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Peters T, Antel J, Föcker M, Esber S, Hinney A, Schéle E, Dickson SL, Albayrak Ö, Hebebrand J. The association of serum leptin levels with food addiction is moderated by weight status in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2018; 26:618-628. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Triinu Peters
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Essen; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Jochen Antel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Essen; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Manuel Föcker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Essen; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Simon Esber
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Essen; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Anke Hinney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Essen; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Erik Schéle
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology; The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Suzanne L. Dickson
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology; The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Özgür Albayrak
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy; Hannover Medical School (MHH); Hannover Germany
| | - Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Essen; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
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Food addiction, orthorexia, and food-related stress among dietetics students. Eat Weight Disord 2018; 23:459-467. [PMID: 29779146 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-018-0514-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Health sciences, and in particular Nutrition and Dietetics students, have been shown to exhibit an increased prevalence of disordered eating. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to evaluate other specified feeding and eating disorders (OSFEDs), including stress-related eating, food addiction, and orthorexia, in relation to the dietary intake, among nutrition/dietetics students. METHODS A total of 176 undergraduate students from a Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, in Greece, participated in the study. Dietary intake was recorded, and the prevalence of Eating and Appraisal Due to Emotion and Stress (EADES), food addiction (with the modified Yale Food Addition scale mYFAS), and orthorexia were assessed. Chi-square and t tests were performed between sexes, orthorexic and non-orthorexic students, as well as between food-addicted and non-addicted participants. Multiple linear regression analysis assessed relationships between energy intake, BMI or waist circumference, and the food-related psychometric scales. RESULTS Among participating students, 4.5% had food addiction and 68.2% demonstrated orthorexia. No differences were observed between men and women, concerning the prevalence of food addiction and orthorexia, the sum of mYFAS symptoms, or individual EADES factors. Orthorexic students exhibited increased BMI, reduced energy, and saturated fat intake. In addition, orthorexic men consumed more vegetables. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that orthorexic behavior was associated with increased BMI, waist circumference and energy intake. Lower BMI was associated with increasing ability to cope with emotion-and-stress-related eating and increasing appraisal of ability and resources to cope with emotions and stress. Emotion-and-stress-related eating was negatively associated with BMI. Appraisal of ability and resources to cope with emotions and stress was associated with the energy intake. Finally, age was positively correlated with the appraisal of outside stressors/influences, indicating increased ability to cope with outside stressors among older students. CONCLUSIONS The study shows that despite the suggested interventions, the problem of OSFEDs among nutrition and dietetics students is still valid. Regular screening, counseling, and education is needed to reduce its prevalence. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Juarascio A, Lantz EL, Muratore AF, Lowe MR. Addressing Weight Suppression to Improve Treatment Outcome for Bulimia Nervosa. COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PRACTICE 2018; 25:391-401. [PMID: 30220839 PMCID: PMC6132276 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is regarded as the gold-standard treatment for bulimia nervosa (BN), yet despite impressive empirical support for its effectiveness, over 50% of patients fail to achieve abstinence from binge eating and purging by the end of treatment. One factor that may contribute to reduced efficacy rates in CBT is weight suppression (WS; the difference between a person's highest weight ever at their adult height and current weight). A growing body of research indicates that WS in patients with BN may have a clinically significant effect on symptomatology and prognosis. However, the current cognitive behavioral framework for BN does not explicitly acknowledge the role of WS in the onset or maintenance of BN symptoms and does not provide guidance for clinicians on how to address WS during treatment. The relationship between WS, biological pressure to regain lost weight, and the maintenance of BN symptoms suggest that current cognitive behavioral models of BN may be improved by considering the role of WS and exploring needed treatment modifications. Indeed, a reconceptualization of existing models may offer insight into potential strategies that can be used to reduce the susceptibility to treatment dropout, nonresponse, and relapse. It is therefore necessary to consider whether, and how, clinicians' consideration of WS during case conceptualization and treatment planning could serve to improve CBT outcomes. The current review explores ways in which high WS could contribute to poor CBT outcomes, provides preliminary clinical recommendations for incorporating WS into existing cognitive behavioral treatments based on extant data and clinical wisdom, and proposes suggestions for future research needed in this domain.
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Lacroix E, Tavares H, von Ranson KM. Moving beyond the "eating addiction" versus "food addiction" debate: Comment on Schulte et al. (2017). Appetite 2018; 130:286-292. [PMID: 29936021 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In a recent commentary, Schulte et al. (2017) argued that addictive-like eating should be conceptualized as a substance use disorder rather than a behavioural addiction, and noted that many parallels that Hebebrand et al. (2014) drew between addictive-like eating and behavioural addictions apply likewise to substance use disorders. However, we argue that many of the arguments advanced by Schulte et al. (2017) in support of a substance-based food addiction model, including the important role played by ingested substances, are nonspecific. That is, these arguments apply equally well to behavioural addictions and other mental disorders, notably eating disorders, which raises the question of whether the phenomenon of addictive-like eating is encompassed by existing eating disorder diagnoses. Similarities between addictive-like eating and substance use, no matter how compelling, do not ensure the validity or clinical utility of a substance-based food addiction model and should not drive the conceptualization of addictive-like eating. The present commentary discusses problems with Schulte et al.'s (2017) arguments for substance-based food addiction, and draws attention to alternative conceptualizations of addictive-like eating which risk being overlooked when this conversation is framed as a dichotomous debate between the food and eating addiction models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lacroix
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Hermano Tavares
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira César, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-010, Brazil.
