, secretogranin I, granin-like neuroendocrine peptide precursor and neurosecretory protein VGF, have been shown elsewhere to be either associated with CNS disorders or to play a central role in the CNS. The long-term goals of this peptidomics study are to monitor the changes (amount; modifications) of CSF peptides, clarify the aberrant processing of large intact protein precursors, elucidate the molecular mechanisms of CNS disorders and find biomarkers. This analytical method is effective for the analysis of the human lumbar CSF peptidome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglin Yuan
- Charles B. Stout Neuroscience Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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58
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Magni F, Sarto C, Valsecchi C, Casellato S, Bogetto SF, Bosari S, Di Fonzo A, Perego RA, Corizzato M, Doro G, Galbusera C, Rocco F, Mocarelli P, Galli Kienle M. Expanding the proteome two-dimensional gel electrophoresis reference map of human renal cortex by peptide mass fingerprinting. Proteomics 2005; 5:816-25. [PMID: 15668995 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics methodologies hold great promise in basic renal research and clinical nephrology. The classical approach for proteomic analysis couples two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) with protein identification by mass spectrometry, to produce more global information regarding normal protein expression and alterations in different physiological and pathological states. In this report we have expanded the identification of proteins in the renal cortex, improving the previously published map to facilitate the study of different diseases affecting the human kidney. About 250 spots were analyzed by peptide mass fingerprinting, 89 proteins and 74 isoforms for some of them were identified and implemented in the normal human renal cortex 2-DE reference map. This more comprehensive view of the proteome of the human renal cortex could be of invaluable help to the differential proteomic display of urological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Magni
- Department of Experimental, Environmental Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
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59
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Li J, Liu S, Osterman T, Zhang Y, Coppage H, Pedrick N, Witzmann FA. A software utility for creating interactive maps for 2D gel-based proteomics. Anal Biochem 2004; 332:187-90. [PMID: 15301964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Li
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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60
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Smith SD, She YM, Roberts EA, Sarkar B. Using Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography, Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry to Identify Hepatocellular Proteins with Copper-Binding Ability. J Proteome Res 2004; 3:834-40. [PMID: 15359738 DOI: 10.1021/pr049941r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To further our knowledge of intracellular copper transport, we used a proteomics strategy to search for hepatic proteins with copper-binding ability. Hep G2 cytosolic and microsomal fractions were applied to a copper(II)-loaded immobilized metal-affinity chromatography (IMAC) column. Protein identification was performed with 2-D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. We identified 48 cytosolic proteins and 19 microsomal proteins displaying copper-binding ability. These proteins are diverse in function. Fifty-two of the 67 proteins contain putative metal-binding domains. We have identified many components of the Hep G2 copper metalloproteome including a large number of proteins not previously known to bind copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Smith
- Department of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
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61
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Hulmes JD, Bethea D, Ho K, Huang SP, Ricci DL, Opiteck GJ, Hefta SA. An investigation of plasma collection, stabilization, and storage procedures for proteomic analysis of clinical samples. Clin Proteomics 2004. [DOI: 10.1385/cp:1:1:017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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62
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Maurer MH, Berger C, Wolf M, Fütterer CD, Feldmann RE, Schwab S, Kuschinsky W. The proteome of human brain microdialysate. Proteome Sci 2003; 1:7. [PMID: 14675487 PMCID: PMC317363 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2003] [Accepted: 12/14/2003] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral microdialysis has been established as a monitoring tool in neurocritically ill patients suffering from severe stroke. The technique allows to sample small molecules in the brain tissue for subsequent biochemical analysis. In this study, we investigated the proteomic profile of human cerebral microdialysate and if the identified proteins might be useful predictors for disease characteristics in stroke for tissue at risk in the contralateral hemisphere. We analysed cerebral protein expression in microdialysate from three stroke patients sampled from the hemisphere contralateral to the lesion. Using a proteomic approach based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and subsequent mass spectrometry, we created a protein map for the global protein expression pattern of human microdialyste. Results We found an average of 158 ± 24 (N = 18) protein spots in the human cerebral microdialysate and could identify 95 spots, representing 27 individual proteins. Most of these have been detected in human cerebrospinal fluid before, but 10 additional proteins mainly of cerebral intracellular origin were identified exclusively in the microdialysate. Conclusions The 10 proteins found exclusively in human cerebral microdialysate, but not in cerebrospinal fluid, indicate the possibility to monitor the progression of the disease towards deterioration. The correlation of protein composition in the human cerebral microdialysate with the patients' clinical condition and results of cerebral imaging may be a useful approach to future applications for neurological stroke diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Maurer
- Dept. of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Berger
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Margit Wolf
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten D Fütterer
- Dept. of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Robert E Feldmann
- Dept. of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwab
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kuschinsky
- Dept. of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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63
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Marengo E, Robotti E, Righetti PG, Antonucci F. New approach based on fuzzy logic and principal component analysis for the classification of two-dimensional maps in health and disease. Application to lymphomas. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1004:13-28. [PMID: 12929957 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis is the most wide spread technique for the separation of proteins in biological systems. This technique produces 2D maps of high complexity, which creates difficulties in the comparison of different samples. The method proposed in this paper for the comparison of different 2D maps can be summarised in four steps: (a) digitalisation of the image; (b) fuzzyfication of the digitalised map in order to consider the variability of the two-dimensional electrophoretic separation; (c) decoding by principal component analysis of the previously obtained fuzzy maps, in order to reduce the system dimensionality; (d) classification analysis (linear discriminant analysis), in order to separate the samples contained in the dataset according to the classes present in said dataset. This method was applied to a dataset constituted by eight samples: four belonging to healthy human lymph-nodes and four deriving from non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The amount of fuzzyfication of the original map is governed by the sigma parameter. The larger the value, the more fuzzy theresulting transformed map. The effect of the fuzzyfication parameter was investigated, the optimal results being obtained for sigma = 1.75 and 2.25. Principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis allowed the separation of the two classes of samples without any misclassification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Marengo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Avanzate, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 15100 Alessandria, Italy.
