51
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Nell P. Highlight report: liver regeneration by a subset of hepatocytes with high expression of telomerase. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:3633-3634. [PMID: 31677075 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Nell
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
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52
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Aloia L, McKie MA, Vernaz G, Cordero-Espinoza L, Aleksieva N, van den Ameele J, Antonica F, Font-Cunill B, Raven A, Aiese Cigliano R, Belenguer G, Mort RL, Brand AH, Zernicka-Goetz M, Forbes SJ, Miska EA, Huch M. Epigenetic remodelling licences adult cholangiocytes for organoid formation and liver regeneration. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:1321-1333. [PMID: 31685987 PMCID: PMC6940196 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Following severe or chronic liver injury, adult ductal cells (cholangiocytes) contribute to regeneration by restoring both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. We recently showed that ductal cells clonally expand as self-renewing liver organoids that retain their differentiation capacity into both hepatocytes and ductal cells. However, the molecular mechanisms by which adult ductal-committed cells acquire cellular plasticity, initiate organoids and regenerate the damaged tissue remain largely unknown. Here, we describe that ductal cells undergo a transient, genome-wide, remodelling of their transcriptome and epigenome during organoid initiation and in vivo following tissue damage. TET1-mediated hydroxymethylation licences differentiated ductal cells to initiate organoids and activate the regenerative programme through the transcriptional regulation of stem-cell genes and regenerative pathways including the YAP-Hippo signalling. Our results argue in favour of the remodelling of genomic methylome/hydroxymethylome landscapes as a general mechanism by which differentiated cells exit a committed state in response to tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Aloia
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mikel Alexander McKie
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Grégoire Vernaz
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Lucía Cordero-Espinoza
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Niya Aleksieva
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jelle van den Ameele
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francesco Antonica
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Berta Font-Cunill
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander Raven
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - German Belenguer
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Richard L Mort
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, UK
| | - Andrea H Brand
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eric A Miska
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Meritxell Huch
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
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53
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Pibiri M. Liver regeneration in aged mice: new insights. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:1801-1824. [PMID: 30157472 PMCID: PMC6128415 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The regenerative capacity of the liver after resection is reduced with aging. Recent studies on rodents revealed that both intracellular and extracellular factors are involved in the impairment of liver mass recovery during aging. Among the intracellular factors, age-dependent decrease of BubR1 (budding uninhibited by benzimidazole-related 1), YAP (Yes-associated protein) and SIRT1 (Sirtuin-1) have been associated to dampening of tissue reconstitution and inhibition of cell cycle genes following partial hepatectomy. Extra-cellular factors, such as age-dependent changes in hepatic stellate cells affect liver regeneration through inhibition of progenitor cells and reduction of liver perfusion. Furthermore, chronic release of pro-inflammatory proteins by senescent cells (SASP) affects cell proliferation suggesting that senescent cell clearance might improve tissue regeneration. Accordingly, young plasma restores liver regeneration in aged animals through autophagy re-establishment. This review will discuss how intracellular and extracellular factors cooperate to guarantee a proper liver regeneration and the possible causes of its impairment during aging. The possibility that an improvement of the liver regenerative capacity in elderly might be achieved through elimination of senescent cells via autophagy or by administration of direct mitogenic agents devoid of cytotoxicity will also be entertained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Pibiri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oncology and Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari 09124, Italy
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54
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Alison MR, Lin WR. Periportal SRY (Sex Determining Region Y)-Box 9-Positive Hepatocytes: Progenitors With a Biliary Leaning. Hepatology 2019; 70:1470-1473. [PMID: 31034658 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wey-Ran Lin
- Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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55
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Kitade M, Kaji K, Nishimura N, Seki K, Nakanishi K, Tsuji Y, Sato S, Saikawa S, Takaya H, Kawaratani H, Namisaki T, Moriya K, Mitoro A, Yoshiji H. Blocking development of liver fibrosis augments hepatic progenitor cell-derived liver regeneration in a mouse chronic liver injury model. Hepatol Res 2019; 49:1034-1045. [PMID: 30989766 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM The roles of hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) in regeneration of a diseased liver are unclear. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) contribute to liver fibrosis but are also a component of the HPC niche. Hepatic progenitor cells expand along with HSC activation and liver fibrosis. However, little is known about the interplay of liver fibrosis and HPC-mediated liver regeneration. This study aimed to investigate HSCs and HPCs in liver regeneration. METHODS Liver injury in mice was induced with 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine, and HPC expansion and fibrosis were assessed. An angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB) was administered to assess its effect on fibrosis and regeneration. RESULTS Treatment with ARB attenuated fibrosis and expansion of α-smooth muscle actin-positive activated HSCs as indicated by increased liver weight and Ki-67-positive hepatocytes. Immunohistochemical staining suggested that HPC differentiation was shifted toward hepatocytes (HCs) when ARB treatment decreased HPC encapsulation by HSCs and extracellular matrix. Conditioned medium produced by culturing the human HSC LX-2 line strongly augmented differentiation to biliary epithelial cells (BECs) but inhibited that to HCs. Activated HSCs expressed Jagged1, a NOTCH ligand, which plays a central role in differentiation of HPCs toward BECs. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic stellate cells, the HPC niche cells, control differentiation of HPCs, directing them toward BECs rather than HCs in a diseased liver model. Antifibrosis treatment with an ARB preferentially redirects HPC differentiation toward HCs by blocking the NOTCH pathway in the HPC niche, resulting in more efficient HPC-mediated liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuteru Kitade
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kaji
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Norihisa Nishimura
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Seki
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakanishi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Yuki Tsuji
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Shinya Sato
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Soichiro Saikawa
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takaya
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Hideto Kawaratani
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Tadashi Namisaki
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Kei Moriya
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Akira Mitoro
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yoshiji
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
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56
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Johnson RL. Hippo signaling and epithelial cell plasticity in mammalian liver development, homeostasis, injury and disease. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 62:1609-1616. [PMID: 31463737 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A traditional view of cellular differentiation is unidirectional: progenitor cells adopt specific fates in response to environmental cues resulting in deployment of cell-specific gene expression programs and acquisition of unique differentiated cellular properties such as production of structural and functional proteins that define individual cell types. In both development and in tissue repair stem and progenitor cells are thought to both self-renew to maintain the pool of precursors and to expand to give rise to transient amplifying and differentiated cell types. Recently, however, it has become appreciated that differentiated cell types can be reprogrammed to adopt progenitor and stem cell properties. In the case of epithelial cells in the mammalian liver, hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells there is a significant degree of plasticity between these lineages that has been implicated in mechanisms of tissue repair and in liver pathologies such as cancer. Recent studies have highlighted the role of Hippo signaling, an emerging growth control and tumor suppressor pathway, in regulating epithelial cell plasticity in the mammalian liver and in this review, the role of cellular plasticity and Hippo signaling in regulating normal and abnormal tissue responses in the mammalian liver will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy L Johnson
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6767 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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57
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Oct4 and Hnf4α-induced hepatic stem cells ameliorate chronic liver injury in liver fibrosis model. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221085. [PMID: 31404112 PMCID: PMC6690533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct conversion from fibroblasts to generate hepatocyte like-cells (iHeps) bypassing the pluripotent state has been described in previous reports as an attractive method acquiring hepatocytes for cell-based therapy. The limited proliferation of iHeps, however, has hampered it uses in cell-based therapy. Since hepatic stem cells (HepSCs) possess self-renewal and bipotency with the capacity to differentiate into both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, they have therapeutic potential for treating liver disease. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effects of induced HepSCs (iHepSCs) on a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis model. We demonstrate that Oct4 and Hnf4a are sufficient to convert fibroblasts into expandable iHepSCs. Hepatocyte-like cells derived from iHepSCs (iHepSC-HEPs) exhibit the typical morphology of hepatocytes and hepatic functions, including glycogen storage, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake, Indocyanine green (ICG) detoxification, drug metabolism, urea production, and albumin secretion. iHepSCs-derived cholangiocyte-like cells (iHepSC-CLCs) expressed cholangiocyte-specific markers and formed cysts and tubule-like structures with apical-basal polarity and secretory function in three-dimensional culture condition. Furthermore, iHepSCs showed anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. This study demonstrates that Oct4 and Hnf4α-induced HepSCs show typical hepatic and biliary functionality in vitro. It also presents the therapeutic effect of iHepSCs in liver fibrosis. Therefore, directly converting iHepSCs from somatic cells may facilitate the development of patient-specific cell-based therapy for chronic liver damage.