| | - Kristin M von Ranson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Maranhão MF, Estella NM, Cogo-Moreira H, Schmidt U, Campbell IC, Claudino AM. Concept and evaluation of food craving: unidimensional scales based on the Trait and the State Food Craving Questionnaire. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2018; 34:e00144717. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00144717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract: “Craving” is a motivational state that promotes an intense desire related to consummatory behaviors. Despite growing interest in the concept of food craving, there is a lack of available instruments to assess it in Brazilian Portuguese. The objectives were to translate and adapt the Trait and the State Food Craving Questionnaire (FCQ-T and FCQ-S) to Brazilian Portuguese and to evaluate the psychometric properties of these versions.The FCQ-T and FCQ-S were translated and adapted to Brazilian Portuguese and administered to students at the Federal University of São Paulo. Both questionnaires in their original models were examined considering different estimators (frequentist and bayesian). The goodness of fit underlying the items from both scales was assessed through the following fit indices: χ2, WRMR residual, comparative fit index, Tucker-Lewis index and RMSEA. Data from 314 participants were included in the analyses. Poor fit indices were obtained for both of the original questionnaires regardless of the estimator used and original structural model. Thus, three eating disorder experts reviewed the content of the instruments and selected the items which were considered to assess the core aspects of the craving construct. The new and reduced models (questionnaires) generated good fit indices. Our abbreviated versions of FCQ-S and FCQ-T considerably diverge from the conceptual framework of the original questionnaires. Based on the results of this study, we propose a possible alternative, i.e., to assess craving for food as a unidimensional construct.
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Magyar ÉE, Tényi D, Gearhardt A, Jeges S, Abaligeti G, Tóth ÁL, Janszky J, Molnár D, Tényi T, Csábi G. Adaptation and validation of the Hungarian version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:181-188. [PMID: 29383940 PMCID: PMC6035032 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Childhood obesity proves to be an important public health issue, since it serves as a potential risk factor for multiple diseases. Food addiction could also serve as an important etiological factor. As childhood obesity plays a serious issue also in Hungary, we aimed to adapt and validate the Hungarian version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (H-YFAS-C). Methods A total of 191 children were assessed with the H-YFAS-C and the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI). The following psychometric properties were analyzed: internal consistency, construct validity, convergent, and discriminant validity. Results A good construct validity was revealed by confirmatory factor analysis (RMSEA = 0.0528, CFI = 0.896, χ2 value = 279.06). Question 25 proved to have no significant effect on its group and was removed from further analyses. The Kuder-Richardson 20 coefficient indicated good internal consistency (K20 = 0.82). With the use of the eight EDI subscales, a good convergent and discriminant validity could be determined. Food addiction was diagnosed in 8.9% of children. The mean symptom count was 1.7 ± 1.2 (range: 0-7). Females were more often diagnosed with food addiction than males (p = .016; OR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.2-10.6). BMI percentiles were significantly higher in children with diagnosed food addiction (p = .003). There proved to be no correlation between age and the occurrence of food addiction. Discussion and conclusion Our results show that H-YFAS-C is a good and reliable tool for addictive-like behavior assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Erzsébet Magyar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dalma Tényi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary,Corresponding author: Dalma Tényi; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Pécs, Rét u.2., 7623 Pécs, Hungary; Phone: +36 72 536 000; Fax: +36 72 535 911; E-mail:
| | - Ashley Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sára Jeges
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gallusz Abaligeti
- Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ákos Levente Tóth
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - József Janszky
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dénes Molnár
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tényi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Györgyi Csábi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Burrows T, Kay-Lambkin F, Pursey K, Skinner J, Dayas C. Food addiction and associations with mental health symptoms: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Hum Nutr Diet 2018; 31:544-572. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Burrows
- School of Health Sciences; Faculty of Health and Medicine; Priority Research Centre of Physical Activity and Nutrition; University of Newcastle; Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - F. Kay-Lambkin
- Faculty Health and Medicine; NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre; University of Newcastle; Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - K. Pursey
- School of Health Sciences; Faculty of Health and Medicine; Priority Research Centre of Physical Activity and Nutrition; University of Newcastle; Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - J. Skinner
- School of Health Sciences; Faculty of Health and Medicine; Priority Research Centre of Physical Activity and Nutrition; University of Newcastle; Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - C. Dayas
- School of Biomedicine and Pharmacy; Faculty of Health and Medicine; University of Newcastle; Newcastle NSW Australia
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Sanlier N, Navruz Varli S, Macit MS, Mortas H, Tatar T. Evaluation of disordered eating tendencies in young adults. Eat Weight Disord 2017; 22:623-631. [PMID: 28871480 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-017-0430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE It was aimed to determine the prevalence of high disordered eating tendencies and its relationship with food addiction, emotional eating and self esteem in participants at 18 and 33 years age group. METHODS This study was planned as a cross-sectional study and conducted with 1359 young adult volunteers (M = 386, F = 973) with an average age of 22.4 ± 2.84 years. Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), Emotional Appetite Questionnaire (EMAQ) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) were used. EAT-26 score above 20 was considered as eating disorders risk cutoff. RESULTS Participants with disordered eating tendencies have higher rates (22.4%) of food addiction compared to participants without high disordered eating tendencies (7.2%). There is no difference for EMAQ and YFAS scores; however, there is a significant difference for RSES and EAT-26 scores according to gender. A positive association of EAT-26 with YFAS and EMAQ-negative scores and a negative association of EAT-26 with RSES and EMAQ-positive were found. DISCUSSION There is association among EAT-26, YFAS, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Emotional Appetite Questionnaire scores. This study provides information for future studies about high disordered eating tendencies, food addiction and mood that are thought to be important in young adults. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V (cross-sectional descriptive study).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevin Sanlier
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Science Faculty, Biruni University, Topkapı, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Semra Navruz Varli
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Sedanur Macit