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64
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Hamdan M, Righetti PG. Assessment of protein expression by means of 2-D gel electrophoresis with and without mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2003; 22:272-284. [PMID: 12884390 DOI: 10.1002/mas.10056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Careful examination of current literature, particularly over the last 5 years, reveals a wide range of approaches for the relative quantification of protein expression in cells, tissues, and body fluids. In view of such an observation, it is reasonable to ask whether researchers need new methods, or whether it is more productive to optimize and tune already existing ones. It is generally agreed that none of the existing methodologies on its own can give a full account of protein expression in a complex medium; this limitation, however, has not prevented the use of existing methods to provide valuable information on a wide range of proteins, where their expression has been correlated to certain pathologies and/or to pharmacological, genetic, or environmental factors. In the present work, an attempt is made to review the application of one of these methodologies, namely two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on its own or in conjunction with mass spectrometry, to assess protein expression, particularly when such expression can be correlated to certain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Hamdan
- Computational, Analytical & Structural Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Verona, Italy.
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65
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Marengo E, Leardi R, Robotti E, Righetti PG, Antonucci F, Cecconi D. Application of three-way principal component analysis to the evaluation of two-dimensional maps in proteomics. J Proteome Res 2003; 2:351-60. [PMID: 12938925 DOI: 10.1021/pr030002t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three-way PCA has been applied to proteomic pattern images to identify the classes of samples present in the dataset. The developed method has been applied to two different datasets: a rat sera dataset, constituted by five samples of healthy Wistar rat sera and five samples of nicotine-treated Wistar rat sera; a human lymph-node dataset constituted by four healthy lymph-nodes and four lymph-nodes affected by a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The method proved to be successful in the identification of the classes of samples present in both of the groups of 2D-PAGE images, and it allowed us to identify the regions of the two-dimensional maps responsible for the differences occurring between the classes for both rat sera and human lymph-nodes datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Marengo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Avanzate, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Spalto Marengo 33, 15100 Alessandria, Italy.
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66
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Foyn Bruun C. Enrichment of serum amyloid proteins by hydrophobic interaction chromatography combined with two-dimensional electrophoresis with immobilised pH gradients. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 790:355-63. [PMID: 12767344 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A protein was subjected to one-step octyl-Sepharose extraction in three different dimensions. Elution was performed partly without UV recording, and with urea or guanidine-based buffers. The eluent was applied directly to denaturing two-dimensional electrophoresis with immobilised pH gradient, or octyl-Sepharose extracted fractions were pooled and lyophilised before application. Proteins were characterised by N-terminal analysis or mass spectrometry. In most of the species that were studied, previously undescribed serum amyloid proteins were detected. Compared to conventional strategies, the presented techniques are more rational and yield more comprehensive information. The presented data also provide a basis for novel perspectives regarding certain inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine Foyn Bruun
- Pediatric Research Laboratorium, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsö, 9037, Tromsö, Norway.
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67
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Ishimura R, Ohsako S, Kawakami T, Sakaue M, Aoki Y, Tohyama C. Altered protein profile and possible hypoxia in the placenta of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-exposed rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2002; 185:197-206. [PMID: 12498736 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2002.9539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) during pregnancy causes fetal death in many animal species. In an earlier study we observed alteration of placental glucose kinetics at the same TCDD exposure level that resulted in fetal death (Ishimura et al., Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 178, 161-171, 2002). In the present study, in order to identify the molecules that might explain the alterations of placental function and the mechanism of fetal death, we used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D/E) to detect and identify placental proteins whose amounts changed after exposure to TCDD and we examined the expression properties of these proteins in the placenta during hypoxia by using the uterine artery ligation model. Pregnant Holtzman rats were given a single oral dose of 1600 ng TCDD/kg body wt or an equivalent volume of vehicle (control) on gestational day (GD) 15 and placental tissue was collected on GD16 and GD20. The 15,000 g supernatant fractions of placental homogenates from the control group and TCDD-exposed group were subjected to the 2D/E analysis, and the protein spots whose amounts had changed after exposure to TCDD were characterized by amino acid sequence analysis. The amounts of heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) and beta-tropomyosin (beta-TM) in TCDD-exposed placentas tended to have increased on GD16 and had increased significantly on GD20, and these changes were followed by an approximately twofold increase in glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) on GD20. Next, the uterine-artery ligation model was prepared on GD15, and the hypoxic placentas were collected on GD20. Two-D/E analysis of the 15,000 g supernatant proteins of the placentas revealed an increased level of GAPDH but not of other proteins, including Hsp27 and beta-TM. The results of this study showed that the increase in GAPDH level during hypoxia previously observed in endothelial cells occurs in the placenta and indicated that the TCDD-exposed placentas were in a hypoxic state at the end of pregnancy. Finally, the results of this study suggested the possibility that the increased incidence of fetal death after exposure to TCDD was due to the placental hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Ishimura
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
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68
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Abstract
The study of the development of the mammary gland at the molecular level in animals is difficult because of the complex tissue organization. This review introduces a proteomic approach to investigate mammary gland development in a cell culture system that we have previously developed as an in vitro model for studying mammary cell differentiation. The model is based on two cell lines, one of which is able to differentiate spontaneously and produce hemispherical blisters, called domes, when confluent. Through proteomic dissection of dome-forming cells, two types of key regulatory genes have been identified: genes inducing cellular structural modifications and genes related to functional modifications. We identified several genes in the pathway leading to dome formation in vitro and showed that the functional and structural changes taking place in dome-forming cells correspond to cellular changes occurring in vivo when tubules and alveoli are developed in the mammary gland at pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Zucchi
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Milan, Italy.
