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Du S, Chen G, Yuan B, Hu Y, Yang P, Chen Y, Zhao Q, Zhou J, Fan J, Zeng Z. DNA sensing and associated type 1 interferon signaling contributes to progression of radiation-induced liver injury. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:1718-1728. [PMID: 32203191 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0395-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver damage upon exposure to ionizing radiation (IR), whether accidental or therapeutic, can contribute to liver dysfunction. Currently, radiotherapy (RT) is used for various cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the treatment dose is limited by radiation-induced liver disease (RILD) with a high mortality rate. Furthermore, the precise molecular mechanisms of RILD remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated RILD pathogenesis using various knockout mouse strains subjected to whole-liver irradiation. We found that hepatocytes released a large quantity of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) after irradiation. The cGAS-STING pathway in non-parenchymal cells (NPCs) was promptly activated by this dsDNA, causing interferon (IFN)-I production and release and concomitant hepatocyte damage. Genetic and pharmacological ablation of the IFN-I signaling pathway protected against RILD. Moreover, clinically irradiated human peri-HCC liver tissues exhibited substantially higher STING and IFNβ expression than non-irradiated tissues. Increased serum IFNβ concentrations post-radiation were associated with RILD development in patients. These results delineate cGAS-STING induced type 1 interferon release in NPCs as a key mediator of IR-induced liver damage and described a mechanism of innate-immunity-driven pathology, linking cGAS-STING activation with amplification of initial radiation-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shisuo Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Genwen Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Baoying Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yixing Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Liver Surgery Department, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Liver Surgery Department, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhaochong Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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52
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Liu B, Deng X, Jiang Q, Li G, Zhang J, Zhang N, Xin S, Xu K. Scoparone improves hepatic inflammation and autophagy in mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by regulating the ROS/P38/Nrf2 axis and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in macrophages. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:109895. [PMID: 32000066 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Scoparone has been shown to ameliorate many forms of liver disease, and several underlying molecular mechanisms involved have been previously revealed. However, the potential role of scoparone in autophagy, which is dysregulated in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD-NASH), has not been evaluated. In the current study, we investigated the effect and potential mechanisms of scoparone in hepatic autophagy in mice with NASH. METHODS In vivo, mice were fed a methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet to establish a NASH model and then subjected to treatment with or without scoparone for 4 weeks. In vitro, scoparone was applied in a hepatocellular lipid overload model in AML12 cells challenged with palmitic acid (PA) and in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. RESULTS Scoparone improved impaired autophagy and several key features of NASH in mice fed an MCD diet. In vitro, scoparone had an effect on the autophagy of macrophages but not hepatocytes. In RAW264.7 cells, scoparone reduced the LPS-induced accumulation of autophagosomes and autophagy substrates, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the inflammatory response. Scoparone inhibited the upregulation of p62 transcription, which is mediated by the ROS/P38/Nrf2 axis. Chloroquine (CQ), an inhibitor of autophagic flux, significantly inhibited scoparone-mediated protection against inflammation. In addition, scoparone suppressed activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and MHY1485 (an mTOR activator that inhibits autophagy) inhibited the anti-inflammatory effect of scoparone. CONCLUSIONS In LPS-induced macrophages, scoparone regulates autophagy and further suppresses inflammation by inhibiting the ROS/P38/Nrf2 axis and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and enhancing autophagic flux. Scoparone may improve hepatic autophagy and NASH partly through enhancing autophagy in macrophages but not hepatocytes. Scoparone is expected to become a novel therapeutic drug for NASH or diseases associated with dysregulated autophagy in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaoling Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qianqian Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Guixin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Junli Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shengliang Xin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Keshu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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53