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58
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Li W, Yang L, He Q, Hu C, Zhu L, Ma X, Ma X, Bao S, Li L, Chen Y, Deng X, Zhang X, Cen J, Zhang L, Wang Z, Xie WF, Li H, Li Y, Hui L. A Homeostatic Arid1a-Dependent Permissive Chromatin State Licenses Hepatocyte Responsiveness to Liver-Injury-Associated YAP Signaling. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 25:54-68.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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59
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Manco R, Clerbaux LA, Verhulst S, Bou Nader M, Sempoux C, Ambroise J, Bearzatto B, Gala JL, Horsmans Y, van Grunsven L, Desdouets C, Leclercq I. Reactive cholangiocytes differentiate into proliferative hepatocytes with efficient DNA repair in mice with chronic liver injury. J Hepatol 2019; 70:1180-1191. [PMID: 30794890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Chronic liver diseases are characterized by expansion of the small immature cholangiocytes - a mechanism named ductular reaction (DR) - which have the capacity to differentiate into hepatocytes. We investigated the kinetics of this differentiation, as well as analyzing several important features of the newly formed hepatocytes, such as functional maturity, clonal expansion and resistance to stress in mice with long-term liver damage. METHODS We tracked cholangiocytes using osteopontin-iCreERT2 and hepatocytes with AAV8-TBG-Cre. Mice received carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) for >24 weeks to induce chronic liver injury. Livers were collected for the analysis of reporter proteins, cell proliferation and death, DNA damage, and nuclear ploidy; hepatocytes were also isolated for RNA sequencing. RESULTS During liver injury we observed a transient DR and the differentiation of DR cells into hepatocytes as clones that expanded to occupy 12% of the liver parenchyma by week 8. By lineage tracing, we confirmed that these new hepatocytes derived from cholangiocytes but not from native hepatocytes. They had all the features of mature functional hepatocytes. In contrast to the exhausted native hepatocytes, these newly formed hepatocytes had higher proliferative capability, less apoptosis, a lower proportion of highly polyploid nuclei and were better at eliminating DNA damage. CONCLUSIONS In chronic liver injury, DR cells differentiate into stress-resistant hepatocytes that repopulate the liver. The process might account for the observed parenchymal reconstitution in livers of patients with advanced-stage hepatitis and could be a target for regenerative purposes. LAY SUMMARY During chronic liver disease, while native hepatocytes are exhausted and genetically unstable, a subset of cholangiocytes clonally expand to differentiate into young, functional and robust hepatocytes. This cholangiocyte cell population is a promising target for regenerative therapies in patients with chronic liver insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Manco
- Laboratory of Hepato-gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure-Alix Clerbaux
- Laboratory of Hepato-gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefaan Verhulst
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Myriam Bou Nader
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Christine Sempoux
- Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jerome Ambroise
- Centre de Technologies Moléculaires Appliquées, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Bearzatto
- Centre de Technologies Moléculaires Appliquées, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean Luc Gala
- Centre de Technologies Moléculaires Appliquées, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Horsmans
- Laboratory of Hepato-gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Hepato-gastroenterology Unit, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leo van Grunsven
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chantal Desdouets
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepato-gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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60
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Zhao L, Jin Y, Donahue K, Tsui M, Fish M, Logan CY, Wang B, Nusse R. Tissue Repair in the Mouse Liver Following Acute Carbon Tetrachloride Depends on Injury-Induced Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. Hepatology 2019; 69:2623-2635. [PMID: 30762896 PMCID: PMC7043939 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the liver, Wnt/β-catenin signaling is involved in regulating zonation and hepatocyte proliferation during homeostasis. We examined Wnt gene expression and signaling after injury, and we show by in situ hybridization that Wnts are activated by acute carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) toxicity. Following injury, peri-injury hepatocytes become Wnt-responsive, expressing the Wnt target gene axis inhibition protein 2 (Axin2). Lineage tracing of peri-injury Axin2+ hepatocytes shows that during recovery the injured parenchyma becomes repopulated and repaired by Axin2+ descendants. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we show that endothelial cells are the major source of Wnts following acute CCl4 toxicity. Induced loss of β-catenin in peri-injury hepatocytes results in delayed repair and ultimately injury-induced lethality, while loss of Wnt production from endothelial cells leads to a delay in the proliferative response after injury. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the importance of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in restoring tissue integrity following acute liver toxicity and establish a role of endothelial cells as an important Wnt-producing regulator of liver tissue repair following localized liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludan Zhao
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine,
Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford
School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305,Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford School of
Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Yinhua Jin
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine,
Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford
School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Katie Donahue
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine,
Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford
School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Margaret Tsui
- Department of Medicine and Liver Center, University of
California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Matt Fish
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine,
Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford
School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Catriona Y. Logan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine,
Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford
School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Bruce Wang
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine,
Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford
School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305,Department of Medicine and Liver Center, University of
California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Roel Nusse
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine,
Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford
School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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61
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Abstract
Polyploid cells contain more than two homologous sets of chromosomes. The original observations of liver polyploidy date back to the 1940s, but functional roles for polyploid cells are still unclear. Liver polyploidy may influence regeneration, stress response, and cancer, although little evidence has established direct causal links between polyploidy and these biological phenotypes. In this review, we will introduce broad concepts about polyploidy including its distribution in nature and how polyploids form in normal and pathological situations. Then we will examine recent discoveries that have begun to clarify functionality and disease relevance of liver polyploidy. Finally, we will discuss implications and future directions of research about polyploidy in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Zhang
- a Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , USA
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lin
- a Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , USA
| | - Branden Tarlow
- b Department of Internal Medicine , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Hao Zhu
- a Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , USA
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62
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He J, Gerstenlauer M, Chan LK, Leithäuser F, Yeh MM, Wirth T, Maier HJ. Block of NF-kB signaling accelerates MYC-driven hepatocellular carcinogenesis and modifies the tumor phenotype towards combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Lett 2019; 458:113-122. [PMID: 31128214 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Primary liver cancer ranks among the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. Risk factors are closely linked to inflammation, such as viral hepatitis and alcoholic as well as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Among the pathways involved in the pathogenesis of malignant liver tumors, dysregulation of NF-κB signaling plays a prominent role. It provides a link between inflammation and cancer. To examine the role of NF-κB in a MYC-induced model of hepatocellular carcinoma we deleted NEMO (IKKγ) specifically from hepatocytes. NEMO deletion accelerated tumor development and shortened survival, suggesting a tumor-suppressive function of NF-κB signaling. We observed increased proliferation, inflammation and fibrosis, as well as activation of MAPK and STAT signaling. Importantly, deletion of NEMO modified the tumor phenotype from hepatocellular carcinoma to combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma. The intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tumor component showed increased expression of progenitor markers such as Sox9 and reduced expression of mature hepatic markers such as CPS1. In both cases tumorigenesis was reversible by turning off MYC expression. To our knowledge this is the first mouse model of combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma and may provide insights into the development of this rare malignant tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia He
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Melanie Gerstenlauer
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lap Kwan Chan
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Leithäuser
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthew M Yeh
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, USA
| | - Thomas Wirth
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Harald J Maier
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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63
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Clerbaux LA, Manco R, Van Hul N, Bouzin C, Sciarra A, Sempoux C, Theise ND, Leclercq IA. Invasive Ductular Reaction Operates Hepatobiliary Junctions upon Hepatocellular Injury in Rodents and Humans. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1569-1581. [PMID: 31108103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ductular reaction (DR) is observed in virtually all liver diseases in both humans and rodents. Depending on the injury, DR is confined within the periportal area or invades the parenchyma. On severe hepatocellular injury, invasive DR has been proposed to arise for supplying the liver with new hepatocytes. However, experimental data evidenced that DR contribution to hepatocyte repopulation is at the most modest, unless replicative capacity of hepatocytes is abrogated. Herein, we proposed that invasive DR could contribute to operating hepatobiliary junctions on hepatocellular injury. The choline-deficient ethionine-supplemented mouse model of hepatocellular injury and human liver samples were used to evaluate the hepatobiliary junctional role of the invasive form of DR. Choline-deficient ethionine-supplemented-induced DR expanded as biliary epithelium into the lobule and established new junctions with the canaliculi. By contrast, no new ductular-canalicular junctions were observed in mouse models of biliary obstructive injury exhibiting noninvasive DR. Similarly, in humans, an increased number of hepatobiliary junctions were observed in hepatocellular diseases (viral, drug induced, or metabolic) in which DR invaded the lobule but not in biliary diseases (obstruction or cholangitis) in which DR was contained within the portal mesenchyme. In conclusion, our data in rodents and humans support that invasive DR plays a hepatobiliary junctional role to maintain structural continuity between hepatocytes and ducts in disorders affecting hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure-Alix Clerbaux
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rita Manco
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Noémi Van Hul
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Bouzin
- Imaging Platform, Institute of clinical and Experimental Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amedeo Sciarra
- Service of Clinical Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christine Sempoux
- Service of Clinical Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Neil D Theise
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Isabelle A Leclercq
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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64
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Sirbu D, Luli S, Leslie J, Oakley F, Benniston AC. Enhanced in vivo Optical Imaging of the Inflammatory Response to Acute Liver Injury in C57BL/6 Mice Using a Highly Bright Near-Infrared BODIPY Dye. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:995-999. [PMID: 30920173 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Delving deeper is possible in whole-body in vivo imaging using a super-bright membrane-targeting BODIPY dye (BD). The dye was used to monitor homing of ex vivo fluorescently labelled neutrophils to an injured liver of dark-pigmented C57BL/6 mice. In vivo imaging system (IVIS) data conclusively showed an enhanced signal intensity and a higher signal-to-noise ratio in mice receiving neutrophils labelled with the BD dye relative to those labelled with a gold standard dye at 2 h post in vivo administration of fluorescently labelled cells. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) confirmed that BD is nontoxic, and an exceptional cell labelling dye that opens up precision deep-organ in vivo imaging of inflammation in mice routinely used for biomedical research. The origin of enhanced performance is identified with the molecular structure and the distinct localisation of the dye within cells that enable remarkable changes in its optical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dumitru Sirbu
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, Chemistry-School of Natural & Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Saimir Luli
