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Vigors S, O' Doherty JV, Ryan M, Sweeney T. Analysis of the basal colonic innate immune response of pigs divergent in feed efficiency and following an ex vivo lipopolysaccharide challenge. Physiol Genomics 2019; 51:443-448. [PMID: 31322475 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00013.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While feed efficiency is influenced by multiple physiological processes, it is not known how efficient and inefficient pigs differ in relation to their basal immune response, and particularly their innate immune response to a microbial challenge. Hence, the objective was to examine the expression of genes encoding innate immune response markers in basal colonic tissue and colonic tissue following an ex vivo lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge from pigs divergent in residual feed intake (RFI). Pigs that differed in RFI were selected from two different farms of origin. Colonic tissue was harvested from high RFI (HRFI) and low (LRFI) pigs, and two experimental conditions were explored: the first was basal unchallenged tissue and the second was colonic tissue following an ex vivo LPS challenge. RNA was extracted and tested on a Nanostring panel of 72 genes coding for barrier defense proteins, transmembrane receptors, kinases, transcription regulators, cytokines, and cytokine regulators. In the basal unchallenged tissue, the LRFI pigs had increased expression of AOAH, AP1, and TRAM and the cytokines TNF, IL10, and CXCL8, compared with the HRFI pigs (P < 0.05), with a significant effect of farm of origin on 31 genes (P < 0.05). In the LPS-challenged tissues, the LRFI group had higher expression of TLR1, TLR7, TLR8, GPR43/FFAR2, JAK2, and NFAM1 compared with the HRFI group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, these data suggest that LRFI pigs have an upregulated basal colonic inflammatory state and a heightened response to an LPS challenge compared with the inefficient HRFI pigs. This immune profile potentially enhances their capacity to respond to an infectious challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stafford Vigors
- School of Agriculture & Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland and
| | - John V O' Doherty
- School of Agriculture & Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland and
| | - Marion Ryan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Torres Sweeney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Zhai Z, Zhang F, Cao R, Ni X, Xin Z, Deng J, Wu G, Ren W, Yin Y, Deng B. Cecropin A Alleviates Inflammation Through Modulating the Gut Microbiota of C57BL/6 Mice With DSS-Induced IBD. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1595. [PMID: 31354682 PMCID: PMC6635700 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is undertaken to assess the alleviating effects of antimicrobial peptide cecropin A on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in C57BL/6 mice and changes in the gut microbiota, compared to an antibiotic gentamicin. Different doses of cecropin A were intraperitoneally injected into C57BL/6 mice for 5 days to determine the safe doses. The injection doses at ≤ 15 mg/kg showed no negative impact on the liver, heart, spleen, and kidney. The severe and moderate IBD mice model was successfully established via supplementation of 4 or 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water for 5 days. The severe IBD model was used to ensure the optimal therapeutic dose of cecropin A. Survival rate, body weight and disease activity index (DAI) scores were measured. Administration of 15 mg/kg, not 5 mg/kg cecropin A, for 5 days increased survival rate and decreased body weight loss of mice. The moderate IBD model was applied to investigate the mechanisms for cecropin A to alleviate inflammation in comparison to gentamicin. The mice were treated with 15 mg/kg cecropin A or 5 mg/kg gentamicin for 3 days. The levels of cytokines and related proteins in the colon were detected by ELISA and Western blotting. The microbiota in cecum contents were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results showed that cecropin A and gentamicin relieved body weight loss, DAI, and gut mucosa disruption, while decreasing tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interlukin-1β (IL-1β), and interlukin-6 (IL-6) induced by DSS. In addition, cecropin A and gentamicin showed different effects on the gut microbiota structure. Both cecropin A and gentamicin decreased DSS-induced enrichment of Bacteroidaceae and Enterobacteriaceae. However, cecropin A showed a selective enrichment of Lactobacillus in contrast to gentamicin, which demonstrated a selective effect on Desulfovibrionaceae and Ruminococcaceae. Cecropin A alleviates IBD through decreasing harmful gut microflora and specifically enhancing beneficial gut microflora. The mechanism of this effect is different from gentamicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenya Zhai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruihua Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Ni
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongquan Xin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinping Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Wenkai Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Baichuan Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Alexander LM, Oh JH, Stapleton DS, Schueler KL, Keller MP, Attie AD, van Pijkeren JP. Exploiting Prophage-Mediated Lysis for Biotherapeutic Release by Lactobacillus reuteri. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e02335-18. [PMID: 30683744 PMCID: PMC6498169 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02335-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus reuteri has the potential to be developed as a microbial therapeutic delivery platform because of an established safety profile, health-promoting properties, and available genome editing tools. Here, we show that L. reuteri VPL1014 exhibits a low mutation rate compared to other Gram-positive bacteria, which we expect will contribute to the stability of genetically modified strains. VPL1014 encodes two biologically active prophages, which are induced during gastrointestinal transit. We hypothesized that intracellularly accumulated recombinant protein can be released following bacteriophage-mediated lysis. To test this, we engineered VPL1014 to accumulate leptin, our model protein, inside the cell. In vitro prophage induction of recombinant VPL1014 released leptin into the extracellular milieu, which corresponded to bacteriophage production. We also employed a plasmid system that does not require antibiotic in the growth medium for plasmid maintenance. Collectively, these data provide new avenues to exploit native prophages to deliver therapeutic molecules.IMPORTANCE Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been explored as potential biotherapeutic vehicles for the past 20 years. To secrete a therapeutic in the extracellular milieu, one typically relies on the bacterial secretion pathway, i.e., the Sec pathway. Overexpression of a secreted protein can overload the secretory pathway and impact the organism's fitness, and optimization of the signal peptide is also required to maximize the efficiency of the release of mature protein. Here, we describe a previously unexplored approach to release therapeutics from the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri We demonstrate that an intracellularly accumulated recombinant protein is released following prophage activation. Since we recently demonstrated that prophages are activated during gastrointestinal transit, we propose that this method will provide a straightforward and efficient approach to deliver therapeutics in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Alexander
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jee-Hwan Oh
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Donald S Stapleton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kathryn L Schueler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mark P Keller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alan D Attie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Abstract
Our bodies are colonized by a complex ecosystem of bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes and their viruses that together play a major role in our health. Over the past few years tools derived from the prokaryotic immune system known as CRISPR-Cas have empowered researchers to modify and study organisms with unprecedented ease and efficiency. Here we discuss how various types of CRISPR-Cas systems can be used to modify the genome of gut microorganisms and bacteriophages. CRISPR-Cas systems can also be delivered to bacterial population and programmed to specifically eliminate members of the microbiome. Finally, engineered CRISPR-Cas systems can be used to control gene expression and modulate the production of metabolites and proteins. Together these tools provide exciting opportunities to investigate the complex interplay between members of the microbiome and our bodies, and present new avenues for the development of drugs that target the microbiome. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'The ecology and evolution of prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Bikard
- Synthetic Biology Group, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
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Suez J, Zmora N, Segal E, Elinav E. The pros, cons, and many unknowns of probiotics. Nat Med 2019; 25:716-729. [DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 630] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Toward rational selection criteria for selection of probiotics in pigs. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019; 107:83-112. [PMID: 31128749 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An accurate understanding of properties of probiotics is a prerequisite for selecting probiotic organisms for use in swine production. This review aims to review selection criteria for probiotic organism in swine. The systematically investigated ecological history rather than the source of isolates should be regarded as the natural origin of probiotic strains, which helps to correct the inconsistencies arising from incorrect identification of the source. Moreover, in vivo studies are suggested as follow-up assessment to validate the characteristics of probiotic predicted by in vitro experiments. In addition, the intended probiotic effect depends on the age of the animal and disease prevention in young animals may require different probiotic strains when compared to growth promotion in older animals. With adequate selection criteria, the inclusion of probiotic in feed supplementation is a promising way to exert positive effects on sows, newborns, weanling animals and grower-finisher pigs. Both host-adapted probiotics and nomadic probiotics can be applied for pathogen inhibition but host adapted organisms appear to have a different mode of action. Host-adapted probiotic strains are likely to be associated with exclusive colonization while the nomadic or environmental strain exert better immune stimulating functions. Strains with potent enzymatic activity are fitter for grower pigs favoring feed digestion and enhancing growth performance.