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Lee DH, Park JS, Lee YS, Han J, Lee DK, Kwon SW, Han DH, Lee YH, Bae SH. SQSTM1/p62 activates NFE2L2/NRF2 via ULK1-mediated autophagic KEAP1 degradation and protects mouse liver from lipotoxicity. Autophagy 2020; 16:1949-1973. [PMID: 31913745 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1712108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipotoxicity, induced by saturated fatty acid (SFA)-mediated cell death, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The KEAP1 (kelch like ECH associated protein 1)-NFE2L2/NRF2 (nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2) pathway is a pivotal defense mechanism against lipotoxicity. We previously reported that SQSTM1/p62 has a cytoprotective role against lipotoxicity through activation of the noncanonical KEAP1- NFE2L2 pathway in hepatocytes. However, the underlying mechanisms and physiological relevance of this pathway have not been clearly defined. Here, we demonstrate that NFE2L2-mediated induction of SQSTM1 activates the noncanonical KEAP1-NFE2L2 pathway under lipotoxic conditions. Furthermore, we identified that SQSTM1 induces ULK1 (unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1) phosphorylation by facilitating the interaction between AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) and ULK1, leading to macroautophagy/autophagy induction, followed by KEAP1 degradation and NFE2L2 activation. Accordingly, the activity of this SQSTM1-mediated noncanonical KEAP1-NFE2L2 pathway conferred hepatoprotection against lipotoxicity in the livers of conventional sqstm1- and liver-specific sqstm1-knockout mice. Moreover, this pathway activity was evident in the livers of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver. This axis could thus represent a novel target for NAFLD treatment. Abbreviations: ACACA: acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha; ACTB: actin beta; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; CM-H2DCFDA:5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; CQ: chloroquine; CUL3: cullin 3; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; FASN: fatty acid synthase; GSTA1: glutathione S-transferase A1; HA: hemagglutinin; Hepa1c1c7: mouse hepatoma cells; HMOX1/HO-1: heme oxygenase 1; KEAP1: kelch like ECH associated protein 1; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; NAC: N-acetyl-L-cysteine; NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH: nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; NFE2L2/NRF2: nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2; NQO1: NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1; PA: palmitic acid; PARP: poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1; PRKAA1/2: protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunits alpha1/2; RBX1: ring-box 1; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SESN2: sestrin 2; SFA: saturated fatty acid; siRNA: small interfering RNA; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; SREBF1: sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; TUNEL: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Hyun Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Su Park
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Seol Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jisu Han
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dai Hoon Han
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Han Bae
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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54
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Concurrent activation of growth factor and nutrient arms of mTORC1 induces oxidative liver injury. Cell Discov 2019; 5:60. [PMID: 31754457 PMCID: PMC6868011 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-019-0131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
mTORC1 is a protein kinase important for metabolism and is regulated by growth factor and nutrient signaling pathways, mediated by the Rheb and Rag GTPases, respectively. Here we provide the first animal model in which both pathways were upregulated through concurrent mutations in their GTPase-activating proteins, Tsc1 and Depdc5. Unlike former models that induced limited mTORC1 upregulation, hepatic deletion of both Tsc1 and Depdc5 (DKO) produced strong, synergistic activation of the mTORC1 pathway and provoked pronounced and widespread hepatocyte damage, leading to externally visible liver failure phenotypes, such as jaundice and systemic growth defects. The transcriptome profile of DKO was different from single knockout mutants but similar to those of diseased human livers with severe hepatitis and mouse livers challenged with oxidative stress-inducing chemicals. In addition, DKO liver cells exhibited prominent molecular pathologies associated with excessive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, DNA damage and inflammation. Although DKO liver pathologies were ameliorated by mTORC1 inhibition, ER stress suppression unexpectedly aggravated them, suggesting that ER stress signaling is not the major conduit of how hyperactive mTORC1 produces liver damage. Interestingly, superoxide scavengers N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and Tempol, chemicals that reduce oxidative stress, were able to recover liver phenotypes, indicating that mTORC1 hyperactivation induced liver damage mainly through oxidative stress pathways. Our study provides a new model of unregulated mTORC1 activation through concomitant upregulation of growth factor and nutrient signaling axes and shows that mTORC1 hyperactivation alone can provoke oxidative tissue injury.