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hande Mortas
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tugba Tatar
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey
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Albayrak Ö, Föcker M, Kliewer J, Esber S, Peters T, de Zwaan M, Hebebrand J. Eating-related Psychopathology and Food Addiction in Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2017; 25:214-220. [PMID: 28402068 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aims were to investigate the relationship between food addiction and mental disorders including eating disorders (ED), eating-related psychopathology and body mass index-standard deviation score in a sample of adolescent psychiatric inpatients. METHODS Food addiction was assessed with the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS). Eating-related psychopathology was measured with the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ). Psychiatric diagnoses were assessed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. The sample consisted of n = 242 adolescent psychiatric inpatients, of which n = 37 (15.3%) met criteria for an ED. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the association between YFAS symptom count, TFEQ scales and ED controlling for age and gender. RESULTS Food addiction frequency was 16.5%, and the mean YFAS symptom count was 2.39 (SD: 1.60). In patients with food addiction, TFEQ scale scores were significantly higher than patients without food addiction. Frequency of ED was 42.9% in patients with and 9.9% in patients without food addiction. The TFEQ subscales disinhibition and hunger as well as diagnosis of ED were associated with YFAS symptom count. DISCUSSION Food addiction in adolescent psychiatric inpatients occurs with rates higher than those seen in community samples of children, adolescents and adults. Food addiction might be associated with eating styles related to susceptibility to hunger and feelings of loss of control. The implications of high-YFAS scores in restricting-type anorexia nervosa warrant further investigations to explore which and how the respective items are interpreted in this ED subgroup. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgür Albayrak
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, LVR Klinikum, Universitätsklinikum Essen (AöR), Essen, Germany
| | - Manuel Föcker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, LVR Klinikum, Universitätsklinikum Essen (AöR), Essen, Germany
| | - Josephine Kliewer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, LVR Klinikum, Universitätsklinikum Essen (AöR), Essen, Germany
| | - Simon Esber
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, LVR Klinikum, Universitätsklinikum Essen (AöR), Essen, Germany
| | - Triinu Peters
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, LVR Klinikum, Universitätsklinikum Essen (AöR), Essen, Germany
| | - Martina de Zwaan
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, LVR Klinikum, Universitätsklinikum Essen (AöR), Essen, Germany
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Küçükerdönmez Ö, Urhan M, Altın M, Hacıraifoğlu Ö, Yıldız B. Assessment of the relationship between food addiction and nutritional status in schizophrenic patients. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 22:392-400. [PMID: 29078744 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1392429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is one of today's most important public health problems. It is suggested that overeating and substance addiction show similarities, and addiction to food may be an important factor in the obesity epidemic. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of food addiction among schizophrenic patients and to examine the relationship between food addiction and anthropometric measurements and dietary nutrient intake. METHODS Study participants included a total of 104 schizophrenic outpatients, 62 females and 42 males. Food addiction was assessed by using the Yale Food Addiction Scale, and the anthropometric measurements of participants and their three-day food consumption were recorded. RESULTS This study found that more than half of the schizophrenic patients (60.6%) had food addiction, and that female schizophrenic patients had a higher prevalence (62.9%) of food addiction than male patients (57.1%). More than one-third of the schizophrenic patients with food addiction (41.3%) were found to be obese and their BMI, body weight, waist circumference, and body-fat ratio were higher than those of schizophrenic patients who did not have food addiction (P > 0.05). Moreover, the schizophrenic patients with food addiction were found to take significantly more energy, carbohydrate, and fat in their diet (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION It was observed that the development of food addiction in schizophrenic patients increased the risk of obesity and cardiovascular diseases, which were found to be at higher levels in these patients. Educational programs should be planned for these patients to acquire health dietary habits and to increase their physical activity levels, and an additional psychosocial support should be provided for patients with food addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Küçükerdönmez
- a Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics , Ege University , İzmir , Turkey
| | - Murat Urhan
- b Mental Health and Diseases Hospital , Manisa , Turkey
| | - Merve Altın
- c Izmir Atatürk School of Health, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics , Ege University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Özge Hacıraifoğlu
- c Izmir Atatürk School of Health, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics , Ege University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Burak Yıldız
- c Izmir Atatürk School of Health, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics , Ege University , Izmir , Turkey
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Bourdier L, Orri M, Carre A, Gearhardt AN, Romo L, Dantzer C, Berthoz S. Are emotionally driven and addictive-like eating behaviors the missing links between psychological distress and greater body weight? Appetite 2017; 120:536-546. [PMID: 29030085 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
There is now a large body of evidence suggesting a significant association between emotional discomfort management, disordered eating behaviors and weight status. In the field of overweight and obesity, emotionally driven eating habits that resemble addictive behaviors are considered as a risk factor. This study aimed to investigate in a large sample of French university students 1) the associations between self-reported levels of psychological distress (PD), emotional eating (EE), food addiction (FA) and Body Mass Index (BMI); and 2) the potential mediation effect of eating behaviors (EE and FA) between PD and BMI. The responses of 1051 students (76.3% females) to self-reports assessing PD (Perceived Stress Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), EE (Intuitive Eating Scale-2) and FA (modified Yale Food Addiction Scale) were analysed. Associations between variables (Spearman correlation) and group comparisons by sex and BMI categories (Student's t tests/ANOVA) were tested, followed by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) by sex. Among females and males, EE and FA scores were positively inter-related and correlated with PD scores and BMI. Moreover, among females and males, SEM showed that both EE and FA acts as mediators between PD and BMI. Hence, among educated young adults, using food consumption for down-regulating negative mood places the individual at risk for overweight and obesity. This study further emphasizes the necessity to take into account emotionally driven and addictive-like eating behaviors in interventions for promoting healthy eating and weight management.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bourdier
- EA4430 CLIPSYD, University Paris Nanterre, 92000 Nanterre, France.