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Abstract
Technological developments, including massively parallel DNA sequencing, gnotobiotics, metabolomics, RNA sequencing and culturomics, have markedly propelled the field of microbiome research in recent years. These methodologies can be harnessed to improve our in-depth mechanistic understanding of basic concepts related to consumption of probiotics, including their rules of engagement with the indigenous microbiome and impacts on the human host. We have recently demonstrated that even during probiotic supplementation, resident gut bacteria in a subset of individuals resist the mucosal presence of probiotic strains, limiting their modulatory effect on the microbiome and on the host gut transcriptional landscape. Resistance is partly alleviated by antibiotics treatment, which enables probiotics to interact with the host at the gut mucosal interface, although rather than promoting reconstitution of the indigenous microbiome and of the host transcriptional profile, they inhibit these components from returning to their naïve pre-antibiotic configurations. In this commentary, we discuss our findings in the context of previous and recent works, and suggest that incorporating the state-of-the-art methods currently utilized in microbiome research into the field of probiotics may lead to improved understanding of their mechanisms of activity, as well as their efficacy and long-term safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jotham Suez
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Niv Zmora
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel,Digestive Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel,Internal Medicine Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Elinav
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel,Cancer-Microbiome Research Division, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany,CONTACT Eran Elinav Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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58
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Schepper JD, Collins F, Rios-Arce ND, Raehtz S, Schaefer L, Gardinier JD, Britton R, Parameswaran N, McCabe LR. Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri Prevents Postantibiotic Bone Loss by Reducing Intestinal Dysbiosis and Preventing Barrier Disruption. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:681-698. [PMID: 30690795 PMCID: PMC6557403 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic treatment, commonly prescribed for bacterial infections, depletes and subsequently causes long-term alterations in intestinal microbiota composition. Knowing the importance of the microbiome in the regulation of bone density, we investigated the effect of postantibiotic treatment on gut and bone health. Intestinal microbiome repopulation at 4-weeks postantibiotic treatment resulted in an increase in the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio, increased intestinal permeability, and notably reduced femoral trabecular bone volume (approximately 30%, p < 0.01). Treatment with a mucus supplement (a high-molecular-weight polymer, MDY-1001 [MDY]) prevented the postantibiotic-induced barrier break as well as bone loss, indicating a mechanistic link between increased intestinal permeability and bone loss. A link between the microbiome composition and bone density was demonstrated by supplementing the mice with probiotic bacteria. Specifically, Lactobacillus reuteri, but not Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG or nonpathogenic Escherichia coli, reduced the postantibiotic elevation of the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio and prevented femoral and vertebral trabecular bone loss. Consistent with causing bone loss, postantibiotic-induced dysbiosis decreased osteoblast and increased osteoclast activities, changes that were prevented by both L. reuteri and MDY. These data underscore the importance of microbial dysbiosis in the regulation of intestinal permeability and bone health, as well as identify L. reuteri and MDY as novel therapies for preventing these adverse effects. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fraser Collins
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Naiomy Deliz Rios-Arce
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Sandi Raehtz
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Laura Schaefer
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine
| | | | - Robert Britton
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Narayanan Parameswaran
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- equal contribution and co-senior authors
| | - Laura R McCabe
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- equal contribution and co-senior authors
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59
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Underwood MA. Probiotics and the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg 2019; 54:405-412. [PMID: 30241961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immaturity of the host immune system and alterations in the intestinal microbiome appear to be key factors in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). The aim of this paper is to weigh the evidence for the use of probiotics to prevent NEC in premature infants. METHODS Animal studies, randomized controlled trials, observational cohort studies and meta-analyses involving administration of probiotic products for the prevention of NEC were reviewed. This review of the evidence summarizes the available preclinical and clinical data. RESULTS In animal models probiotic microbes alter the intestinal microbiome, decrease inflammation and intestinal permeability and decrease the incidence and severity of experimental NEC. In randomized, placebo-controlled trials and cohort studies of premature infants, probiotic microbes decrease the risk of NEC, death and sepsis. CONCLUSION Evidence is strong for the prevention of NEC with the use of combination probiotics in premature infants who receive breast milk. The potential risks and benefits of probiotic administration to premature infants should be carefully reviewed with parents. TYPE OF STUDY Therapeutic. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Underwood
- Division of Neonatology, University of California Davis, Ticon 2, Suite 253, 2516 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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60
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Zolotukhin PV, Prazdnova EV, Chistyakov VA. Methods to Assess the Antioxidative Properties of Probiotics. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2019; 10:589-599. [PMID: 29249065 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics prove useful in correcting and preventing numerous health conditions, including those having severe impact on society, e.g., obesity and cancer. Notably, these capabilities of probiotics appear to be associated with their antioxidant properties. The mechanisms of antioxidant action of probiotics range from immediate biochemical scavenging of reactive substances to induction of signaling events leading to increased capacity of the host's cytoprotective systems. Since the antioxidant effects of probiotics significantly vary in types and details, a broad selection of methods of assessment of these properties is required in order to identify, characterize, and develop novel probiotics for medical purposes, as well as to explain the mechanisms of action of probiotics already in use in healthcare. This review revises the versatile toolbox, which can be used to assess the antioxidant properties of probiotics.
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Synbiotic combination of prebiotic grape pomace extract and probiotic Lactobacillus sp. reduced important intestinal inflammatory markers and in-depth signalling mediators in lipopolysaccharide-treated Caco-2 cells. Br J Nutr 2018; 121:291-305. [PMID: 30565527 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518003410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are a major problem for public health, with an increased incidence and impact on life quality. The effect of pre- and probiotic combination has been less studied in IBD. Using genomic and proteomic array technologies, this study examined the efficacy of a new combination of natural alternatives: prebiotics (grape pomace extract, GP) and probiotics (lactobacilli mixture, Lb mix) on inflammation and intracellular signalling routes in a cellular model of inflammation. Caco-2 cells challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 4 h were treated with GP extract (50 μg/ml gallic acid equivalent) and Lb combination (3 × 108 colony-forming units/ml total Lb) for 24 h. The profile expressions of forty key inflammatory markers and twenty-six signalling kinases were analysed. Other markers involved in inflammation were also investigated (NF-κB/RELA, Nrf2, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, Cyp1A1, Cyp1B1); 57·5 and 60 % of investigated genes and proteins, respectively, were down-regulated by the synbiotic combination. Relevant cytokines and chemokines involved in response to microbial infection and inflammation were reduced under the level induced by LPS treatment and toward the unchallenged control. As expected, the reduction effect seems to imply mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-κB pathway. Most of the signalling molecules activated by LPS were decreased by GP extract and Lb mix. Our study indicates that the synbiotic combination of GP extract and Lactobacillus sp. mixture exerted anti-inflammatory properties, which are able to decrease the majority of inflammatory genes, their proteins and associated signalling markers. Due to protective role of GP compounds on lactobacilli probiotic, this synbiotic combination might serve as a promising adjunctive therapy in intestinal inflammations.
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Markazi A, Luoma A, Shanmugasundaram R, Mohnl M, Raj Murugesan G, Selvaraj R. Effects of drinking water synbiotic supplementation in laying hens challenged with Salmonella. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3510-3518. [PMID: 29982803 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to study the effects of drinking water supplementation of synbiotic product PoultryStar®sol (containing Lactobacillus reuteri, Bifidobacterium animalis, Pediococcus acidilactici, Enterococcus faecium, and fructo-oligosaccharide) in laying hens with and without a Salmonella challenge. A total of 384 one-day-old layer chicks were randomly distributed to the drinking water synbiotic supplementation or control groups. At 14 wk of age, the birds were vaccinated with a Salmonella vaccine, resulting in a 2 (control and synbiotic) X 2 (non-vaccinated and vaccinated) factorial arrangement. At 24 wk of age, half of the birds in the vaccinated groups and all the birds that were not vaccinated were challenged with Salmonella Enterica serotype Enteritidis, resulting in a 3 (vaccinated, challenged, vaccinated+challenged) X 2 (control and synbiotic) factorial arrangment. At 8 d post-Salmonella challenge, synbiotic supplementation decreased (P = 0.04) cecal S. Enteritidis in the challenge group compared to the un-supplemented challenge group. Birds that were supplemented with synbiotic in the vaccine + challenge group had significantly greater cecal B. animalis and P. acidilactici percentage at 10 d post-Salmonella challenge than the birds in the vaccine + challenge group without synbiotic supplementation. At 3 d post-Salmonella challenge, birds that were supplemented with synbiotic in the challenge group had significantly greater cecal L. reuteri percentage than the birds in the challenge group without synbiotic supplementation. At 17 d post-Salmonella challenge, synbiotic supplementation increased bile anti-Salmonella IgA in the challenge group compared to the birds in the challenge group without synbiotic supplementation by 76.0%. At 10 d (P < 0.01) and 30 d (P = 0.05) post-Salmonella challenge, synbiotic supplementation decreased LITAF mRNA expression compared to the un-supplemented groups. At 3 d post-Salmonella challenge, synbiotic supplementation in the vaccine group had longer jejunal villi compared to the vaccine group without synbiotic supplementation. This experiment demonstrated that drinking water supplementation of the synbiotic product evaluated can significantly manipulate immune response and intestinal microbiota of laying hens post-Salmonella challenge to handle the challenge effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Markazi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Amanda Luoma
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Revathi Shanmugasundaram
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
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Moludi J, Alizadeh M, Lotfi Yagin N, Pasdar Y, Nachvak SM, Abdollahzad H, Sadeghpour Tabaei A. New insights on atherosclerosis: A cross-talk between endocannabinoid systems with gut microbiota. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2018; 10:129-137. [PMID: 30386532 PMCID: PMC6203867 DOI: 10.15171/jcvtr.2018.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of atherosclerosis is increasing rapidly all over the world. Inflammatory processes have outstanding role in coronary artery disease (CAD) etiology and other atherosclerosis manifestations. Recently attentions have been increased about gut microbiota in many fields of medicine especially in inflammatory diseases like atherosclerosis. Ineffectiveness in gut barrier functions and subsequent metabolic endotoxemia (caused by rise in plasma lipopolysaccharide levels) is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation i.e. a recognized feature of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, the role of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a gut bacterial metabolite has been suggested in atherosclerosis development. On the other hand, the effectiveness of gut microbiota modulation that results in TMAO reduction has been investigated. Moreover, considerable evidence supports a role for the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in atherosclerosis pathology which affects gut microbiota, but their effects on atherosclerosis are controversial. Therefore, we presented some evidence about the relationship between gut microbiota and ECS in atherosclerosis. We also presented evidences that gut microbiota modulation by pre/probiotics can have significant influence on the ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Moludi
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Students’ Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Alizadeh
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ned Lotfi Yagin
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yahiya Pasdar
- Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Seyed Mostafa Nachvak
- Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hadi Abdollahzad
- Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Sadeghpour Tabaei
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
