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Ligat G, Goto K, Verrier E, Baumert TF. Targeting Viral cccDNA for Cure of Chronic Hepatitis B. CURRENT HEPATOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 19:235-244. [PMID: 36034467 PMCID: PMC7613435 DOI: 10.1007/s11901-020-00534-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Chronic hepatitis B (CHB), caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV), is a major cause of advanced liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. HBV replication is characterized by the synthesis of covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA which is not targeted by antiviral nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs) the key modality of standard of care. While HBV replication is successfully suppressed in treated patients, they remain at risk for developing HCC. While functional cure, characterized by loss of HBsAg, is the first goal of novel antiviral therapies, curative treatments eliminating cccDNA remain the ultimate goal. This review summarizes recent advances in the discovery and development of novel therapeutic strategies and their impact on cccDNA biology. Recent Findings Within the last decade, substantial progress has been made in the understanding of cccDNA biology including the discovery of host dependency factors, epigenetic regulation of cccDNA transcription and immune-mediated degradation. Several approaches targeting cccDNA either in a direct or indirect manner are currently at the stage of discovery, preclinical or early clinical development. Examples include genome-editing approaches, strategies targeting host dependency factors or epigenetic gene regulation, nucleocapsid modulators and immune-mediated degradation. Summary While direct-targeting cccDNA strategies are still largely at the preclinical stage of development, capsid assembly modulators and immune-based approaches have reached the clinical phase. Clinical trials are ongoing to assess their efficacy and safety in patients including their impact on viral cccDNA. Combination therapies provide additional opportunities to overcome current limitations of individual approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Ligat
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Inserm U1110, 3 Rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Kaku Goto
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Inserm U1110, 3 Rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Eloi Verrier
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Inserm U1110, 3 Rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Inserm U1110, 3 Rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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52
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Zhang Z, Trippler M, Real CI, Werner M, Luo X, Schefczyk S, Kemper T, Anastasiou OE, Ladiges Y, Treckmann J, Paul A, Baba HA, Allweiss L, Dandri M, Gerken G, Wedemeyer H, Schlaak JF, Lu M, Broering R. Hepatitis B Virus Particles Activate Toll-Like Receptor 2 Signaling Initially Upon Infection of Primary Human Hepatocytes. Hepatology 2020; 72:829-844. [PMID: 31925967 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To date, conflicting data exist as to whether hepatitis B virus (HBV) has the ability to induce innate immune responses. Here, we investigated cellular changes after the first contact between HBV and primary human hepatocytes (PHH) in vitro and in vivo. APPROACH AND RESULTS The exposure of PHH to HBV particles resulted in nuclear translocation of NFκB, followed by the expression and secretion of inflammatory cytokines (IL [interleukin] 1B, IL6, and TNF [tumor necrosis factor]). Ultraviolet irradiation of viral particles suppressed HBV infectivity but not the induction of cytokines in PHH, suggesting that the inoculum contains the immune-inducing agent. Purified HBV particles on the whole, which were prepared from HBV DNA-positive and protein-rich fractions after heparin column separation, still had immune-inducing capacity in PHH. The HBV-induced gene expression profile was similar to that induced by toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligand Pam3Cys, but different from those induced by the viral sensors TLR3 or TLR7-9. Treatment of PHH with both HBV particles and Pam3Cys led to phosphorylation of ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), JNK, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases as well as NFκB (nuclear factor kappa B). Finally, HBV-induced gene expression could be neutralized by TLR2-specific antibodies. Of note, pretreatment with an HBV entry inhibitor attenuated the TLR2-mediated response to HBV, suggesting a receptor binding-related mechanism. In liver-humanized uPA/severe combined immunodeficient (SCID)/beige mice challenged with HBV in vivo, immune induction could only marginally be seen. CONCLUSIONS PHHs are able to sense HBV particles through TLR2, leading to an activation of anti-HBV immune responses in vitro. These findings challenge the previously described stealth properties of HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Trippler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Catherine I Real
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Melanie Werner
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Xufeng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schefczyk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thekla Kemper
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Olympia E Anastasiou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Ladiges
- Department of Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Juergen Treckmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Paul
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hideo A Baba
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lena Allweiss
- Department of Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maura Dandri
- Department of Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Gerken
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Joerg F Schlaak
- Department of Internal medicine, Evangelisches Klinikum Niederrhein GmbH, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ruth Broering
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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53
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Liu R, Chen Y, Guo J, Li M, Lu Y, Zhang L, Shen G, Wu S, Chang M, Hu L, Hao H, Zhang H, Xie Y. The reduction in CD8 +PD-1 + T cells in liver histological tissue is related to Pegylated IFN-α therapy outcomes in chronic hepatitis B patients. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:590. [PMID: 32778058 PMCID: PMC7418392 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05320-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiviral therapy is recommended for patients with immune-active chronic hepatitis B (CHB) to decrease the risk of liver-related complications. However, the outcomes of the pegylated IFN-α (PEG-IFN-α) therapy vary among CHB patients. We aimed to identify factors that can influence the outcomes in CHB patients who received antiviral PEG-IFN-α monotherapy. METHODS Thirty-two CHB patients who received PEG-IFN-α monotherapy were enrolled in this study. All of the patients underwent two liver biopsies at baseline and 6 months after the initiation of the therapy. CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, CD68+ mononuclear cells, and PD-1 levels in the 64 liver biopsy specimens were examined via immunofluorescence. RESULTS The overall median frequency of CD8+ T cells in the liver tissues of 32 CHB patients significantly decreased at 6 months after the therapy initiation (p < 0.01). In the FIER (fibrosis and inflammation response with HBeAg seroconversion) group, CD8+PD-1+ T cells significantly decreased at 6 months (p < 0.05), while CD8+PD-1- T cells had no significant difference. On the contrary, in the FIENR (no fibrosis and inflammation response and HBeAg seroconversion) group, CD8+PD-1- T cells significantly decreased after 6 months of PEG-IFN-α treatment (p < 0.05), while CD8+PD-1+ T cells had no significant difference. In addition, the levels of CD68+ mononuclear cells in the FIER group showed an overall increasing trend after treatment (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The changes in the levels of CD8+PD-1+ T cells and CD68+ mononuclear cells may be related to the response to PEG-IFN-α therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyu Liu
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China.
| | - Yanhui Chen
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China.,Genecast Precision Medicine Technology Institute, 35 North Garden Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Jiang Guo
- Tumor Interventional Department, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Ge Shen
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Shuling Wu
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Min Chang
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Leiping Hu
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Hongxiao Hao
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Henghui Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China. .,Genecast Precision Medicine Technology Institute, 35 North Garden Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100089, China.
| | - Yao Xie
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China.
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54
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Janovec V, Hodek J, Clarova K, Hofman T, Dostalik P, Fronek J, Chlupac J, Chaperot L, Durand S, Baumert TF, Pichova I, Lubyova B, Hirsch I, Weber J. Toll-like receptor dual-acting agonists are potent inducers of PBMC-produced cytokines that inhibit hepatitis B virus production in primary human hepatocytes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12767. [PMID: 32728070 PMCID: PMC7392756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69614-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant interferon-α (IFN-α) treatment functionally cures chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in some individuals and suppresses virus replication in hepatocytes infected in vitro. We studied the antiviral effect of conditioned media (CM) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with agonists of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2, 7, 8 and 9. We found that CM from PBMCs stimulated with dual-acting TLR7/8 (R848) and TLR2/7 (CL413) agonists were more potent drivers of inhibition of HBe and HBs antigen secretion from HBV-infected primary human hepatocytes (PHH) than CM from PBMCs stimulated with single-acting TLR7 (CL264) or TLR9 (CpG-B) agonists. Inhibition of HBV in PHH did not correlate with the quantity of PBMC-produced IFN-α, but it was a complex function of multiple secreted cytokines. More importantly, we found that the CM that efficiently inhibited HBV production in freshly isolated PHH via various cytokine repertoires and mechanisms did not reduce covalently closed circular (ccc)DNA levels. We confirmed our data with a cell culture model based on HepG2-NTCP cells and the plasmacytoid dendritic cell line GEN2.2. Collectively, our data show the importance of dual-acting TLR agonists inducing broad cytokine repertoires. The development of poly-specific TLR agonists provides novel opportunities towards functional HBV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Janovec
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, 25150, Vestec, Czech Republic.,IOCB & Gilead Research Center, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Science, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hodek
- IOCB & Gilead Research Center, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Science, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Clarova
- IOCB & Gilead Research Center, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Science, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Hofman
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, 25150, Vestec, Czech Republic.,IOCB & Gilead Research Center, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Science, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Dostalik
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, 25150, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Fronek
- Transplantation Surgery Department, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 14021, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 15006, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Chlupac
- Transplantation Surgery Department, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 14021, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 15006, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Chaperot
- CNRS UMR5309, Inserm U1209, CHU Grenoble Alpes, IAB, EFS, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Sarah Durand
- Inserm, Institut de Recherche Sur Les Maladies Virales Et Hepatiques UMRS 1110, Universite de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Inserm, Institut de Recherche Sur Les Maladies Virales Et Hepatiques UMRS 1110, Universite de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France.,Pole Hepato-Digestif, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Iva Pichova
- IOCB & Gilead Research Center, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Science, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Lubyova
- IOCB & Gilead Research Center, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Science, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Hirsch
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, 25150, Vestec, Czech Republic. .,IOCB & Gilead Research Center, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Science, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Weber
- IOCB & Gilead Research Center, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Science, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic.