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Institution of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Jack Leslie
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Institution of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Fiona Oakley
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Institution of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Andrew C Benniston
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, Chemistry-School of Natural & Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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65
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Wang F, Sun NN, Li LL, Zhu WW, Xiu J, Shen Y, Xu Q. Hepatic progenitor cell activation is induced by the depletion of the gut microbiome in mice. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e873. [PMID: 31094067 PMCID: PMC6813488 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeostasis of the gut microbiome is crucial for human health and for liver function. However, it has not been established whether the gut microbiome influence hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs). HPCs are capable of self‐renewal and differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes; however, HPCs are normally quiescent and are rare in adults. After sustained liver damage, a ductular reaction occurs, and the number of HPCs is substantially increased. Here, we administered five broad‐spectrum antibiotics for 14 days to deplete the gut microbiomes of male C57BL/6 mice, and we measured the plasma aminotransferases and other biochemical indices. The expression levels of two HPC markers, SRY‐related high mobility group‐box gene 9 (Sox9) and cytokeratin (CK), were also measured. The plasma aminotransferase activities were not affected, but the triglyceride, lactate dehydrogenase, low‐density lipoprotein, and high‐density lipoprotein concentrations were significantly altered; this suggests that liver function is affected by the composition of the gut microbiome. The mRNA expression of Sox9 was significantly higher in the treated mice than it was in the control mice (p < 0.0001), and a substantial expression of Sox9 and CK was observed around the bile ducts. The mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory factors (interleukin [IL]‐1β, IL‐6, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]‐α, and TNF‐like weak inducer of apoptosis [Tweak]) were also significantly higher in the antibiotic‐treated mice than the levels in the control mice. These data imply that the depletion of the gut microbiome leads to liver damage, negatively impacts the hepatic metabolism and function, and activates HPCs. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan-Nan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lan-Lan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Wan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbo Xiu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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66
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Aguilar-Bravo B, Rodrigo-Torres D, Ariño S, Coll M, Pose E, Blaya D, Graupera I, Perea L, Vallverdú J, Rubio-Tomás T, Dubuquoy L, Armengol C, Nigro AL, Stärkel P, Mathurin P, Bataller R, Caballería J, Lozano JJ, Ginès P, Sancho-Bru P. Ductular Reaction Cells Display an Inflammatory Profile and Recruit Neutrophils in Alcoholic Hepatitis. Hepatology 2019; 69:2180-2195. [PMID: 30565271 PMCID: PMC9189898 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases are characterized by the expansion of ductular reaction (DR) cells and the expression of liver progenitor cell (LPC) markers. In alcoholic hepatitis (AH), the degree of DR expansion correlates with disease progression and short-term survival. However, little is known about the biological properties of DR cells, their impact on the pathogenesis of human liver disease, and their contribution to tissue repair. In this study, we have evaluated the transcriptomic profile of DR cells by laser capture microdissection in patients with AH and assessed its association with disease progression. The transcriptome analysis of cytokeratin 7-positive (KRT7+ ) DR cells uncovered intrinsic gene pathways expressed in DR and genes associated with alcoholic liver disease progression. Importantly, DR presented a proinflammatory profile with expression of neutrophil recruiting C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXC) and C-C motif chemokine ligand chemokines. Moreover, LPC markers correlated with liver expression and circulating levels of inflammatory mediators such as CXCL5. Histologically, DR was associated with neutrophil infiltration at the periportal area. In order to model the DR and to assess its functional role, we generated LPC organoids derived from patients with cirrhosis. Liver organoids mimicked the transcriptomic and proinflammatory profile of DR cells. Conditioned medium from organoids induced neutrophil migration and enhanced cytokine expression in neutrophils. Likewise, neutrophils promoted the proinflammatory profile and the expression of chemokines of liver organoids. Conclusion: Transcriptomic and functional analysis of KRT7+ cells indicate that DR has a proinflammatory profile and promote neutrophil recruitment. These results indicate that DR may be involved in the liver inflammatory response in AH, and suggest that therapeutic strategies targeting DR cells may be useful to mitigate the inflammatory cell recruitment in AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Aguilar-Bravo
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Rodrigo-Torres
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Ariño
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Coll
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Pose
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Delia Blaya
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Graupera
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Perea
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Júlia Vallverdú
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Rubio-Tomás
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laurent Dubuquoy
- Lille Service des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif, Hopital Huriez, Unité INSERM 995, Faculté de médecine, Lille, France
| | - Carolina Armengol
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain,Childhood Liver Oncology group (c-LOG), Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPPC), Health Sciences Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Antonio Lo Nigro
- Ri. Med Foundation, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), Palermo, Italy
| | - Peter Stärkel
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Mathurin
- Lille Service des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif, Hopital Huriez, Unité INSERM 995, Faculté de médecine, Lille, France
| | - Ramon Bataller
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Joan Caballería
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain,Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan José Lozano
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Ginès
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain,Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Sancho-Bru
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
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67
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Vicent S, Lieshout R, Saborowski A, Verstegen MMA, Raggi C, Recalcati S, Invernizzi P, van der Laan LJW, Alvaro D, Calvisi DF, Cardinale V. Experimental models to unravel the molecular pathogenesis, cell of origin and stem cell properties of cholangiocarcinoma. Liver Int 2019; 39 Suppl 1:79-97. [PMID: 30851232 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive tumour entity arising from the biliary tree, whose molecular pathogenesis remains largely undeciphered. Over the last decade, the advent of high-throughput and cell-based techniques has significantly increased our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying this disease while, at the same time, unravelling CCA complexity. In particular, it becomes clear that CCA displays pronounced inter- and intratumoural heterogeneity, which is presumably the consequence of the interplay between distinct tissues and cells of origin, the underlying diseases, and the associated molecular alterations. To better characterize these events and to design novel and more effective therapeutic strategies, a number of CCA experimental and preclinical models have been developed and are currently generated. This review summarizes the current knowledge and understanding of these models, critically underlining their translational usefulness and limitations. Furthermore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on cells of origin, cancers stem cells and their dynamic interplay within CCA tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvestre Vicent
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruby Lieshout
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Saborowski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Monique M A Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chiara Raggi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Recalcati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Center of Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, San Gerardo Hospita, l, University of Milano, Bicocca, Italy
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego F Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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68
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Abstract
Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts, are highly specialized cells residing in a complex anatomic niche where they participate in bile production and homeostasis. Cholangiocytes are damaged in a variety of human diseases termed cholangiopathies, often causing advanced liver failure. The regulation of cholangiocyte transport properties is increasingly understood, as is their anatomical and functional heterogeneity along the biliary tract. Furthermore, cholangiocytes are pivotal in liver regeneration, especially when hepatocyte regeneration is compromised. The role of cholangiocytes in innate and adaptive immune responses, a critical subject relevant to immune-mediated cholangiopathies, is also emerging. Finally, reactive ductular cells are present in many cholestatic and other liver diseases. In chronic disease states, this repair response contributes to liver inflammation, fibrosis and carcinogenesis and is a subject of intense investigation. This Review highlights advances in cholangiocyte research, especially their role in development and liver regeneration, their functional and biochemical heterogeneity, their activation and involvement in inflammation and fibrosis and their engagement with the immune system. We aim to focus further attention on cholangiocyte pathobiology and the search for new disease-modifying therapies targeting the cholangiopathies.
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69
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Lesaffer B, Verboven E, Van Huffel L, Moya IM, van Grunsven LA, Leclercq IA, Lemaigre FP, Halder G. Comparison of the Opn-CreER and Ck19-CreER Drivers in Bile Ducts of Normal and Injured Mouse Livers. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040380. [PMID: 31027317 PMCID: PMC6523626 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible cyclization recombinase (Cre) transgenic mouse strains are powerful tools for cell lineage tracing and tissue-specific knockout experiments. However, low efficiency or leaky expression can be important pitfalls. Here, we compared the efficiency and specificity of two commonly used cholangiocyte-specific Cre drivers, the Opn-iCreERT2 and Ck19-CreERT drivers, using a tdTomato reporter strain. We found that Opn-iCreERT2 triggered recombination of the tdTomato reporter in 99.9% of all cholangiocytes while Ck19-CreERT only had 32% recombination efficiency after tamoxifen injection. In the absence of tamoxifen, recombination was also induced in 2% of cholangiocytes for the Opn-iCreERT2 driver and in 13% for the Ck19-CreERT driver. For both drivers, Cre recombination was highly specific for cholangiocytes since recombination was rare in other liver cell types. Toxic liver injury ectopically activated Opn-iCreERT2 but not Ck19-CreERT expression in hepatocytes. However, ectopic recombination in hepatocytes could be avoided by applying a three-day long wash-out period between tamoxifen treatment and toxin injection. Therefore, the Opn-iCreERT2 driver is best suited for the generation of mutant bile ducts, while the Ck19-CreERT driver has near absolute specificity for bile duct cells and is therefore favorable for lineage tracing experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Lesaffer
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology and KU Leuven Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Elisabeth Verboven
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology and KU Leuven Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Leen Van Huffel
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology and KU Leuven Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Iván M Moya
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology and KU Leuven Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Americas, 170501 Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Leo A van Grunsven
- Liver Cell Biology research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Isabelle A Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepato-gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Frédéric P Lemaigre
- Liver and Pancreas Development Unit, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Georg Halder
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology and KU Leuven Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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70
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Abstract
Unraveling the fates of resident stem cells during tissue regeneration is an important objective in clinical and basic research. Genetic lineage tracing based on Cre-loxP recombination provides an effective strategy for inferring cell fate and cell conversion in vivo. However, the determination of the exact fates of resident stem cells or their derivatives in disease states and during tissue regeneration remains controversial in many fields of study, partly because of technical limitations associated with Cre-based lineage tracing, such as, for example, off-target labeling. Recently, we generated a new lineage-tracing platform we named DeaLT (dual-recombinase-activated lineage tracing) that uses the Dre-rox recombination system to enhance the precision of Cre-mediated lineage tracing. Here, we describe as an example a detailed protocol using DeaLT to trace the fate of c-Kit+ cardiac stem cells and their derivatives, in the absence of any interference from nontarget cells such as cardiomyocytes, during organ homeostasis and after tissue injury. This lineage-tracing protocol can also be used to delineate the fate of resident stem cells of other organ systems, and takes ~10 months to complete, from mouse crossing to final tissue analysis.