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Nilsson AG, Sundh D, Bäckhed F, Lorentzon M. Lactobacillus reuteri reduces bone loss in older women with low bone mineral density: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, clinical trial. J Intern Med 2018; 284:307-317. [PMID: 29926979 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of the gut microbiome for bone metabolism in mice has recently been demonstrated, but no studies are available in humans. Lactobacillus reuteri ATCCPTA 6475 (L. reuteri 6475) has been reported to increase bone mineral density (BMD) in mice but its effect on the human skeleton is unknown. The objective of this trial was to investigate if L. reuteri 6475 affects bone loss in older women with low BMD. METHODS In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, women from the population who were 75 to 80 years old and had low BMD were randomized to orally receive 1010 colony-forming units of L. reuteri 6475 daily or placebo. The predefined primary end-point was relative change after 12 months in tibia total volumetric BMD (vBMD). RESULTS Ninety women were included and 70 completed the study. L. reuteri 6475 reduced loss of total vBMD compared to placebo both in the intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis [-0.83% (95% confidence interval [CI], -1.47 to -0.19%) vs. -1.85% (95% CI, -2.64 to -1.07%); mean difference 1.02% (95% CI, 0.02-2.03)] and per protocol analysis [-0.93% (95% CI, -1.45 to -0.40) vs. -1.86% (95% CI, -2.35 to -1.36); mean difference 0.93% (95% CI, 0.21-1.65)]. In general, similar but smaller effects were observed in the secondary bone variable outcomes, but these differences did not reach statistical significance in the ITT population. Adverse events did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with L. reuteri 6475 should be further explored as a novel approach to prevent age-associated bone loss and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Nilsson
- Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg and Mölndal, Sweden
| | - D Sundh
- Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - F Bäckhed
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Lorentzon
- Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Geriatric Medicine Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg and Mölndal, Sweden
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65
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Wang J, Ji H, Wang S, Liu H, Zhang W, Zhang D, Wang Y. Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum Promotes Intestinal Barrier Function by Strengthening the Epithelium and Modulating Gut Microbiota. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1953. [PMID: 30197632 PMCID: PMC6117384 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Weaning disturbs the intestinal barrier function and increases the risk of infection in piglets. Probiotics exert beneficial health effects, mainly by reinforcing the intestinal epithelium and modulating the gut microbiota. However, the mechanisms of action, and especially, the specific regulatory effects of modulated microbiota by probiotics on the intestinal epithelium have not yet been elucidated. The present study aimed to decipher the protective effects of the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum strain ZLP001 on the intestinal epithelium and microbiota as well as the effects of modulated microbiota on epithelial function. Paracellular permeability was measured with fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FD-4). Gene and protein expression levels of tight junction (TJ) proteins, proinflammatory cytokines, and host defense peptides were determined by RT-qPCR, ELISA, and western blot analysis. Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were measured by ion chromatography. Fecal microbiota composition was assessed by high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that pretreatment with 108 colony forming units (CFU) mL−1 of L. plantarum ZLP001 significantly counteracted the increase in gut permeability to FD-4 induced by 106 CFU mL−1 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). In addition, L. plantarum ZLP001 pretreatment alleviated the reduction in TJ proteins (claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1) and downregulated proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8, and TNFα expression and secretion caused by ETEC. L. plantarum ZLP001 also significantly increased the expression of the host defense peptides pBD2 and PG1-5 and pBD2 secretion relative to the control. Furthermore, L. plantarum ZLP001 treatment affected piglet fecal microbiota. The abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria Anaerotruncus and Faecalibacterium was significantly increased in L. plantarum ZLP001-treated piglets, and showed a positive correlation with fecal butyric and acetic acid concentrations. In addition, the cell density of Clostridium sensu stricto 1, which may cause epithelial inflammation, was decreased after L. plantarum ZLP001 administration, while the beneficial Lactobacillus was significantly increased. Our findings suggest that L. plantarum ZLP001 fortifies the intestinal barrier by strengthening epithelial defense functions and modulating gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Ji
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sixin Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yamin Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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Plaza-Díaz J, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Gil-Campos M, Gil A. Immune-Mediated Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics and Synbiotics in Treating Pediatric Intestinal Diseases. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10010042. [PMID: 29303974 PMCID: PMC5793270 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pediatric population is continually at risk of developing infectious and inflammatory diseases. The treatment for infections, particularly gastrointestinal conditions, focuses on oral or intravenous rehydration, nutritional support and, in certain case, antibiotics. Over the past decade, the probiotics and synbiotics administration for the prevention and treatment of different acute and chronic infectious diseases has dramatically increased. Probiotic microorganisms are primarily used as treatments because they can stimulate changes in the intestinal microbial ecosystem and improve the immunological status of the host. The beneficial impact of probiotics is mediated by different mechanisms. These mechanisms include the probiotics' capacity to increase the intestinal barrier function, to prevent bacterial transferation and to modulate inflammation through immune receptor cascade signaling, as well as their ability to regulate the expression of selected host intestinal genes. Nevertheless, with respect to pediatric intestinal diseases, information pertaining to these key mechanisms of action is scarce, particularly for immune-mediated mechanisms of action. In the present work, we review the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of action of probiotics and synbiotics that affect the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Plaza-Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain.
| | - Francisco Javier Ruiz-Ojeda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Gil-Campos
- CIBEROBN (CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CB12/03/30028), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Pediatric Research and Metabolism Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Av. Menendez Pidal s/n, 14010 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Angel Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain.
- CIBEROBN (CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CB12/03/30028), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Widyarman AS, Drestia AM, Bachtiar EW, Bachtiar BM. The Anti-inflammatory Effects of Glycerol-supplemented Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri on Infected Epithelial cells In vitro. Contemp Clin Dent 2018; 9:298-303. [PMID: 29875577 PMCID: PMC5968699 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_53_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: One of the most interesting effects of probiotics is their ability to modulate the immune system through the induction of cytokines and to enhance the host immune response. Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of glycerol-supplemented Lactobacillus reuteri on the transcription level of interleukin (IL)-8 and human-beta-defensin (hBD)-2 expressed by epithelial cells after exposure to bacteria. Materials and Methods: The confluent-cultured HaCat cell line (105 cells/mL) was exposed to Streptococcus mutans ATCC-25175 and Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC-33277 (107 colony-forming units [CFU]/mL) for 24 h and challenged with probiotic L. reuteri ATCC-55730 (107 CFU/mL) supplemented with glycerol. Subsequently, the transcription levels of IL-8 and hBD-2 in HaCat cells were analyzed using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, cell viability was analyzed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. All the obtained data were statistically analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance test, with P < 0.05 set as the level of significance. Results: The MTT assays confirmed no cytotoxic effects of glycerol-supplemented L. reuteri on HaCat cells (viability >90%). mRNA expression of IL-8 and hBD-2 increased after exposure to both bacteria. The presence of glycerol-supplemented L. reuteri significantly reduced the expression of IL-8 and hBD-2 on HaCat cells (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Glycerol-supplemented L. reuteri reduced the expression of IL-8 and hBD-2, and the results may be proof of principle for a probiotic approach to combating inflammation. However, further studies are needed to validate this probiotic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelia Sari Widyarman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Trisakti University, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Aradhea Monica Drestia
- Microbiology Center of Research and Education, Faculty of Dentistry, Trisakti University, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Endang Winiati Bachtiar
- Departement of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Boy M Bachtiar
- Departement of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Haran JP, Bucci V, Dutta P, Ward D, McCormick B. The nursing home elder microbiome stability and associations with age, frailty, nutrition and physical location. J Med Microbiol 2017; 67:40-51. [PMID: 29134939 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The microbiome from nursing home (NH) residents is marked by a loss in diversity that is associated with increased frailty. Our objective was to explore the associations of NH environment, frailty, nutritional status and residents' age to microbiome composition and potential metabolic function. METHODOLOGY We conducted a prospective longitudinal cohort study of 23 residents, 65 years or older, from one NH that had four floors: two separate medical intensive floors and two floors with active elders. Residents were assessed using the mini nutritional assessment tool and clinical frailty scale. Bacterial composition and metabolic potential of residents' stool samples was determined by metagenomic sequencing. We performed traditional unsupervised correspondence analysis and linear mixed effect modelling regression to assess the bacteria and functional pathways significantly affected by these covariates.Results/Key findings. NH resident microbiomes demonstrated temporal stability (PERMANOVA P=0.001) and differing dysbiotic associations with increasing age, frailty and malnutrition scores. As residents aged, the abundance of microbiota-encoded genes and pathways related to essential amino acid, nitrogenous base and vitamin B production declined. With increasing frailty, residents had lower abundances of butyrate-producing organisms, which are associated with increased health and higher abundances of known dysbiotic species. As residents became malnourished, butyrate-producing organisms declined and dysbiotic bacterial species increased. Finally, the microbiome of residents living in proximity shared similar species and, as demonstrated for Escherichia coli, similar strains. CONCLUSION These findings support the conclusion that a signature 'NH' microbiota may exist that is affected by the residents' age, frailty, nutritional status and physical location.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Haran
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Center for Microbiome Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Vanni Bucci
- Center for Microbiome Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, USA
| | - Protiva Dutta
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Doyle Ward
- Center for Microbiome Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Beth McCormick
- Center for Microbiome Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Llewellyn A, Foey A. Probiotic Modulation of Innate Cell Pathogen Sensing and Signaling Events. Nutrients 2017; 9:E1156. [PMID: 29065562 PMCID: PMC5691772 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence documenting probiotic bacteria to have a beneficial effect to the host through their ability to modulate the mucosal immune system. Many probiotic bacteria can be considered to act as either immune activators or immune suppressors, which have appreciable influence on homeostasis, inflammatory- and suppressive-immunopathology. What is becoming apparent is the ability of these probiotics to modulate innate immune responses via direct or indirect effects on the signaling pathways that drive these activatory or suppressive/tolerogenic mechanisms. This review will focus on the immunomodulatory role of probiotics on signaling pathways in innate immune cells: from positive to negative regulation associated with innate immune cells driving gut mucosal functionality. Research investigations have shown probiotics to modulate innate functionality in many ways including, receptor antagonism, receptor expression, binding to and expression of adaptor proteins, expression of negative regulatory signal molecules, induction of micro-RNAs, endotoxin tolerisation and finally, the secretion of immunomodulatory proteins, lipids and metabolites. The detailed understanding of the immunomodulatory signaling effects of probiotic strains will facilitate strain-specific selective manipulation of innate cell signal mechanisms in the modulation of mucosal adjuvanticity, immune deviation and tolerisation in both healthy subjects and patients with inflammatory and suppressive pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Llewellyn
- School of Biomedical & Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine & Dentistry, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
- Menzies School of Health Research, John Mathews Building (Building 58), Royal Darwin Hospital Campus, PO Box 41096, Casuarina NT0811, Australia.