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55
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Wu W, Wu D, Yan W, Wang Y, You J, Wan X, Xi D, Luo X, Han M, Ning Q. Interferon-Induced Macrophage-Derived Exosomes Mediate Antiviral Activity Against Hepatitis B Virus Through miR-574-5p. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:686-698. [PMID: 32663850 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon alfa (IFN-α) has been proved effective in treating chronic hepatitis B (CHB), owing to its ability to suppress hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalently closed circular DNA. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. METHODS We investigated the antiviral activities of exosomes from responders and nonresponders to pegylated IFN-α (PegIFN-α) as well as the supernatants of IFN-α-treated macrophages derived from THP-1 (the human leukemia monocyte cell line). Then the expression profiles of exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) were analyzed using miRNA sequencing. The luciferase reporter assay was used to locate the binding position of HBV genomic sequence targeted by the identified miRNA. RESULTS Exosomes from PegIFN-α-treated patients, particularly responders, as well as the supernatants of IFN-α-treated macrophages exhibited anti-HBV activities, as manifested by the suppression of hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B e antigen, HBV DNA, and covalently closed circular DNA levels in HBV-related cell lines. PegIFN-α treatment up-regulated exosomal hsa-miR-193a-5p, hsa-miR-25-5p, and hsa-miR-574-5p, which could partially inhibit HBV replication and transcription, and hsa-miR-574-5p reduced pregenomic RNA and polymerase messenger RNA levels by binding to the 2750-2757 position of the HBV genomic sequence. CONCLUSIONS Exosomes can transfer IFN-α-related miRNAs from macrophages to HBV-infected hepatocytes, and they exhibit antiviral activities against HBV replication and expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Wu
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiming Yan
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongli Wang
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie You
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wan
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Xi
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meifang Han
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Ning
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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56
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Broering R, Luo X, Liu J, Lu M. Controversial: Early Innate Responses to Hepatitis B Virus Infection, an Explanation for Viral Persistence? Virol Sin 2020; 36:163-166. [PMID: 32632817 PMCID: PMC7973328 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Broering
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.
| | - Xufeng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
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57
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Bockmann JH, Stadler D, Xia Y, Ko C, Wettengel JM, Schulze Zur Wiesch J, Dandri M, Protzer U. Comparative Analysis of the Antiviral Effects Mediated by Type I and III Interferons in Hepatitis B Virus-Infected Hepatocytes. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:567-577. [PMID: 30923817 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type III interferons (IFNs) (λ1-3) activate similar signaling cascades as type I IFNs (α and β) via different receptors. Since IFN-α and lymphotoxin-β activate cytosine deamination and subsequent purging of nuclear hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA, we investigated whether IFN-β and -λ may also induce these antiviral effects in differentiated HBV-infected hepatocytes. METHODS After determining the biological activity of IFN-α2, -β1, -λ1, and -λ2 in differentiated hepatocytes, their antiviral effects were analyzed in HBV-infected primary human hepatocytes and HepaRG cells. RESULTS Type I and III IFNs reduced nuclear open-circle DNA and covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) levels in HBV-infected cells. IFN-β and -λ were at least as efficient as IFN-α. Differential DNA-denaturing polymerase chain reaction and sequencing analysis revealed G-to-A sequence alterations of HBV cccDNA in IFN-α, -β, and -λ-treated liver cells indicating deamination. All IFNs induced apolipoprotein B messenger RNA-editing enzyme-catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC) deaminases 3A and 3G within 24 hours of treatment, but IFN-β and -λ induced longer-lasting expression of APOBEC deaminases in comparison to IFN-α. CONCLUSIONS IFN-β, IFN-λ1, and IFN-λ2 induce cccDNA deamination and degradation at least as efficiently as IFN-α, indicating that these antiviral cytokines are interesting candidates for the design of new therapeutic strategies aiming at cccDNA reduction and HBV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Hendrik Bockmann
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich.,I. Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg.,German Center for Infection Research, Munich and Hamburg partner sites, Germany
| | - Daniela Stadler
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich
| | - Yuchen Xia
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, China
| | - Chunkyu Ko
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich
| | - Jochen M Wettengel
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich
| | - Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch
- I. Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg.,German Center for Infection Research, Munich and Hamburg partner sites, Germany
| | - Maura Dandri
- I. Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg.,German Center for Infection Research, Munich and Hamburg partner sites, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich.,German Center for Infection Research, Munich and Hamburg partner sites, Germany
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58
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Jung S, Altstetter SM, Protzer U. Innate immune recognition and modulation in hepatitis D virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:2781-2791. [PMID: 32550754 PMCID: PMC7284172 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i21.2781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a global health threat with more than 15 million humans affected. Current treatment options are largely unsatisfactory leaving chronically infected humans at high risk to develop liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HDV is the only human satellite virus known. It encodes only two proteins, and requires Hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope protein expression for productive virion release and spread of the infection. How HDV could evolve and why HBV was selected as a helper virus remains unknown. Since the discovery of Na+-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide as the essential uptake receptor for HBV and HDV, we are beginning to understand the interactions of HDV and the immune system. While HBV is mostly regarded a stealth virus, that escapes innate immune recognition, HBV-HDV coinfection is characterized by a strong innate immune response. Cytoplasmic RNA sensor melanoma differentiation antigen 5 has been reported to recognize HDV RNA replication and activate innate immunity. Innate immunity, however, seems not to impair HDV replication while it inhibits HBV. In this review, we describe what is known up-to-date about the interplay between HBV as a helper and HDV’s immune evasion strategy and identify where additional research is required.
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MESH Headings
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Coinfection/complications
- Coinfection/immunology
- Coinfection/pathology
- Coinfection/virology
- Hepatitis B virus/genetics
- Hepatitis B virus/immunology
- Hepatitis B virus/metabolism
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/complications
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/pathology
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/virology
- Hepatitis D, Chronic/complications
- Hepatitis D, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis D, Chronic/pathology
- Hepatitis D, Chronic/virology
- Hepatitis Delta Virus/genetics
- Hepatitis Delta Virus/immunology
- Hepatitis Delta Virus/metabolism
- Hepatitis delta Antigens/immunology
- Hepatitis delta Antigens/metabolism
- Humans
- Immune Evasion
- Immunity, Innate
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/metabolism
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/virology
- Liver Cirrhosis/immunology
- Liver Cirrhosis/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis/virology
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/immunology
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/immunology
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/metabolism
- Satellite Viruses/genetics
- Satellite Viruses/immunology
- Satellite Viruses/metabolism
- Symporters/metabolism
- Virus Replication/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Jung
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich D-81675, Germany
| | | | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich D-81675, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich D-81675, Germany
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Stamataki Z, Swadling L. The liver as an immunological barrier redefined by single-cell analysis. Immunology 2020; 160:157-170. [PMID: 32176810 PMCID: PMC7218664 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a front-line immune tissue that plays a major role in the detection, capture and clearance of pathogens and foreign antigens entering the bloodstream, especially from the gut. Our largest internal organ maintains this immune barrier in the face of constant exposure to external but harmless antigens through a highly specialized network of liver-adapted immune cells. Mapping the immune resident compartment in the liver has been challenging because it requires multimodal single-cell deep phenotyping approaches of often rare cell populations in difficult to access samples. We can now measure the RNA transcripts present in a single cell (scRNA-seq), which is revolutionizing the way we characterize cell types. scRNA-seq has been applied to the diverse array of immune cells present in murine and human livers in health and disease. Here, we summarize how emerging single-cell technologies have advanced or redefined our understanding of the immunological barrier provided by the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zania Stamataki
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyCentre for Liver and Gastrointestinal ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection & ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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60
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Hepatitis B Virus DNA is a Substrate for the cGAS/STING Pathway but is not Sensed in Infected Hepatocytes. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060592. [PMID: 32485908 PMCID: PMC7354540 DOI: 10.3390/v12060592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronic infection is a critical risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. The innate immune response to HBV infection is a matter of debate. In particular, viral escape mechanisms are poorly understood. Our study reveals that HBV RNAs are not immunostimulatory in immunocompetent myeloid cells. In contrast, HBV DNA from viral particles and DNA replication intermediates are immunostimulatory and sensed by cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase (cGAS) and Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING). We show that primary human hepatocytes express DNA sensors to reduced levels compared to myeloid cells. Nevertheless, hepatocytes can respond to HBV relaxed-circular DNA (rcDNA), when transfected in sufficient amounts, but not to HBV infection. Finally, our data suggest that HBV infection does not actively inhibit the DNA-sensing pathway. In conclusion, in infected hepatocytes, HBV passively evades recognition by cellular sensors of nucleic acids by (i) producing non-immunostimulatory RNAs, (ii) avoiding sensing of its DNAs by cGAS/STING without active inhibition of the pathway.