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55
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Cai J, Zhang XJ, Li H. The Role of Innate Immune Cells in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2019; 70:1026-1037. [PMID: 30653691 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and metabolic dysfunction are hallmarks of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is one of the fastest-growing liver diseases worldwide. Emerging evidence indicates that innate immune mechanisms are pivotal drivers of inflammation and other pathological manifestations observed in NASH, such as hepatosteatosis, insulin resistance (IR), and fibrosis. This robust innate immune reaction is intrinsic to the liver, which is an important immunological organ that contains a coordinated network of innate immune cells, including Kupffer cells (KCs), dendritic cells (DCs), and lymphocytes. Hepatocytes and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are not formally innate immune cells, but they take on immune cell function when stressed. These cells can sense excess metabolites and bacterial products and translate those signals into immune responses and pathological hepatic changes during the development of NASH. In this review, we take a historical perspective in describing decades of research that aimed to identify the key molecular and cellular players in the innate immune system in the setting of NASH. Furthermore, we summarize the innate immune cells that are involved in the progression of NASH and illustrate how they sense disturbances in circulating metabolic factors by innate immune receptors and subsequently initiate the intercellular signaling cascades that lead to persistent inflammation and progression of hepatic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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56
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Yang L, Ying S, Hu S, Zhao X, Li M, Chen M, Zhu Y, Song P, Zhu L, Jiang T, An H, Yousafzai NA, Xu W, Zhang Z, Wang X, Feng L, Jin H. EGFR TKIs impair lysosome-dependent degradation of SQSTM1 to compromise the effectiveness in lung cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:25. [PMID: 31637005 PMCID: PMC6799834 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR TKIs) greatly improved clinical outcomes of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Unfortunately, primary and acquired resistance limits their clinical benefits. To overcome such resistance, new generations of EGFR TKIs have been developed by targeting newly identified mutations in EGFR. However, much less effort has been put into alternative strategies, such as targeting the intrinsic protective responses to EGFR TKIs. In this study, we found that EGFR TKIs, including gefitinib and AZD9291, impaired lysosome-dependent degradation of SQSTM1, thus compromising their anti-cancer efficiency. By accumulating in the lysosome lumen, gefitinib and AZD9291 attenuated lysosomal acidification and impaired autolysosomal degradation of SQSTM1 owing to their intrinsic alkalinity. As a result, SQSTM1 protein was stabilized in response to gefitinib and AZD9291 treatment and conferred EGFR TKI resistance. Depleting SQSTM1 significantly increased the sensitivity of NSCLC cells to gefitinib and AZD9291 both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, a chemically modified gefitinib analog lacking alkalinity displayed stronger inhibitory effects on NSCLC cells. Therefore, targeting accumulated SQSTM1 or chemically modified EGFR TKIs may represent new strategies to increase the effectiveness of EGFR targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixian Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shilong Ying
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiman Hu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangtong Zhao
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Muchun Li
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miaoqin Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiran Zhu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liyuan Zhu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Jiang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huimin An
- Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Neelum Aziz Yousafzai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenxia Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lifeng Feng
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongchuan Jin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Bai J, Liu F. The cGAS-cGAMP-STING Pathway: A Molecular Link Between Immunity and Metabolism. Diabetes 2019; 68:1099-1108. [PMID: 31109939 PMCID: PMC6610018 DOI: 10.2337/dbi18-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been appreciated for many years that there is a strong association between metabolism and immunity in advanced metazoan organisms. Distinct immune signatures and signaling pathways have been found not only in immune but also in metabolic cells. The newly discovered DNA-sensing cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway mediates type I interferon inflammatory responses in immune cells to defend against viral and bacterial infections. Recent studies show that this pathway is also activated by host DNA aberrantly localized in the cytosol, contributing to increased sterile inflammation, insulin resistance, and the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Potential interactions of the cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway with mTORC1 signaling, autophagy, and apoptosis have been reported, suggesting an important role of the cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway in the networking and coordination of these important biological processes. However, the regulation, mechanism of action, and tissue-specific role of the cGAS-cGAMP-STING signaling pathway in metabolic disorders remain largely elusive. It is also unclear whether targeting this signaling pathway is effective for the prevention and treatment of obesity-induced metabolic diseases. Answers to these questions would provide new insights for developing effective therapeutic interventions for metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance, NAFLD, and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juli Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