| | - M Orri
- CESP, INSERM, University Paris-Sud, UVSQ, University Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France
| | - A Carre
- Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP/PC2S, F-73000, Chambéry, France
| | - A N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - L Romo
- EA4430 CLIPSYD, University Paris Nanterre, 92000 Nanterre, France; INSERM U894 CPN, CMME Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, 75014, Paris, France
| | - C Dantzer
- Laboratory of Psychology, University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - S Berthoz
- CESP, INSERM, University Paris-Sud, UVSQ, University Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France; Psychiatry Unit, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, 75014, Paris, France
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Burrows T, Skinner J, McKenna R, Rollo M. Food Addiction, Binge Eating Disorder, and Obesity: Is There a Relationship? Behav Sci (Basel) 2017; 7:bs7030054. [PMID: 28805749 PMCID: PMC5618062 DOI: 10.3390/bs7030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Existing research suggests that there is an overlap between binge eating disorder (BED) and the construct of 'food addiction' (FA). The objective of this study was to determine the overlapping features of BED and FA through a comparison of the individual scales of commonly used tools including the Binge Eating Scale (BES) and the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) in a sample of Australian adults. Adults (>18 years of age) were invited to complete an anonymous online survey on FA. Binge eating was assessed through the BES and addictive eating behaviours were assessed through the YFAS (n = 1344). The prevalence and severity of both FA and binge eating increased across weight categories. The overall correlation between the total score from the BES and FA symptoms was r = 0.76, p < 0.001; for females it was r = 0.77, p < 0.001, and for males it was r = 0.65, p < 0.001. Total BES score and the BES emotion factor were most often associated with FA symptoms, as was demonstrated to produce stronger correlations with FA symptoms. In contrast, the BES behaviour factor was less strongly associated to FA with the majority of correlations <0.6. This study demonstrates the overlap between BED and FA, and highlights the possible unique differences between the forms of disordered eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Burrows
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia.
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia.
| | - Janelle Skinner
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia.
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia.
| | - Rebecca McKenna
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia.
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia.
| | - Megan Rollo
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia.
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia.
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Brewerton TD. Food addiction as a proxy for eating disorder and obesity severity, trauma history, PTSD symptoms, and comorbidity. Eat Weight Disord 2017; 22:241-247. [PMID: 28361213 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-016-0355-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Food addiction (FA) is a newly defined yet still controversial condition that has important etiological, developmental, treatment, prevention, and social policy implications. In this review, the case is made that FA (or high scores on the Yale Food Addiction Scale) may be used as a proxy measure for a matrix of interrelated clinical features, including greater eating disorder severity, greater obesity severity, more severe trauma histories, greater symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), greater psychiatric comorbidity, as well as greater medical morbidity and mortality. METHODS A Medline search was undertaken using the following terms: food addiction cross-referenced with eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and binge eating), obesity, trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and comorbidity. RESULTS The thesis is that the identification and acknowledgment of the concept of FA, when integrated into an overall, trauma-focused and transdiagnostic treatment approach, are supported and can be useful in understanding clinically the "big picture." CONCLUSIONS Food addiction (FA) may be used as a proxy for (1) bulimic eating disorder severity, (2) complex trauma histories, (3) severity of PTSD and PTSD symptoms, (4) intensity of psychiatric comorbidity, (5) severity of obesity, as well as (6) their combination. Implications for developing treatment strategies are discussed. The case for a comprehensive management that requires careful attention to medical and psychiatric assessment and integrated care that incorporates trauma-focused treatment is made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Brewerton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA. .,, 216 Scott Street, Mount Pleasant, SC, 29464, USA.
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Wolz I, Granero R, Fernández-Aranda F. A comprehensive model of food addiction in patients with binge-eating symptomatology: The essential role of negative urgency. Compr Psychiatry 2017; 74:118-124. [PMID: 28160693 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food addiction has been widely researched in past years. However, there is a debate on the mechanisms underlying addictive eating and a better understanding of the processes associated to these behaviors is needed. Previous studies have found characteristic psychological correlates of food addiction, such as high negative urgency, emotion regulation difficulties and low self-directedness, in different samples of adults with addictive eating patterns. Still, it seems difficult to disentangle effects independent from general eating disorder psychopathology. Therefore, this study aimed to test a comprehensive model under control of eating disorder severity, in order to find independent predictors of food addiction. METHODS 315 patients with eating disorder diagnoses on the binge-eating spectrum were assessed in personality, emotion regulation, negative urgency, eating disorder symptomatology, and food addiction by self-report. Hypothesis-driven structural equation modeling was conducted to test the comprehensive model. RESULTS The only independent predictor found for food addiction was negative urgency, while self-directedness and emotion regulation predicted negative urgency and were highly related to eating disorder symptomatology, but not to food addiction. CONCLUSIONS Altogether the model suggests that low self-directedness and difficulties in emotion regulation are related to higher eating disorder symptomatology in general. Those patients who, in addition to these traits, tend to act impulsively when in negative mood states, are at risk for developing addictive eating patterns. Urgency-based treatments are therefore recommended for this subgroup of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Wolz
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Dep. Psicobiologia i Metodologia, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Carrer de Ca n'Altayó s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.
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65
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Wiss DA, Brewerton TD. Incorporating food addiction into disordered eating: the disordered eating food addiction nutrition guide (DEFANG). Eat Weight Disord 2017; 22:49-59. [PMID: 27943202 PMCID: PMC5334442 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-016-0344-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although not formally recognized by the DSM-5, food addiction (FA) has been well described in the scientific literature. FA has emerged as a clinical entity that is recognized within the spectrum of disordered eating, particularly in patients with bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder and/or co-occurring addictive disorders and obesity. Integrating the concept of FA into the scope of disordered eating has been challenging for ED treatment professionals, since there is no well-accepted treatment model. The confusion surrounding the implications of FA, as well as the impact of the contemporary Westernized diet, may contribute to poor treatment outcomes. The purpose of this review is twofold. The first is to briefly explore the relationships between EDs and addictions, and the second is to propose a new model of conceptualizing and treating EDs that incorporates recent data on FA. Since treatment for EDs should vary based on individual assessment and diagnosis, the Disordered Eating Food Addiction Nutrition Guide (DEFANG) is presented as a tool for framing treatment goals and helping patients achieve sustainable recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Wiss
- Nutrition in Recovery LLC, 8549 Wilshire Blvd. #646, Beverly Hills, CA, 90211, USA.