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69
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Ott V, Guenther K, Steinert R, Tortola S, Borisch B, Schlegel W, Reymond MA. Accuracy of two-dimensional electrophoresis for target discovery in human colorectal cancer. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2002; 1:142-51. [PMID: 11911441 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) is increasingly used for target discovery in human disease to complement genomic studies. We have assessed the possibilities and limits of 2-D PAGE applied to human colorectal cancer. Up to 10(8) epithelial cells were purified from paired normal and pathological biopsies using Ber-EP4 coated magnetic beads, allowing the elimination of cellular and fluid contaminations. The mean coefficient of variation (CVAR) of repeated 2-D PAGE analysis with silver staining was lying between 20 and 28%. However, only 47% (interrun) to 76% (intrarun) of spots could be matched within a triplicate experiment. Interindividual phenotypic variability was high. Intratumoral phenotypic variability was not found to be significant. When method and tumor variability were added, 90% of CVAR were inferior to 48%. Thus, two-fold up- or down-regulation of protein expression reveals biological significance. Serial paired comparison of 923 proteins in 10 patients showed highly reproducible differences between normal and cancer tissues. Under well defined experimental conditions and after the high variability of the technique has been considered, 2-D PAGE parallel analysis of paired colorectal samples allows patient-specific tumor profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ott
- Department of Surgery, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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70
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Nakanishi T, Koyama R, Ikeda T, Shimizu A. Catalogue of soluble proteins in the human vitreous humor: comparison between diabetic retinopathy and macular hole. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 776:89-100. [PMID: 12127329 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were used to make a catalogue of soluble proteins in the human vitreous humor (VH). Fifty-one different proteins were identified on silver-stained two-dimensional (2D) gel patterns with VH proteins obtained from diabetic retinopathy and macular hole. Thirty of these have not been listed in the reported 2D profiles of plasma. Immunoglobulin (Ig), alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha2-HS glycoprotein,and complement C(4) fragment showed stronger spots in VH with diabetic retinopathy patient samples than those with macular hole. Pigment epithelium-derived factor, a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis in the cornea and vitreous, was clearly detected in VH with diabetes. It is impressive that the inhibitor increases in the vitreous with proliferative angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyofumi Nakanishi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakucho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
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71
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Abdul Rahman M, Anuar Karsani S, Othman I, Shafinaz Abdul Rahman P, Haji Hashim O. Galactose-binding lectin from the seeds of champedak (Artocarpus integer): sequences of its subunits and interactions with human serum O-glycosylated glycoproteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 295:1007-13. [PMID: 12127996 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Our group has previously reported the isolation, partial characterisation, and application of a Galbeta1-3GalNAc- and IgA1-reactive lectin from the seeds of champedak (Artocarpus integer). In the present study, we have subjected the purified lectin to reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography and sequenced its subunits. Determination of the N-terminal sequence of the first 47 residues of the large subunit demonstrated at least 95% homology to the N-terminal sequence of the alpha chains of a few other galactose-binding Artocarpus lectins. The two smaller subunits of the lectin, each comprised of 21 amino acid residues, demonstrated minor sequence variability. Their sequences were generally comparable to the beta chains of the other galactose-binding Artocarpus lectins. When used to probe human serum glycopeptides that were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, the lectin demonstrated strong apparent interactions with glycopeptides of IgA1, hemopexin, alpha2-HS glycoprotein, alpha1-antichymotrypsin, and a few unknown glycoproteins. Immobilisation of the lectin to Sepharose generated an affinity column that may be used to isolate the O-glycosylated serum glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariati Abdul Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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72
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Chen ST, Pan TL, Tsai YC, Huang CM. Proteomics reveals protein profile changes in doxorubicin--treated MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2002; 181:95-107. [PMID: 12430184 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
MCF-7 cells are extensively used as a cell model to investigate human breast tumors and the cellular mechanism of antitumor drugs such as doxorubicin (DOX), an anthracycline antitumor drug widely used in clinical chemotherapy. To understand the effects of DOX on the protein expression, we perform a comprehensive proteomics to survey global changes in proteins after DOX treatment in MCF-7 cells. Exposure of MCF-7 cells to 0.1 microM DOX for 2 days induced a differentiation-like phenotype with prominent perinuclear autocatalytic vacuoles, abundant filamentous material, and irregular microvilli at the cell surface. In this study, we also present a proteome reference map of MCF-7 cells with 21 identified protein spots via analysis of N-terminal sequencing, mass spectrometry, immunoblot and/or computer matching with protein database. Based on the proteome map, we found that DOX causes a markedly decrease in the levels of three isoforms of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) whereas the levels of other stress associated proteins including HSP60, calreticulin, and protein disulfide isomerase were not significantly altered in DOX-treated MCF-7 cells. Taken together, we suggest that that action of DOX on breast tumor cells may be partly related to dysregulation of HSP27 expression. Modulation of HSP27 levels may be a clinically useful potential target for design of antitumor drugs and controlling breast tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Tein Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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73
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Liang RCMY, Neo JCH, Lo SL, Tan GS, Seow TK, Chung MCM. Proteome database of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 771:303-28. [PMID: 12016006 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC or hepatoma) is the most common primary cancer of the liver. Persistent viral infection by the hepatic B or C virus is probably the most important cause of HCC worldwide. It is responsible for approximately one million deaths each year, predominantly in the underdeveloped and developing countries, but its incidence is also on the rise in the developed countries. For most patients suffering from HCC, long-term survival is rare, as they are presented late and are often unsuitable for curative treatment. Thus there is great interest to identify novel HCC diagnostic markers for early detection of the disease, and tumour specific associated proteins as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of HCC. Proteome analyses of HCC cell lines and liver tumour tissues should facilitate the screening and discovery of these HCC proteins. The creation of a comprehensive HCC proteome database would be an important first step towards achieving this goal. This review presents an update of the two-dimensional electrophoresis proteome database of the cell line, HCC-M, which is also now freely accessible through the World Wide Web at http://proteome.btc.nus.edu.sg/hccm/.