| | - Andrew Foey
- School of Biomedical & Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine & Dentistry, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
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Szymański H, Szajewska H. Efficacy of Lactobacillus Reuteri DSM 17938 for the Treatment of Acute Gastroenteritis in Children: Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2017; 6:e164. [PMID: 28835355 PMCID: PMC5587886 DOI: 10.2196/resprot.7924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is one of the most common diseases among children. Oral rehydration therapy is the key treatment. However, despite proven efficacy, it remains underused. This is because oral rehydration solution neither reduces the frequency of bowel movements and fluid loss nor shortens the duration of illness. Hence, there is interest in adjunctive treatments. According to the 2014 guidelines developed by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, the use of the following probiotics may be considered in the management of children with AGE in addition to rehydration therapy: Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (low quality of evidence; strong recommendation) and Saccharomyces boulardii (low quality of evidence; strong recommendation). Less compelling evidence is available for Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 (very low quality of evidence; weak recommendation). OBJECTIVE Considering that evidence on L reuteri remains limited, the goal of the study is to assess the effectiveness of L reuteri DSM 17938 in the treatment of AGE in children. Children vaccinated and not vaccinated against rotavirus will be evaluated separately. METHODS This will be a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Children between 1 and 60 months of age with AGE, defined as a change in stool consistency to loose or liquid form (according to the Bristol Stool Form scale or Amsterdam Stool Form scale) and/or an increase in the frequency of evacuations (typically ≥3 in 24 h) lasting for no longer than 5 days, will be recruited. A total of 72 children will receive either L reuteri DSM 17938 at a dose of 2×108colony-forming units twice daily or matching placebo for 5 consecutive days. A similar sample size for rotavirus vaccinated and nonvaccinated children is planned. The primary outcome measure is the duration of diarrhea. Two separate studies and reports for rotavirus vaccinated and nonvaccinated children are planned. RESULTS The recruitment started in January 2017 and is planned to be finalized in June 2018 for rotavirus nonvaccinated children. The recruitment of rotavirus-vaccinated children may be slower due to a relatively low coverage rate in Poland. Data analysis and submission to a peer-reviewed journal is expected within 3 months after completion of the study. CONCLUSION This study will add to current knowledge on the efficacy of L reuteri DSM 17938 for the management of AGE. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02989350; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02989350 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6slOFkyTH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Szymański
- Department of Pediatrics, St Hedwig of Silesia Hospital, Trzebnica, Poland
| | - Hania Szajewska
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Romijn AR, Rucklidge JJ, Kuijer RG, Frampton C. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of Lactobacillus helveticus and Bifidobacterium longum for the symptoms of depression. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2017; 51:810-821. [PMID: 28068788 PMCID: PMC5518919 DOI: 10.1177/0004867416686694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This trial investigated whether probiotics improved mood, stress and anxiety in a sample selected for low mood. We also tested whether the presence or severity of irritable bowel syndrome symptoms, and levels of proinflammatory cytokines, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and other blood markers, would predict or impact treatment response. METHOD Seventy-nine participants (10 dropouts) not currently taking psychotropic medications with at least moderate scores on self-report mood measures were randomly allocated to receive either a probiotic preparation (containing Lactobacillus helveticus and Bifidobacterium longum) or a matched placebo, in a double-blind trial for 8 weeks. Data were analysed as intent-to-treat. RESULTS No significant difference was found between the probiotic and placebo groups on any psychological outcome measure (Cohen's d range = 0.07-0.16) or any blood-based biomarker. At end-point, 9 (23%) of those in the probiotic group showed a ⩾60% change on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (responders), compared to 10 (26%) of those in the placebo group ([Formula: see text], p = ns). Baseline vitamin D level was found to moderate treatment effect on several outcome measures. Dry mouth and sleep disruption were reported more frequently in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS This study found no evidence that the probiotic formulation is effective in treating low mood, or in moderating the levels of inflammatory and other biomarkers. The lack of observed effect on mood symptoms may be due to the severity, chronicity or treatment resistance of the sample; recruiting an antidepressant-naive sample experiencing mild, acute symptoms of low mood, may well yield a different result. Future studies taking a preventative approach or using probiotics as an adjuvant treatment may also be more effective. Vitamin D levels should be monitored in future studies in the area. The results of this trial are preliminary; future studies in the area should not be discouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Romijn
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- School of Psychology, Early Years and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
| | - Julia J Rucklidge
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Roeline G Kuijer
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Chris Frampton
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the taxonomic composition of the gut bacteria occurring during the critical stages of development, induces lasting shifts in the immunological and metabolic phenotype if accompanied by an inflammatory response. Because altered gut microbiota and successful treatment with probiotics have both been demonstrated in cases of colic, we hypothesized here that infants with colic might have low-grade inflammation. METHODS In 28 infants with colic and in 12 healthy controls at the age of 1 month, we measured the following serum immunological biomarkers: cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β); IL-6; IL-10; tumor necrosis factor α; interferon γ (IFN-γ); chemokines IL-8; monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1); macrophage inflammatory protein 1β (MIP-1β) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16; and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein, a biomarker of enterocyte damage and zonulin, a biomarker of intestinal permeability. In addition, intestinal microbiota composition was correlated with immunological biomarkers. RESULTS Infants with colic had increased concentrations of IL-8, MCP-1, and MIP-1β in serum as compared with healthy children. All the other immunological biomarkers were comparable between the groups. Fecal levels of Clostridium leptum correlated negatively with the proinflammatory markers MCP-1 (r = -0.44, P = 0.02), MIP-1β (r = -0.43, P = 0.02), and tumor necrosis factor α (r = -0.38, P = 0.04). In addition, C coccoides group levels correlated negatively with MCP-1 (r = -0.43, P = 0.02) and Bifidobacterium breve levels positively with chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16 (r = 0.38, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS In addition to gut microbiota alterations, colic in infants is associated with low-grade systemic inflammation. Specific bacterial species beyond conventional probiotics may have anti-inflammatory properties that may help to modulate microbiota and alleviate colic-related inflammation.
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Galley JD, Mackos AR, Varaljay VA, Bailey MT. Stressor exposure has prolonged effects on colonic microbial community structure in Citrobacter rodentium-challenged mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45012. [PMID: 28344333 PMCID: PMC5366811 DOI: 10.1038/srep45012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressor exposure significantly affects the colonic mucosa-associated microbiota, and exacerbates Citrobacter rodentium-induced inflammation, effects that can be attenuated with probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri. This study assessed the structure of the colonic mucosa-associated microbiota in mice exposed to a social stressor (called social disruption), as well as non-stressed control mice, during challenge with the colonic pathogen C. rodentium. Mice were exposed to the social stressor or home cage control conditions for six consecutive days and all mice were challenged with C. rodentium immediately following the first exposure to the stressor. In addition, mice received probiotic L. reuteri, or vehicle as a control, via oral gavage following each stressor exposure. The stressor-exposed mice had significant differences in microbial community composition compared to non-stressed control mice. This difference was first evident following the six-cycle exposure to the stressor, on Day 6 post-C. rodentium challenge, and persisted for up to 19 days after stressor termination. Mice exposed to the stressor had different microbial community composition regardless of whether they were treated with L. reuteri or treated with vehicle as a control. These data indicate that stressor exposure affects the colonic microbiota during challenge with C. rodentium, and that these effects are long-lasting and not attenuated by probiotic L. reuteri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Galley
- Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amy R Mackos
- Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vanessa A Varaljay
- Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael T Bailey
- Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Bene KP, Kavanaugh DW, Leclaire C, Gunning AP, MacKenzie DA, Wittmann A, Young ID, Kawasaki N, Rajnavolgyi E, Juge N. Lactobacillus reuteri Surface Mucus Adhesins Upregulate Inflammatory Responses Through Interactions With Innate C-Type Lectin Receptors. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:321. [PMID: 28326063 PMCID: PMC5339304 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate gut symbiont Lactobacillus reuteri exhibits strain-specific adhesion and health-promoting properties. Here, we investigated the role of the mucus adhesins, CmbA and MUB, upon interaction of L. reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 and ATCC 53608 strains with human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs). We showed that mucus adhesins increased the capacity of L. reuteri strains to interact with moDCs and promoted phagocytosis. Our data also indicated that mucus adhesins mediate anti- and pro-inflammatory effects by the induction of interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12 cytokines. L. reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 and ATCC 53608 were exclusively able to induce moDC-mediated Th1 and Th17 immune responses. We further showed that purified MUB activates moDCs and induces Th1 polarized immune responses associated with increased IFNγ production. MUB appeared to mediate these effects via binding to C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), as shown using cell reporter assays. Blocking moDCs with antibodies against DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) or Dectin-2 did not affect the uptake of the MUB-expressing strain, but reduced the production of TNF-α and IL-6 by moDCs significantly, in line with the Th1 polarizing capacity of moDCs. The direct interaction between MUB and CLRs was further confirmed by atomic force spectroscopy. Taken together these data suggest that mucus adhesins expressed at the cell surface of L. reuteri strains may exert immunoregulatory effects in the gut through modulating the Th1-promoting capacity of DCs upon interaction with C-type lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztián P Bene
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Devon W Kavanaugh
- The Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research Norwich, UK
| | - Charlotte Leclaire
- The Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research Norwich, UK
| | - Allan P Gunning
- The Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research Norwich, UK
| | - Donald A MacKenzie
- The Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research Norwich, UK
| | | | - Ian D Young
- Food and Health Programme, Institute of Food Research Norwich, UK
| | | | - Eva Rajnavolgyi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nathalie Juge
- The Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research Norwich, UK
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75
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Abstract
A large number of randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials and cohort studies have demonstrated a decrease in the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis with administration of probiotic microbes. These studies have prompted many neonatologists to adopt routine prophylactic administration of probiotics while others await more definitive studies and/or probiotic products with demonstrated purity and stable numbers of live organisms. Cross-contamination and inadequate sample size limit the value of further traditional placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials. Key areas for future research include mechanisms of protection, optimum probiotic species or strains (or combinations thereof) and duration of treatment, interactions between diet and the administered probiotic, and the influence of genetic polymorphisms in the mother and infant on probiotic response. Next generation probiotics selected based on bacterial genetics rather than ease of production and large cluster-randomized clinical trials hold great promise for NEC prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Underwood
- Division of Neonatology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Ticon 2, 2516 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817.