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61
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Zhao X, Sun L, Mu T, Yi J, Ma C, Xie H, Liu M, Tang H. An HBV-encoded miRNA activates innate immunity to restrict HBV replication. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 12:263-276. [PMID: 31865380 PMCID: PMC7232129 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjz104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously identified that hepatitis B virus (HBV) encodes a microRNA (HBV-miR-3) that restrains HBV replication by targeting the HBV transcript. However, whether HBV-miR-3 affects host innate immunity to modulate HBV replication remains unclear. Here, we examined the vital functions of HBV-miR-3 in the innate immune response after HBV infection. We found that HBV-miR-3 expression gradually increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner in HBV-infected HepG2-NTCP cells. HBV-miR-3 activated the JAK/STAT signaling pathway by downregulating SOCS5 in hepatocytes, thereby enhancing the IFN-induced anti-HBV effect. In addition, HBV-miR-3 in exosomes facilitated the M1 polarization of macrophages. Furthermore, exosomes containing HBV-miR-3 enhanced the secretion of IL-6 via inhibiting the SOCS5-mediated ubiquitination of EGFR. In short, these results demonstrate that HBV-miR-3 activates the innate immune response to restrain HBV replication by multiple pathways, which may suppress HBV-induced acute liver cell injury and affect the progression of persistent HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Zhao
- Tianjin Life Science Research Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Tianjin Life Science Research Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Ting Mu
- Tianjin Life Science Research Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jianying Yi
- Tianjin Life Science Research Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Chaoqun Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Hong Xie
- Tianjin Life Science Research Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Min Liu
- Tianjin Life Science Research Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Hua Tang
- Tianjin Life Science Research Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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62
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Michler T, Kosinska AD, Festag J, Bunse T, Su J, Ringelhan M, Imhof H, Grimm D, Steiger K, Mogler C, Heikenwalder M, Michel ML, Guzman CA, Milstein S, Sepp-Lorenzino L, Knolle P, Protzer U. Knockdown of Virus Antigen Expression Increases Therapeutic Vaccine Efficacy in High-Titer Hepatitis B Virus Carrier Mice. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:1762-1775.e9. [PMID: 32001321 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection persists because the virus-specific immune response is dysfunctional. Therapeutic vaccines might be used to end immune tolerance to the virus in patients with chronic infection, but these have not been effective in patients so far. In patients with chronic HBV infection, high levels of virus antigens might prevent induction of HBV-specific immune responses. We investigated whether knocking down expression levels of HBV antigens in liver might increase the efficacy of HBV vaccines in mice. METHODS We performed studies with male C57BL/6 mice that persistently replicate HBV (genotype D, serotype ayw)-either from a transgene or after infection with an adeno-associated virus that transferred an overlength HBV genome-and expressed HB surface antigen at levels relevant to patients. Small hairpin or small interfering (si)RNAs against the common 3'-end of all HBV transcripts were used to knock down antigen expression in mouse hepatocytes. siRNAs were chemically stabilized and conjugated to N-acetylgalactosamine to increase liver uptake. Control mice were given either entecavir or non-HBV-specific siRNAs and vaccine components. Eight to 12 weeks later, mice were immunized twice with a mixture of adjuvanted HBV S and core antigen, followed by a modified Vaccinia virus Ankara vector to induce HBV-specific B- and T-cell responses. Serum and liver samples were collected and analyzed for HBV-specific immune responses, liver damage, and viral parameters. RESULTS In both models of HBV infection, mice that express hepatocyte-specific small hairpin RNAs or that were given subcutaneous injections of siRNAs had reduced levels of HBV antigens, HBV replication, and viremia (1-3 log10 reduction) compared to mice given control RNAs. Vaccination induced production of HBV-neutralizing antibodies and increased numbers and functionality of HBV-specific, CD8+ T cells in mice with low, but not in mice with high, levels of HBV antigen. Mice with initially high titers of HBV and knockdown of HBV antigen expression, but not mice with reduced viremia after administration of entecavir, developed polyfunctional, HBV-specific CD8+ T cells, and HBV was eliminated. CONCLUSIONS In mice with high levels of HBV replication, knockdown of HBV antigen expression along with a therapeutic vaccination strategy, but not knockdown alone, increased numbers of effector T cells and eliminated the virus. These findings indicate that high titers of virus antigens reduce the efficacy of therapeutic vaccination. Anti-HBV siRNAs and therapeutic vaccines are each being tested in clinical trials-their combination might cure chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Michler
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Münich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Münich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Münich, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna D Kosinska
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Münich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Münich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Münich, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Festag
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Münich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Münich, Germany
| | - Till Bunse
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Münich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Münich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Münich, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jinpeng Su
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Münich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Münich, Germany
| | - Marc Ringelhan
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Münich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Münich, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Münich, Germany
| | - Hortenzia Imhof
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Münich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Münich, Germany
| | - Dirk Grimm
- German Center for Infection Research, Münich, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, BioQuant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Münich, Germany
| | - Carolin Mogler
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Münich, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Carlos A Guzman
- German Center for Infection Research, Münich, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | - Percy Knolle
- German Center for Infection Research, Münich, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Münich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Münich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Münich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Münich, Heidelberg, Germany.
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63
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Li Y, Yao M, Duan X, Ye H, Li S, Chen L, Yang C, Chen Y. The USP18 cysteine protease promotes HBV production independent of its protease activity. Virol J 2020; 17:47. [PMID: 32248821 PMCID: PMC7133002 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains as one of the major public health problems in the world. Type I interferon (IFN) plays an essential role in antiviral defense by induced expression of a few hundred interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), including ubiquitin-specific protease 18 (USP18). The expression level of USP18 was elevated in the pretreatment liver tissues of chronic hepatitis B(CHB) patients who did not respond to IFN treatment. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the effects of USP18 on HBV replication/production. Methods The levels of wild type USP18(WT-USP18) and USP18 catalytically inactive form C64S were up-regulated by plasmids transfection in HepAD38 cells, respectively. Real-time PCR and ELISA were used to quantify HBV replication. Type I IFN signaling pathway was monitored at three levels: p-STAT1 (western Blot), interferon stimulated response element (ISRE) activity (dual luciferase assay) and ISGs expression (real time PCR). Results Our data demonstrated that overexpression of either WT-USP18 or USP18-C64S inactive mutant increased the intracellular viral pgRNA, total DNA, cccDNA, as well as HBV DNA levels in the culture supernatant, while silencing USP18 led to opposite effect on HBV production. In addition, upregulated WT-USP18 or USP18-C64S suppressed ISRE activity and the expression levels of p-STAT1 and ISGs. Conclusion USP18 promoted HBV replication via inhibiting type I IFN signaling pathway, which was independent of its protease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Yao
- The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518053, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Duan
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Haiyan Ye
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Shilin Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Limin Chen
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, 610052, Sichuan, China.,Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1L6, Canada
| | - Chunhui Yang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, 610052, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yongjun Chen
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, 610052, Sichuan, China.
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64
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Ganesan M, Eikenberry A, Poluektova LY, Kharbanda KK, Osna NA. Role of alcohol in pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:883-903. [PMID: 32206001 PMCID: PMC7081008 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i9.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and alcohol abuse often contribute to the development of end-stage liver disease. Alcohol abuse not only causes rapid progression of liver disease in HBV infected patients but also allows HBV to persist chronically. Importantly, the mechanism by which alcohol promotes the progression of HBV-associated liver disease are not completely understood. Potential mechanisms include a suppressed immune response, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus stresses, and increased HBV replication. Certainly, more research is necessary to gain a better understanding of these mechanisms such that treatment(s) to prevent rapid liver disease progression in alcohol-abusing HBV patients could be developed. In this review, we discuss the aforementioned factors for the higher risk of liver diseases in alcohol-induced HBV pathogenies and suggest the areas for future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Ganesan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
| | - Allison Eikenberry
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
| | - Larisa Y Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Kusum K Kharbanda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
| | - Natalia A Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
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65
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Megahed FAK, Zhou X, Sun P. The Interactions between HBV and the Innate Immunity of Hepatocytes. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030285. [PMID: 32151000 PMCID: PMC7150781 DOI: 10.3390/v12030285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects ~350 million people and poses a major public health problem worldwide. HBV is a major cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Fewer than 5% of HBV-infected adults (but up to 90% of HBV-infected infants and children) develop chronic HBV infection as indicated by continued, detectable expression of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) for at least 6 months after the initial infection. Increasing evidence indicates that HBV interacts with innate immunity signaling pathways of hepatocytes to suppress innate immunity. However, it is still not clear how HBV avoids monitoring by the innate immunity of hepatocytes and whether the innate immunity of hepatocytes can be effective against HBV if re-triggered. Moreover, a deep understanding of virus-host interactions is important in developing new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of HBV infection. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding how HBV represses innate immune recognition, as well as recent progress with respect to in vitro models for studying HBV infection and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayed Attia Koutb Megahed
- Stem Cell Research Center, Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China;
- Department of Nucleic Acid Researches, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, General Autority-City of Scientific Researches and Technological Applications, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Xiaoling Zhou
- Stem Cell Research Center, Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China;
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (P.S.)
| | - Pingnan Sun
- Stem Cell Research Center, Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China;
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (P.S.)