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74
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Vejda S, Posovszky C, Zelzer S, Peter B, Bayer E, Gelbmann D, Schulte-Hermann R, Gerner C. Plasma from cancer patients featuring a characteristic protein composition mediates protection against apoptosis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2002; 1:387-93. [PMID: 12118080 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m200004-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
By comparative proteome analysis we searched for characteristic alterations of human plasma accompanying neoplastic disease. We identified protein alterations in plasma of prostate-, lung-, and breast-cancer patients in comparison to controls, comprising elevated levels of fibrinogen gamma-chain dimer, degradation products of antiplasmin and laminin gamma-chain, and elevated levels of acute phase proteins. The latter proteins and laminin fragments have been described as anti-apoptotic factors. We raised the question whether these alterations may have any relevance for the regulation of apoptosis. In contrast to plasma derived from healthy donors, samples from prostate-, lung-, and breast-cancer patients selectively inhibited Fas- and staurosporine-induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells but remained ineffective upon UV light-induced apoptosis. These data suggested that inhibition occurred by extracellular interference with apoptosis induction. Supporting this hypothesis, we found that formation of the CD95 death-inducing signal complex was strongly inhibited in the presence of plasma from cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Vejda
- Institute of Cancer Research, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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75
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Lim SO, Park SJ, Kim W, Park SG, Kim HJ, Kim YI, Sohn TS, Noh JH, Jung G. Proteome analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 291:1031-7. [PMID: 11866469 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a complex process involving multiple changes in gene expression and usually occurs in the presence of liver cirrhosis. In this research, we observed proteome alterations of three tissue types isolated from livers of HCC patients: normal, cirrhotic, and tumorous tissue. Proteome alterations were observed using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Comparing the tissue types with each other, a significant change in expression level was found in 21 proteins. Of these proteins, sarcosine dehydrogenase, liver carboxylesterase, peptidyl-prolyl isomerase A, and lamin B1 are considered novel HCC marker candidates. In particular, lamin B1 may be considered as a marker for cirrhosis, because its expression level changes considerably in cirrhotic tissue compared with normal tissue. The proteins revealed in this experiment can be used in the future for studies pertaining to hepatocarcinogenesis, or as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Oe Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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76
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Bergquist J, Palmblad M, Wetterhall M, Håkansson P, Markides KE. Peptide mapping of proteins in human body fluids using electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2002; 21:2-15. [PMID: 12210611 DOI: 10.1002/mas.10016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Human body fluids have been rediscovered in the post-genomic era as great sources of biological markers and perhaps particularly as sources of potential protein biomarkers of disease. Analytical tools that allow rapid screening, low sample consumption, and accurate protein identification are of great importance in studies of complex biological samples and clinical diagnosis. Mass spectrometry is today one of the most important analytical tools with applications in a wide variety of fields. One of the fastest growing applications is in proteomics, or the study of protein expression in an organism. Mass spectrometry has been used to find post-translational modifications and to identify key functions of proteins in the human body. In this study, we review the use of human body fluids as sources for clinical markers and present new data that show the ability of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry (MS) to identify and characterize proteins in four human body fluids: plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva, and urine. The body fluids were tryptically digested without any prior separation, purification, or selection, and the digest was introduced into a 9.4 T FTICR mass spectrometer by direct-infusion electrospray ionization (ESI). Even though these samples represent complex biological mixtures, the described method provides information that is comparable with traditional 2D-PAGE data. The sample consumption is extremely low, a few microliters, and the analysis time is only a few minutes. It is, however, evident that the separation of proteins and/or peptides must be included in the methodology, in order to detect low-abundance proteins and other proteins of biological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 531, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden.
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77
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Antonucci F, Chilosi M, Santacatterina M, Herbert B, Righetti PG. Proteomics and immunomapping of reactive lymph-node and lymphoma. Electrophoresis 2002; 23:356-62. [PMID: 11840544 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200202)23:2<356::aid-elps356>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we show that two-dimensional (2-D) maps together with immuno-detection allow the precise identification of important leukocyte differentiation and tumor markers (e.g., CD3 and CD5), and important cell cycle regulatory molecules such as cyclin dependent kinases, notably CDK6. In addition, the comparative evaluation of molecular expression (e.g., CD5) in maps developed with normal and lymphoma samples can provide reproducible and precise information regarding the molecular expression in different cell populations. Accordingly, we could detect a much increased level of expression of CD5 in mantle cell lymphoma, up to ten times higher than in the control. In addition, CD5 in tumor tissues seems to be microheterogeneous as compared to normal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Antonucci
- Department of Agricultural and Industrial Biotechnologies, University of Verona, Italy
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78
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Ghafouri B, Ståhlbom B, Tagesson C, Lindahl M. Newly identified proteins in human nasal lavage fluid from non-smokers and smokers using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and peptide mass fingerprinting. Proteomics 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9861(200201)2:1<112::aid-prot112>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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79
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Wait R, Gianazza E, Eberini I, Sironi L, Dunn MJ, Gemeiner M, Miller I. Proteins of rat serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid: VI. Further protein identifications and interstrain comparison. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:3043-52. [PMID: 11565799 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200108)22:14<3043::aid-elps3043>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the biological fluids--serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine--of three strains of rats; the present data extend our database (also available on-line) and may be of interest for pharmacological and toxicological investigation. Specifically, we have defined reference maps of the major protein components in cerebrospinal fluid and urine. Compartment-specific isoforms were recognized for transferrin and transthyretin. Mass spectrometric data established the cleavage site of the signal peptide and identified the N-terminal blocking group of prostaglandin D synthase from rat cerebrospinal fluid. A previously undescribed member of the family of low molecular mass rat urinary proteins was characterized as containing a sequence similar, but not identical, to the N-terminal region of rat urinary protein-2 (RUP-2), and divergent from RUP-1.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Blood Proteins/analysis
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins/analysis
- Databases, Protein
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Female
- Genetic Variation
- Internet
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Weight
- Protein Isoforms/analysis
- Proteins/analysis
- Proteins/classification
- Proteinuria/urine
- Rats/blood
- Rats/cerebrospinal fluid
- Rats/metabolism
- Rats/urine
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Rats, Inbred WKY
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Species Specificity
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Urine/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wait
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith, London, UK
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80
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Lindahl M, Ståhlbom B, Tagesson C. Identification of a new potential airway irritation marker, palate lung nasal epithelial clone protein, in human nasal lavage fluid with two-dimensional electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:1795-800. [PMID: 11425234 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200105)22:9<1795::aid-elps1795>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed protein patterns of human nasal lavage fluid (NLF) with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and identified several proteins (such as transthyretin, Clara Cell protein 16, lipocalin-1, cystatin S, cystatin SN, immunoglobulin binding factor, statherin, calgranulin B, prolactin-inducible protein, and zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein) by N-terminal amino acid sequencing and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionizationtime of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. To investigate whether airway irritation causes alterations in NLF 2-DE patterns, we compared epoxy workers with airway irritation (n=8) and healthy controls (n=6) before and after 2 h exposure to the epoxy chemical, dimethylbenzylamine (DMBA, 100 microg/m3) in an exposure chamber. A 25 kDa protein with pI 5.5 was found to be altered in the NLF 2-DE patterns; a trypsin digest of the 2-DE spot analyzed by MALDI-TOF and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) determined after post-source decay (PSD) identified the protein as palate lung and nasal epithelial clone (PLUNC). In controls, the levels of NLF-PLUNC were generally lower after 2 h exposure, whereas in epoxy workers, the levels were increased three- to twentyfold after exposure. The human gene sequence for PLUNC was just recently reported and so far no biofunctional data are available. Our results suggest that PLUNC is involved in the airway inflammatory response after exposure to irritants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lindahl
- Department of Health and Environment, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden.