| | - Timothy D Brewerton
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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66
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Hauck C, Weiß A, Schulte EM, Meule A, Ellrott T. Prevalence of 'Food Addiction' as Measured with the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 in a Representative German Sample and Its Association with Sex, Age and Weight Categories. Obes Facts 2017; 10:12-24. [PMID: 28190017 PMCID: PMC5644971 DOI: 10.1159/000456013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To assess the prevalence and correlates of addictive-like eating behavior in Germany. METHODS The German version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) 2.0 was used to investigate, for the first time, the prevalence of 'food addiction' in a representative sample aged 18-65 years (N = 1,034). RESULTS The prevalence of 'food addiction' measured by the YFAS 2.0 was 7.9%. Individuals meeting criteria for 'food addiction' had higher BMI and were younger than individuals not meeting the threshold. Underweight (15.0%) and obese (17.2%) individuals exhibited the highest prevalence rate of 'food addiction'. Addictive-like eating was not associated with sex, education level, or place of residence. CONCLUSION YFAS 2.0 'food addiction' was met by nearly 8% of the population. There is a non-linear relationship between addictive-like eating and BMI, with the highest prevalence among underweight and obese persons. These findings suggest that 'food addiction' may be a contributor to overeating but may also reflect a distinct phenotype of problematic eating behavior not synonymous with obesity. Further, the elevated prevalence of YFAS 2.0 'food addiction' among underweight individuals may reflect an overlap with eating disorders and warrants attention in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Hauck
- Institute for Nutrition and Psychology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany, Salzburg, Austria
- *Carolin Hauck, Institute for Nutrition and Psychology, University Medicine Göttingen, Humboldtallee 32, 37073 Göttingen, Germany,
| | - Annegret Weiß
- Institute for Nutrition and Psychology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Erica Marla Schulte
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Ellrott
- Institute for Nutrition and Psychology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany, Salzburg, Austria
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67
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Reward-Based Spatial Learning in Teens With Bulimia Nervosa. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 55:962-971.e3. [PMID: 27806864 PMCID: PMC5098471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.07.778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the functioning of mesolimbic and fronto-striatal areas involved in reward-based spatial learning in teenaged girls with bulimia nervosa (BN) that might be involved in the development and maintenance of maladaptive behaviors characteristic of the disorder. METHOD We compared functional magnetic resonance imaging blood oxygen level-dependent response in 27 adolescent girls with BN to that of 27 healthy, age-matched control participants during a reward-based learning task that required learning to use extra-maze cues to navigate a virtual 8-arm radial maze to find hidden rewards. We compared groups in their patterns of brain activation associated with reward-based spatial learning versus a control condition in which rewards were unexpected because they were allotted pseudo-randomly to experimentally prevent learning. RESULTS Both groups learned to navigate the maze to find hidden rewards, but group differences in brain activity associated with maze navigation and reward processing were detected in the fronto-striatal regions and right anterior hippocampus. Unlike healthy adolescents, those with BN did not engage the right inferior frontal gyrus during maze navigation, activated the right anterior hippocampus during the receipt of unexpected rewards (control condition), and deactivated the left superior frontal gyrus and right anterior hippocampus during expected reward receipt (learning condition). These patterns of hippocampal activation in the control condition were significantly associated with the frequency of binge-eating episodes. CONCLUSION Adolescents with BN displayed abnormal functioning of the anterior hippocampus and fronto-striatal regions during reward-based spatial learning. These findings suggest that an imbalance in control and reward circuits may arise early in the course of BN. Clinical trial registration information-An fMRI Study of Self-Regulation in Adolescents With Bulimia Nervosa; https://clinicaltrials.gov/; NCT00345943.
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Disordered Eating Behaviors and Food Addiction among Nutrition Major College Students. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8110673. [PMID: 27792162 PMCID: PMC5133061 DOI: 10.3390/nu8110673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of whether nutrition students are free from food-related issues or at higher risk for eating disorders is inconsistent. This study aimed to assess disordered eating behaviors and food addiction among nutrition and non-nutrition major college students. Students (n = 967, ages 18–25, female 72.7%, white 74.8%) enrolled at a public university completed online demographic characteristics surveys and validated questionnaires measuring specific disordered eating behaviors. Academic major category differences were compared. Additionally, high risk participants were assessed by weight status and academic year. Overall, 10% of respondents were a high level of concern for developing eating disorders. About 10.3% of respondents met criteria for food addiction. In addition, 4.5% of respondents had co-occurrence of eating disorder risk and food addiction risk out of total respondents. There were no significant differences in level of concern for developing an eating disorder, eating subscales, or food addiction among academic majors. The percentage of high risk participants was lower in the underweight/normal weight group than in the overweight/obese group in health-related non-nutrition major students but not in nutrition students. Early screening, increasing awareness, and promoting healthy eating habits could be potential strategies to help treat and prevent the development of disorders or associated health conditions in nutrition as well as non-nutrition students.