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66
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Ou Q, Guo J, Zeng Y, Chen H. Insights for clinical diagnostic indicators of virus and host in chronic hepatitis B infection. J Viral Hepat 2020; 27:224-232. [PMID: 31954089 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), which is stably present in the nucleus of hepatocytes, is an important indicator for evaluating antiviral efficacy. Since cccDNA quantification requires an invasive procedure, serum biological markers that can effectively reflect the transcriptional activity of intrahepatic virus and the efficacy of treatment are required. Here, from the aspects of virus and host, we outline the focus of clinical research of HBV in recent years, including HBV RNA, empty virus, hepatitis B core-related antigen and changes in the immune response. We briefly discuss their significance in predicting disease activity and monitoring treatment response in chronic hepatitis B. On this basis, some issues worthy of attention in laboratory diagnosis are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qishui Ou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,The Genetic Diagnostic Laboratory, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,First Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianhui Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,The Genetic Diagnostic Laboratory, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,First Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yongbin Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,The Genetic Diagnostic Laboratory, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,First Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,The Genetic Diagnostic Laboratory, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,First Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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67
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Means S, Ali MA, Ho H, Heffernan J. Mathematical Modeling for Hepatitis B Virus: Would Spatial Effects Play a Role and How to Model It? Front Physiol 2020; 11:146. [PMID: 32158403 PMCID: PMC7052012 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Means
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Md A Ali
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Harvey Ho
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jane Heffernan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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68
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Wang ZY, Li YQ, Guo ZW, Zhou XH, Lu MD, Xue TC, Gao B. ERK1/2-HNF4α axis is involved in epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibition of HBV replication. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:278-285. [PMID: 31554961 PMCID: PMC7468327 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a major polyphenol in green tea, exhibits diverse biological activities. Previous studies show that EGCG could effectively suppress HBV gene expression and replication, but the role of EGCG in HBV replication and its underlying mechanisms, especially the signaling pathways involved, remain unclear. In this study we investigated the mechanisms underlying EGCG inhibition on HBV replication with a focus on the signaling pathways. We showed that EGCG (12.5-50 μM) dose-dependently inhibited HBV gene expression and replication in HepG2.2.15 cells. Similar results were observed in HBV mice receiving EGCG (25 mg· kg-1· d-1, ip) for 5 days. In HepG2.2.15 cells, we showed that EGCG (12.5-50 μM) significantly activate ERK1/2 MAPK signaling, slightly activate p38 MAPK and JAK2/STAT3 signaling, while had no significant effect on the activation of JNK MAPK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR and NF-κB signaling. By using specific inhibitors of these signaling pathways, we demonstrated that ERK1/2 signaling pathway, but not other signaling pathways, was involved in EGCG-mediated inhibition of HBV transcription and replication. Furthermore, we showed that EGCG treatment dose-dependently decreased the expression of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) both at the mRNA and protein levels, which could be reversed by pretreatment with the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 (20 μM). Moreover, we revealed that EGCG treatment dose-dependently inhibited the activity of HBV core promoter and the following HBV replication. In summary, our results demonstrate that EGCG inhibits HBV gene expression and replication, which involves ERK1/2-mediated downregulation of HNF4α.These data reveal a novel mechanism for EGCG to inhibit HBV gene expression and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yu Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yu-Qi Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Guo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xing-Hao Zhou
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mu-Dan Lu
- Genetic laboratory, the Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214002, China
| | - Tong-Chun Xue
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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69
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Dou L, Shi X, He X, Gao Y. Macrophage Phenotype and Function in Liver Disorder. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3112. [PMID: 32047496 PMCID: PMC6997484 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic macrophages are a remarkably heterogeneous population consisting of self-renewing tissue-resident phagocytes, termed Kupffer cells (KCs), and recruited macrophages derived from peritoneal cavity as well as the bone marrow. KCs are located in the liver sinusoid where they scavenge the microbe from the portal vein to maintain liver homeostasis. Liver injury may trigger hepatic recruitment of peritoneal macrophages and monocyte-derived macrophages. Studies describing macrophage accumulation have shown that hepatic macrophages are involved in the initiation and progression of various liver diseases. They act as tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells to inhibit T-cell activation by producing distinct sets of cytokines, chemokines, and mediators to maintain or resolve inflammation. Furthermore, by releasing regenerative growth factors, matrix metalloproteinase arginase, they promote tissue repair. Recent experiments found that KCs and recruited macrophages may play different roles in the development of liver disease. Given that hepatic macrophages are considerably plastic populations, their phenotypes and functions are likely switching along disease progression. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the role of tissue-resident macrophages and recruited macrophages in pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), viral hepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Dou
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Shi
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoshun He
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifang Gao
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Li M, Yang J, Zhao Y, Song Y, Yin S, Guo J, Zhang H, Wang K, Wei L, Li S, Xu W. MCPIP1 inhibits Hepatitis B virus replication by destabilizing viral RNA and negatively regulates the virus-induced innate inflammatory responses. Antiviral Res 2020; 174:104705. [PMID: 31926181 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte chemotactic protein-induced protein 1 (MCPIP1) is an inflammatory regulator in immune response. Recently, MCPIP1 has also been identified as a host antiviral factor against certain virus infection including human immunodeficiency virus, dengue virus and hepatitis C virus. However, whether MCPIP1 could restrict the replication of hepatitis B virus (HBV), a DNA pararetrovirus belonging to Hepadnaviridae family, has not been investigated. In this study, we found that MCPIP1 expression was up-regulated in mouse livers upon acute HBV replication and in HBV-replicated hepatoma cells or HBV-stimulated macrophages. Enforced MCPIP1 expression by hydrodynamic DNA injection in vivo significantly inhibited HBV replication in the mouse livers. Then in vitro studies by overexpression or knockdown assays in cell-lines identified the direct antiviral effect of MCPIP1 on HBV replication. RNA immunoprecipitation and decay assay further suggested that MCPIP1 potently restricted HBV replication through directly binding viral RNA and degrading RNA via its RNase activity, but not deubiquitinase activity. Moreover, we further verified that MCPIP1 negatively regulated HBV-induced proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 in macrophages. Taken together, our data expand MCPIP1's range of viral targets to DNA virus and also demonstrate the negative regulatory role of MCPIP1 in suppressing virus-induced inflammatory response, suggesting MCPIP1 as a potential therapeutic target for treating HBV-related diseases via inducing a host defense against HBV and reducing inflammatory injury meanwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Building, 703, 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Building, 703, 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yinxia Zhao
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yahui Song
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Building, 703, 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shengxia Yin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 21008, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Hongkai Zhang
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Building, 703, 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Kezhen Wang
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Building, 703, 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Building, 703, 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shuijun Li
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Wei Xu
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Building, 703, 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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71
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Wang F, Shen F, Wang Y, Li Z, Chen J, Yuan Z. Residues Asn118 and Glu119 of hepatitis B virus X protein are critical for HBx-mediated inhibition of RIG-I-MAVS signaling. Virology 2020; 539:92-103. [PMID: 31706164 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein (HBx) has been reported to counteract the innate immune responses through interfering with the pattern recognition receptors signaling activated by retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS). Here, we showed that, compared to the HBx derived from genotype (gt) A, C and D, HBx of gtB exhibited more potent inhibitory activity on the RIG-I-MAVS-mediated interferon-β promoter activation. Functional analysis of the genotype-associated differences in amino acid sequence and the reciprocal mutation experiments in transient-transfection and infection cell models revealed that HBx with asparagine (N) and glutamic acid (E) at 118-119 positions inhibited RIG-I signaling and interacted with MAVS more efficiently than that with lysine (K) and aspartic acid (D). An impaired RIG-I-induced MAVS aggregation was observed in the presence of HBx-118N119E while MAVS-TRAF3 interaction was not affected. These results implicated that HBx gene heterogeneity may affect the innate immune responses to HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fang Shen
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yang Wang
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ze Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jieliang Chen
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Successful stories of drug repurposing for cancer therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. DRUG REPURPOSING IN CANCER THERAPY 2020. [PMCID: PMC7471801 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819668-7.00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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73
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Li S, Li H, Xu X, Saw PE, Zhang L. Nanocarrier-mediated antioxidant delivery for liver diseases. Theranostics 2020; 10:1262-1280. [PMID: 31938064 PMCID: PMC6956819 DOI: 10.7150/thno.38834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver is the principal detoxifying organ and metabolizes various compounds that produce free radicals (FR) constantly. To maintain the oxidative/antioxidative balance in the liver, antioxidants would scavenge FR by preventing tissue damage through FR formation, scavenging, or by enhancing their decomposition. The disruption of this balance therefore leads to oxidative stress and in turn leads to the onset of various diseases. Supplying the liver with exogeneous antioxidants is an effective way to recreate the oxidative/antioxidative balance in the liver homeostasis. Nevertheless, due to the short half-life and instability of antioxidants in circulation, the methodology for delivering antioxidants to the liver needs to be improved. Nanocarrier mediated delivery of antioxidants proved to be an ingenious way to safely and efficiently deliver a high payload of antioxidants into the liver for circumventing liver diseases. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the role of reactive oxygen species (oxidant) and ROS scavengers (antioxidant) in liver diseases. Subsequently, current nanocarrier mediated antioxidant delivery methods for liver diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senlin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiru Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoding Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Phei Er Saw