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81
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Mans BJ, Venter JD, Vrey PJ, Louw AI, Neitz AW. Identification of putative proteins involved in granule biogenesis of tick salivary glands. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:1739-46. [PMID: 11425229 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200105)22:9<1739::aid-elps1739>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ticks secrete bioactive components during feeding that assist them in gaining a blood meal. Compounds secreted are stored in granules until a stimulus induces secretion during feeding. Biogenesis of tick secretory granules has not been investigated before. An adequate understanding of granule biogenesis could advance our understanding of tick salivary gland biology and could aid in the rational design of tick control methods. Putative tick salivary gland proteins 1-4 (TSGP1-4) involved in granule biogenesis were identified in this study based on their abundance in salivary gland extracts and granule preparations and their ability to aggregate under conditions of slight acidity and high calcium concentration. TSGP2 and TSGP3 have been identified as previously described toxic and nontoxic homologues, respectively, while toxicity was also associated with TSGP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Mans
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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82
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Hashim OH, Ahmad F, Shuib AS. The application of Artocarpus integer seed lectin-M in the detection and isolation of selective human serum acute-phase proteins and immunoglobulins. Immunol Invest 2001; 30:131-41. [PMID: 11465670 DOI: 10.1081/imm-100104021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Champedak (Artocarpus integer) lectin-M is a lectin with high specificity and affinity for the core-mannosyl residues of the N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins. We have studied the interaction of the champedak seed lectin with human serum glycoproteins that were resolved by 2-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis. The lectin demonstrated strong interaction with haptoglobin beta chain, orosomucoid, alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha2-HS glycoprotein, transferrin, hemopexin, alpha1B-glycoprotein, and the heavy chains of IgA, IgM and IgG of the human serum. With exceptions of the heavy chains of the immunoglobulins and alpha1B-glycoprotein, all the other lectin-M-probed glycopeptides are acute-phase proteins. The use of champedak lectin-M to probe for serum glycoproteins that were separated in a 2-D gel electrophoresis and Western blotting technique may be conveniently applied to analyse the acute-phase and humoral immune responses simultaneously. Subjecting human serum to immobilised-lectin-M affinity chromatography was able to isolate intact haptoglobin, alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha1B-glycoprotein, hemopexin and IgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- O H Hashim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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83
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Abstract
We updated the two-dimensional protein database for mouse liver. Microsomal and cytosolic fractions of the liver proteins from male mice were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The proteins were identified by Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) on the basis of peptide mass fingerprinting, following in-gel digestion with trypsin and matching with the theoretical peptide masses of all known proteins from all species. Approximately 5800 spots, excised from 14 two-dimensional gels, were analyzed which resulted in the identification of about 2500 proteins that were the products of 328 different genes. The database includes 112 newly identified gene products. The fractionation prior to two-dimensional electrophoresis was essential for the detection of the new proteins, 55% of which were found in the microsomal and 35% in the cytosolic fraction. The more frequently identified proteins in the various gels were heat shock proteins, house-keeping enzymes, such as ATP synthase chains, disulfide isomerase, and structural proteins, such as tropomyosin. About 45% of the identified proteins were detected 1-3 times, 45% 4-9 times, and the rest 10 or more times. Most proteins were represented by many spots. In average, about 18-20 spots were detected per gene product.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fountoulakis
- Genomics Technologies, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.