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71
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Lazzeri E, Angelotti ML, Conte C, Anders HJ, Romagnani P. Surviving Acute Organ Failure: Cell Polyploidization and Progenitor Proliferation. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:366-381. [PMID: 30935780 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In acute organ failure, rapid compensation of function loss assures survival. Dedifferentiation and/or proliferation of surviving parenchymal cells could imply a transient (and potentially fatal) impairment of residual functional performance. However, evolution has selected two flexible life-saving mechanisms acting synergistically on organ function recovery. Sustaining residual performance is possible when the remnant differentiated parenchymal cells avoid cell division, but increase function by undergoing hypertrophy via endoreplication, leading to polyploid cells. In addition, tissue progenitors, representing a subset of less-differentiated and/or self-renewing parenchymal cells completing cytokinesis, proliferate and differentiate to regenerate lost parenchymal cells. Here, we review the evolving evidence on polyploidization and progenitor-driven regeneration in acute liver, heart, and kidney failure with evolutionary advantages and trade-offs in organ repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lazzeri
- Department of Biological and Experimental Medical Science 'Mario Serio', Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the Development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE)
| | - Maria Lucia Angelotti
- Department of Biological and Experimental Medical Science 'Mario Serio', Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the Development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE)
| | - Carolina Conte
- Department of Biological and Experimental Medical Science 'Mario Serio', Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the Development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE)
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Paola Romagnani
- Department of Biological and Experimental Medical Science 'Mario Serio', Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the Development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE); Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy. http://www.twitter.com/PRomagnani
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72
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Russell JO, Ko S, Monga SP, Shin D. Notch Inhibition Promotes Differentiation of Liver Progenitor Cells into Hepatocytes via sox9b Repression in Zebrafish. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:8451282. [PMID: 30992706 PMCID: PMC6434270 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8451282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver regeneration after most forms of injury is mediated through the proliferation of hepatocytes. However, when hepatocyte proliferation is impaired, such as during chronic liver disease, liver progenitor cells (LPCs) arising from the biliary epithelial cell (BEC) compartment can give rise to hepatocytes to mediate hepatic repair. Promotion of LPC-to-hepatocyte differentiation in patients with chronic liver disease could serve as a potentially new therapeutic option, but first requires the identification of the molecular mechanisms driving this process. Notch signaling has been identified as an important signaling pathway promoting the BEC fate during development and has also been implicated in regulating LPC differentiation during regeneration. SRY-related HMG box transcription factor 9 (Sox9) is a direct target of Notch signaling in the liver, and Sox9 has also been shown to promote the BEC fate during development. We have recently shown in a zebrafish model of LPC-driven liver regeneration that inhibition of Hdac1 activity through MS-275 treatment enhances sox9b expression in LPCs and impairs LPC-to-hepatocyte differentiation. Therefore, we hypothesized that inhibition of Notch signaling would promote LPC-to-hepatocyte differentiation by repressing sox9b expression in zebrafish. We ablated the hepatocytes of Tg(fabp10a:CFP-NTR) larvae and blocked Notch activation during liver regeneration through treatment with γ-secretase inhibitor LY411575 and demonstrated enhanced induction of Hnf4a in LPCs. Alternatively, enhancing Notch signaling via Notch3 intracellular domain (N3ICD) overexpression impaired Hnf4a induction. Hepatocyte ablation in sox9b heterozygous mutant embryos enhanced Hnf4a induction, while BEC-specific Sox9b overexpression impaired LPC-to-hepatocyte differentiation. Our results establish the Notch-Sox9b signaling axis as inhibitory to LPC-to-hepatocyte differentiation in a well-established in vivo LPC-driven liver regeneration model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sungjin Ko
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Satdarshan P. Monga
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Donghun Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
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73
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Tsuchiya A, Lu WY. Liver stem cells: Plasticity of the liver epithelium. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:1037-1049. [PMID: 30862993 PMCID: PMC6406190 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i9.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver has a high regenerative capacity after acute liver injury, but this is often impaired during chronic liver injury. The existence of a dedicated liver stem cell population that acts as a source of regeneration during chronic liver injury has been controversial. Recent advances in transgenic models and cellular reprogramming have provided new insights into the plasticity of the liver epithelium and directions for the development of future therapies. This article will highlight recent findings about the cellular source of regeneration during liver injury and the advances in promoting liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsunori Tsuchiya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate school of medical and dental sciences, Niigata University, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Wei-Yu Lu
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, the University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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74
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Farley AM, Braxton DR, Li J, Trounson K, Sakar-Dey S, Nayer B, Ikeda T, Lau KX, Hardikar W, Hasegawa K, Pera MF. Antibodies to a CA 19-9 Related Antigen Complex Identify SOX9 Expressing Progenitor Cells In Human Foetal Pancreas and Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2876. [PMID: 30814526 PMCID: PMC6393509 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38988-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sialyl Lewis A antigen, or CA 19-9, is the prototype serum biomarker for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Despite extensive clinical study of CA 19-9 in gastrointestinal malignancies, surprisingly little is known concerning the specific cell types that express this marker during development, tissue regeneration and neoplasia. SOX9 is a transcription factor that plays a key role in these processes in foregut tissues. We report the biochemistry and tissue expression of the GCTM-5 antigen, a pancreatic cancer marker related to, but distinct from, CA19-9. This antigen, defined by two monoclonal antibodies recognising separate epitopes on a large glycoconjugate protein complex, is co-expressed with SOX9 by foregut ductal progenitors in the developing human liver and pancreas, and in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. These progenitors are distinct from cell populations identified by DCLK1, LGR5, or canonical markers of liver and pancreatic progenitor cells. Co-expression of this antigen complex and SOX9 also characterises the ductal metaplasia of submucosal glands that occurs during the development of Barrett’s oesophagus. The GCTM-5 antigen complex can be detected in the sera of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The GCTM-5 epitope shows a much more restricted pattern of expression in the normal adult pancreas relative to CA19-9. Our findings will aid in the identification, characterisation, and monitoring of ductal progenitor cells during development and progression of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Farley
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David R Braxton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jonathan Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karl Trounson
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Bhavana Nayer
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Tatsuhiko Ikeda
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Materials Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kevin X Lau
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Winita Hardikar
- Royal Childrens Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Childrens Medical Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kouichi Hasegawa
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Materials Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Martin F Pera
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Florey Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. .,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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75
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Han X, Wang Y, Pu W, Huang X, Qiu L, Li Y, Yu W, Zhao H, Liu X, He L, Zhang L, Ji Y, Lu J, Lui KO, Zhou B. Lineage Tracing Reveals the Bipotency of SOX9 + Hepatocytes during Liver Regeneration. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:624-638. [PMID: 30773487 PMCID: PMC6409431 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of the role of different cell lineages in the liver could offer avenues to drive liver regeneration. Previous studies showed that SOX9+ hepatocytes can differentiate into ductal cells after liver injuries. It is unclear whether SOX9+ hepatocytes are uni- or bipotent progenitors at a single-cell level during liver injury. Here, we developed a genetic tracing system to delineate the lineage potential of SOX9+ hepatocytes during liver homeostasis and regeneration. Fate-mapping data showed that these SOX9+ hepatocytes respond specifically to different liver injuries, with some contributing to a substantial number of ductal cells. Clonal analysis demonstrated that a single SOX9+ hepatocyte gives rise to both hepatocytes and ductal cells after liver injury. This study provides direct evidence that SOX9+ hepatocytes can serve as bipotent progenitors after liver injury, producing both hepatocytes and ductal cells for liver repair and regeneration. SOX9+ hepatocytes respond distinctly to different liver injuries Generation of a Confetti reporter responsive to dual recombinases SOX9+ hepatocytes can serve as bipotent progenitors after liver injury
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximeng Han
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yue Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wenjuan Pu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiuzhen Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lin Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wei Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiuxiu Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lingjuan He
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Libo Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yong Ji
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Kathy O Lui
- Department of Chemical Pathology; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; The Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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76