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
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74
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Faure-Dupuy S, Delphin M, Aillot L, Dimier L, Lebossé F, Fresquet J, Parent R, Matter MS, Rivoire M, Bendriss-Vermare N, Salvetti A, Heide D, Flores L, Klumpp K, Lam A, Zoulim F, Heikenwälder M, Durantel D, Lucifora J. Hepatitis B virus-induced modulation of liver macrophage function promotes hepatocyte infection. J Hepatol 2019; 71:1086-1098. [PMID: 31349000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Liver macrophages can be involved in both pathogen clearance and/or pathogenesis. To get further insight on their role during chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections, our aim was to phenotypically and functionally characterize in vivo and ex vivo the interplay between HBV, primary human liver macrophages (PLMs) and primary blood monocytes differentiated into pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory macrophages (M1-MDMs or M2-MDMs, respectively). METHODS PLMs or primary blood monocytes, either ex vivo differentiated into M1-MDMs or M2-MDMs, were exposed to HBV and their activation followed by ELISA or quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). Liver biopsies from HBV-infected patients were analysed by RT-qPCR or immunohistochemistry. Viral parameters in HBV-infected primary human hepatocytes and differentiated HepaRG cells were followed by ELISA, qPCR and RT-qPCR analyses. RESULTS HBc protein was present within the macrophages of liver biopsies taken from HBV-infected patients. Macrophages from HBV-infected patients also expressed higher levels of anti-inflammatory macrophage markers than those from non-infected patients. Ex vivo exposure of naive PLMs to HBV led to reduced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Upon exposure to HBV or HBV-producing cells during differentiation and activation, M1-MDMs secreted less IL-6 and IL-1β, whereas M2-MDMs secreted more IL-10 when exposed to HBV during activation. Finally, cytokines produced by M1-MDMs, but not those produced by HBV-exposed M1-MDMs, decreased HBV infection of hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our data strongly suggest that HBV modulates liver macrophage functions to favour the establishment of infection. LAY SUMMARY Hepatitis B virus modulates liver macrophage function in order to favour the establishment and likely maintenance of infection. It impairs the production of the antiviral cytokine IL-1β, while promoting that of IL-10 in the microenvironment. This phenotype can be recapitulated in naive liver macrophages or monocyte-derived-macrophages ex vivo by short exposure to the virus or cells replicating the virus, thus suggesting an "easy to implement" mechanism of inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Faure-Dupuy
- INSERM, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, France; Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marion Delphin
- INSERM, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, France
| | - Ludovic Aillot
- INSERM, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, France
| | - Laura Dimier
- INSERM, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, France
| | - Fanny Lebossé
- INSERM, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, France; Department of Hepatology, Croix-Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Judith Fresquet
- INSERM, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, France
| | - Romain Parent
- INSERM, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, France
| | | | | | - Nathalie Bendriss-Vermare
- INSERM, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, France
| | - Anna Salvetti
- INSERM, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, France
| | - Danijela Heide
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lalo Flores
- Novira Therapeutics, Part of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, United States
| | - Klaus Klumpp
- Novira Therapeutics, Part of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, United States
| | - Angela Lam
- Novira Therapeutics, Part of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, United States
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- INSERM, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, France; Department of Hepatology, Croix-Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; DEVweCAN Laboratory of Excellence, Lyon, France
| | - Mathias Heikenwälder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Durantel
- INSERM, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, France; DEVweCAN Laboratory of Excellence, Lyon, France.
| | - Julie Lucifora
- INSERM, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, France.
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Immunopathogenesis of HBV Infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1179:71-107. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9151-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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76
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Maini MK, Burton AR. Restoring, releasing or replacing adaptive immunity in chronic hepatitis B. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 16:662-675. [PMID: 31548710 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0196-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple new therapeutic approaches are currently being developed to achieve sustained, off-treatment suppression of HBV, a persistent hepatotropic infection that kills ~2,000 people a day. A fundamental therapeutic goal is the restoration of robust HBV-specific adaptive immune responses that are able to maintain prolonged immunosurveillance of residual infection. Here, we provide insight into key components of successful T cell and B cell responses to HBV, discussing the importance of different specificities and effector functions, local intrahepatic immunity and pathogenic potential. We focus on the parallels and interactions between T cell and B cell responses, highlighting emerging areas for future investigation. We review the potential for different immunotherapies in development to restore or release endogenous adaptive immunity by direct or indirect approaches, including limitations and risks. Finally, we consider an alternative HBV treatment strategy of replacing failed endogenous immunity with infusions of highly targeted T cells or antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Alice R Burton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
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77
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Zheng B, Zhang J, Zheng T, Wang H, Li Z, Huan C, Ning S, Wang Y, Zhang W. ATP1B3 cooperates with BST-2 to promote hepatitis B virus restriction. J Med Virol 2019; 92:201-209. [PMID: 31556466 PMCID: PMC7159099 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates ATP1B3, one of the regulatory subunits of Na+ /K+ -ATPase, is involved in numerous viral propagations, such as HIV and EV71. However, the function and mechanism of ATP1B3 on hepatitis B virus (HBV) propagation is unknown. Here, we demonstrated that ATP1B3 overexpression reduced the quantity of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in supernatants of HBV expression plasmids cotransfected HepG2 cells. Correspondingly, small interfering RNA and short hairpin RNA mediated ATP1B3 silencing promoted HBsAg and HBeAg expression in the supernatants of HBV expression plasmids transfected HepG2 cells. Mechanically, we reported that ATP1B3 expression could activate nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway by inducing the expression, phosphorylation, and nuclear import of P65 for the first time. And NF-κB inhibitor (Bay11) impaired the restraint of ATP1B3 on HBV replication. This counteraction effect of Bay11 proved that ATP1B3-induced NF-κB activation was crucial for HBV restriction. Accordingly, we observed that anti-HBV factors interferon-α (IFN-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production were increased in HepG2 cells after the NF-κB activation. It suggested that ATP1B3 suppressed HBsAg and HBeAg by NF-κB/IFN-α and NF-κB/IL-6 axis. Further experiments proved that ATP1B3 overexpression induced anti-HBV factor BST-2 expression by NF-κB/IFN-α axis in HepG2 cells but not HEK293T cells, and ATP1B3 silencing downregulated BST-2 messenger RNA level in HepG2 cells. As an HBV restriction factor, BST-2 cooperated with ATP1B3 to antagonize HBsAg but not HBeAg in HepG2 cells. Our work identified ATP1B3 as a novel candidate of HBV restrictor with unrevealed mechanism and we highlighted it might serve as a potential therapeutic molecule for HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baisong Zheng
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tianhang Zheng
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhaolong Li
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chen Huan
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shanshan Ning
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yingchao Wang
- Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Abstract
With a yearly death toll of 880,000, hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major health problem worldwide, despite an effective prophylactic vaccine and well-tolerated, effective antivirals. HBV causes chronic hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The viral genome persists in infected hepatocytes even after long-term antiviral therapy, and its integration, though no longer able to support viral replication, destabilizes the host genome. HBV is a DNA virus that utilizes a virus-encoded reverse transcriptase to convert an RNA intermediate, termed pregenomic RNA, into the relaxed circular DNA genome, which is subsequently converted into a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in the host cell nucleus. cccDNA is maintained in the nucleus of the infected hepatocyte as a stable minichromosome and functions as the viral transcriptional template for the production of all viral gene products, and thus, it is the molecular basis of HBV persistence. The nuclear cccDNA pool can be replenished through recycling of newly synthesized, DNA-containing HBV capsids. Licensed antivirals target the HBV reverse transcriptase activity but fail to eliminate cccDNA, which would be required to cure HBV infection. Elimination of HBV cccDNA is so far only achieved by antiviral immune responses. Thus, this review will focus on possible curative strategies aimed at eliminating or crippling the viral cccDNA. Newer insights into the HBV life cycle and host immune response provide novel, potentially curative therapeutic opportunities and targets.
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79
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An IKK/NF-κB Activation/p53 Deletion Sequence Drives Liver Carcinogenesis and Tumor Differentiation. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101410. [PMID: 31546614 PMCID: PMC6827060 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Most liver tumors arise on the basis of chronic liver diseases that trigger inflammatory responses. Besides inflammation, subsequent defects in the p53-signaling pathway frequently occurs in liver cancer. In this study, we analyzed the consequences of inflammation and p53 loss in liver carcinogenesis. Methods: We used inducible liver-specific transgenic mouse strains to analyze the consequences of NF-κB/p65 activation mimicking chronic inflammation and subsequent p53 loss. Results: Ikk2ca driven NF-κB/p65 activation in mice results in liver fibrosis, the formation of ectopic lymphoid structures and carcinogenesis independent of p53 expression. Subsequent deletion of Trp53 led to an increased tumor formation, metastasis and a shift in tumor differentiation towards intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. In addition, loss of Trp53 in an inflammatory liver resulted in elevated chromosomal instability and indicated a distinct aberration pattern. Conclusions: In conclusion, activation of NF-κB/p65 mimicking chronic inflammation provokes the formation of liver carcinoma. Collateral disruption of Trp53 supports tumor progression and influences tumor differentiation and heterogeneity.