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76
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Mackos AR, Maltz R, Bailey MT. The role of the commensal microbiota in adaptive and maladaptive stressor-induced immunomodulation. Horm Behav 2017; 88:70-78. [PMID: 27760302 PMCID: PMC5303636 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, it has become increasingly evident that there are extensive bidirectional interactions between the body and its microbiota. These interactions are evident during stressful periods, where it is recognized that commensal microbiota community structure is significantly changed. Many different stressors, ranging from early life stressors to stressors administered during adulthood, lead to significant, community-wide differences in the microbiota. The mechanisms through which this occurs are not yet known, but it is known that commensal microbes can recognize, and respond to, mammalian hormones and neurotransmitters, including those that are involved with the physiological response to stressful stimuli. In addition, the physiological stress response also changes many aspects of gastrointestinal physiology that can impact microbial community composition. Thus, there are many routes through which microbial community composition might be disrupted during stressful periods. The implications of these disruptions in commensal microbial communities for host health are still not well understood, but the commensal microbiota have been linked to stressor-induced immunopotentiation. The role of the microbiota in stressor-induced immunopotentiation can be adaptive, such as when these microbes stimulate innate defenses against bacterial infection. However, the commensal microbiota can also lead to maladaptive immune responses during stressor-exposure. This is evident in animal models of colonic inflammation where stressor exposure increases the inflammation through mechanisms involving the microbiota. It is likely that during stressor exposure, immune cell functioning is regulated by combined effects of both neurotransmitters/hormones and commensal microbes. Defining this regulation should be a focus of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Mackos
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States.
| | - Ross Maltz
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States; Department of Gastroenterology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
| | - Michael T Bailey
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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77
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Song S, Lee SJ, Park DJ, Oh S, Lim KT. The anti-allergic activity of Lactobacillus plantarum L67 and its application to yogurt. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:9372-9382. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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78
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Kamdar K, Khakpour S, Chen J, Leone V, Brulc J, Mangatu T, Antonopoulos DA, Chang EB, Kahn SA, Kirschner BS, Young G, DePaolo RW. Genetic and Metabolic Signals during Acute Enteric Bacterial Infection Alter the Microbiota and Drive Progression to Chronic Inflammatory Disease. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 19:21-31. [PMID: 26764594 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory disorders are thought to arise due to an interplay between predisposing host genetics and environmental factors. For example, the onset of inflammatory bowel disease is associated with enteric proteobacterial infection, yet the mechanistic basis for this association is unclear. We have shown previously that genetic defiency in TLR1 promotes acute enteric infection by the proteobacteria Yersinia enterocolitica. Examining that model further, we uncovered an altered cellular immune response that promotes the recruitment of neutrophils which in turn increases metabolism of the respiratory electron acceptor tetrathionate by Yersinia. These events drive permanent alterations in anti-commensal immunity, microbiota composition, and chronic inflammation, which persist long after Yersinia clearence. Deletion of the bacterial genes involved in tetrathionate respiration or treatment using targeted probiotics could prevent microbiota alterations and inflammation. Thus, acute infection can drive long term immune and microbiota alterations leading to chronic inflammatory disease in genetically predisposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Kamdar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Samira Khakpour
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jingyu Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Vanessa Leone
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Thomas Mangatu
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Pediatrics Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dionysios A Antonopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Eugene B Chang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Stacy A Kahn
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Pediatrics Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Barbara S Kirschner
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Pediatrics Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Glenn Young
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - R William DePaolo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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79
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Ananthan A, Balasubramanian H, Rao S, Patole S. Probiotic supplementation in children with cystic fibrosis-a systematic review. Eur J Pediatr 2016; 175:1255-66. [PMID: 27576473 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-016-2769-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Probiotics may benefit in cystic fibrosis (CF) as gut dysbiosis is associated with gastrointestinal symptoms and exacerbation of respiratory symptoms in CF. We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs of probiotic supplementation in children with CF, using the Cochrane methodology, preferred reporting items for systematic reviews (PRISMA) statement, and meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. Primary outcomes were pulmonary exacerbations, duration of hospitalization and antibiotics, and all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes included gastrointestinal symptoms, markers of gut inflammation, and intestinal microbial balance. A total of nine studies (RCTs, 6, non-RCTs, 3; N = 275) with some methodological weaknesses were included in the review. The pooled estimate showed significant reduction in the rate of pulmonary exacerbation (fixed effects model, two parallel group RCTs and one cross-over trial: relative risk (RR) 0.25, (95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) 0.15,0.41); p < 0.00001; level of evidence: low) and decrease in fecal calprotectin (FCLP) levels (fixed effect model, three RCTs: mean difference (MD) -16.71, 95 % CI -27.30,-6.13); p = 0.002; level of evidence: low) after probiotic supplementation. Probiotic supplementation significantly improved gastrointestinal symptoms (one RCT, one non-RCT) and gut microbial balance (decreased Proteobacteria, increased Firmicutes, and Bacteroides in one RCT, one non-RCT). CONCLUSION Limited low-quality evidence exists on the effects of probiotics in children with CF. Well-designed adequately powered RCTs assessing clinically meaningful outcomes are required to study this important issue. WHAT IS KNOWN • Gut dysbiosis is frequent in children with cystic fibrosis due to frequent exposure to pathogens and antibiotics. • Probiotics decrease gut dysbiosis and improve gut maturity and function. What is New: • This comprehensive systematic review shows that current evidence on the safety and efficacy of probiotics in children with cystic fibrosis is limited and of low quality. • Well-designed and adequately powered trials assessing clinically important outcomes are required considering the health burden of cystic fibrosis and the potential benefits of probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Ananthan
- Department of Neonatal Paediatrics, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women, 378 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, WA, 6008, Australia.
