51
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Budkova Z, Sigurdardottir AK, Briem E, Bergthorsson JT, Sigurdsson S, Magnusson MK, Traustadottir GA, Gudjonsson T, Hilmarsdottir B. Expression of ncRNAs on the DLK1-DIO3 Locus Is Associated With Basal and Mesenchymal Phenotype in Breast Epithelial Progenitor Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:461. [PMID: 32612992 PMCID: PMC7308478 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reversed process mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) play a critical role in epithelial plasticity during development and cancer progression. Among important regulators of these cellular processes are non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). The imprinted DLK1-DIO3 locus, containing numerous maternally expressed ncRNAs including the lncRNA maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) and a cluster of over 50 miRNAs, has been shown to be a modulator of stemness in embryonic stem cells and in cancer progression, potentially through the tumor suppressor role of MEG3. In this study we analyzed the expression pattern and functional role of ncRNAs from the DLK1-DIO3 locus in epithelial plasticity of the breast. We studied their expression in various cell types of breast tissue and revisit the role of the locus in EMT/MET using a breast epithelial progenitor cell line (D492) and its isogenic mesenchymal derivative (D492M). Marked upregulation of ncRNAs from the DLK1-DIO3 locus was seen after EMT induction in two cell line models of EMT. In addition, the expression of MEG3 and the maternally expressed ncRNAs was higher in stromal cells compared to epithelial cell types in primary breast tissue. We also show that expression of MEG3 is concomitant with the expression of the ncRNAs from the DLK1-DIO3 locus and its expression is therefore likely indicative of activation of all ncRNAs at the locus. MEG3 expression is correlated with stromal markers in normal tissue and breast cancer tissue and negatively correlated with the survival of breast cancer patients in two different cohorts. Overexpression of MEG3 using CRISPR activation in a breast epithelial cell line induced partial EMT and enriched for a basal-like phenotype. Conversely, knock down of MEG3 using CRISPR inhibition in a mesenchymal cell line reduced the mesenchymal and basal-like phenotype of the cell line. In summary our study shows that maternally expressed ncRNAs are markers of EMT and suggests that MEG3 is a novel regulator of EMT/MET in breast tissue. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to fully dissect the molecular pathways influenced by non-coding RNAs at the DLK1-DIO3 locus in breast tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Budkova
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Anna Karen Sigurdardottir
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Eirikur Briem
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jon Thor Bergthorsson
- Department of Laboratory Hematology, Landspitali - University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Snævar Sigurdsson
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Magnus Karl Magnusson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gunnhildur Asta Traustadottir
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Thorarinn Gudjonsson
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Laboratory Hematology, Landspitali - University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Bylgja Hilmarsdottir
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Pathology, Landspitali - University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
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52
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Gibo T, Yamada SI, Kawamoto M, Uehara T, Kurita H. Immunohistochemical Investigation of Predictive Biomarkers for Mandibular Bone Invasion in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2020; 26:2381-2389. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-020-00826-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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53
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Sisto M, Lorusso L, Ingravallo G, Ribatti D, Lisi S. TGFβ1-Smad canonical and -Erk noncanonical pathways participate in interleukin-17-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in Sjögren's syndrome. J Transl Med 2020; 100:824-836. [PMID: 31925325 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-0373-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a primary role in triggering epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in many chronic inflammatory diseases. EMT plays a critical role in the progression of salivary gland (SG) fibrosis in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). This study focused on the activation of the canonical TGF-β1/Smad2/3 and noncanonical TGF-β1/Erk1/2 pathways in IL-17-dependent TGFβ1-induced EMT in human SG epithelial cells (SGEC) derived from healthy subjects. The expression of phosphorylated Smad2/3 and Erk1/2 during IL-17 treatment-stimulated EMT was evaluated in healthy SGEC. Cotreatment with IL-17 and specific TGFβ receptor type I kinase inhibitor SB431542, or Erk 1/2 inhibitor U0126, abrogates the corresponding morphological changes and EMT phenotypic markers expression in healthy SGEC. Interestingly, inhibition of canonical TGFβ1/Smad2/3 signal transduction had no effect on activation of the noncanonical TGFβ1/Erk1/2/EMT pathway, suggesting that the two pathways act independently in activating IL-17-dependent EMT in SGEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Sisto
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs (SMBNOS), Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
| | - Loredana Lorusso
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs (SMBNOS), Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ingravallo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), Pathology Section, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs (SMBNOS), Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Sabrina Lisi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs (SMBNOS), Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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54