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58
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Gentle IE. Supramolecular Complexes in Cell Death and Inflammation and Their Regulation by Autophagy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:73. [PMID: 31131275 PMCID: PMC6509160 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling activation is a tightly regulated process involving myriad posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, ubiquitylation/deubiquitylation, proteolytical cleavage events as well as translocation of proteins to new compartments within the cell. In addition to each of these events potentially regulating individual proteins, the assembly of very large supramolecular complexes has emerged as a common theme in signal transduction and is now known to regulate many signaling events. This is particularly evident in pathways regulating both inflammation and cell death/survival. Regulation of the assembly and silencing of these complexes plays important roles in immune signaling and inflammation and the fate of cells to either die or survive. Here we will give a summary of some of the better studied supramolecular complexes involved in inflammation and cell death, particularly with a focus on diseases caused by their autoactivation and the role autophagy either plays or may be playing in their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian E Gentle
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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59
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Rom O, Xu G, Guo Y, Zhu Y, Wang H, Zhang J, Fan Y, Liang W, Lu H, Liu Y, Aviram M, Liu Z, Kim S, Liu W, Wang X, Chen YE, Villacorta L. Nitro-fatty acids protect against steatosis and fibrosis during development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. EBioMedicine 2019; 41:62-72. [PMID: 30772307 PMCID: PMC6444056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and resulting nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are reaching global epidemic proportions. Lack of non-invasive diagnostic tools and effective therapies constitute two of the major hurdles for a bona fide treatment and a reversal of NASH progression and/or regression of the disease. Nitro-oleic acid (OA-NO2) has been proven effective in multiple experimental models of inflammation and fibrosis. Thus, the potential benefit of in vivo administration of OA-NO2 to treat advanced NAFLD was tested herein in a model of long-term NASH diet-induced liver damage. METHODS Non-invasive imaging (e.g. photoacustic-ultrasound (PA-US)) was pursued to establish advanced experimental model of NASH in mice in which both steatosis and fibrosis were diagnosed prior experimental therapy with OA-NO2. Experimental controls included equimolar amounts of the non-nitrated oleic acid (OA). CLAMS and NMR-based analysis was used for energy metabolism. FINDINGS CLAMS and NMR-based analysis demonstrates that OA-NO2 improves body composition and energy metabolism and inhibits hepatic triglyceride (TG) accumulation. Photoacoustic-ultrasound imaging revealed a robust inhibition of liver steatosis and fibrosis by OA-NO2. RNA-sequencing analysis uncovered inflammation and fibrosis as major pathways suppressed by OA-NO2 administration, as well as regulation of lipogenesis and lipolysis pathways, with a robust inhibition of SREBP1 proteolytic activation and subsequent lipogenesis gene expression by OA-NO2. These results were further supported by histological analysis and quantification of lipid accumulation, lobular inflammation (F4/80 staining) and fibrosis (collagen deposition, αSMA staining) as well as established parameters of liver damage (ALT). In vitro studies indicate that OA-NO2 inhibits TG biosynthesis and accumulation in hepatocytes and inhibits fibrogenesis in human stellate cells. INTERPRETATION OA-NO2 improve steatohepatitis and fibrosis and may constitute an effective therapeutic approach against advanced NAFLD that warrants further clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Rom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guan Xu
- Department of Radiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yunhao Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Huilun Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yanbo Fan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wenying Liang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Haocheng Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael Aviram
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Seongho Kim
- Biostatistics Core, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Wanqing Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xueding Wang
- Department of Radiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Luis Villacorta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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60