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84
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Apfel CM, Locher H, Evers S, Takács B, Hubschwerlen C, Pirson W, Page MG, Keck W. Peptide deformylase as an antibacterial drug target: target validation and resistance development. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:1058-64. [PMID: 11257016 PMCID: PMC90425 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.4.1058-1064.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New inhibitors of peptide deformylase (PDF) which are very potent against the isolated enzyme and show a certain degree of antibacterial activity have recently been synthesized by our group. Several lines of experimental evidence indicate that these inhibitors indeed interfere with the target enzyme in the bacterial cell. (i) The inhibition of Escherichia coli growth could be counteracted by overexpression of PDF from different organisms, including E. coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. Conversely, reduced expression of PDF in S. pneumoniae resulted in an increased susceptibility to the inhibitors. (ii) Proteome analysis on two-dimensional gels revealed a shift for many proteins towards lower pI in the presence of PDF inhibitors, as would be expected if the proteins still carry their N-formyl-Met terminus. (iii) PDF inhibitors show no antimicrobial activity against E. coli under conditions that make growth independent of formylation and deformylation. The antibacterial activity in E. coli was characterized as bacteriostatic. Furthermore, the development of resistance in E. coli was observed to occur with high frequency (10(-7)). Resistant mutants show a reduced growth rate, and DNA sequence analysis revealed mutations in their formyl transferase gene. Taking all these aspects into account, we conclude that PDF may not be an optimal target for broad-spectrum antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Apfel
- Pharma Research Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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85
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Smith MA, Bains SK, Betts JC, Choy EH, Zanders ED. Use of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to measure changes in synovial fluid proteins from patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with antibody to CD4. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 8:105-11. [PMID: 11139202 PMCID: PMC96017 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.8.1.105-111.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2000] [Accepted: 09/18/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Synovial fluid proteins from microliter volumes of synovial fluid were resolved by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and detected by silver staining to investigate the feasibility of using two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis in the clinical research setting and provide global disease information of disease progression. Several hundred proteins could be resolved as spots, many of which displayed the characteristic pattern of plasma-derived glycoproteins. The lowest level of detection was approximately 0.2 ng from a total of 50 microg of protein loaded. Most of the proteins could be identified on the basis of pI and molecular weight when compared with plasma protein maps on the World Wide Web. Unknown proteins were characterized by mass spectrometry of tryptic digests and by comparison with peptide databases. Synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis were analyzed using this technique. Each subject received a fixed dose of antibody to CD4 as part of a phase II clinical trial to determine the efficacy of this immunosuppressive treatment in modifying disease activity. Synovial fluid was removed at day 0, followed by administration of antibody. Subsequent removal of synovial fluid and additional administration of antibody were carried out at different times thereafter. Changes in levels of acute-phase proteins were quantified by densitometry of silver-stained 2D polyacrylamide gels. Other parameters of disease progression such as serum C-reactive protein and physician's global assessment of clinical condition were used for comparison. In this way, changes in acute-phase proteins towards normal levels, as measured by 2D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, could be correlated with clinical improvement and conventional clinical chemistry measurements. Thus, the system can be used for quantitative analysis of protein expression in sites of autoimmune disease activity such as the synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Smith
- Immunopathology, Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development plc, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, United Kingdom.
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86
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Poutanen M, Salusjärvi L, Ruohonen L, Penttilä M, Kalkkinen N. Use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass mapping and nanospray liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry sequence tag analysis for high sensitivity identification of yeast proteins separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2001; 15:1685-1692. [PMID: 11555867 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Current analytical techniques in protein identification by mass spectrometry are based on the generation of peptide mass maps or sequence tags that are idiotypic for the protein sequence. This work reports on the development of the use of mass spectrometric methods for protein identification in research on metabolic pathways of a genetically modified strain of the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This study describes the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass mapping and liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/Q-TOF-ESI-MS/MS) sequence tag analysis in identification of yeast proteins separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE). The spots were selected for analysis in order to collect information for future studies, to cover the whole pI range from 3 to 10, and to evaluate information from spots of different intensities. Mass mapping as a rapid, high-throughput method was in most cases sensitive enough for identification. LC/MS/MS was found to be more sensitive and to provide more accurate data, and was very useful when analyzing small amounts of sample. Even one sequence tag acquired by this method could be enough for unambiguous identification, and, in the present case, successfully identified a point mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Poutanen
- Institute of Biotechnology, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 9), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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87
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Gmuender H, Kuratli K, Gray CP, Keck W, Evers S. Gene expression changes triggered by exposure of Haemophilus influenzae to novobiocin or ciprofloxacin: combined transcription and translation analysis. Genome Res 2001; 11:28-42. [PMID: 11156613 PMCID: PMC311036 DOI: 10.1101/gr.157701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The responses of Haemophilus influenzae to DNA gyrase inhibitors were analyzed at the transcriptional and the translational level. High-density microarrays based on the genomic sequence were used to monitor the expression levels of >80% of the genes in this bacterium. In parallel the proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. DNA gyrase inhibitors of two different functional classes were used. Novobiocin, as a representative of one class, inhibits the ATPase activity of the enzyme, thereby indirectly changing the degree of DNA supercoiling. Ciprofloxacin, a representative of the second class, obstructs supercoiling by inhibiting the DNA cleavage-resealing reaction. Our results clearly show that different responses can be observed. Treatment with the ATPase inhibitor Novobiocin changed the expression rates of many genes, reflecting the fact that the initiation of transcription for many genes is sensitive to DNA supercoiling. Ciprofloxacin mainly stimulated the expression of DNA repair systems as a response to the DNA damage caused by the stable ternary complexes. In addition, changed expression levels were also observed for some genes coding for proteins either annotated as "unknown function" or "hypothetical" or for proteins not directly involved in DNA topology or repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gmuender
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharmaceuticals Division, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
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88
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Chapter 14 Two-dimensional maps. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(01)80046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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89
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Lopez MF, Berggren K, Chernokalskaya E, Lazarev A, Robinson M, Patton WF. A comparison of silver stain and SYPRO Ruby Protein Gel Stain with respect to protein detection in two-dimensional gels and identification by peptide mass profiling. Electrophoresis 2000; 21:3673-83. [PMID: 11271486 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200011)21:17<3673::aid-elps3673>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic projects are often focused on the discovery of differentially expressed proteins between control and experimental samples. Most laboratories choose the approach of running two-dimensional (2-D) gels, analyzing them and identifying the differentially expressed proteins by in-gel digestion and mass spectrometry. To date, the available stains for visualizing proteins on 2-D gels have been less than ideal for these projects because of poor detection sensitivity (Coomassie blue stain) or poor peptide recovery from in-gel digests and mass spectrometry (silver stain), unless extra destaining and washing steps are included in the protocol. In addition, the limited dynamic range of these stains has made it difficult to rigorously and reliably determine subtle differences in protein quantities. SYPRO Ruby Protein Gel Stain is a novel, ruthenium-based fluorescent dye for the detection of proteins in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gels that has properties making it well suited to high-throughput proteomics projects. The advantages of SYPRO Ruby Protein Gel Stain relative to silver stain demonstrated in this study include a broad linear dynamic range and enhanced recovery of peptides from in-gel digests for matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Lopez
- Proteome Systems, Inc., Woburn, MA 01824, USA.