| | - Haribalakrishna Balasubramanian
- Department of Neonatal Paediatrics, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women, 378 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, WA, 6008, Australia
| | - Shripada Rao
- Department of Neonatal Paediatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Sanjay Patole
- Department of Neonatal Paediatrics, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women, 378 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, WA, 6008, Australia.,Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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80
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Erdman SE, Poutahidis T. Microbes and Oxytocin: Benefits for Host Physiology and Behavior. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 131:91-126. [PMID: 27793228 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is now understood that gut bacteria exert effects beyond the local boundaries of the gastrointestinal tract to include distant tissues and overall health. Prototype probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri has been found to upregulate hormone oxytocin and systemic immune responses to achieve a wide array of health benefits involving wound healing, mental health, metabolism, and myoskeletal maintenance. Together these display that the gut microbiome and host animal interact via immune-endocrine-brain signaling networks. Such findings provide novel therapeutic strategies to stimulate powerful homeostatic pathways and genetic programs, stemming from the coevolution of mammals and their microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - T Poutahidis
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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81
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Jensen H, Drømtorp SM, Axelsson L, Grimmer S. Immunomodulation of monocytes by probiotic and selected lactic Acid bacteria. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2016; 7:14-23. [PMID: 25331988 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-014-9174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Some lactic acid bacteria (LAB), especially bacteria belonging to the genus Lactobacillus, are recognized as common inhabitants of the human gastrointestinal tract and have received considerable attention in the last decades due to their postulated health-promoting effects. LAB and probiotic bacteria can modulate the host immune response. However, much is unknown about the mediators and mechanisms responsible for their immunological effect. Here, we present a study using cytokine secretion from the monocytic cell line THP-1 and NF-κB activation in the monocytic cell line U937-3xkB-LUC to elucidate immune stimulating abilities of LAB in vitro. In this study, we investigate both commercially available and potential probiotic LAB strains, and the role of putative surface proteins of L. reuteri using mutants. L. reuteri strains induced the highest cytokine secretion and the highest NF-κB activation, whereas L. plantarum strains and L. rhamnosus GG were low inducers/activators. One of the putative L. reuteri surface proteins, Hmpref0536_10802, appeared to be of importance for the stimulation of THP-1 cells and the activation of NF-κB in U937-3xkB-LUC cells. Live and UV-inactivated preparations resulted in different responses for two of the strains investigated. Our results add to the complexity in the interaction between LAB and human cells and suggest the possible involvement of secreted pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators of LAB. It is likely that it is the sum of bacterial surface proteins and bacterial metabolites and/or secreted proteins that induce cytokine secretion in THP-1 cells and activate NF-κB in U937-3xkB-LUC cells in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Jensen
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Research, P.O. Box 210, 1431, Ås, Norway,
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82
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Johansson MA, Björkander S, Mata Forsberg M, Qazi KR, Salvany Celades M, Bittmann J, Eberl M, Sverremark-Ekström E. Probiotic Lactobacilli Modulate Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Activation of Conventional and Unconventional T cells and NK Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:273. [PMID: 27462316 PMCID: PMC4939411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacilli are probiotic commensal bacteria and potent modulators of immunity. When present in the gut or supplemented as probiotics, they beneficially modulate ex vivo immune responsiveness. Further, factors derived from several lactobacilli strains act immune regulatory in vitro. In contrast, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is known to induce excessive T cell activation. In this study, we aimed to investigate S. aureus-induced activation of human mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells), γδ T cells, NK cells, as well as of conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vitro. Further, we investigated if lactobacilli-derived factors could modulate their activation. PBMC were cultured with S. aureus 161:2 cell-free supernatants (CFS), staphylococcal enterotoxin A or CD3/CD28-beads alone, or in combination with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-CFS or Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938-CFS and activation of T and NK cells was evaluated. S. aureus-CFS induced IFN-γ and CD107a expression as well as proliferation. Costimulation with lactobacilli-CFS dampened lymphocyte-activation in all cell types analyzed. Preincubation with lactobacilli-CFS was enough to reduce subsequent activation, and the absence of APC or APC-derived IL-10 did not prevent lactobacilli-mediated dampening. Finally, lactate selectively dampened activation of unconventional T cells and NK cells. In summary, we show that molecules present in the lactobacilli-CFS are able to directly dampen in vitro activation of conventional and unconventional T cells and of NK cells. This study provides novel insights on the immune-modulatory nature of probiotic lactobacilli and suggests a role for lactobacilli in the modulation of induced T and NK cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Johansson
- Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Sophia Björkander
- Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Manuel Mata Forsberg
- Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Khaleda Rahman Qazi
- Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Maria Salvany Celades
- Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Julia Bittmann
- Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Eva Sverremark-Ekström
- Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
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83
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KHODER GHALIA, AL-MENHALI ASMAA, AL-YASSIR FARAH, KARAM SHERIFM. Potential role of probiotics in the management of gastric ulcer. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:3-17. [PMID: 27347010 PMCID: PMC4906699 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric ulcer is one of the most common chronic gastrointestinal diseases characterized by a significant defect in the mucosal barrier. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and the frequent long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are major factors involved in gastric ulcer development. Acid inhibitors and antibiotics are commonly used to treat gastric ulcer. However, in the last few decades, the accumulating evidence for resistance to antibiotics and the side effects of antibiotics and acid inhibitors have drawn attention to the possible use of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of gastric ulcer. Probiotics are live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer health benefits on the host. Currently, the available experimental and clinical studies indicate that probiotics are promising for future applications in the management of gastric ulcers. This review aims to provide an overview of the general health benefits of probiotics on various systemic and gastrointestinal disorders with a special focus on gastric ulcer and the involved cellular and molecular mechanisms: i) Protection of gastric mucosal barrier; ii) upregulation of prostaglandins, mucus, growth factors and anti-inflammatory cytokines; iii) increased cell proliferation to apoptosis ratio; and iv) induction of angiogenesis. Finally, some of the available data on the possible use of probiotics in H. pylori eradication are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- GHALIA KHODER
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - ASMA A. AL-MENHALI
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - FARAH AL-YASSIR
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - SHERIF M. KARAM
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates
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84
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Thomas CM, Saulnier DMA, Spinler JK, Hemarajata P, Gao C, Jones SE, Grimm A, Balderas MA, Burstein MD, Morra C, Roeth D, Kalkum M, Versalovic J. FolC2-mediated folate metabolism contributes to suppression of inflammation by probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri. Microbiologyopen 2016; 5:802-818. [PMID: 27353144 PMCID: PMC5061717 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial‐derived compounds from the intestinal microbiome modulate host mucosal immunity. Identification and mechanistic studies of these compounds provide insights into host–microbial mutualism. Specific Lactobacillus reuteri strains suppress production of the proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and are protective in a mouse model of colitis. Human‐derived L. reuteri strain ATCC PTA 6475 suppresses intestinal inflammation and produces 5,10‐methenyltetrahydrofolic acid polyglutamates. Insertional mutagenesis identified the bifunctional dihydrofolate synthase/folylpolyglutamate synthase type 2 (folC2) gene as essential for 5,10‐methenyltetrahydrofolic acid polyglutamate biosynthesis, as well as for suppression of TNF production by activated human monocytes, and for the anti‐inflammatory effect of L. reuteri 6475 in a trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid‐induced mouse model of acute colitis. In contrast, folC encodes the enzyme responsible for folate polyglutamylation but does not impact TNF suppression by L. reuteri. Comparative transcriptomics between wild‐type and mutant L. reuteri strains revealed additional genes involved in immunomodulation, including previously identified hdc genes involved in histidine to histamine conversion. The folC2 mutant yielded diminished hdc gene cluster expression and diminished histamine production, suggesting a link between folate and histadine/histamine metabolism. The identification of genes and gene networks regulating production of bacterial‐derived immunoregulatory molecules may lead to improved anti‐inflammatory strategies for digestive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa M Thomas
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences (IMBS), Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Delphine M A Saulnier
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Ave, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Jennifer K Spinler
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Ave, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Peera Hemarajata
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Chunxu Gao
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Ave, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Sara E Jones
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences (IMBS), Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Ashley Grimm
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Ave, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Miriam A Balderas
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Ave, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Matthew D Burstein
- Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Christina Morra
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences (IMBS), Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030.,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Ave, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Daniel Roeth
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1500 E Duarte Rd., Duarte, California, 91010
| | - Markus Kalkum
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1500 E Duarte Rd., Duarte, California, 91010
| | - James Versalovic
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. .,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Ave, Houston, Texas, 77030.
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85
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Xu J, Verbrugghe A, Lourenço M, Janssens GPJ, Liu DJX, Van de Wiele T, Eeckhaut V, Van Immerseel F, Van de Maele I, Niu Y, Bosch G, Junius G, Wuyts B, Hesta M. Does canine inflammatory bowel disease influence gut microbial profile and host metabolism? BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:114. [PMID: 27306031 PMCID: PMC4910228 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0736-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to a diverse group of chronic gastrointestinal diseases, and gut microbial dysbiosis has been proposed as a modulating factor in its pathogenesis. Several studies have investigated the gut microbial ecology of dogs with IBD but it is yet unclear if this microbial profile can alter the nutrient metabolism of the host. The aim of the present study was to characterize the faecal bacterial profile and functionality as well as to determine host metabolic changes in IBD dogs. Twenty-three dogs diagnosed with IBD and ten healthy control dogs were included. Dogs with IBD were given a clinical score using the canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI). Faecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and ammonia concentrations were measured and quantitative PCR was performed. The concentration of plasma amino acids, acylcarnitines, serum folate, cobalamin, and indoxyl sulfate was determined. Results No significant differences in the abundance of a selection of bacterial groups and fermentation metabolites were observed between the IBD and control groups. However, significant negative correlations were found between CCECAI and the faecal proportion of Lactobacillus as well as between CCECAI and total SCFA concentration. Serum folate and plasma citrulline were decreased and plasma valine was increased in IBD compared to control dogs. Increased plasma free carnitine and total acylcarnitines were observed in IBD compared with control dogs, whereas short-chain acylcarnitines (butyrylcarnitine + isobutyrylcarnitine and, methylmalonylcarnitine) to free carnitine ratios decreased. Dogs with IBD had a higher 3-hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine + isovalerylcarnitine to leucine ratio compared to control dogs. Conclusions Canine IBD induced a wide range of changes in metabolic profile, especially for the plasma concentrations of short-chain acylcarnitines and amino acids, which could have evolved from tissue damage and alteration in host metabolism. In addition, dogs with more severe IBD were characterised by a decrease in faecal proportion of Lactobacillus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0736-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Present Address: Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - Marta Lourenço
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geert P J Janssens
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Daisy J X Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Venessa Eeckhaut
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Isabel Van de Maele
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Yufeng Niu
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Rozier 44, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guido Bosch
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Greet Junius
- Private Small Animal Clinic 'Dierenartsencentrum Hond en Kat', Emiel Clauslaan 134, 9800, Astene, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Wuyts
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Myriam Hesta
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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86
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Combinations of cereal β-glucans and probiotics can enhance the anti-inflammatory activity on host cells by a synergistic effect. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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87
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Karimi S, Ahl D, Vågesjö E, Holm L, Phillipson M, Jonsson H, Roos S. In Vivo and In Vitro Detection of Luminescent and Fluorescent Lactobacillus reuteri and Application of Red Fluorescent mCherry for Assessing Plasmid Persistence. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151969. [PMID: 27002525 PMCID: PMC4803345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus reuteri is a symbiont that inhabits the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of mammals, and several strains are used as probiotics. After introduction of probiotic strains in a complex ecosystem like the GI tract, keeping track of them is a challenge. The main objectives of this study were to introduce reporter proteins that would enable in vivo and in vitro detection of L. reuteri and increase knowledge about its interactions with the host. We describe for the first time cloning of codon-optimized reporter genes encoding click beetle red luciferase (CBRluc) and red fluorescent protein mCherry in L. reuteri strains ATCC PTA 6475 and R2LC. The plasmid persistence of mCherry-expressing lactobacilli was evaluated by both flow cytometry (FCM) and conventional plate count (PC), and the plasmid loss rates measured by FCM were lower overall than those determined by PC. Neutralization of pH and longer induction duration significantly improved the mCherry signal. The persistency, dose-dependent signal intensity and localization of the recombinant bacteria in the GI tract of mice were studied with an in vivo imaging system (IVIS), which allowed us to detect fluorescence from 6475-CBRluc-mCherry given at a dose of 1×1010 CFU and luminescence signals at doses ranging from 1×105 to 1×1010 CFU. Both 6475-CBRluc-mCherry and R2LC-CBRluc were localized in the colon 1 and 2 h after ingestion, but the majority of the latter were still found in the stomach, possibly reflecting niche specificity for R2LC. Finally, an in vitro experiment showed that mCherry-producing R2LC adhered efficiently to the intra cellular junctions of cultured IPEC-J2 cells. In conclusion, the two reporter genes CBRluc and mCherry were shown to be suitable markers for biophotonic imaging (BPI) of L. reuteri and may provide useful tools for future studies of in vivo and in vitro interactions between the bacteria and the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokoufeh Karimi
- Department of Microbiology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David Ahl
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Evelina Vågesjö
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Holm
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mia Phillipson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hans Jonsson
- Department of Microbiology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Roos
- Department of Microbiology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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88
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Social stress-enhanced severity of Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis is CCL2-dependent and attenuated by probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:515-26. [PMID: 26422754 PMCID: PMC4794400 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Psychological stressors are known to affect colonic diseases but the mechanisms by which this occurs, and whether probiotics can prevent stressor effects, are not understood. Because inflammatory monocytes that traffic into the colon can exacerbate colitis, we tested whether CCL2, a chemokine involved in monocyte recruitment, was necessary for stressor-induced exacerbation of infectious colitis. Mice were exposed to a social disruption stressor that entails repeated social defeat. During stressor exposure, mice were orally challenged with Citrobacter rodentium to induce a colonic inflammatory response. Exposure to the stressor during challenge resulted in significantly higher colonic pathogen levels, translocation to the spleen, increases in colonic macrophages, and increases in inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The stressor-enhanced severity of C. rodentium-induced colitis was not evident in CCL2(-/-) mice, indicating the effects of the stressor are CCL2-dependent. In addition, we tested whether probiotic intervention could attenuate stressor-enhanced infectious colitis by reducing monocyte/macrophage accumulation. Treating mice with probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri reduced CCL2 mRNA levels in the colon and attenuated stressor-enhanced infectious colitis. These data demonstrate that probiotic L. reuteri can prevent the exacerbating effects of stressor exposure on pathogen-induced colitis, and suggest that one mechanism by which this occurs is through downregulation of the chemokine CCL2.