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Lee S, Han D, Kang HG, Jeong SJ, Jo JE, Shin J, Kim DK, Park HW. Intravenous sustained-release nifedipine ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by restoring autophagic clearance. Biomaterials 2019; 197:1-11. [PMID: 30623792 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and overweight, the most serious health problems, are associated with chronic metabolic complications such as type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, current pharmacological therapies for obesity are challenged by potential side effects, low effectiveness, and low aqueous solubility, which limit their clinical application. Here, we develop nifedipine-loaded nanoparticles (NFD-NPs) that alleviate obesity-related metabolic dysfunction to be used as instruments for translational medicine. Nanoparticles (NPs) composed of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) not only enhance water solubility of hydrophobic nifedipine (NFD), a calcium channel blocker, without modifying the chemical structure of NFD for intravenous administration, but also allow prolonged release of NFD in vivo. NFD-NPs do not show cytotoxicity and reduce palmitate-induced protein inclusions and endoplasmic reticulum stress in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Importantly, tail-vein injection of NFD-NPs into diet-induced obese mice results in sustained retention of NFD-NPs in the liver and suppression of metabolic derangements associated with NAFLD by enhancing autophagic clearance through Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) phosphorylation, consequently decreasing diet-induced insulin resistance and improving glucose tolerance. Our findings offer new clinical tools for NP-mediated pharmaceutical strategies to treat NAFLD and its related metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solji Lee
- Department of Cell Biology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Daewon Han
- Department of Cell Biology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Goo Kang
- Department of Cell Biology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Jeong
- Department of Cell Biology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Eun Jo
- Department of Cell Biology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongdae Shin
- Department of Cell Biology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea; Myunggok Medical Research Institute, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Kyung Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hwan-Woo Park
- Department of Cell Biology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea; Myunggok Medical Research Institute, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea.
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61
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Weiskirchen R, Tacke F. Relevance of Autophagy in Parenchymal and Non-Parenchymal Liver Cells for Health and Disease. Cells 2019; 8:E16. [PMID: 30609663 PMCID: PMC6357193 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular process for the ordered degradation and recycling of cellular components in lysosomes. In the liver, parenchymal cells (i.e., mainly hepatocytes) utilize autophagy to provide amino acids, glucose, and free fatty acids as sources of energy and biosynthesis functions, but also for recycling and controlling organelles such as mitochondria. Non-parenchymal cells of the liver, including endothelial cells, macrophages (Kupffer cells), and hepatic stellate cells (HSC), also employ autophagy, either for maintaining cellular homeostasis (macrophages, endothelium) or for providing energy for their activation (stellate cells). In hepatocytes, autophagy contributes to essential homeostatic functions (e.g., gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, fatty acid oxidation), but is also implicated in diseases. For instance, storage disorders (alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson's disease), metabolic (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH), and toxic (alcohol) liver diseases may benefit from augmenting autophagy in hepatocytes. In hepatic fibrosis, autophagy has been implicated in the fibrogenic activation of HSC to collagen-producing myofibroblasts. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), autophagy may contribute to tumor surveillance as well as invasiveness, indicating a dual and stage-dependent function in cancer. As many drugs directly or indirectly modulate autophagy, it is intriguing to investigate autophagy-targeting, possibly even cell type-directed strategies for the treatment of hereditary liver diseases, NASH, fibrosis, and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Egnatchik RA, Leamy AK, Sacco SA, Cheah YE, Shiota M, Young JD. Glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase activity promotes palmitate lipotoxicity in rat hepatocytes by enhancing anaplerosis and citric acid cycle flux. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:3081-3090. [PMID: 30563841 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte lipotoxicity is characterized by aberrant mitochondrial metabolism, which predisposes cells to oxidative stress and apoptosis. Previously, we reported that translocation of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria of palmitate-treated hepatocytes activates anaplerotic flux from glutamine to α-ketoglutarate (αKG), which subsequently enters the citric acid cycle (CAC) for oxidation. We hypothesized that increased glutamine anaplerosis fuels elevations in CAC flux and oxidative stress following palmitate treatment. To test this hypothesis, primary rat hepatocytes or immortalized H4IIEC3 rat hepatoma cells were treated with lipotoxic levels of palmitate while modulating anaplerotic pathways leading to αKG. We found that culture media supplemented with glutamine, glutamate, or dimethyl-αKG increased palmitate lipotoxicity compared with media that lacked these anaplerotic substrates. Knockdown of glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase activity significantly reduced the lipotoxic effects of palmitate, whereas knockdown of glutamate dehydrogenase (Glud1) had no effect on palmitate lipotoxicity. 13C flux analysis of H4IIEC3 cells co-treated with palmitate and the pan-transaminase inhibitor aminooxyacetic acid confirmed that reductions in lipotoxic markers were associated with decreases in anaplerosis, CAC flux, and oxygen consumption. Taken together, these results demonstrate that lipotoxic palmitate treatments enhance anaplerosis in cultured rat hepatocytes, causing a shift to aberrant transaminase metabolism that fuels CAC dysregulation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Masakazu Shiota