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Russell JO, Lu W, Okabe H, Abrams M, Oertel M, Poddar M, Singh S, Forbes SJ, Monga SP. Hepatocyte-Specific β-Catenin Deletion During Severe Liver Injury Provokes Cholangiocytes to Differentiate Into Hepatocytes. Hepatology 2019; 69:742-759. [PMID: 30215850 PMCID: PMC6351199 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Liver regeneration after injury is normally mediated by proliferation of hepatocytes, although recent studies have suggested biliary epithelial cells (BECs) can differentiate into hepatocytes during severe liver injury when hepatocyte proliferation is impaired. We investigated the effect of hepatocyte-specific β-catenin deletion in recovery from severe liver injury and BEC-to-hepatocyte differentiation. To induce liver injury, we administered choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented (CDE) diet to three different mouse models, the first being mice with deletion of β-catenin in both BECs and hepatocytes (Albumin-Cre; Ctnnb1flox/flox mice). In our second model, we performed hepatocyte lineage tracing by injecting Ctnnb1flox/flox ; Rosa-stopflox/flox -EYFP mice with the adeno-associated virus serotype 8 encoding Cre recombinase under the control of the thyroid binding globulin promoter, a virus that infects only hepatocytes. Finally, we performed BEC lineage tracing via Krt19-CreERT ; Rosa-stopflox/flox -tdTomato mice. To observe BEC-to-hepatocyte differentiation, mice were allowed to recover on normal diet following CDE diet-induced liver injury. Livers were collected from all mice and analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. We show that mice with lack of β-catenin in hepatocytes placed on the CDE diet develop severe liver injury with impaired hepatocyte proliferation, creating a stimulus for BECs to differentiate into hepatocytes. In particular, we use both hepatocyte and BEC lineage tracing to show that BECs differentiate into hepatocytes, which go on to repopulate the liver during long-term recovery. Conclusion: β-catenin is important for liver regeneration after CDE diet-induced liver injury, and BEC-derived hepatocytes can permanently incorporate into the liver parenchyma to mediate liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn O. Russell
- Department of PathologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterUniversity of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPA
| | - Wei‐Yu Lu
- MRC Centre for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Centre for Liver ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Hirohisa Okabe
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPA
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | | | - Michael Oertel
- Department of PathologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterUniversity of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPA
| | - Minakshi Poddar
- Department of PathologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterUniversity of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPA
| | - Sucha Singh
- Department of PathologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterUniversity of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPA
| | - Stuart J. Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Satdarshan P. Monga
- Department of PathologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterUniversity of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPA
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
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77
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Ko S, Russell JO, Tian J, Gao C, Kobayashi M, Feng R, Yuan X, Shao C, Ding H, Poddar M, Singh S, Locker J, Weng HL, Monga SP, Shin D. Hdac1 Regulates Differentiation of Bipotent Liver Progenitor Cells During Regeneration via Sox9b and Cdk8. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:187-202.e14. [PMID: 30267710 PMCID: PMC6309465 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Upon liver injury in which hepatocyte proliferation is compromised, liver progenitor cells (LPCs), derived from biliary epithelial cells (BECs), differentiate into hepatocytes. Little is known about the mechanisms of LPC differentiation. We used zebrafish and mouse models of liver injury to study the mechanisms. METHODS We used transgenic zebrafish, Tg(fabp10a:CFP-NTR), to study the effects of compounds that alter epigenetic factors on BEC-mediated liver regeneration. We analyzed zebrafish with disruptions of the histone deacetylase 1 gene (hdac1) or exposed to MS-275 (an inhibitor of Hdac1, Hdac2, and Hdac3). We also analyzed zebrafish with mutations in sox9b, fbxw7, kdm1a, and notch3. Zebrafish larvae were collected and analyzed by whole-mount immunostaining and in situ hybridization; their liver tissues were collected for quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. We studied mice in which hepatocyte-specific deletion of β-catenin (Ctnnb1flox/flox mice injected with Adeno-associated virus serotype 8 [AAV8]-TBG-Cre) induces differentiation of LPCs into hepatocytes after a choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented (CDE) diet. Liver tissues were collected and analyzed by immunohistochemistry and immunoblots. We performed immunohistochemical analyses of liver tissues from patients with compensated or decompensated cirrhosis or acute on chronic liver failure (n = 15). RESULTS Loss of Hdac1 activity in zebrafish blocked differentiation of LPCs into hepatocytes by increasing levels of sox9b mRNA and reduced differentiation of LPCs into BECs by increasing levels of cdk8 mRNA, which encodes a negative regulator gene of Notch signaling. We identified Notch3 as the receptor that regulates differentiation of LPCs into BECs. Loss of activity of Kdm1a, a lysine demethylase that forms repressive complexes with Hdac1, produced the same defects in differentiation of LPCs into hepatocytes and BECs as observed in zebrafish with loss of Hdac1 activity. Administration of MS-275 to mice with hepatocyte-specific loss of β-catenin impaired differentiation of LPCs into hepatocytes after the CDE diet. HDAC1 was expressed in reactive ducts and hepatocyte buds of liver tissues from patients with cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS Hdac1 regulates differentiation of LPCs into hepatocytes via Sox9b and differentiation of LPCs into BECs via Cdk8, Fbxw7, and Notch3 in zebrafish with severe hepatocyte loss. HDAC1 activity was also required for differentiation of LPCs into hepatocytes in mice with liver injury after the CDE diet. These pathways might be manipulated to induce LPC differentiation for treatment of patients with advanced liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Ko
- Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | | | - Jianmin Tian
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Ce Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Makoto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Rilu Feng
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Xiaodong Yuan
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Pathology, Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiguo Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Minakshi Poddar
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Sucha Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Joseph Locker
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Hong-Lei Weng
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Satdarshan P. Monga
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Donghun Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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78
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Jiang Y, Feng D, Ma X, Fan S, Gao Y, Fu K, Wang Y, Sun J, Yao X, Liu C, Zhang H, Xu L, Liu A, Gonzalez FJ, Yang Y, Gao B, Huang M, Bi H. Pregnane X Receptor Regulates Liver Size and Liver Cell Fate by Yes-Associated Protein Activation in Mice. Hepatology 2019; 69:343-358. [PMID: 30048004 PMCID: PMC6324985 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activation of pregnane X receptor (PXR), a nuclear receptor that controls xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolism, is known to induce liver enlargement, but the molecular signals and cell types responding to PXR-induced hepatomegaly remain unknown. In this study, the effect of PXR activation on liver enlargement and cell change was evaluated in several strains of genetically modified mice and animal models. Lineage labeling using AAV-Tbg-Cre-treated Rosa26EYFP mice or Sox9-CreERT , Rosa26EYFP mice was performed and Pxr-null mice or AAV Yap short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-treated mice were used to confirm the role of PXR or yes-associated protein (YAP). Treatment with selective PXR activators induced liver enlargement and accelerated regeneration in wild-type (WT) and PXR-humanized mice, but not in Pxr-null mice, by increase of cell size, induction of a regenerative hybrid hepatocyte (HybHP) reprogramming, and promotion of hepatocyte and HybHP proliferation. Mechanistically, PXR interacted with YAP and PXR activation induced nuclear translocation of YAP. Blockade of YAP abolished PXR-induced liver enlargement in mice. Conclusion: These findings revealed a function of PXR in enlarging liver size and changing liver cell fate by activation of the YAP signaling pathway. These results have implications for understanding the physiological functions of PXR and suggest the potential for manipulation of liver size and liver cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shicheng Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaili Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahong Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinpeng Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Conghui Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leqian Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aiming Liu
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yingzi Yang
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Min Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huichang Bi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Correspondence to: Hui-chang Bi, Ph.D., School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132# Waihuandong Road, Guangzhou University City, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China, Phone: +86-20-39943470, Fax: +86-20-39943000,
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79
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Kaylan KB, Berg IC, Biehl MJ, Brougham-Cook A, Jain I, Jamil SM, Sargeant LH, Cornell NJ, Raetzman LT, Underhill GH. Spatial patterning of liver progenitor cell differentiation mediated by cellular contractility and Notch signaling. eLife 2018; 7:e38536. [PMID: 30589410 PMCID: PMC6342520 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The progenitor cells of the developing liver can differentiate toward both hepatocyte and biliary cell fates. In addition to the established roles of TGFβ and Notch signaling in this fate specification process, there is increasing evidence that liver progenitors are sensitive to mechanical cues. Here, we utilized microarrayed patterns to provide a controlled biochemical and biomechanical microenvironment for mouse liver progenitor cell differentiation. In these defined circular geometries, we observed biliary differentiation at the periphery and hepatocytic differentiation in the center. Parallel measurements obtained by traction force microscopy showed substantial stresses at the periphery, coincident with maximal biliary differentiation. We investigated the impact of downstream signaling, showing that peripheral biliary differentiation is dependent not only on Notch and TGFβ but also E-cadherin, myosin-mediated cell contractility, and ERK. We have therefore identified distinct combinations of microenvironmental cues which guide fate specification of mouse liver progenitors toward both hepatocyte and biliary fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerim B Kaylan
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Ian C Berg
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Matthew J Biehl
- Department of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Aidan Brougham-Cook
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Ishita Jain
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Lori T Raetzman
- Department of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
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80
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Specific Labeling and Lineage Tracing of Periportal Hepatocytes Using Two-Step Genetic Recombination. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 30536090 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8961-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The liver is unmatched in regenerative capacity. However, when exhausted, the liver is predisposed to various diseases based on injury types and causal agents. Although hepatocytes have been proposed to be the main source of new hepatocytes during regeneration, the existence of specialized liver stem cells has been long debated. In mice, oval cells or ductal cells have been postulated as such stem/progenitor pool. Exhaustive works from different laboratories have shown that in genetically unmodified mice, oval cells, or by extension ductal cells, only contribute marginally in producing new hepatocytes during liver regeneration, thus indicating that hepatocytes are the main regenerative cell source. In this debated context, we identified a new population of periportal hepatocytes in the normal mouse liver. These cells we termed hybrid hepatocytes (HybHP) express low levels of the transcription factor Sox9. Using complementary lineage tracing tools, we demonstrated that HybHP regenerate the liver after chronic hepatocyte depleting injuries. Here, we describe the two-step genetic recombination method that allowed us to study HybHP's lineage in two established models of liver injury.