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69
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Hilker I, Sánchez I, Steward T, Jiménez-Murcia S, Granero R, Gearhardt AN, Rodríguez-Muñoz RC, Dieguez C, Crujeiras AB, Tolosa-Sola I, Casanueva FF, Menchón JM, Fernández-Aranda F. Food Addiction in Bulimia Nervosa: Clinical Correlates and Association with Response to a Brief Psychoeducational Intervention. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2016; 24:482-488. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Hilker
- Department of Psychiatry; University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology; Hospital Clínic of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Isabel Sánchez
- Department of Psychiatry; University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
| | - Trevor Steward
- Department of Psychiatry; University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn); Instituto Salud Carlos III; Barcelona Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry; University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn); Instituto Salud Carlos III; Barcelona Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine; University of Barcelona; Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn); Instituto Salud Carlos III; Barcelona Spain
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology; University Autònoma of Barcelona; Spain
| | | | | | - Carlos Dieguez
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn); Instituto Salud Carlos III; Barcelona Spain
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS; University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Ana B. Crujeiras
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn); Instituto Salud Carlos III; Barcelona Spain
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Research Area; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela; A Coruña Spain
| | - Iris Tolosa-Sola
- Department of Psychiatry; University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
| | - Felipe F. Casanueva
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn); Instituto Salud Carlos III; Barcelona Spain
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Research Area; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela; A Coruña Spain
| | - José M. Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry; University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine; University of Barcelona; Spain
- Ciber Salud Mental (CIBERSAM); Instituto Salud Carlos III; Barcelona Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry; University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn); Instituto Salud Carlos III; Barcelona Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine; University of Barcelona; Spain
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70
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de Vries SK, Meule A. Food Addiction and Bulimia Nervosa: New Data Based on the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2016; 24:518-522. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology; University of Salzburg; Austria
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience; University of Salzburg; Austria
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71
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Imperatori C, Innamorati M, Lamis DA, Farina B, Pompili M, Contardi A, Fabbricatore M. Childhood trauma in obese and overweight women with food addiction and clinical-level of binge eating. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2016; 58:180-190. [PMID: 27442689 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Childhood trauma (CT) is considered a major risk factor for several disorders as well as for the development of eating psychopathology and adult obesity. The main aims of the present study were to assess in overweight and obese women: (i) the independent association between CT and food addiction (FA), and (ii) CT in patients with both FA and clinical-level of binge eating (BE), versus patients who only engage in FA or BE. Participants were 301 overweight and obese women seeking low-energy-diet therapy. All of the patients were administered self-report measures investigating FA, BE, CT, anxiety and depressive symptoms. CT severity was moderately and positively associated with both FA (r=0.37; p<0.001) and BE (r=0.36; p<0.001) severity. The association between FA and CT remained significant after controlling for potential confounding variables. Furthermore, compared to patients without dysfunctional eating patterns, the co-occurrence of FA and BE was associated with more severe CT as well as with more severe psychopathology (i.e., anxiety and depressive symptoms) and higher BMI. Our results suggest that clinicians should carefully assess the presence of CT in individuals who report dysfunctional eating patterns in order to develop treatment approaches specifically for obese and overweight patients with a history of CT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dorian A Lamis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Maurizio Pompili
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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72
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Schulte EM, Grilo CM, Gearhardt AN. Shared and unique mechanisms underlying binge eating disorder and addictive disorders. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 44:125-139. [PMID: 26879210 PMCID: PMC5796407 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Scientific interest in "food addiction" is growing, but the topic remains controversial. One critique of "food addiction" is its high degree of phenotypic overlap with binge eating disorder (BED). In order to examine associations between problematic eating behaviors, such as binge eating and "food addiction," we propose the need to move past examining similarities and differences in symptomology. Instead, focusing on relevant mechanisms may more effectively determine whether "food addiction" contributes to disordered eating behavior for some individuals. This paper reviews the evidence for mechanisms that are shared (i.e., reward dysfunction, impulsivity) and unique for addiction (i.e., withdrawal, tolerance) and eating disorder (i.e., dietary restraint, shape/weight concern) frameworks. This review will provide a guiding framework to outline future areas of research needed to evaluate the validity of the "food addiction" model and to understand its potential contribution to disordered eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Schulte
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Carlos M Grilo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; CASAColumbia, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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73
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Wolz I, Hilker I, Granero R, Jiménez-Murcia S, Gearhardt AN, Dieguez C, Casanueva FF, Crujeiras AB, Menchón JM, Fernández-Aranda F. "Food Addiction" in Patients with Eating Disorders is Associated with Negative Urgency and Difficulties to Focus on Long-Term Goals. Front Psychol 2016; 7:61. [PMID: 26869963 PMCID: PMC4735728 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate if eating disorder patients differ in specific personality traits depending on a positive screening of food addiction (FA) and to find a model to predict FA in eating disorder patients using measures of personality and impulsivity. Methods: Two hundred seventy eight patients, having an eating disorder, self-reported on FA, impulsivity, personality, eating and general psychopathology. Patients were then split into two groups, depending on a positive or negative result on the FA screening. Analysis of variance was used to compare means between the two groups. Stepwise binary logistic regression was used to obtain a predictive model for the presence of FA. Results: Patients with FA had lower self-directedness, and more negative urgency and lack of perseverance than patients not reporting addictive eating. The probability of FA can be predicted by high negative urgency, high reward dependence, and low lack of premeditation. Conclusion: Eating disorder patients who have more problems to pursue tasks to the end and to focus on long-term goals seem to be more likely to develop addictive eating patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Wolz
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELLBarcelona, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos IIIBarcelona, Spain
| | - Ines Hilker
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos IIIBarcelona, Spain; Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELLBarcelona, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos IIIBarcelona, Spain; Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Dieguez
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos IIIBarcelona, Spain; Department of Physiology, Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación SanitariaSantiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Felipe F Casanueva
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos IIIBarcelona, Spain; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Research Area, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de CompostelaA Coruña, Spain
| | - Ana B Crujeiras
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos IIIBarcelona, Spain; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Research Area, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de CompostelaA Coruña, Spain
| | - José M Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELLBarcelona, Spain; Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Ciber Salud Mental, Instituto Salud Carlos IIIBarcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELLBarcelona, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos IIIBarcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
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Lerma-Cabrera JM, Carvajal F, Lopez-Legarrea P. Food addiction as a new piece of the obesity framework. Nutr J 2016; 15:5. [PMID: 26758504 PMCID: PMC4711027 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-016-0124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Lerma-Cabrera
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Francisca Carvajal
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Depto de Psicología y Sociología. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Universidad de Zaragoza, Teruel, España.