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Jamey D Young
- From Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and .,Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
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63
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Yu Y, Liu Y, An W, Song J, Zhang Y, Zhao X. STING-mediated inflammation in Kupffer cells contributes to progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Clin Invest 2018; 129:546-555. [PMID: 30561388 DOI: 10.1172/jci121842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune activation contributes to the transition from nonalcoholic fatty liver to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Stimulator of IFN genes (STING, also referred to Tmem173) is a universal receptor that recognizes released DNA and triggers innate immune activation. In this work, we investigated the role of STING in the progression of NASH in mice. Both methionine- and choline-deficient diet (MCD) and high-fat diet (HFD) were used to induce NASH in mice. Strikingly, STING deficiency attenuated steatosis, fibrosis, and inflammation in livers in both murine models of NASH. Additionally, STING deficiency increased fasting glucose levels in mice independently of insulin, but mitigated HFD-induced insulin resistance and weight gain and reduced levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL in serum; it also enhanced levels of HDL. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from hepatocytes of HFD-fed mice induced TNF-α and IL-6 expression in cultured Kupffer cells (KCs), which was attenuated by STING deficiency or pretreatment with BAY11-7082 (an NF-κB inhibitor). Finally, chronic exposure to 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA, a STING agonist) led to hepatic steatosis and inflammation in WT mice, but not in STING-deficient mice. We proposed that STING functions as an mtDNA sensor in the KCs of liver under lipid overload and induces NF-κB-dependent inflammation in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Yu
- Department of Cardiovasology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Weishuai An
- Department of Cardiovasology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwen Song
- Department of Cardiovasology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuefan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianxian Zhao
- Department of Cardiovasology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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64
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Luo X, Li H, Ma L, Zhou J, Guo X, Woo SL, Pei Y, Knight LR, Deveau M, Chen Y, Qian X, Xiao X, Li Q, Chen X, Huo Y, McDaniel K, Francis H, Glaser S, Meng F, Alpini G, Wu C. Expression of STING Is Increased in Liver Tissues From Patients With NAFLD and Promotes Macrophage-Mediated Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis in Mice. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:1971-1984.e4. [PMID: 30213555 PMCID: PMC6279491 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Transmembrane protein 173 (TMEM173 or STING) signaling by macrophage activates the type I interferon-mediated innate immune response. The innate immune response contributes to hepatic steatosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We investigated whether STING regulates diet-induced in hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and liver fibrosis in mice. METHODS Mice with disruption of Tmem173 (STINGgt) on a C57BL/6J background, mice without disruption of this gene (controls), and mice with disruption of Tmem173 only in myeloid cells were fed a standard chow diet, a high-fat diet (HFD; 60% fat calories), or a methionine- and choline-deficient diet (MCD). Liver tissues were collected and analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry. Bone marrow cells were isolated from mice, differentiated into macrophages, and incubated with 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA; an activator of STING) or cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP). Macrophages or their media were applied to mouse hepatocytes or human hepatic stellate cells (LX2) cells, which were analyzed for cytokine expression, protein phosphorylation, and fat deposition (by oil red O staining after incubation with palmitate). We obtained liver tissues from patients with and without NAFLD and analyzed these by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Non-parenchymal cells of liver tissues from patients with NAFLD had higher levels of STING than cells of liver tissues from patients without NAFLD. STINGgt mice and mice with disruption only in myeloid cells developed less severe hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and/or fibrosis after the HFD or MCD than control mice. Levels of phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p65 and mRNAs encoding tumor necrosis factor and interleukins 1B and 6 (markers of inflammation) were significantly lower in liver tissues