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Zubair H, Khan MA, Anand S, Srivastava SK, Singh S, Singh AP. Modulation of the tumor microenvironment by natural agents: implications for cancer prevention and therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 80:237-255. [PMID: 32470379 PMCID: PMC7688484 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of cancer is not just the growth and proliferation of a single transformed cell, but its surrounding environment also coevolves with it. Indeed, successful cancer progression depends on the ability of the tumor cells to develop a supportive tumor microenvironment consisting of various types of stromal cells. The interactions between the tumor and stromal cells are bidirectional and mediated through a variety of growth factors, cytokines, metabolites, and other biomolecules secreted by these cells. Tumor-stromal crosstalk creates optimal conditions for the tumor growth, metastasis, evasion of immune surveillance, and therapy resistance, and its targeting is being explored for clinical management of cancer. Natural agents from plants and marine life have been at the forefront of traditional medicine. Numerous epidemiological studies have reported the health benefits imparted on the consumption of certain fruits, vegetables, and their derived products. Indeed, a significant majority of anti-cancer drugs in clinical use are either naturally occurring compounds or their derivatives. In this review, we describe fundamental cellular and non-cellular components of the tumor microenvironment and discuss the significance of natural compounds in their targeting. Existing literature provides hope that novel prevention and therapeutic approaches will emerge from ongoing scientific efforts leading to the reduced tumor burden and improve clinical outcomes in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Zubair
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA; Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Mohammad Aslam Khan
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA; Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Shashi Anand
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA; Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA; Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA; Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Ajay Pratap Singh
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA; Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.
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55
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Lu JT, Tan CC, Wu XR, He R, Zhang X, Wang QS, Li XQ, Zhang R, Feng YM. FOXF2 deficiency accelerates the visceral metastasis of basal-like breast cancer by unrestrictedly increasing TGF-β and miR-182-5p. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:2973-2987. [PMID: 32424142 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mesenchymal transcription factor forkhead box F2 (FOXF2) is a critical regulator of embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Our previous studies demonstrated that FOXF2 is ectopically expressed in basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) cells and that FOXF2 deficiency promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and aggressiveness of BLBC cells. In this study, we found that FOXF2 controls transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/SMAD signaling pathway activation through transrepression of TGF-β-coding genes in BLBC cells. FOXF2-deficient BLBC cells adopt a myofibroblast-/cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF)-like phenotype, and tend to metastasize to visceral organs by increasing autocrine TGF-β signaling and conferring aggressiveness to neighboring cells by increasing paracrine TGF-β signaling. In turn, TGF-β silences FOXF2 expression through upregulating miR-182-5p, a posttranscriptional regulator of FOXF2 and inducer of metastasis. In addition to mediating a reciprocal repression loop between FOXF2 and TGF-β through direct transrepression by SMAD3, miR-182-5p forms a reciprocal repression loop with FOXF2 that directly transrepresses MIR182 expression. Therefore, FOXF2 deficiency accelerates the visceral metastasis of BLBC through unrestricted increases in autocrine and paracrine TGF-β signaling, and miR-182-5p expression. Our findings provide novel mechanisms underlying the roles of TGF-β, miR-182-5p, and FOXF2 in accelerating BLBC dissemination and metastasis, and may facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies for aggressive BLBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Tao Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Cong-Cong Tan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Xiao-Ran Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Rui He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Qing-Shan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yu-Mei Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China. .,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
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56
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Yang J, Zhan XZ, Malola J, Li ZY, Pawar JS, Zhang HT, Zha ZG. The multiple roles of Thy-1 in cell differentiation and regeneration. Differentiation 2020; 113:38-48. [PMID: 32403041 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thy-1 is a 25-37 kDa glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface protein that was discovered more than 50 years ago. Recent findings have suggested that Thy-1 is expressed on thymocytes, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), cancer stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, neuronal smooth muscle cells, and pan T cells. Thy-1 plays vital roles in cell migration, adhesion, differentiation, transdifferentiation, apoptosis, mechanotransduction, and cell division, which in turn are involved in tumor development, pulmonary fibrosis, neurite outgrowth, and T cell activation. Studies have increasingly indicated a significant role of Thy-1 in cell differentiation and regeneration. However, despite recent research, many questions remain regarding the roles of Thy-1 in cell differentiation and regeneration. This review aimed to summarize the roles of Thy-1 in cell differentiation and regeneration. Furthermore, since Thy-1 is an outer leaflet membrane protein anchored by GPI, we attempted to address how Thy-1 regulates intracellular pathways through cis and trans signals. Due to the complexity and mystery surrounding the issue, we also summarized the Thy-1-related pathways in different biological processes, and this might provide novel insights in the field of cell differentiation and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases and Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Zhen Zhan
- Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Jonathan Malola
- College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47906, IN, USA
| | - Zhen-Yan Li
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases and Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Jogendra Singh Pawar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47906, IN, USA
| | - Huan-Tian Zhang
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases and Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhen-Gang Zha
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases and Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
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57
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Revisiting Cancer Stem Cells as the Origin of Cancer-Associated Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment: A Hypothetical View from the Potential of iPSCs. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040879. [PMID: 32260363 PMCID: PMC7226406 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) has an essential role in tumor initiation and development. Tumor cells are considered to actively create their microenvironment during tumorigenesis and tumor development. The TME contains multiple types of stromal cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), Tumor endothelial cells (TECs), tumor-associated adipocytes (TAAs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and others. These cells work together and with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and many other factors to coordinately contribute to tumor growth and maintenance. Although the types and functions of TME cells are well understood, the origin of these cells is still obscure. Many scientists have tried to demonstrate the origin of these cells. Some researchers postulated that TME cells originated from surrounding normal tissues, and others demonstrated that the origin is cancer cells. Recent evidence demonstrates that cancer stem cells (CSCs) have differentiation abilities to generate the original lineage cells for promoting tumor growth and metastasis. The differentiation of CSCs into tumor stromal cells provides a new dimension that explains tumor heterogeneity. Using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), our group postulates that CSCs could be one of the key sources of CAFs, TECs, TAAs, and TAMs as well as the descendants, which support the self-renewal potential of the cells and exhibit heterogeneity. In this review, we summarize TME components, their interactions within the TME and their insight into cancer therapy. Especially, we focus on the TME cells and their possible origin and also discuss the multi-lineage differentiation potentials of CSCs exploiting iPSCs to create a society of cells in cancer tissues including TME.
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58
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Bahcecioglu G, Basara G, Ellis BW, Ren X, Zorlutuna P. Breast cancer models: Engineering the tumor microenvironment. Acta Biomater 2020; 106:1-21. [PMID: 32045679 PMCID: PMC7185577 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms behind cancer initiation and progression are not clear. Therefore, development of clinically relevant models to study cancer biology and drug response in tumors is essential. In vivo models are very valuable tools for studying cancer biology and for testing drugs; however, they often suffer from not accurately representing the clinical scenario because they lack either human cells or a functional immune system. On the other hand, two-dimensional (2D) in vitro models lack the three-dimensional (3D) network of cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) and thus do not represent the tumor microenvironment (TME). As an alternative approach, 3D models have started to gain more attention, as such models offer a platform with the ability to study cell-cell and cell-material interactions parametrically, and possibly include all the components present in the TME. Here, we first give an overview of the breast cancer TME, and then discuss the current state of the pre-clinical breast cancer models, with a focus on the engineered 3D tissue models. We also highlight two engineering approaches that we think are promising in constructing models representative of human tumors: 3D printing and microfluidics. In addition to giving basic information about the TME in the breast tissue, this review article presents the state-of-the-art tissue engineered breast cancer models. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Involvement of biomaterials and tissue engineering fields in cancer research enables realistic mimicry of the cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and thus creation of better models that reflect the tumor response against drugs. Engineering the 3D in vitro models also requires a good understanding of the TME. Here, an overview of the breast cancer TME is given, and the current state of the pre-clinical breast cancer models, with a focus on the engineered 3D tissue models is discussed. This review article is useful not only for biomaterials scientists aiming to engineer 3D in vitro TME models, but also for cancer researchers willing to use these models for studying cancer biology and drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Bahcecioglu
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Gozde Basara
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Bradley W Ellis
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Xiang Ren
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Pinar Zorlutuna
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States; Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States.