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81
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Loss of trefoil factor 1 inhibits biliary regeneration but accelerates the hepatic differentiation of progenitor cells in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 506:12-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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82
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Miura Y, Matsui S, Miyata N, Harada K, Kikkawa Y, Ohmuraya M, Araki K, Tsurusaki S, Okochi H, Goda N, Miyajima A, Tanaka M. Differential expression of Lutheran/BCAM regulates biliary tissue remodeling in ductular reaction during liver regeneration. eLife 2018; 7:36572. [PMID: 30059007 PMCID: PMC6107333 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Under chronic or severe liver injury, liver progenitor cells (LPCs) of biliary origin are known to expand and contribute to the regeneration of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. This regeneration process is called ductular reaction (DR), which is accompanied by dynamic remodeling of biliary tissue. Although the DR shows apparently distinct mode of biliary extension depending on the type of liver injury, the key regulatory mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we show that Lutheran (Lu)/Basal cell adhesion molecule (BCAM) regulates the morphogenesis of DR depending on liver disease models. Lu+ and Lu- biliary cells isolated from injured liver exhibit opposite phenotypes in cell motility and duct formation capacities in vitro. By overexpression of Lu, Lu- biliary cells acquire the phenotype of Lu+ biliary cells. Lu-deficient mice showed severe defects in DR. Our findings reveal a critical role of Lu in the control of phenotypic heterogeneity of DR in distinct liver disease models. Bile is a green to yellow liquid that the body uses to break down and digest fatty molecules. The substance is produced by the liver, and then it is collected and transported to the small bowel by a series of tubes known as the bile duct. When the liver is damaged, the ‘biliary’ cells that line the duct orchestrate the repair of the organ. In fact, the duct often reorganizes itself differently depending on the type of disease the liver is experiencing. For example, the biliary cells can form thin tube-like structures that deeply invade liver tissues, or they can grow into several robust pipes near the existing bile duct. However, it remains largely unknown which protein – or proteins – drive these different types of remodeling. Miura et al. find that, in mice, the biliary cells which invade an injured liver have a large amount of a protein called Lutheran at their surface, but that the cells that form robust ducts do not. This protein helps a cell attach to its surroundings. In addition, the biliary cells can adopt different types of repairing behaviors depending on the amount of Lutheran in their environment. Further experiments show that it is difficult for genetically modified mice without the protein to reshape their bile duct after liver injury. Finally, Miura et al. also detect Lutheran in the remodeling livers of patients with liver disease. Taken together, these results suggest that Lutheran plays an important role in tailoring the repairing roles of the biliary cells to a particular disease. The next step would be to clarify how different liver conditions coordinate the amount of Lutheran in biliary cells to create the right type of remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Miura
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsui
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Miyata
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Harada
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yamato Kikkawa
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Ohmuraya
- Department of Genetics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kimi Araki
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Tsurusaki
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okochi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Goda
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyajima
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanaka
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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83
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Athwal VS, Pritchett J, Llewellyn J, Martin K, Camacho E, Raza SM, Phythian-Adams A, Birchall LJ, Mullan AF, Su K, Pearmain L, Dolman G, Zaitoun AM, Friedman SL, MacDonald A, Irving WL, Guha IN, Hanley NA, Piper Hanley K. SOX9 predicts progression toward cirrhosis in patients while its loss protects against liver fibrosis. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 9:1696-1710. [PMID: 29109128 PMCID: PMC5709769 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201707860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis and organ failure is a common endpoint for many chronic liver diseases. Much is known about the upstream inflammatory mechanisms provoking fibrosis and downstream potential for tissue remodeling. However, less is known about the transcriptional regulation in vivo governing fibrotic matrix deposition by liver myofibroblasts. This gap in understanding has hampered molecular predictions of disease severity and clinical progression and restricted targets for antifibrotic drug development. In this study, we show the prevalence of SOX9 in biopsies from patients with chronic liver disease correlated with fibrosis severity and accurately predicted disease progression toward cirrhosis. Inactivation of Sox9 in mice protected against both parenchymal and biliary fibrosis, and improved liver function and ameliorated chronic inflammation. SOX9 was downstream of mechanosignaling factor, YAP1. These data demonstrate a role for SOX9 in liver fibrosis and open the way for the transcription factor and its dependent pathways as new diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets in patients with liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varinder S Athwal
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Research & Innovation Division, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - James Pritchett
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Jessica Llewellyn
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Katherine Martin
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Research & Innovation Division, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Elizabeth Camacho
- Centre for Health Economics, Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sayyid Ma Raza
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Research & Innovation Division, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Alexander Phythian-Adams
- Manchester Centre for Collaborative Inflammation Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lindsay J Birchall
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Research & Innovation Division, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Aoibheann F Mullan
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Research & Innovation Division, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Kim Su
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Research & Innovation Division, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Laurence Pearmain
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Research & Innovation Division, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Grace Dolman
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Abed M Zaitoun
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre and National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Unit in Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew MacDonald
- Manchester Centre for Collaborative Inflammation Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - William L Irving
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,School of Life Sciences, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre and National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Unit in Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Indra N Guha
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Neil A Hanley
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Research & Innovation Division, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Karen Piper Hanley
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK .,Research & Innovation Division, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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84
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Alison MR. The many ways to mend your liver: A critical appraisal. Int J Exp Pathol 2018; 99:106-112. [PMID: 29882223 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the latter half of the 20th century, our understanding of mammalian liver regeneration was shaped by the manner of compensatory hyperplasia occurring after a partial rat liver resection. This response involves almost all hepatocytes and thus is unlikely to be the outcome of the multiple cycling of a small stem cell population. It was most intense in the outer third of lobule, the location closest to the afferent arterial blood supply. With the advent of heritable genetic labelling techniques, usually applied to mice, hitherto unrecognized hepatocytes with clonogenic potential have been discovered, contributing to homoeostatic renewal and/or regenerative responses after tissue loss. This review combines observations from cell lineage tracing studies with other data to summarize the Four proposed anatomical locations for hepatocyte stem cells: the periportal zone, the pericentral zone, a randomized distribution and finally within the intrahepatic biliary tree. As in other endodermal-derived tissues, it appears that there are both homoeostatic stem cells and regenerative stem cells, while some normally homoeostatic stem cells can become more active to boost regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm R Alison
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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85
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Chen J, Chen CY, Nguyen C, Chen L, Lee K, Stiles BL. Emerging signals regulating liver tumor initiating cells. LIVER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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86
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Ilic Z, Mondal TK, Guest I, Crawford DR, Sell S. Participation of liver stem cells in cholangiocarcinogenesis after aflatoxin B1 exposure of glutathione S-transferase A3 knockout mice. Tumour Biol 2018; 40:1010428318777344. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428318777344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1, arguably the most potent human carcinogen, induces liver cancer in humans, rats, trout, ducks, and so on, but adult mice are totally resistant. This resistance is because of a detoxifying enzyme, mouse glutathione S-transferase A3, which binds to and inactivates aflatoxin B1 epoxide, preventing the epoxide from binding to DNA and causing mutations. Glutathione S-transferase A3 or its analog has not been detected in any of the sensitive species, including humans. The generation of a glutathione S-transferase A3 knockout (represented as KO or -/-) mice has allowed us to study the induction of liver cancer in mice by aflatoxin B1. In contrast to the induction of hepatocellular carcinomas in other species, aflatoxin B1 induces cholangiocarcinomas in GSTA3-/- mice. In other species and in knockout mice, the induction of liver cancer is preceded by extensive proliferation of small oval cells, providing additional evidence that oval cells are bipolar stem cells and may give rise to either hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma depending on the nature of the hepatocarcinogen and the species of animal. The recent development of mouse oval cell lines in our laboratory from aflatoxin B1-treated GSTA3-/- mice should provide a new venue for study of the properties and potential of putative mouse liver stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Ilic
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Tapan K Mondal
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Ian Guest
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Stewart Sell
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
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87
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Abstract
Liver regeneration after simple resection represents a unique process in which the organ returns to its original size and histologic structure. Over the past 30 years, there has been significant progress in elucidating the mechanisms associated with regeneration after loss of hepatic mass. Liver regeneration after acute liver failure shares several of these classical pathways. It differs, however, in key processes, including the role of both differentiated and stemlike cells. This article outlines these differences in addition to new molecular mechanisms, including immunomodulation, microRNAs, and the gut-liver axis. In addition, applications to the patient population, including prognostication and stem cell therapies, are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M Wirth
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SouthEast, MMC 195, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Scott Kizy
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SouthEast, MMC 195, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Clifford J Steer
- Departments of Medicine, and Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SouthEast, MMC 36, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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88