from STINGgt mice vs control mice after the HFD or MCD. Transplantation of bone marrow cells from control mice to STINGgt mice restored the severity of steatosis and inflammation after the HFD. Macrophages from control, but not STINGgt, mice increased markers of inflammation in response to lipopolysaccharide and cGAMP. Hepatocytes and stellate cells cocultured with STINGgt macrophages in the presence of DMXAA or incubated with the medium collected from these macrophages had decreased fat deposition and markers of inflammation compared with hepatocytes or stellate cells incubated with control macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Levels of STING were increased in liver tissues from patients with NAFLD and mice with HFD-induced steatosis. In mice, loss of STING from macrophages decreased the severity of liver fibrosis and the inflammatory response. STING might be a therapeutic target for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjun Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Honggui Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Linqiang Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA,,Department of Endocrinology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA,Department of the Laboratory of Lipid & Glucose Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Shih-Lung Woo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ya Pei
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Linda R. Knight
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Michael Deveau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yanming Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Xiaoxian Qian
- Department of Cardiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Qifu Li
- Department of the Laboratory of Lipid & Glucose Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiangbai Chen
- Department of Pathology, Baylor Scott & White Health, College Station, TX 77845; USA
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Department of Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Kelly McDaniel
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System,Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Heather Francis
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System,Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System,Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas.
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.
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65
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Verrier ER, Yim SA, Heydmann L, El Saghire H, Bach C, Turon-Lagot V, Mailly L, Durand SC, Lucifora J, Durantel D, Pessaux P, Manel N, Hirsch I, Zeisel MB, Pochet N, Schuster C, Baumert TF. Hepatitis B Virus Evasion From Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate-Adenosine Monophosphate Synthase Sensing in Human Hepatocytes. Hepatology 2018; 68:1695-1709. [PMID: 29679386 PMCID: PMC6195855 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease and cancer worldwide. The mechanisms of viral genome sensing and the evasion of innate immune responses by HBV infection are still poorly understood. Recently, the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS) was identified as a DNA sensor. In this study, we investigated the functional role of cGAS in sensing HBV infection and elucidate the mechanisms of viral evasion. We performed functional studies including loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments combined with cGAS effector gene expression profiling in an infectious cell culture model, primary human hepatocytes, and HBV-infected human liver chimeric mice. Here, we show that cGAS is expressed in the human liver, primary human hepatocytes, and human liver chimeric mice. While naked relaxed-circular HBV DNA is sensed in a cGAS-dependent manner in hepatoma cell lines and primary human hepatocytes, host cell recognition of viral nucleic acids is abolished during HBV infection, suggesting escape from sensing, likely during packaging of the genome into the viral capsid. While the hepatocyte cGAS pathway is functionally active, as shown by reduction of viral covalently closed circular DNA levels in gain-of-function studies, HBV infection suppressed cGAS expression and function in cell culture models and humanized mice. Conclusion: HBV exploits multiple strategies to evade sensing and antiviral activity of cGAS and its effector pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloi R. Verrier
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS 1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France,Corresponding authors: Prof. Thomas F. Baumert, MD, , Dr. Catherine Schuster, PhD, , and Dr. Eloi R. Verrier, PhD, , Inserm U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 3 Rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France. Tel: +33 3 68 85 37 03; fax: +33 3 68 85 37 24
| | - Seung-Ae Yim
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS 1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laura Heydmann
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS 1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Houssein El Saghire
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS 1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Charlotte Bach
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS 1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Turon-Lagot
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS 1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Mailly
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS 1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah C. Durand
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS 1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Julie Lucifora