| | - Patricia Lopez-Legarrea
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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75
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Westwater ML, Fletcher PC, Ziauddeen H. Sugar addiction: the state of the science. Eur J Nutr 2016; 55:55-69. [PMID: 27372453 PMCID: PMC5174153 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE As obesity rates continue to climb, the notion that overconsumption reflects an underlying 'food addiction' (FA) has become increasingly influential. An increasingly popular theory is that sugar acts as an addictive agent, eliciting neurobiological changes similar to those seen in drug addiction. In this paper, we review the evidence in support of sugar addiction. METHODS We reviewed the literature on food and sugar addiction and considered the evidence suggesting the addictiveness of highly processed foods, particularly those with high sugar content. We then examined the addictive potential of sugar by contrasting evidence from the animal and human neuroscience literature on drug and sugar addiction. RESULTS We find little evidence to support sugar addiction in humans, and findings from the animal literature suggest that addiction-like behaviours, such as bingeing, occur only in the context of intermittent access to sugar. These behaviours likely arise from intermittent access to sweet tasting or highly palatable foods, not the neurochemical effects of sugar. CONCLUSION Given the lack of evidence supporting it, we argue against a premature incorporation of sugar addiction into the scientific literature and public policy recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L. Westwater
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB UK ,Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ UK
| | - Paul C. Fletcher
- Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ UK ,Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK ,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB21 5EF UK
| | - Hisham Ziauddeen
- Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ UK ,Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK ,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB21 5EF UK ,Box 189, Herchel Smith Building, West Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB21 5DS UK
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76
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Long CG, Blundell JE, Finlayson G. A Systematic Review of the Application And Correlates of YFAS-Diagnosed 'Food Addiction' in Humans: Are Eating-Related 'Addictions' a Cause for Concern or Empty Concepts? Obes Facts 2015; 8:386-401. [PMID: 26633647 PMCID: PMC5644849 DOI: 10.1159/000442403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The proposition of so-called 'food addiction' (FA) in the scientific literature has stimulated a recent surge in research and debate. The concept of FA is controversial, and opinion is divided. Many of the findings depend upon the use of a single instrument called the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS). This review systematically examined FA, as defined by the YFAS, reported in 40 experimental human studies published in or after 2009. The results indicated that much of the literature makes the supposition that food addiction is an accepted neurobiological disease, consistent with substance use disorders; an interpretation based on very limited data. This raises the question as to whether those individuals who meet the YFAS criteria for diagnosis are truly 'addicted' to food or if they experience significant impairment to their psychological wellbeing and quality of life as would be expected in clinically recognised addictive disorders. At the present time, little research has investigated the extent to which a psychometric self-assessment of FA symptomatology can elucidate a harmful relationship with target foods in the diet. A positive YFAS diagnosis is usually positively associated with BMI and strongly linked with the presence of binge eating, but certain exceptions within the literature were revealed. Further clarification is required as to whether so-called FA is sufficiently different to existing conditions and traits to warrant classification as a distinctive disease phenotype rather than an expression of strong habits and preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Graham Finlayson
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Ziauddeen H, Alonso-Alonso M, Hill JO, Kelley M, Khan NA. Obesity and the neurocognitive basis of food reward and the control of intake. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:474-86. [PMID: 26178031 PMCID: PMC4496739 DOI: 10.3945/an.115.008268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rising prevalence of obesity, hedonic eating has become an important theme in obesity research. Hedonic eating is thought to be that driven by the reward of food consumption and not metabolic need, and this has focused attention on the brain reward system and how its dysregulation may cause overeating and obesity. Here, we begin by examining the brain reward system and the evidence for its dysregulation in human obesity. We then consider the issue of how individuals are able to control their hedonic eating in the present obesogenic environment and compare 2 contrasting perspectives on the control of hedonic eating, specifically, enhanced control of intake via higher cognitive control and loss of control over intake as captured by the food addiction model. We conclude by considering what these perspectives offer in terms of directions for future research and for potential interventions to improve control over food intake at the population and the individual levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Ziauddeen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom;
| | - Miguel Alonso-Alonso
- Laboratory of Bariatric and Nutritional Neuroscience, Center for the Study of Nutrition Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - James O Hill
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Michael Kelley
- Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company, Chicago, IL; and
| | - Naiman A Khan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL
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78
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Abstract
Background It has been suggested that addictive behaviors related to consumption of specific foods could contribute to overeating and obesity. Although energy-dense, hyper-palatable foods are hypothesized to be associated with addictive-like eating behaviors, few studies have assessed this in humans. Objective To evaluate in young adults whether intakes of specific foods are associated with ‘food addiction’, as assessed by the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), and to describe the associated nutrient intake profiles. Design Australian adults aged 18–35 years were invited to complete an online cross-sectional survey including demographics, the YFAS and usual dietary intake. Participants were classified as food addicted (FAD) or non-addicted (NFA) according to the YFAS predefined scoring criteria. Results A total 462 participants (86% female, 73% normal weight) completed the survey, with 14.7% (n = 68) classified as FAD. The FAD group had a higher proportion of females (p = .01) and higher body mass index (p < .001) compared to NFA. Higher YFAS symptom scores were associated with higher percentage energy intake (%E) from energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods including candy, take out and baked sweet products, as well as lower %E from nutrient-dense core foods including whole-grain products and breakfast cereals. These remained statistically significant when adjusted for age, sex and BMI category (p = .001). Conclusions Statistically significant associations were identified between YFAS assessed food addiction and dietary intake, specifically intakes of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods. However, the effect sizes were small limiting clinical applications. Further examination of the relationship between addictive-like eating and intake of specific foods in a nationally representative sample is warranted. 14.7% participants met the YFAS predefined criteria for food addiction. Those classified as food addicted had a significantly higher body mass index. Higher symptom scores related to higher intakes of energy-dense nutrient-poor foods Lower odds of YFAS assessed food addiction with higher intakes of whole-grains. Higher odds of YFAS assessed food addiction with higher intakes of dietary fat.