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80
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Espíndola KMM, Ferreira RG, Narvaez LEM, Silva Rosario ACR, da Silva AHM, Silva AGB, Vieira APO, Monteiro MC. Chemical and Pharmacological Aspects of Caffeic Acid and Its Activity in Hepatocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:541. [PMID: 31293975 PMCID: PMC6598430 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeic acid (CA) is a phenolic compound synthesized by all plant species and is present in foods such as coffee, wine, tea, and popular medicines such as propolis. This phenolic acid and its derivatives have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic activity. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the anticarcinogenic activity of this compound against an important type of cancer, hepatocarcinoma (HCC), considered to be of high incidence, highly aggressive and causing considerable mortality across the world. The anticancer properties of CA are associated with its antioxidant and pro-oxidant capacity, attributed to its chemical structure that has free phenolic hydroxyls, the number and position of OH in the catechol group and the double bond in the carbonic chain. Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that this compound is hydrolyzed by the microflora of colonies and metabolized mainly in the intestinal mucosa through phase II enzymes, submitted to conjugation and methylation processes, forming sulphated, glucuronic and/or methylated conjugates by the action of sulfotransferases, UDP-glucotransferases, and o-methyltransferases, respectively. The transmembrane flux of CA in intestinal cells occurs through active transport mediated by monocarboxylic acid carriers. CA can act by preventing the production of ROS (reactive oxygen species), inducing DNA oxidation of cancer cells, as well as reducing tumor cell angiogenesis, blocking STATS (transcription factor and signal translation 3) and suppression of MMP2 and MMP-9 (collagen IV metalloproteases). Thus, this review provides an overview of the chemical and pharmacological parameters of CA and its derivatives, demonstrating its mechanism of action and pharmacokinetic aspects, as well as a critical analysis of its action in the fight against hepatocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaio Murilo Monteiro Espíndola
- Laboratory of In Vitro Tests, Immunology and Microbiology-LABEIM, Exact and Natural Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém, Brazil
| | - Roseane Guimarães Ferreira
- Laboratory of In Vitro Tests, Immunology and Microbiology-LABEIM, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo Mosquera Narvaez
- Laboratory of In Vitro Tests, Immunology and Microbiology-LABEIM, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Agnes Hanna Machado da Silva
- Laboratory of In Vitro Tests, Immunology and Microbiology-LABEIM, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ana Gabrielle Bispo Silva
- Laboratory of In Vitro Tests, Immunology and Microbiology-LABEIM, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Oliveira Vieira
- Laboratory of In Vitro Tests, Immunology and Microbiology-LABEIM, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém, Brazil
| | - Marta Chagas Monteiro
- Laboratory of In Vitro Tests, Immunology and Microbiology-LABEIM, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém, Brazil
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81
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Asín-Prieto E, Parra-Guillen ZP, Mantilla JDG, Vandenbossche J, Stuyckens K, de Trixhe XW, Perez-Ruixo JJ, Troconiz IF. Immune network for viral hepatitis B: Topological representation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 136:104939. [PMID: 31195071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a well-known immunotolerogenic environment, which provides the adequate setting for liver infectious pathogens persistence such as the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Consequently, HBV infection can derive in the development of chronic disease in a proportion of the patients. If this situation persists in time, chronic hepatitis B (CHB) would end in cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and eventually, the death of the patient. It is thought that this immunotolerogenic environment is the result of complex interactions between different elements of the immune system and the viral biology. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to unravel the mechanisms implied in the development of CHB and to design a tool able to help in the study of adequate therapies. Firstly, a conceptual framework with the main components of the immune system and viral dynamics was constructed providing an overall insight on the pathways and interactions implied in this disease. Secondly, a review of the literature was performed in a modular fashion: (i) viral dynamics, (ii) innate immune response, (iii) humoral and (iv) cellular adaptive immune responses and (v) tolerogenic aspects. Finally, the information collected was integrated into a single topological representation that could serve as the plan for the systems pharmacology model architecture. This representation can be considered as the previous unavoidable step to the construction of a quantitative model that could assist in biomarker and target identification, drug design and development, dosing optimization and disease progression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Asín-Prieto
- Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Zinnia P Parra-Guillen
- Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José David Gómez Mantilla
- Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Kim Stuyckens
- Global Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | - Iñaki F Troconiz
- Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
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82
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Hu J, Cheng J, Tang L, Hu Z, Luo Y, Li Y, Zhou T, Chang J, Guo JT. Virological Basis for the Cure of Chronic Hepatitis B. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:659-674. [PMID: 29893548 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has infected one-third of world population, and 240 million people are chronic carriers, to whom a curative therapy is still not available. Similar to other viruses, persistent HBV infection relies on the virus to exploit host cell functions to support its replication and efficiently evade host innate and adaptive antiviral immunity. Understanding HBV replication and concomitant host cell interactions is thus instrumental for development of therapeutics to disrupt the virus-host interactions critical for its persistence and cure chronic hepatitis B. Although the currently available cell culture systems of HBV infection are refractory to genome-wide high throughput screening of key host cellular factors essential for and/or regulating HBV replication, classic one-gene (or pathway)-at-a-time studies in the last several decades have already revealed many aspects of HBV-host interactions. An overview of the landscape of HBV-hepatocyte interaction indicates that, in addition to more tightly suppressing viral replication by directly targeting viral proteins, disruption of key viral-host cell interactions to eliminate or inactivate the covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA, the most stable HBV replication intermediate that exists as an episomal minichromosome in the nucleus of infected hepatocyte, is essential to achieve a functional cure of chronic hepatitis B. Moreover, therapeutic targeting of integrated HBV DNA and their transcripts may also be required to induce hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance and prevent liver carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hu
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 1 Tian-tan Xi-li, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Junjun Cheng
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Liudi Tang
- Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, United States
| | - Zhanying Hu
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Yue Luo
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
- Institute of Hepatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yuhuan Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 1 Tian-tan Xi-li, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Tianlun Zhou
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Jinhong Chang
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Ju-Tao Guo
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
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83
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Velazquez-Salinas L, Verdugo-Rodriguez A, Rodriguez LL, Borca MV. The Role of Interleukin 6 During Viral Infections. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1057. [PMID: 31134045 PMCID: PMC6524401 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States.,College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Verdugo-Rodriguez
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Manuel V Borca
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
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84
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El-Maadawy EA, Talaat RM, Ahmed MM, El-Shenawy SZ. Interleukin-6 promotor gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B virus in Egyptians. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:208-214. [PMID: 30594561 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the association between IL-6 polymorphisms (-174G/C, -572G/C and -597G/A) and susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) infection. METHOD Total 108 subjects with CHB infection and 102 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. IL-6 (-174G/C) was genotyped using Mutagenically separated Polymerase Chain Reaction (MS-PCR) while sequence specific primers-PCR (SSP-PCR) was used for studying -572G/C and -597G/A. IL-6 plasma level was measured using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS A significant increase (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.001) in -174GG, -572GC and -597GA; respectively in the CHB group compared to control group, while -572GG genotype was significantly decreased (P < 0.01) in CHB patients. A significant increase (p < 0.01, p < 0.01) in -174 G and -597A alleles was observed in the CHB patient group; respectively. GGA haplotype is significantly increased (P < 0.05) while GCA haplotype is significantly decreased (P < 0.001) in the patient group. A moderate linkage disequilibrium (LD) (D' = 0.719, r2 = 0.474; P < 0.001) between IL-6 (-572G/C and -597G/A) was observed. A significant reduction (P < 0.01) in IL-6 plasma level in CHB patients compared to healthy controls (22.28 ± 1.93 versus 32.08 ± 2.41), which was negatively correlated (r = -0.216; P < 0.01) with HBV infection. CONCLUSIONS This study pointed to the potential role of IL-6 (-174G/C, -572 G/C and -597G/A) gene polymorphisms in the susceptibility to HBV infection. Our results allow for only preliminary conclusions due to relatively small sample size. There is a need for further larger scale studies to fully examine the possible relationship between these cytokine gene polymorphisms and the development of CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A El-Maadawy
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Roba M Talaat
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City, Egypt.
| | - Maha M Ahmed
- Hepatology Department, National Liver Institute (NLI), Menoufiya University, Shebeen El-Kom, Menoufiya, Egypt
| | - Soha Z El-Shenawy
- Biochemistry Department, National Liver Institute (NLI), Menoufiya University, Shebeen El-Kom, Menoufiya, Egypt
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85
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Chen YM, Yang SS, Chen DY. Risk-stratified management strategies for HBV reactivation in RA patients receiving biological and targeted therapy: A narrative review. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2019; 52:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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86
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Hepatitis B e Antigen Inhibits NF-κB Activity by Interrupting K63-Linked Ubiquitination of NEMO. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00667-18. [PMID: 30404796 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00667-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have adopted diverse strategies to suppress antiviral responses. Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a virus that is prevalent worldwide, manipulates the host's innate immune system to evade scavenging. It is reported that the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) can interfere with NF-κB activity, which then leads to high viral loads, while HBV with the G1896A mutation remains infectious without the production of HBeAg but can induce more severe proinflammatory response and liver damage. The aim of current work was to study the molecular mechanism by which HBeAg suppresses interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-stimulated NF-κB activity, which leads to the suppression of the innate immune responses to HBV infection. Our study revealed that HBeAg could interact with NEMO, a regulatory subunit associated with IκB kinase, which regulates the activation of NF-κB. HBeAg suppressed the IL-1β-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-associated factor 6 (TRAF6)-dependent K63-linked ubiquitination of NEMO, thereby downregulating NF-κB activity and promoting virus replication. We further demonstrated the inhibitory effect of HBeAg on the NF-κB signaling pathway using primary human hepatocytes, HBV-infected HepG2-NTCP cells, and clinical liver samples. Our study reveals a molecular mechanism whereby HBeAg suppresses IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation by decreasing the TRAF6-dependent K63-linked ubiquitination of NEMO, which may thereby enhance HBV replication and promote a persistent infection.IMPORTANCE The role of HBeAg in inflammatory responses during the infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is not fully understood, and several previous reports with regard to the NF-κB pathway are controversial. In this study, we showed that HBeAg could suppress both Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)- and IL-1β-induced activation of NF-κB in cells and clinical samples, and we further revealed novel molecular mechanisms. We found that HBeAg can associate with NEMO, the regulatory subunit for IκB kinase (IKK) that controls the NF-κB signaling pathway, and thereby inhibits TRAF6-mediated K63-linked ubiquitination of NEMO, resulting in downregulation of NF-κB activity and promotion of virus replication. In contrast, the HBeAg-negative HBV mutant can induce higher levels of NF-κB activity. These results are important for understanding the HBV-induced pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis and indicate that different clinical measures should be considered to treat HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative infections. Our findings represent a conceptual advance in HBV-related suppression of NF-κB signaling.