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90
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Abstract
Proteome research aims to unravel the biological complexity encoded by the genome. Due to the complexity of higher eukaryotic cells, single-step characterization of a proteome is likely to be difficult to achieve. However, advantage can be taken of the macromolecular architecture of a cell, e.g., subcellular compartments, organelles, macromolecular structures and multiprotein complexes, to establish subcellular proteomes. This review highlights recent developments in this area of proteomics, namely the establishment of two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) reference maps of subcellular compartments and organelles as well as the characterization of macromolecular structures and multiprotein complexes using a proteomics approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jung
- Central Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland.
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91
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Jung E, Hoogland C, Chiappe D, Sanchez JC, Hochstrasser DF. The establishment of a human liver nuclei two-dimensional electrophoresis reference map. Electrophoresis 2000; 21:3483-7. [PMID: 11079567 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(20001001)21:16<3483::aid-elps3483>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This short communication describes the establishment of a two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) reference map of nuclear proteins isolated from human liver. The human liver nuclei 2-DE reference map contains 1497 spots. In an initial identification study using peptide mass fingerprinting as a means of protein identification we were able to identify 26 spots corresponding to 15 different proteins. The human liver nuclei 2-DE reference map is now included in the SWISS-2DPAGE database, which can be accessed through the ExPASy server (http://www.expasy.ch/ch2d/).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jung
- Central Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland.
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92
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Sickmann A, Dormeyer W, Wortelkamp S, Woitalla D, Kuhn W, Meyer HE. Identification of proteins from human cerebrospinal fluid, separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2000; 21:2721-8. [PMID: 10949151 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(20000701)21:13<2721::aid-elps2721>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to display the protein composition of the cerebrospinal fluid by two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis and identify it using different mass spectrometric techniques. This will enable us to present an overview of the proteins in human cerebrospinal fluid. The comparison of 2-D gels will help us to analyze the normal protein variability in healthy persons and specific protein variations in patients with different neurological diseases (e.g., morbus Alzheimer, chorea Huntington). However, it is not possible to carry out 2-D gel electrophoresis directly with human cerebrospinal fluid due to the high amount of salts, sugars and lipids present. In addition, the total amount of protein is only as high as 0.3-0.7 microg/microL. Therefore, concentration and desalting steps using precipitation and ultrafiltration are necessary. To date we have been able to identify more than 65 spots from 2-D gels using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sickmann
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany.
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93
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Saito N, Motoyama S, Sawamoto J. Effects of new polymer-coated extracorporeal circuits on biocompatibility during cardiopulmonary bypass. Artif Organs 2000; 24:547-54. [PMID: 10916066 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1594.2000.06520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An inflammatory response due to bioincompatibility of extracorporeal circuits is a major clinical issue during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). By using a swine model, we determined whether new polymer-coated circuits, the blood-contacting surfaces of which are coated with poly(2-methoxyethylacrylate) (PMEA), would reduce the inflammatory response during CPB. Plasma bradykinin levels and the percentages of CD35-positive monocytes in PMEA-coated circuits were significantly lower than those in uncoated circuits during CPB. The amount of proteins adsorbed on the PMEA-coated circuits was significantly lower than that on the uncoated circuits (0.30 microg/cm2 versus 3.42 microg/ cm2). Almost no IgG, IgM, or C3c/d was detected in proteins adsorbed on the PMEA-coated circuits although these proteins were clearly detected in proteins adsorbed on the uncoated circuits. We concluded that PMEA coating could reduce complement activation during CPB by suppressing the adsorption of IgG and IgM, which activate C3 via the classical pathway, on the surface of the circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Saito
- Terumo Corporation R&D Center, Biological Evaluation Center, Kanagawa, Japan
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94
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Wattiez R, Hermans C, Cruyt C, Bernard A, Falmagne P. Human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid protein two-dimensional database: study of interstitial lung diseases. Electrophoresis 2000; 21:2703-12. [PMID: 10949149 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(20000701)21:13<2703::aid-elps2703>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we published an analytical two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) protein map of human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) using a pool of BALFs from various patients. In this report, the effect of lung disorders on the protein composition of the lung epithelial lining fluid was investigated by 2-DE of BALFs from individual patients with well-defined interstitial lung diseases: sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), using improved experimental conditions. On these gels, about 600-1000 stained protein spots could be identified in a BALF sample containing 25 microg of protein, and our original human BALF protein database has, therefore, been considerably extended. Altogether, 429 protein spots corresponding to 66 different proteins (including isoforms, protein subunits and fragments) were identified by microsequence analysis and by matching with a human blood plasma 2-DE protein map available in the SWISS-2DPAGE database. A human 2-DE BALF database was established and is available on the World Wide Web (http://www.umh.ac.be/-biochim/proteomic.htm+ ++). The significance of the modifications observed between the different lung pathologies is discussed with the aim of understanding the mechanistic bases of lung disease pathogenesis and finding new potential lung markers of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wattiez
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Mons-Hainaut, Belgium.