- Inserm, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - David Durantel
- Inserm, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Patrick Pessaux
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS 1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France,Pôle Hépato-Digestif, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Manel
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France,Inserm, U932, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Ivan Hirsch
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Biocev, Charles University, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, CAS, IOCB & Gilead Research Center, 16610 Prague
| | - Mirjam B. Zeisel
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS 1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Pochet
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Cell Circuits Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Catherine Schuster
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS 1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France,Corresponding authors: Prof. Thomas F. Baumert, MD, , Dr. Catherine Schuster, PhD, , and Dr. Eloi R. Verrier, PhD, , Inserm U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 3 Rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France. Tel: +33 3 68 85 37 03; fax: +33 3 68 85 37 24
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS 1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France,Pôle Hépato-Digestif, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France,Corresponding authors: Prof. Thomas F. Baumert, MD, , Dr. Catherine Schuster, PhD, , and Dr. Eloi R. Verrier, PhD, , Inserm U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 3 Rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France. Tel: +33 3 68 85 37 03; fax: +33 3 68 85 37 24
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Khambu B, Yan S, Huda N, Liu G, Yin XM. Autophagy in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease. LIVER RESEARCH 2018; 2:112-119. [PMID: 31123622 PMCID: PMC6528826 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular degradative function that is important for liver homeostasis. Accumulating evidence suggests that autophagy is deregulated during the progression and development of alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases. Impaired autophagy prevents the clearance of excessive lipid droplets (LDs), damaged mitochondria, and toxic protein aggregates, which can be generated during the progression of various liver diseases, thus contributing to the development of steatosis, injury, steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and tumors. In this review, we look at the status of hepatic autophagy during the pathogenesis of alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases. We also examine the mechanisms of defects in autophagy, and the hepato-protective roles of autophagy in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD), focusing mainly on steatosis and liver injury. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of autophagy modulating agents for the treatment of these two common liver diseases.
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67
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Oniki K, Watanabe T, Kudo M, Izuka T, Ono T, Matsuda K, Sakamoto Y, Nagaoka K, Imafuku T, Ishima Y, Watanabe H, Maruyama T, Otake K, Ogata Y, Saruwatari J. Modeling of the Weight Status and Risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Elderly Individuals: The Potential Impact of the Disulfide Bond-Forming Oxidoreductase A-Like Protein (DsbA-L) Polymorphism on the Weight Status. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 7:384-393. [PMID: 29569850 PMCID: PMC6027732 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely associated with obesity. Disulfide bond‐forming oxidoreductase A‐like protein (DsbA‐L) is known to be a key molecule in protection against obesity and obesity‐induced inflammation. In the present study, we used a modeling and simulation approach in an attempt to develop body mass index (BMI) and BMI‐based NAFLD prediction models incorporating the DsbA‐L polymorphism to predict the BMI and NAFLD in 341 elderly subjects. A nonlinear mixed‐effect model best represented the sigmoidal relationship between the BMI and the logit function of the probability of NAFLD prevalence. The final models for BMI and NAFLD showed that DsbA‐L rs1917760 polymorphism, age, and gender were associated with the BMI, whereas gender, patatin‐like phospholipase 3 rs738409 polymorphism, HbA1c, and high‐density and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were associated with the risk of NAFLD. This information may aid in the genetic‐based prevention of obesity and NAFLD in the general elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Oniki
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takehisa Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Miku Kudo
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Izuka
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tatsumasa Ono
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuki Matsuda
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Sakamoto
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Katsuya Nagaoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Imafuku
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yu Ishima
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Koji Otake
- Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Health Care Center, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ogata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Junji Saruwatari
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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