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79
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Meule A, Hermann T, Kübler A. Food addiction in overweight and obese adolescents seeking weight-loss treatment. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2015; 23:193-8. [PMID: 25778000 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Some forms of overeating closely resemble addictive behaviour. The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) was developed to measure such addiction-like eating in humans and has been employed in numerous studies for examining food addiction in adults. Yet, little is known about food addiction in children and adolescents. Fifty adolescents were recruited at the beginning of treatment in a weight-loss hospital and completed the YFAS among other questionnaires. Nineteen participants (38%) received a YFAS diagnosis, who did not differ in age, body mass and gender distribution from those not receiving a diagnosis. However, those with food addiction reported more binge days, more frequent food cravings, higher eating, weight and shape concerns, more symptoms of depression and higher attentional and motor impulsivity. Eating restraint and nonplanning impulsivity did not differ between groups. Results replicate findings from studies in obese adults such that food addiction is not related to age, gender, body mass or eating restraint, but to higher eating pathology, more symptoms of depression and higher impulsivity. Furthermore, results highlight that particularly attentional impulsivity is related to 'food addiction'. Addiction-like eating appears to be a valid phenotype in a substantial subset of treatment-seeking, obese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Psychology I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Hamm, Germany
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80
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Jiménez-Murcia S, Granero R, Moragas L, Steiger H, Israel M, Aymamí N, Gómez-Peña M, Sauchelli S, Agüera Z, Sánchez I, Riesco N, Penelo E, Menchón JM, Fernández-Aranda F. Differences and Similarities Between Bulimia Nervosa, Compulsive Buying and Gambling Disorder. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2014; 23:111-8. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry; Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Laura Moragas
- Department of Psychiatry; Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
| | - Howard Steiger
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute; Montreal Canada
| | - Mimi Israel
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute; Montreal Canada
| | - Neus Aymamí
- Department of Psychiatry; Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
| | - Mónica Gómez-Peña
- Department of Psychiatry; Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
| | - Sarah Sauchelli
- Department of Psychiatry; Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
| | - Zaida Agüera
- Department of Psychiatry; Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
| | - Isabel Sánchez
- Department of Psychiatry; Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
| | - Nadine Riesco
- Department of Psychiatry; Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
| | - Eva Penelo
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - José M. Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry; Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
- Ciber de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM); Instituto Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry; Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
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81
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Pursey KM, Stanwell P, Gearhardt AN, Collins CE, Burrows TL. The prevalence of food addiction as assessed by the Yale Food Addiction Scale: a systematic review. Nutrients 2014; 6:4552-90. [PMID: 25338274 PMCID: PMC4210934 DOI: 10.3390/nu6104552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global issue and it has been suggested that an addiction to certain foods could be a factor contributing to overeating and subsequent obesity. Only one tool, the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) has been developed to specifically assess food addiction. This review aimed to determine the prevalence of food addiction diagnosis and symptom scores, as assessed by the YFAS. Published studies to July 2014 were included if they reported the YFAS diagnosis or symptom score and were published in the English language. Twenty-five studies were identified including a total of 196,211 predominantly female, overweight/obese participants (60%). Using meta-analysis, the weighted mean prevalence of YFAS food addiction diagnosis was 19.9%. Food addiction (FA) diagnosis was found to be higher in adults aged >35 years, females, and overweight/obese participants. Additionally, YFAS diagnosis and symptom score was higher in clinical samples compared to non-clinical counterparts. YFAS outcomes were related to a range of other eating behavior measures and anthropometrics. Further research is required to explore YFAS outcomes across a broader spectrum of ages, other types of eating disorders and in conjunction with weight loss interventions to confirm the efficacy of the tool to assess for the presence of FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirrilly M Pursey
- School of Health Sciences, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Peter Stanwell
- School of Health Sciences, Priority Research Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Clare E Collins
- School of Health Sciences, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Tracy L Burrows
- School of Health Sciences, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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82
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Granero R, Hilker I, Agüera Z, Jiménez-Murcia S, Sauchelli S, Islam MA, Fagundo AB, Sánchez I, Riesco N, Dieguez C, Soriano J, Salcedo-Sánchez C, Casanueva FF, De la Torre R, Menchón JM, Gearhardt AN, Fernández-Aranda F. Food Addiction in a Spanish Sample of Eating Disorders: DSM-5 Diagnostic Subtype Differentiation and Validation Data. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2014; 22:389-96. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roser Granero
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - Ines Hilker
- Department of Psychiatry; Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
| | - Zaida Agüera
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Department of Psychiatry; Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
- Clinical Sciences Department; School of Medicine; Barcelona Spain
| | - Sarah Sauchelli
- Department of Psychiatry; Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
| | - Mohammed A. Islam
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - Ana B. Fagundo
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Department of Psychiatry; Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
| | - Isabel Sánchez
- Department of Psychiatry; Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
| | - Nadine Riesco
- Department of Psychiatry; Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
| | - Carlos Dieguez
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS; University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - José Soriano
- Department of Psychiatry; University Hospital of Sant Pau; Barcelona Spain
| | | | - Felipe F. Casanueva
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Research Area; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela; A Coruña Spain
| | - Rafael De la Torre
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); Barcelona Spain
| | - José M. Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry; Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
- Clinical Sciences Department; School of Medicine; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM); Instituto Salud Carlos III; Barcelona Spain
| | | | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Department of Psychiatry; Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
- Clinical Sciences Department; School of Medicine; Barcelona Spain
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