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95
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Yu L, Wang N, Wu G, Xu Y, Xia Q. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis of the proteomes expressed in the human hepatoma cell line BEL-7404 and normal liver cell line L-02. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02887185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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96
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Raymackers J, Daniels A, De Brabandere V, Missiaen C, Dauwe M, Verhaert P, Vanmechelen E, Meheus L. Identification of two-dimensionally separated human cerebrospinal fluid proteins by N-terminal sequencing, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization--mass spectrometry, nanoliquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry, and tandem mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2000; 21:2266-83. [PMID: 10892737 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(20000601)21:11<2266::aid-elps2266>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Optimal application of biological mass spectrometry (MS) in combination with two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) of human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can lead to the identification of new potential biological markers of neurological disorders. To this end, we analyzed a number of 2-D PAGE protein spots in a human CSF pool using spot co-localization, N-terminal sequencing, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and nanoliquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (nanoLC-ESI-TOF-MS) with tandem MS switching. Our constructed CSF master contained 469 spots after image analysis and processing of 2-D gels. Upon visual inspection of our CSF master with the CSF pattern available on the ExPASy server, it was possible to locate and annotate 15 proteins. N-terminal sequence analysis and MALDI-MS peptide mass fingerprint analysis of both silver- and Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) G-250-stained protein spots after in situ trypsin digest not only confirmed nine of the visually annotated spots but additionally resolved the identity of another 13 spots. Six of these proteins were not annotated on the 2-D ExPASy map: complement C3 alpha-chain (1321-1663), complement factor B, cystatin C, calgranulin A, hemoglobin beta-chain, and beta-2-microglobulin. It was clear that MALDI-MS identification from CBB G-250-stained, rather than from silver-stained, spots was more successful. In cases where no N-terminal sequence and/or no clear MALDI-MS result was available, nanoLC-ESI-TOF-MS and tandem MS automated switching was used to clarify and/or identify these protein spots by generating amino acid sequence tags. In addition, enrichment of the concentration of low-abundant proteins on 2-D PAGE was obtained by removal of albumin and immunoglobulins from the CSF pool using affinity chromatography. Subsequent analysis by 2-D PAGE of the fractionated CSF pool showed various new silver-stainable protein spots, of which four were identified by nanoLC-ESI-TOF-MS and tandem MS switching. No significant homology was found in either protein or DNA databases, indicating than these spots were unknown proteins.
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97
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Fountoulakis M, Berndt P, Boelsterli UA, Crameri F, Winter M, Albertini S, Suter L. Two-dimensional database of mouse liver proteins: changes in hepatic protein levels following treatment with acetaminophen or its nontoxic regioisomer 3-acetamidophenol. Electrophoresis 2000; 21:2148-61. [PMID: 10892726 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(20000601)21:11<2148::aid-elps2148>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Overdose of acetaminophen (APAP) causes acute hepatotoxicity in rodents and man. The mechanism underlying APAP-induced liver injury remains unclear, but experimental evidence strongly suggests that activation of APAP and subsequent formation of protein adducts are involved in hepatotoxicity. Using proteomics technologies, we constructed a two-dimensional protein database for mouse liver, comprising 256 different gene products and investigated the proteins affected after APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Adult male mice received a single dose of APAP (100 or 300 mg/kg) or its nontoxic regioisomer 3-acetamidophenol (AMAP, 300 mg/kg). The extent of liver damage was assessed 8 h after administration by increased liver enzyme release and histopathology. Changes in the protein level were studied by comparison of the intensities of the corresponding spots on two-dimensional (2-D) gels. The expression level of about 35 of the identified proteins was modified due to treatment with APAP or AMAP. The observed changes were usually in the order of 10-50% of the control value and were more marked in the high- than in the low-dose of APAP-treated animals. Most of the changes caused by AMAP occurred in a subset of the proteins modified by APAP. Many of the proteins showing changed expression levels are either known targets for covalent modification by N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI) or involved in the regulation of mechanisms that are believed to drive APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fountoulakis
- F. Hoffmann-LaRoche Ltd., Pharmaceutical Research, Genomics Technologies, Basle, Switzerland
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98
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Abstract
Two-dimensional electrophoresis technology was used to investigate protein synthesis by the mesophilic bacterium Escherichia coli at low temperature. It was confirmed that protein synthesis in E. coli decreased strongly after a temperature downshift from 37 to 4 degrees C. After incubation for 150 min at 4 degrees C, however, the number of synthesized proteins represented 60% of the overall polypeptide number observed at 37 degrees C. Furthermore, the analysis of autoradiograms revealed the overexpression of 69 proteins by shocked bacteria, showing that the number of cold-induced proteins has been significantly underestimated so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Perrot
- Faculté des Sciences de Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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99
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Abstract
Recent evidence has demonstrated a lack of correlation between transcriptional profiles and actual protein levels in cells. Proteome analysis has therefore become indispensable and complementary to genomic analysis for an accurate picture of cellular metabolism. Although proteomics is a relatively young discipline, technology for increasing throughput in proteomic projects is rapidly being developed. The operating paradigm in proteome analysis today is a combination of two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis (for protein resolution) with mass spectrometry (for protein identification). All the intermediary steps in the procedure including gel staining, image analysis, protein spot excision, digestion and mass spectrometry can be automated to increase efficiency and save time. This report reviews the current state of the proteomics technology and discusses approaches to enhance the sensitivity of 2-D gels with fractionation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Lopez
- VP Proteomics R&D Genomic Solutions Inc, Chelmsford, MA 01824-4171, USA.
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100
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Abstract
Bodily fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum can be analysed at the time of presentation and throughout the course of the disease. Changes in the protein composition of CSF may be indicative of altered CNS protein expression pattern with a causative or diagnostic disease link. These findings can be strengthened through subsequent proteomic analysis of specific brain areas implicated in the pathology. New isolation strategies of clinically relevant cellular material such as laser capture microdissection, protein enrichment procedures and proteomic approaches to neuropeptide and neurotransmitter analysis give us the opportunity to map out complex cellular interaction at an unprecedented level of detail. In neurological disorders multiple underlying pathogenic mechanisms as well as an acute and a chronic CNS disease components may require a selective repertoire of molecular targets and biomarkers rather than an individual protein to better define a complex disease. The resulting proteome database bypasses many ambiguities of experimental models and may facilitate pre- and clinical development of more specific disease markers and new selective fast acting therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rohlff
- Oxford GlycoSciences, Abingdon Science Park, United Kingdom.
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