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89
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Abstract
Premature infants are at increased risk for morbidity and mortality due to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and sepsis. Probiotics decrease the risk of NEC and death in premature infants; however, mechanisms of action are unclear. A wide variety of probiotic species have been evaluated for potential beneficial properties in vitro, in animal models, and in clinical trials of premature infants. Although there is variation by species and even strain, common mechanisms of protection include attenuation of intestinal inflammation, apoptosis, dysmotility, permeability, supplanting other gut microbes through production of bacteriocins, and more effective use of available nutrients. Here, we review the most promising probiotics and what is known about their impact on the innate and adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Underwood
- Chief Division of Neonatology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA
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90
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Kawahara T, Takahashi T, Oishi K, Tanaka H, Masuda M, Takahashi S, Takano M, Kawakami T, Fukushima K, Kanazawa H, Suzuki T. Consecutive oral administration of Bifidobacterium longum MM-2 improves the defense system against influenza virus infection by enhancing natural killer cell activity in a murine model. Microbiol Immunol 2015; 59:1-12. [PMID: 25400245 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bifidobacterium, one of the major components of intestinal microflora, shows anti-influenza virus (IFV) potential as a probiotic, partly through enhancement of innate immunity by modulation of the intestinal immune system. Bifidobacterium longum MM-2 (MM-2), a very safe bacterium in humans, was isolated from healthy humans and its protective effect against IFV infection in a murine model shown. In mice that were intranasally inoculated with IFV, oral administration of MM-2 for 17 consecutive days improved clinical symptoms, reduced mortality, suppressed inflammation in the lower respiratory tract, and decreased virus titers, cell death, and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The anti-IFV mechanism of MM-2 involves innate immunity through significant increases in NK cell activities in the lungs and spleen and a significant increase in pulmonary gene expression of NK cell activators such as IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12 and IL-18. Even in non-infected mice, MM-2 administration also induced significant enhancement of both IFN-γ production by Peyer's patch cells (PPs) and splenetic NK cell activity. Oral administration of MM-2 for 17 days activates systemic immunoreactivity in PPs, which contributes to innate immunity, including NK cell activation, resulting in an anti-IFV effect. MM-2 as a probiotic may function as a prophylactic agent in the management of an IFV epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kawahara
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan; Biofermin Kobe Research Institute, Biofermin Pharmaceutical, 7-3-4 Ibukidai-Higashimachi, Nishi-ku, Kobe, 651-2242, Japan
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91
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Mortaz E, Adcock IM, Ricciardolo FLM, Varahram M, Jamaati H, Velayati AA, Folkerts G, Garssen J. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lactobacillus Rahmnosus and Bifidobacterium Breve on Cigarette Smoke Activated Human Macrophages. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136455. [PMID: 26317628 PMCID: PMC4552661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major global health problem with cigarette smoke (CS) as the main risk factor for its development. Airway inflammation in COPD involves the increased expression of inflammatory mediators such as CXCL-8 and IL-1β which are important mediators for neutrophil recruitment. Macrophages are an important source of these mediators in COPD. Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus) and Befidobacterium breve (B. breve) attenuate the development of 'allergic asthma' in animals but their effects in COPD are unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine the anti-inflammatory effects of L. rhamnosus and B. breve on CS and Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. DESIGN We stimulated the human macrophage cell line THP-1 with CS extract in the presence and absence of L. rhamnosus and B. breve and measured the expression and release of inflammatory mediators by RT-qPCR and ELISA respectively. An activity assay and Western blotting were used to examine NF-κB activation. RESULTS Both L. rhamnosus and B. breve were efficiently phagocytized by human macrophages. L. rhamnosus and B. breve significantly suppressed the ability of CS to induce the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-23, TNFα, CXCL-8 and HMGB1 release (all p<0.05) in human THP-1 macrophages. Similar suppression of TLR4- and TLR9-induced CXCL8 expression was also observed (p<0.05). The effect of L. rhamnosus and B. breve on inflammatory mediator release was associated with the suppression of CS-induced NF-κB activation (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS This data indicate that these probiotics may be useful anti-inflammatory agents in CS-associated disease such as COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mortaz
- Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, United Kingdom
- Chronic respiratory research center, National Research and Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ian M. Adcock
- Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mohammad Varahram
- Mycobacteriology Research Center (MRC) National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and lung diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Jamaati
- Chronic respiratory research center, National Research and Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Velayati
- Mycobacteriology Research Center (MRC) National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and lung diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Nutricia Research Centre for Specialized Nutrition, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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92
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Chandok H, Shah P, Akare UR, Hindala M, Bhadoriya SS, Ravi GV, Sharma V, Bandaru S, Rathore P, Nayarisseri A. Screening, Isolation and Identification of Probiotic Producing Lactobacillus acidophilus Strains EMBS081 & EMBS082 by 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing. Interdiscip Sci 2015. [PMID: 26199209 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-015-0002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
16S rDNA sequencing which has gained wide popularity amongst microbiologists for the molecular characterization and identification of newly discovered isolates provides accurate identification of isolates down to the level of sub-species (strain). Its most important advantage over the traditional biochemical characterization methods is that it can provide an accurate identification of strains with atypical phenotypic characters as well. The following work is an application of 16S rRNA gene sequencing approach to identify a novel species of Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus. The sample was collected from pond water samples of rural and urban areas of Krishna district, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India. Subsequently, the sample was serially diluted and the aliquots were incubated for a suitable time period following which the suspected colony was subjected to 16S rDNA sequencing. The sequence aligned against other species was concluded to be a novel, Probiotic L. acidophilus bacteria, further which were named L. acidophilus strain EMBS081 & EMBS082. After the sequence characterization, the isolate was deposited in GenBank Database, maintained by the National Centre for Biotechnology Information NCBI. The sequence can also be retrieve from EMBL and DDBJ repositories with accession numbers JX255677 and KC150145.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshpreet Chandok
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Indore, 452 010, India
| | - Pratik Shah
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Indore, 452 010, India
| | - Uday Raj Akare
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Indore, 452 010, India
| | - Maliram Hindala
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Indore, 452 010, India
| | | | - G V Ravi
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Indore, 452 010, India
| | - Varsha Sharma
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Indore, 452 010, India
| | - Srinivas Bandaru
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Begumpet, Hyderabad, 500 016, India
| | - Pragya Rathore
- Department of Biotechnology, Sanghvi Institute of Management & Science, Indore, 453 331, India
| | - Anuraj Nayarisseri
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Indore, 452 010, India.