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87
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Yang K, Guan S, Zhang H, Chen Z. Induction of interleukin 6 impairs the anti-HBV efficiency of IFN-α in human hepatocytes through upregulation of SOCS3. J Med Virol 2019; 91:803-812. [PMID: 30570770 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- Department of Pharmacology; Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory; The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
| | - Shihe Guan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory; The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory; The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
| | - Zhiwu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology; Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
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88
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89
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Gehring AJ, Protzer U. Targeting Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to Cure Chronic HBV Infection. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:325-337. [PMID: 30367834 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fewer than 1% of chronic hepatitis B virus infections per year are cured with antiviral treatment. This creates a need for long-term treatment, which poses challenges for patients and health systems. Because cure is accompanied by recovery of antiviral immunity, a combination of direct-acting antiviral agents and immunotherapy are likely to be required. Extensive efforts have been made to identify determinants of the failed immune response to hepatitis B virus in patients with chronic infection. We review mechanisms of immune dysfunction in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection, immunotherapy strategies in development, and the challenges associated with successful implementation of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Gehring
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich partner site, Munich, Germany.
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90
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Rehermann B, Thimme R. Insights From Antiviral Therapy Into Immune Responses to Hepatitis B and C Virus Infection. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:369-383. [PMID: 30267712 PMCID: PMC6340757 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There are 257 million persons worldwide with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, a leading causes of liver cancer. Almost all adults with acute HBV infection have a rapid immune response to the virus, resulting in life-long immunity, but there is no cure for individuals with chronic HBV infection, which they acquire during early life. The mechanisms that drive the progression of HBV through distinct clinical phases to end-stage liver disease are poorly understood. Likewise, it is not clear whether and how immune responses can be modulated to allow control and/or clearance of intrahepatic HBV DNA. We review the innate and adaptive immune responses to acute and chronic HBV infections and responses to antiviral therapy. Comparisons with hepatitis C virus infection provide insights into the reversibility of innate inflammatory responses and the potential for successful therapy to recover virus-specific memory immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Robert Thimme
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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91
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Yao Z, Jia X, Megger DA, Chen J, Liu Y, Li J, Sitek B, Yuan Z. Label-Free Proteomic Analysis of Exosomes Secreted from THP-1-Derived Macrophages Treated with IFN-α Identifies Antiviral Proteins Enriched in Exosomes. J Proteome Res 2018; 18:855-864. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaofang Jia
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Dominik A. Megger
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 50 Virchowstraße 179, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Jieliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Barbara Sitek
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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92
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Raghunath A, Sundarraj K, Arfuso F, Sethi G, Perumal E. Dysregulation of Nrf2 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Role in Cancer Progression and Chemoresistance. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10120481. [PMID: 30513925 PMCID: PMC6315366 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10120481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver executes versatile functions and is the chief organ for metabolism of toxicants/xenobiotics. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy and the third foremost cause of cancer death worldwide. Oxidative stress is a key factor related with the development and progression of HCC. Nuclear factor erythroid 2 [NF-E2]-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a cytosolic transcription factor, which regulates redox homeostasis by activating the expression of an array of antioxidant response element-dependent genes. Nrf2 displays conflicting roles in normal, healthy liver and HCC; in the former, Nrf2 offers beneficial effects, whereas in the latter it causes detrimental effects favouring the proliferation and survival of HCC. Sustained Nrf2 activation has been observed in HCC and facilitates its progression and aggressiveness. This review summarizes the role and mechanism(s) of action of Nrf2 dysregulation in HCC and therapeutic options that can be employed to modulate this transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhwar Raghunath
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Kiruthika Sundarraj
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Frank Arfuso
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
| | - Ekambaram Perumal
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamilnadu, India.
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Tout I, Gomes M, Ainouze M, Marotel M, Pecoul T, Durantel D, Vaccarella S, Dubois B, Loustaud-Ratti V, Walzer T, Alain S, Chemin I, Hasan U. Hepatitis B Virus Blocks the CRE/CREB Complex and Prevents TLR9 Transcription and Function in Human B Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 201:2331-2344. [PMID: 30185518 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Effective B cell responses such as cytokine secretion, proliferation, and Ab-specific responses are essential to clear hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, HBV alters numerous immune pathways to persist in the host. B cell activity depends on activation of the innate sensor TLR9 by viral or bacterial DNA motifs. How HBV can deregulate B cell functions remains unknown. In this study, we show that HBV can enter and decrease TLR9 expression in human primary B cells. Using PBMCs from human blood donors, we show that TLR9 expression was reduced in all peripheral B cells subsets exposed to HBV. B cell function mediated by TLR9, but not TLR7, such as proliferation and proinflammatory cytokines secretion, were abrogated in the presence of HBV; however, global Ig secretion was not downregulated. Mechanistically, we show, using human myeloma B cell line RPMI 8226, that the surface Ag hepatitis B surface Ag was responsible for TLR9 dysfunction. hepatitis B surface Ag suppressed the phosphorylation and thus the activation of the transcription factor CREB, preventing TLR9 promoter activity. Finally, we corroborated our in vitro findings in a cohort of chronic HBV carriers and found that TLR9 expression and function were significantly suppressed. The effect of HBV on TLR9 activity in B cells gives insights into oncoviral immune escape strategies, providing knowledge to develop novel immunotherapeutic approaches in chronic HBV-carrier patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issam Tout
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69100 Lyon, France
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69495 Lyon, France
| | - Melissa Gomes
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Michelle Ainouze
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69100 Lyon, France
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69495 Lyon, France
| | - Marie Marotel
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69100 Lyon, France
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69495 Lyon, France
| | - Timothee Pecoul
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69100 Lyon, France
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69495 Lyon, France
| | - David Durantel
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, 69373 Lyon, France; and
| | | | - Bertrand Dubois
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, 69373 Lyon, France; and
| | | | - Thierry Walzer
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69100 Lyon, France
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69495 Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Alain
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Isabelle Chemin
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, 69373 Lyon, France; and
| | - Uzma Hasan
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France;
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69100 Lyon, France
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69495 Lyon, France
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94
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Burton AR, Pallett LJ, McCoy LE, Suveizdyte K, Amin OE, Swadling L, Alberts E, Davidson BR, Kennedy PT, Gill US, Mauri C, Blair PA, Pelletier N, Maini MK. Circulating and intrahepatic antiviral B cells are defective in hepatitis B. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4588-4603. [PMID: 30091725 PMCID: PMC6159997 DOI: 10.1172/jci121960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are increasingly recognized as playing an important role in the ongoing control of hepatitis B virus (HBV). The development of antibodies against the viral surface antigen (HBV surface antigen [HBsAgs]) constitutes the hallmark of resolution of acute infection and is a therapeutic goal for functional cure of chronic HBV (CHB). We characterized B cells directly ex vivo from the blood and liver of patients with CHB to investigate constraints on their antiviral potential. Unexpectedly, we found that HBsAg-specific B cells persisted in the blood and liver of many patients with CHB and were enriched for T-bet, a signature of antiviral potential in B cells. However, purified, differentiated HBsAg-specific B cells from patients with CHB had defective antibody production, consistent with undetectable anti-HBs antibodies in vivo. HBsAg-specific and global B cells had an accumulation of CD21-CD27- atypical memory B cells (atMBC) with high expression of inhibitory receptors, including PD-1. These atMBC demonstrated altered signaling, homing, differentiation into antibody-producing cells, survival, and antiviral/proinflammatory cytokine production that could be partially rescued by PD-1 blockade. Analysis of B cells within healthy and HBV-infected livers implicated the combination of this tolerogenic niche and HBV infection in driving PD-1hiatMBC and impairing B cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice R. Burton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, and
| | - Laura J. Pallett
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, and
| | - Laura E. McCoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, and
| | - Kornelija Suveizdyte
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, and
| | - Oliver E. Amin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, and
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, and
| | - Elena Alberts
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, and
| | - Brian R. Davidson
- Department of Surgery, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Upkar S. Gill
- Centre for Immunobiology, Barts and the London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Mauri
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A. Blair
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mala K. Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, and
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95
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Vyas AK, Jindal A, Trehanpati N. Ponder the Innate Immunity in Hepatitis B Infection. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:1277. [PMID: 30222943 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Vyas
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankur Jindal
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nirupma Trehanpati
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
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96