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Chien CS, Chen YH, Chen HL, Wang CP, Wu SH, Ho SL, Huang WC, Yu CH, Chang MH. Cells responsible for liver mass regeneration in rats with 2-acetylaminofluorene/partial hepatectomy injury. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:39. [PMID: 29695258 PMCID: PMC5937839 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0441-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whether hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs)/oval cells regenerate liver mass upon chronic liver injury is controversial in mice and has not been conclusively proven in humans and rats. In this study, we examined which cell type—hepatocytes or oval cells—mediates liver regeneration in the classic rat 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF)/partial hepatectomy (PH) injury where AAF reversibly blocks hepatocyte proliferation, thereby inducing oval cell expansion after the regenerative stimulus of PH. Methods We employed lineage tracing of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV, a hepatocyte canalicular enzyme)-positive hepatocytes by subjecting rats with DPPIV-chimeric livers to AAF/PH, AAF/PH/AAF (continuous AAF after AAF/PH to nonselectively inhibit regenerating hepatocytes), or AAF/PH/retrorsine injury (2-dose retrorsine after AAF/PH to specifically and irreversibly block existing hepatocytes); through these methods, we determined hepatocyte contribution to liver regeneration. To determine the oval cell contribution to hepatocyte regeneration, we performed DPPIV(+) oval cell transplantation combined with AAF/PH injury or AAF/PH/retrorsine injury in DPPIV-deficient rats to track the fate of DPPIV(+) oval cells. Results DPPIV-chimeric livers demonstrated typical oval cell activation upon AAF/PH injury. After cessation of AAF, DPPIV(+) hepatocytes underwent extensive proliferation to regenerate the liver mass, whereas oval cells underwent hepatocyte differentiation. Upon AAF/PH/AAF injury where hepatocyte proliferation was inhibited by continuous AAF treatment following AAF/PH, oval cells extensively expanded in an undifferentiated state but did not produce hepatocytes. By substituting retrorsine for AAF administration following AAF/PH (AAF/PH/retrorsine), oval cells regenerated large-scale hepatocytes. Conclusions Hepatocyte self-replication provides the majority of hepatocyte regeneration, with supplementary contribution from oval cells in rats under AAF/PH injury. Oval cells expand and maintain in an undifferentiated state upon continuously nonselective liver injury, whereas they can significantly regenerate hepatocytes in a noncompetitive environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Sung Chien
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation. No.289, Jianguo Rd., Xindian Dist, New Taipei City, 23142, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University . No.7, Chung Shan South Rd., Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation. No.289, Jianguo Rd., Xindian Dist, New Taipei City, 23142, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University . No.7, Chung Shan South Rd., Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan.,Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital. No.1, Changde St., Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei, 10048, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Chen
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital. No.1, Changde St., Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei, 10048, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Ping Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation. No.289, Jianguo Rd., Xindian Dist, New Taipei City, 23142, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hsin Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University . No.7, Chung Shan South Rd., Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Ho
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital. No.1, Changde St., Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei, 10048, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Cheng Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation. No.289, Jianguo Rd., Xindian Dist, New Taipei City, 23142, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsien Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation. No.289, Jianguo Rd., Xindian Dist, New Taipei City, 23142, Taiwan. .,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, No.701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Hwei Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University . No.7, Chung Shan South Rd., Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan.,Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital. No.1, Changde St., Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei, 10048, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University. No.8, Chung Shan South Rd., Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei, 10041, Taiwan
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89
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Lin S, Nascimento EM, Gajera CR, Chen L, Neuhöfer P, Garbuzov A, Wang S, Artandi SE. Distributed hepatocytes expressing telomerase repopulate the liver in homeostasis and injury. Nature 2018; 556:244-248. [PMID: 29618815 PMCID: PMC5895494 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocytes are replenished gradually during homeostasis and robustly
after liver injury1,2. In adults, new hepatocytes originate
from the existing hepatocyte pool3-8, but the
cellular source of renewing hepatocytes remains incompletely understood.
Telomerase is expressed in many stem cell populations, and telomerase pathway
gene mutations are linked to liver diseases9-11. Here, we
identify a subset of hepatocytes that expresses high levels of telomerase and
show that this hepatocyte subset repopulates the liver during homeostasis and
injury. Using lineage tracing from the telomerase reverse transcriptase
(Tert) locus in mice, we demonstrate that rare hepatocytes
with high telomerase expression are distributed throughout the liver lobule.
During homeostasis, these cells regenerate hepatocytes in all lobular zones, and
both self-renew and differentiate to yield expanding hepatocyte clones that
eventually dominate the liver. In injury responses, the repopulating activity of
TERTHigh hepatocytes is accelerated and their progeny cross zonal
boundaries. RNA-seq reveals that metabolic genes are down regulated in
TERTHigh hepatocytes, indicating that metabolic activity and
repopulating activity may be segregated within the hepatocyte lineage. Genetic
ablation of TERTHigh hepatocytes combined with chemical injury causes
a marked increase in stellate cell activation and fibrosis. These results
provide support for a ‘distributed model’ of hepatocyte renewal
in which a subset of hepatocytes dispersed throughout the lobule clonally
expands to maintain liver mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengda Lin
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elisabete M Nascimento
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chandresh R Gajera
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Neuhöfer
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alina Garbuzov
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sui Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Steven E Artandi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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90
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Comparative regenerative mechanisms across different mammalian tissues. NPJ Regen Med 2018; 3:6. [PMID: 29507774 PMCID: PMC5824955 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-018-0044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulating regeneration of complex tissues and organs after injury to effect complete structural and functional repair, is an attractive therapeutic option that would revolutionize clinical medicine. Compared to many metazoan phyla that show extraordinary regenerative capacity, which in some instances persists throughout life, regeneration in mammalians, particularly humans, is limited or absent. Here we consider recent insights in the elucidation of molecular mechanisms of regeneration that have come from studies of tissue homeostasis and injury repair in mammalian tissues that span the spectrum from little or no self-renewal, to those showing active cell turnover throughout life. These studies highlight the diversity of factors that constrain regeneration, including immune responses, extracellular matrix composition, age, injury type, physiological adaptation, and angiogenic and neurogenic capacity. Despite these constraints, much progress has been made in elucidating key molecular mechanisms that may provide therapeutic targets for the development of future regenerative therapies, as well as previously unidentified developmental paradigms and windows-of-opportunity for improved regenerative repair.
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91
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Wang Y, Dorrell C, Naugler WE, Heskett M, Spellman P, Li B, Galivo F, Haft A, Wakefield L, Grompe M. Long-Term Correction of Diabetes in Mice by In Vivo Reprogramming of Pancreatic Ducts. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1327-1342. [PMID: 29550076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct lineage reprogramming can convert readily available cells in the body into desired cell types for cell replacement therapy. This is usually achieved through forced activation or repression of lineage-defining factors or pathways. In particular, reprogramming toward the pancreatic β cell fate has been of great interest in the search for new diabetes therapies. It has been suggested that cells from various endodermal lineages can be converted to β-like cells. However, it is unclear how closely induced cells resemble endogenous pancreatic β cells and whether different cell types have the same reprogramming potential. Here, we report in vivo reprogramming of pancreatic ductal cells through intra-ductal delivery of an adenoviral vector expressing the transcription factors Pdx1, Neurog3, and Mafa. Induced β-like cells are mono-hormonal, express genes essential for β cell function, and correct hyperglycemia in both chemically and genetically induced diabetes models. Compared with intrahepatic ducts and hepatocytes treated with the same vector, pancreatic ducts demonstrated more rapid activation of β cell transcripts and repression of donor cell markers. This approach could be readily adapted to humans through a commonly performed procedure, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and provides potential for cell replacement therapy in type 1 diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Wang
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Craig Dorrell
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Willscott E Naugler
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Michael Heskett
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Paul Spellman
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; CEDAR Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Feorillo Galivo
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Annelise Haft
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Leslie Wakefield
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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92
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Luo X, Gupta K, Ananthanarayanan A, Wang Z, Xia L, Li A, Sakban RB, Liu S, Yu H. Directed Differentiation of Adult Liver Derived Mesenchymal Like Stem Cells into Functional Hepatocytes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2818. [PMID: 29434311 PMCID: PMC5809507 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20304-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Shortage of functional hepatocytes hampers drug safety testing and therapeutic applications because mature hepatocytes cannot be expanded and maintain functions in vitro. Recent studies have reported that liver progenitor cells can originate from mature hepatocytes in vivo. Derivation of proliferating progenitor cells from mature hepatocytes, and re-differentiation into functional hepatocytes in vitro has not been successful. Here we report the derivation of novel mesenchymal-like stem cells (arHMSCs) from adult rat hepatocytes. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry characterization of arHMSCs found expression of mesenchymal markers CD29, CD44, CD90, vimentin and alpha smooth muscle actin. These arHMSCs proliferated in vitro for 4 passages yielding 104 fold increase in cell number in 28 days, and differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells (arHMSC-H). The arHMSC-H expressed significantly higher level of hepatocyte-specific markers (200 fold for albumin and 6 fold for Cyp450 enzymes) than arHMSCs. The arHMSC-H also demonstrated dose response curves similar to primary hepatocytes for 3 of the 6 paradigm hepatotoxicants tested, demonstrating utility in drug safety testing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobei Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kapish Gupta
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Abhishek Ananthanarayanan
- Invitrocue Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences (CeLS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zenan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Xia
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aimin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rashidah Binte Sakban
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Side Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hanry Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of, Singapore, Singapore. .,Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore. .,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences (CeLS), Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,BioSyM, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore.