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93
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Characterization of the effects of three Lactobacillus species on the function of chicken macrophages. Res Vet Sci 2015; 100:39-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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94
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Bermudez-Brito M, Muñoz-Quezada S, Gómez-Llorente C, Matencio E, Romero F, Gil A. Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-4034 and its culture supernatant modulate Salmonella-induced inflammation in a novel transwell co-culture of human intestinal-like dendritic and Caco-2 cells. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:79. [PMID: 25887178 PMCID: PMC5353866 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The action of probiotics has been studied in vitro in cells isolated from both mice and humans, particularly enterocytes (IECs), dendritic cells (DCs) and co-cultures of peripheral DCs and IECs. Peripheral DCs and murine DCs differ from human gut DCs, and to date there are no data on the action of any probiotic on co-cultured human IECs and human intestinal DCs. To address this issue, a novel transwell model was used. Human IECs (Caco-2 cells) grown in the upper chamber of transwell filters were co-cultured with intestinal-like human DCs grown in the basolateral compartment of the transwells. The system was apically exposed for 4 h to live probiotic L. paracasei CNCM I-4034 obtained from the faeces of breastfed infants or to its cell-free culture supernatant (CFS) and challenged with Salmonella typhi. The secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the basolateral compartment was determined by immunoassay, and the DC expression pattern of 20 TLR signaling pathway genes was analysed by PCR array. Results The presence of the live probiotic alone significantly increased IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TGF-β2, RANTES and IP-10 levels and decreased IL-12p40, IL-10, TGF- β1 and MIP-1α levels. This release was correlated with a significant increase in the expression of almost all TLR signaling genes. By contrast, incubation of the co-culture with CFS increased IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β2 and IP-10 production only when Salmonella was present. This induction was correlated with an overall decrease in the expression of all TLR genes except TLR9, which was strongly up-regulated. Conclusions The data presented here clearly indicate that L. paracasei CNCM I-4034 significantly increases the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, enhances TLR signaling pathway activation and stimulates rather than suppresses the innate immune system. Furthermore, our findings provide evidence that the effects of probiotics in the presence of IECs and DCs differ from the effects of probiotics on cultures of each cell type alone, as reported by us earlier. Thus, co-culture systems such as the one described here are needed to characterise the effects of probiotics in vitro, highlighting the potential utility of such co-cultures as a model system. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0408-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Bermudez-Brito
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada, Biomedical Research Center, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Sergio Muñoz-Quezada
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada, Biomedical Research Center, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Carolina Gómez-Llorente
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada, Biomedical Research Center, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Esther Matencio
- Hero Global Technology Center, Hero Spain, S.A., 30820, Alcantarilla, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Romero
- Hero Global Technology Center, Hero Spain, S.A., 30820, Alcantarilla, Murcia, Spain
| | - Angel Gil
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada, Biomedical Research Center, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
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95
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Yang S, Reid G, Challis JRG, Kim SO, Gloor GB, Bocking AD. Is there a role for probiotics in the prevention of preterm birth? Front Immunol 2015; 6:62. [PMID: 25741339 PMCID: PMC4330906 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) continues to be a global health challenge. An over-production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as an altered maternal vaginal microbiome has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammation/infection-associated PTB. Lactobacillus represents the dominant species in the vagina of most healthy pregnant women. The depletion of Lactobacillus in women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) has been associated with an increased risk of PTB. It remains unknown at what point an aberrant vaginal microbiome composition specifically induces the cascade leading to PTB. The ability of oral or vaginal lactobacilli probiotics to reduce BV occurrence and/or dampen inflammation is being considered as a means to prevent PTB. Certain anti-inflammatory properties of lactobacilli suggest potential mechanisms. To date, clinical studies have not been powered with sufficiently high rates of PTB, but overall, there is merit in examining this promising area of clinical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Yang
- Department of Physiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Gregor Reid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University , London, ON , Canada ; Lawson Health Research Institute , London, ON , Canada
| | - John R G Challis
- Department of Physiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia , Perth, WA , Australia
| | - Sung O Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University , London, ON , Canada ; Lawson Health Research Institute , London, ON , Canada
| | - Gregory B Gloor
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University , London, ON , Canada
| | - Alan D Bocking
- Department of Physiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto, ON , Canada
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96
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Yang F, Wang A, Zeng X, Hou C, Liu H, Qiao S. Lactobacillus reuteri I5007 modulates tight junction protein expression in IPEC-J2 cells with LPS stimulation and in newborn piglets under normal conditions. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:32. [PMID: 25888437 PMCID: PMC4350629 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tight junctions (TJs) maintain the intestinal mucosal barrier, dysfunction of which plays a vital role in the pathophysiology of a variety of gastrointestinal disorders. Previously, we have shown that L. reuteri I5007 maintained the gut epithelial barrier in newborn piglets. Here we aimed to decipher the influence of L. reuteri I5007 on tight junction (TJ) protein expression both in vivo and in vitro. Results We found that L. reuteri I5007 significantly increased the protein abundance of intestinal epithelial claudin-1, occludin and zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) in newborn piglets (orally administrated with 6 × 109 CFU of L. reuteri I5007 daily for 14 days). In vitro, treatment with L. reuteri I5007 alone maintained the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of IPEC-J2 cells with time. In addition, IPEC-J2 cells were stimulated with 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 1, 4, 8, 12 or 24 h, following pre-treatment with L. reuteri I5007 or its culture supernatant for 2 h. The results showed that LPS time-dependently induced (significantly after 4 or 8 h) the expression of TNF-α and IL-6, and decreased TJ proteins, which was reversed by pre-treatment of L. reuteri I5007 or its culture supernatant. Conclusions L. reuteri I5007 had beneficial effects on the expression of TJ proteins in newborn piglets and the in-vitro results showed this strain had a positive effect on TEER of cells and inhibited the reduction of TJ proteins expression induced by LPS. These findings indicated L. reuteri I5007 may have potential roles in protection TJ proteins in TJ-deficient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Aina Wang
- Weifang Business Vocational College, Zhucheng, 262234, China.
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Chengli Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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97
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Yang JX, Yang JC. Mechanisms underlying protective effects of probiotics on intestinal epithelial. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:577-583. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i4.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), the first line of defense against pathogens, are an initial point of contact between the host and intestinal microbes. Growing evidence suggests that the interactions between the host and intestinal microbes may lead to dysregulated immune responses, while probiotics can reinforce the barrier function and exert a modest stimulation of the immune system to prevent this situation. On one hand, probiotics exert antagonistic functions via competition for nutrients, metabolites, and occupying effect. Therefore, probiotics can regulate the endogenous gastrointestinal flora and restrain exogenous pathogenic bacteria. On the other hand, IECs recognize probiotics and their metabolites through pattern recognition receptors to stimulate the non-specific immune responses. In addition, probiotics can induce IECs to produce the mucus layer covering the entire intestinal tract and prevent attachment and invasion of various bacterial pathogens. Clinical trials have also shown beneficial effects of probiotics as a potential preventive method for inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis.
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98
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Fedorova IA, Danilenko VN. Immunogenic properties of a probiotic component of the human gastrointestinal tract microbiota. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079086414060036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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99
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Chandok H, Shah P, Akare UR, Hindala M, Bhadoriya SS, Ravi GV, Sharma V, Bandaru S, Rathore P, Nayarisseri A. Screening, isolation and identification of Probiotic producing lactobacillus acidophilus strains EMBS081 & EMBS082 by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Interdiscip Sci 2014. [PMID: 25239515 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-013-0001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
16S rDNA sequencing which has gained wide popularity amongst microbiologists for the molecular characterization and identification of newly discovered isolates provides accurate identification of isolates down to the level of sub-species (strain). It's most important advantage over the traditional biochemical characterization methods are that it can provide an accurate identification of strains with atypical phenotypic characters as well. The following work is an application of 16S rRNA gene sequencing approach to identify a novel species of Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus. The sample was collected from pond water samples of rural and urban areas of Krishna District, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India. Subsequently the sample was serially diluted and the aliquots were incubated for a suitable time period following which the suspected colony was subjected to 16S rDNA sequencing. The sequence aligned against other species were concluded to be a novel, Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria, further which were named Lactobacillus acidophilus strain EMBS081 & EMBS082. After the sequence characterization, the isolate was deposited in GenBank Database, maintained by the National Centre for Biotechnology Information NCBI. The sequence can also be retrieve from EMBL and DDBJ repositories with accession numbers JX255677 and KC150145.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshpreet Chandok
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Indore, India, 452 010, India
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100
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Distrutti E, O’Reilly JA, McDonald C, Cipriani S, Renga B, Lynch MA, Fiorucci S. Modulation of intestinal microbiota by the probiotic VSL#3 resets brain gene expression and ameliorates the age-related deficit in LTP. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106503. [PMID: 25202975 PMCID: PMC4159266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is increasingly recognized as a complex signaling network that impacts on many systems beyond the enteric system modulating, among others, cognitive functions including learning, memory and decision-making processes. This has led to the concept of a microbiota-driven gut–brain axis, reflecting a bidirectional interaction between the central nervous system and the intestine. A deficit in synaptic plasticity is one of the many changes that occurs with age. Specifically, the archetypal model of plasticity, long-term potentiation (LTP), is reduced in hippocampus of middle-aged and aged rats. Because the intestinal microbiota might change with age, we have investigated whether the age-related deficit in LTP might be attenuated by changing the composition of intestinal microbiota with VSL#3, a probiotic mixture comprising 8 Gram-positive bacterial strains. Here, we report that treatment of aged rats with VSL#3 induced a robust change in the composition of intestinal microbiota with an increase in the abundance of Actinobacteria and Bacterioidetes, which was reduced in control-treated aged rats. VSL#3 administration modulated the expression of a large group of genes in brain tissue as assessed by whole gene expression, with evidence of a change in genes that impact on inflammatory and neuronal plasticity processes. The age-related deficit in LTP was attenuated in VSL#3-treated aged rats and this was accompanied by a modest decrease in markers of microglial activation and an increase in expression of BDNF and synapsin. The data support the notion that intestinal microbiota can be manipulated to positively impact on neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Distrutti
- S.C. di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Julie-Ann O’Reilly
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire McDonald
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sabrina Cipriani
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Barbara Renga
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marina A. Lynch
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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