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Faure-Dupuy S, Durantel D, Lucifora J. Liver macrophages: Friend or foe during hepatitis B infection? Liver Int 2018; 38:1718-1729. [PMID: 29772112 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Hepatitis B virus chronically infects the liver of 250 million people worldwide. Over the past decades, major advances have been made in the understanding of Hepatitis B virus life cycle in hepatocytes. Beside these parenchymal cells, the liver also contains resident and infiltrating myeloid cells involved in immune responses to pathogens and much less is known about their interplay with Hepatitis B virus. In this review, we summarized and discussed the current knowledge of the role of liver macrophages (including Kupffer cells and liver monocyte-derived macrophages), in HBV infection. While it is still unclear if liver macrophages play a role in the establishment and persistence of HBV infection, several studies disclosed data suggesting that HBV would favour liver macrophage anti-inflammatory phenotypes and thereby increase liver tolerance. In addition, alternatively activated liver macrophages might also play in the long term a key role in hepatitis B-associated pathogenesis, especially through the activation of hepatic stellate cells. Therapies aiming at a transient activation of pro-inflammatory liver macrophages should therefore be considered for the treatment of chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Faure-Dupuy
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, University Claude-Bernard (UCBL), Lyon, France
| | - David Durantel
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, University Claude-Bernard (UCBL), Lyon, France.,Laboratoire d'excellence (LabEx), DEVweCAN, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Lucifora
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, University Claude-Bernard (UCBL), Lyon, France
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97
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Tang J, Wu ZY, Dai RJ, Ma J, Gong GZ. Hepatitis B virus-persistent infection and innate immunity defect: Cell-related or virus-related? World J Clin Cases 2018; 6:233-241. [PMID: 30211203 PMCID: PMC6134278 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v6.i9.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The outcomes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are closely related to the age at which infection was acquired. Infection acquired in adult life tends to be self-limited, in contrast to perinatal acquirement, for which chronic persistence of the HBV is a general outcome. Innate immunity plays an indispensable role in early virus infection, facilitating virus clearance. However, it has been reported that HBV is under-recognized and poorly eliminated by the innate immune system in the early stages of infection, possibly explaining the long-lasting persistence of viremia afterwards. Furthermore, due to the existence of covalently closed circular DNA, chronic HBV clearance is very difficult, even when patients are given interferon-α and nucleotide/nucleoside analogs for antiviral therapy. The mechanism by which HBV evades innate immune recognition and establishes persistent infection remains a subject of debate. Besides, some researchers are becoming more interested in how to eradicate chronic HBV infection by restoring or boosting innate immunity. This review aimed to summarize the current knowledge on how intrahepatocyte signaling pathways and innate immune cells act after the onset of HBV infection and how these actions are related to the persistence of HBV. We anticipate the insights presented herein to be helpful for future development of novel immune therapeutic strategies to fight HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tang
- Department of Infectious Disease, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Rong-Juan Dai
- Department of Infectious Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Infectious Disease, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Guo-Zhong Gong
- Department of Infectious Disease, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
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98
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Kim DH, Park ES, Lee AR, Park S, Park YK, Ahn SH, Kang HS, Won JH, Ha YN, Jae B, Kim DS, Chung WC, Song MJ, Kim KH, Park SH, Kim SH, Kim KH. Intracellular interleukin-32γ mediates antiviral activity of cytokines against hepatitis B virus. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3284. [PMID: 30115930 PMCID: PMC6095909 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05782-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are involved in early host defense against pathogen infections. In particular, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) have critical functions in non-cytopathic elimination of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in hepatocytes. However, the molecular mechanisms and mediator molecules are largely unknown. Here we show that interleukin-32 (IL-32) is induced by TNF and IFN-γ in hepatocytes, and inhibits the replication of HBV by acting intracellularly to suppress HBV transcription and replication. The gamma isoform of IL-32 (IL-32γ) inhibits viral enhancer activities by downregulating liver-enriched transcription factors. Our data are validated in both an in vivo HBV mouse model and primary human hepatocytes. This study thus suggests that IL-32γ functions as intracellular effector in hepatocytes for suppressing HBV replication to implicate a possible mechanism of non-cytopathic viral clearance. Cytokines such as TNF and IFN-γ are important for immunity against hepatitis B virus (HBV). Here the authors show that interleukin-32 gamma (IL-32γ) acts downstream of TNF and IFN-γ as an intracellular effector, and that IL-32γ negatively regulates host factors contributing to HBV transcription to promote HBV clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Cancer Research and Diagnostic Medicine, IBST, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sook Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Cancer Research and Diagnostic Medicine, IBST, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Ram Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Cancer Research and Diagnostic Medicine, IBST, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Soree Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Cancer Research and Diagnostic Medicine, IBST, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Kwang Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Cancer Research and Diagnostic Medicine, IBST, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Ahn
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Cancer Research and Diagnostic Medicine, IBST, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Seok Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Cancer Research and Diagnostic Medicine, IBST, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Won
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Cancer Research and Diagnostic Medicine, IBST, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yea Na Ha
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Cancer Research and Diagnostic Medicine, IBST, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - ByeongJune Jae
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Cancer Research and Diagnostic Medicine, IBST, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Sik Kim
- Division of HBP Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Chang Chung
- Virus-Host Interactions Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Jung Song
- Virus-Host Interactions Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Hwan Kim
- Department of Surgery, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 11765, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwa Park
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Kim
- Laboratory of Cytokine Immunology, Veterinary School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun-Hwan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Cancer Research and Diagnostic Medicine, IBST, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea. .,KU Open Innovation Center, Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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99
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Wang W, Bian H, Li F, Li X, Zhang D, Sun S, Song S, Zhu Q, Ren W, Qin C, Qi J. HBeAg induces the expression of macrophage miR-155 to accelerate liver injury via promoting production of inflammatory cytokines. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2627-2641. [PMID: 29349567 PMCID: PMC11105519 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2753-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Activation of Kupffer cells (KCs) induced that inflammatory cytokine production plays a central role in the pathogenesis of HBV infection. The previous studies from our and other laboratory demonstrated miRNAs can regulate TLR-inducing inflammatory responses to macrophage. However, the involvement of miRNAs in HBV-associated antigen-induced macrophage activation is still not thoroughly understood. Here, we evaluated the effects and mechanisms of miR-155 in HBV-associated antigen-induced macrophage activation. First, co-culture assay of HepG2 or HepG2.2.15 cells and RAW264.7 macrophages showed that HepG2.2.15 cells could significantly promote macrophages to produce inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, we, respectively, stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, mouse primary peritoneal macrophages, or healthy human peripheral blood monocytes with HBV-associated antigens, including HBcAg, HBeAg, and HBsAg, and found that only HBeAg could steadily enhance the production of inflammatory cytokines in these cells. Subsequently, miRNAs sequencing presented the up- or down-regulated expression of multiple miRNAs in HBeAg-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, we verified the expression of miR-155 and its precursors BIC gene with q-PCR in the system of co-culture or HBeAg-stimulated macrophages. Meanwhile, the increased miR-155 expression was positively correlation with serum ALT, AST, and HBeAg levels in AHB patients. Although MAPK, PI3K, and NF-κB signal pathways were all activated during HBeAg treatment, only PI3K and NF-κB pathways were involved in miR-155 expression induced by HBeAg stimulation. Consistently, miR-155 over-expression inhibited production of inflammatory cytokines, which could be reversed by knocking down miR-155. Moreover, we demonstrated that miR-155 regulated HBeAg-induced cytokine production by targeting BCL-6, SHIP-1, and SOCS-1. In conclusion, our data revealed that HBeAg augments the expression of miR-155 in macrophages via PI3K and NF-κB signal pathway and the increased miR-155 promotes HBeAg-induced inflammatory cytokine production by inhibiting the expression of BCL-6, SHIP-1, and SOCS-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Hongjun Bian
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Feifei Li
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Shuohuan Sun
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Shouyang Song
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Wanhua Ren
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Chengyong Qin
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Jianni Qi
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
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100
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepatotropic virus that can establish a persistent and chronic infection in humans through immune anergy. Currently, 3.5% of the global population is chronically infected with HBV, although the incidence of HBV infections is decreasing owing to vaccination and, to a lesser extent, the use of antiviral therapy to reduce the viral load of chronically infected individuals. The course of chronic HBV infection typically comprises different clinical phases, each of which potentially lasts for decades. Well-defined and verified serum and liver biopsy diagnostic markers enable the assessment of disease severity, viral replication status, patient risk stratification and treatment decisions. Current therapy includes antiviral agents that directly act on viral replication and immunomodulators, such as interferon therapy. Antiviral agents for HBV include reverse transcriptase inhibitors, which are nucleoside or nucleotide analogues that can profoundly suppress HBV replication but require long-term maintenance therapy. Novel compounds are being actively investigated to achieve the goal of HBV surface antigen seroclearance (functional cure), a serological state that is associated with a higher remission rate (thus, no viral rebound) after treatment cessation and a lower rate of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. This Primer addresses several aspects of HBV infection, including epidemiology, immune pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention and management.
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