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93
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Cordero-Espinoza L, Huch M. The balancing act of the liver: tissue regeneration versus fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:85-96. [PMID: 29293095 DOI: 10.1172/jci93562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell loss alters a tissue's optimal function and awakens evolutionarily adapted healing mechanisms to reestablish homeostasis. Although adult mammalian organs have a limited regeneration potential, the liver stands out as one remarkable exception. Following injury, the liver mounts a dynamic multicellular response wherein stromal cells are activated in situ and/or recruited from the bloodstream, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is remodeled, and epithelial cells expand to replenish their lost numbers. Chronic damage makes this response persistent instead of transient, tipping the system into an abnormal steady state known as fibrosis, in which ECM accumulates excessively and tissue function degenerates. Here we explore the cellular and molecular switches that balance hepatic regeneration and fibrosis, with a focus on uncovering avenues of disease modeling and therapeutic intervention.
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94
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Herrera J, Henke CA, Bitterman PB. Extracellular matrix as a driver of progressive fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:45-53. [PMID: 29293088 DOI: 10.1172/jci93557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is dynamically tuned to optimize physiological function. Its major properties, including composition and mechanics, profoundly influence cell biology. Cell-ECM interactions operate through an integrated set of sensor and effector circuits that use several classes of receptors and signal transduction pathways. At the single-cell level, the ECM governs differentiation, metabolism, motility, orientation, proliferation, and survival. At the cell population level, the ECM provides higher-order guidance that is essential for physiological function. When pathological changes in the ECM lead to impairment of organ function, we use the term "fibrosis." In this Review, we differentiate fibrosis initiation from progression and focus primarily on progressive lung fibrosis impairing organ function. We present a working model to explain how the altered ECM is not only a consequence but also a driver of fibrosis. Additionally, we advance the concept that fibrosis progression occurs in a fibrogenic niche that is composed of a fibrogenic ECM that nurtures fibrogenic mesenchymal progenitor cells and their fibrogenic progeny.
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95
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Abstract
Hepatocytes perform most of the functions of the liver and are considered terminally differentiated cells. Recently, it has been suggested that hepatocytes might have the potential to transdifferentiate or dedifferentiate under physiological or pathological conditions in vivo. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition of hepatocytes in liver fibrosis has also been proposed. However, these findings have not been fully confirmed. In this study, hepatocytes were genetically labelled for cell fate tracing using lacZ via the tamoxifen-induced CreERT/loxP system. After induction with tamoxifen, alb + cells were permanently marked by lacZ expression, and all progeny lacZ + cells were derived from a single source with no interference. We did not observe transdifferentiation or dedifferentiation of hepatocytes into cholangiocytes or hepatic progenitor cells under conditions of liver homeostasis or following a 2/3 partial hepatectomy. Meanwhile, lacZ/OPN-positive cells were observed in livers of 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine-fed mice, and lacZ/alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive cells were detected in carbon tetrachloride-induced chronic liver injury models. These results suggested that some existing differentiated alb + cells might have the potential of transdifferentiation/dedifferentiation or epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in vivo in some liver injury models, but the proportion of these alb + cells in liver was very low, and their significance and actual function during the pathological process remains to be elucidated.
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96
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Enhancing the precision of genetic lineage tracing using dual recombinases. Nat Med 2017; 23:1488-1498. [PMID: 29131159 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Cre-loxP recombination system is the most widely used technology for in vivo tracing of stem or progenitor cell lineages. The precision of this genetic system largely depends on the specificity of Cre recombinase expression in targeted stem or progenitor cells. However, Cre expression in nontargeted cell types can complicate the interpretation of lineage-tracing studies and has caused controversy in many previous studies. Here we describe a new genetic lineage tracing system that incorporates the Dre-rox recombination system to enhance the precision of conventional Cre-loxP-mediated lineage tracing. The Dre-rox system permits rigorous control of Cre-loxP recombination in lineage tracing, effectively circumventing potential uncertainty of the cell-type specificity of Cre expression. Using this new system we investigated two topics of recent debates-the contribution of c-Kit+ cardiac stem cells to cardiomyocytes in the heart and the contribution of Sox9+ hepatic progenitor cells to hepatocytes in the liver. By overcoming the technical hurdle of nonspecific Cre-loxP-mediated recombination, this new technology provides more precise analysis of cell lineage and fate decisions and facilitates the in vivo study of stem and progenitor cell plasticity in disease and regeneration.
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97
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Russell JO, Monga SP. Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Liver Development, Homeostasis, and Pathobiology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2017; 13:351-378. [PMID: 29125798 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-044010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The liver is an organ that performs a multitude of functions, and its health is pertinent and indispensable to survival. Thus, the cellular and molecular machinery driving hepatic functions is of utmost relevance. The Wnt signaling pathway is one such signaling cascade that enables hepatic homeostasis and contributes to unique hepatic attributes such as metabolic zonation and regeneration. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays a role in almost every facet of liver biology. Furthermore, its aberrant activation is also a hallmark of various hepatic pathologies. In addition to its signaling function, β-catenin also plays a role at adherens junctions. Wnt/β-catenin signaling also influences the function of many different cell types. Due to this myriad of functions, Wnt/β-catenin signaling is complex, context-dependent, and highly regulated. In this review, we discuss the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, its role in cell-cell adhesion and liver function, and the cell type-specific roles of Wnt/β-catenin signaling as it relates to liver physiology and pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn O Russell
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Satdarshan P Monga
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA;
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98
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Mechanosensing in liver regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 71:153-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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99
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Flores-Téllez TNJ, Villa-Treviño S, Piña-Vázquez C. Road to stemness in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:6750-6776. [PMID: 29085221 PMCID: PMC5645611 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i37.6750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenic process has been proposed to relay on the capacity to induce local tissue damage and proliferative repair. Liver has a great regeneration capacity and currently, most studies point towards the dominant role of hepatocytes in regeneration at all levels of liver damage. The most frequent liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Historical findings originally led to the idea that the cell of origin of HCC might be a progenitor cell. However, current linage tracing studies put the progenitor hypothesis of HCC origin into question. In agreement with their dominant role in liver regeneration, mature hepatocytes are emerging as the cell of origin of HCC, although, the specific hepatocyte subpopulation of origin is yet to be determined. The relationship between the cancer cell of origin (CCO) and cancer-propagating cells, known as hepatic cancer stem cell (HCSC) is unknown. It has been challenging to identify the definitive phenotypic marker of HCSC, probably due to the existence of different cancer stem cells (CSC) subpopulations with different functions within HCC. There is a dynamic interconversion among different CSCs, and between CSC and non-CSCs. Because of that, CSC-state is currently defined as a description of a highly adaptable and dynamic intrinsic property of tumor cells, instead of a static subpopulation of a tumor. Altered conditions could trigger the gain of stemness, some of them include: EMT-MET, epigenetics, microenvironment and selective stimulus such as chemotherapy. This CSC heterogeneity and dynamism makes them out reach from therapeutic protocols directed to a single target. A further avenue of research in this line will be to uncover mechanisms that trigger this interconversion of cell populations within tumors and target it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresita NJ Flores-Téllez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN No. 2508 Col. San Pedro Zacatenco CP 07360, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Saúl Villa-Treviño
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN No. 2508 Col. San Pedro Zacatenco CP 07360, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carolina Piña-Vázquez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN No. 2508 Col. San Pedro Zacatenco CP 07360, Ciudad de México, México
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100
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Zhang D, Gates KP, Barske L, Wang G, Lancman JJ, Zeng XXI, Groff M, Wang K, Parsons MJ, Crump JG, Dong PDS. Endoderm Jagged induces liver and pancreas duct lineage in zebrafish. Nat Commun 2017; 8:769. [PMID: 28974684 PMCID: PMC5626745 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver duct paucity is characteristic of children born with Alagille Syndrome (ALGS), a disease associated with JAGGED1 mutations. Here, we report that zebrafish embryos with compound homozygous mutations in two Notch ligand genes, jagged1b (jag1b) and jagged2b (jag2b) exhibit a complete loss of canonical Notch activity and duct cells within the liver and exocrine pancreas, whereas hepatocyte and acinar pancreas development is not affected. Further, animal chimera studies demonstrate that wild-type endoderm cells within the liver and pancreas can rescue Notch activity and duct lineage specification in adjacent cells lacking jag1b and jag2b expression. We conclude that these two Notch ligands are directly and solely responsible for all duct lineage specification in these organs in zebrafish. Our study uncovers genes required for lineage specification of the intrahepatopancreatic duct cells, challenges the role of duct cells as progenitors, and suggests a genetic mechanism for ALGS ductal paucity.The hepatopancreatic duct cells connect liver hepatocytes and pancreatic acinar cells to the intestine, but the mechanism for their lineage specification is unclear. Here, the authors reveal that Notch ligands Jagged1b and Jagged2b induce duct cell lineage in the liver and pancreas of the zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danhua Zhang
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical, Science, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Keith P Gates
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Lindsey Barske
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Guangliang Wang
- Department of Surgery, and McKusick-Nathans Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joseph J Lancman
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Xin-Xin I Zeng
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Megan Groff
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Kasper Wang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Michael J Parsons
- Department of Surgery, and McKusick-Nathans Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - J Gage Crump
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - P Duc Si Dong
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Graduate School of Biomedical, Science, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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