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59
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Otálora-Otálora BA, Florez M, López-Kleine L, Canas Arboleda A, Grajales Urrego DM, Rojas A. Joint Transcriptomic Analysis of Lung Cancer and Other Lung Diseases. Front Genet 2019; 10:1260. [PMID: 31867044 PMCID: PMC6908522 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Epidemiological and clinical evidence points cancer comorbidity with pulmonary chronic disease. The acquisition of some hallmarks of cancer by cells affected with lung pathologies as a cell adaptive mechanism to a shear stress, suggests that could be associated with the establishment of tumoral processes. Objective: To propose a bioinformatic pipeline for the identification of all deregulated genes and the transcriptional regulators (TFs) that are coexpressed during lung cancer establishment, and therefore could be important for the acquisition of the hallmarks of cancer. Methods: Ten microarray datasets (six of lung cancer, four of lung diseases) comparing normal and diseases-related lung tissue were selected to identify hub differentiated expressed genes (DEGs) in common between lung pathologies and lung cancer, along with transcriptional regulators through the utilization of specialized libraries from R language. DAVID bioinformatics tool for gene enrichment analyses was used to identify genes with experimental evidence associated to tumoral processes and signaling pathways. Coexpression networks of DEGs and TFs in lung cancer establishment were created with Coexnet library, and a survival analysis of the main hub genes was made. Results: Two hundred ten DEGs were identified in common between lung cancer and other lung diseases related to the acquisition of tumoral characteristics, which are coexpressed in a lung cancer network with TFs, suggesting that could be related to the establishment of the tumoral pathology in lung. The comparison of the coexpression networks of lung cancer and other lung diseases allowed the identification of common connectivity patterns (CCPs) with DEGs and TFs correlated to important tumoral processes and signaling pathways, that haven´t been studied to experimentally validate their role in the early stages of lung cancer. Some of the TFs identified showed a correlation between its expression levels and the survival of lung cancer patients. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that lung diseases share genes with lung cancer which are coexpressed in lung cancer, and might be able to explain the epidemiological observations that point to direct and inverse comorbid associations between some chronic lung diseases and lung cancer and represent a complex transcriptomic scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauro Florez
- Departamento de Estadística, Grupo de Investigación en Bioinformática y Biología de sistemas – GiBBS, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Liliana López-Kleine
- Departamento de Estadística, Grupo de Investigación en Bioinformática y Biología de sistemas – GiBBS, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Adriana Rojas
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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60
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Rihan M, Nalla LV, Dharavath A, Shard A, Kalia K, Khairnar A. Pyruvate Kinase M2: a Metabolic Bug in Re-Wiring the Tumor Microenvironment. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT SOCIETY 2019; 12:149-167. [PMID: 31183810 PMCID: PMC6937361 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-019-00226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a newly emerged hallmark of cancer attaining a recent consideration as an essential factor for the progression and endurance of cancer cells. A prime event of this altered metabolism is increased glucose uptake and discharge of lactate into the cells surrounding constructing a favorable tumor niche. Several oncogenic factors help in promoting this consequence including, pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) a rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis in tumor metabolism via exhibiting its low pyruvate kinase activity and nuclear moon-lightening functions to increase the synthesis of lactate and macromolecules for tumor proliferation. Not only its role in cancer cells but also its role in the tumor microenvironment cells has to be understood for developing the small molecules against it which is lacking with the literature till date. Therefore, in this present review, the role of PKM2 with respect to various tumor niche cells will be clarified. Further, it highlights the updated list of therapeutics targeting PKM2 pre-clinically and clinically with their added limitations. This upgraded understanding of PKM2 may provide a pace for the reader in developing chemotherapeutic strategies for better clinical survival with limited resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Rihan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, -382355, India
| | - Lakshmi Vineela Nalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, -382355, India
| | - Anil Dharavath
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, -382355, India
| | - Amit Shard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, -382355, India.
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit Khairnar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, -382355, India.
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61
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Sisto M, Lorusso L, Tamma R, Ingravallo G, Ribatti D, Lisi S. Interleukin-17 and -22 synergy linking inflammation and EMT-dependent fibrosis in Sjögren's syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 198:261-272. [PMID: 31165469 PMCID: PMC6797899 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic inflammatory, autoimmune and systemic disorder commonly associated with dry eyes and a dry mouth. Recently, the hypothetical link between epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-dependent salivary gland (SG) fibrosis and chronic inflammatory conditions has been suggested. In this study, we present data demonstrating a negative correlation of the epithelial marker E-cadherin expression and a positive correlation of mesenchymal vimentin and collagen type I expression with increasing degrees of tissue inflammation in pSS SG specimens. In addition, as it is not clear whether dysregulated cytokines in pSS, interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22 may also contribute to the EMT-dependent fibrosis process, the effect of IL-17 and IL-22 treatment on EMT-dependent SG fibrosis was evaluated in primary human salivary gland epithelial cells (SGEC) isolated from healthy subjects. Here we present data demonstrating that IL-17 and IL-22 can induce SGEC to undergo a morphological and phenotypical transition to a mesenchymal phenotype. In support of this, vimentin and collagen type I were up-regulated while a decreased expression of E-cadherin occurs after interleukin treatment, and co-operation between IL-17 and Il-22 was required to induce the EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Sisto
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs (SMBNOS), Section of Human Anatomy and HistologyUniversity of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’BariItaly
| | - L. Lorusso
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs (SMBNOS), Section of Human Anatomy and HistologyUniversity of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’BariItaly
| | - R. Tamma
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs (SMBNOS), Section of Human Anatomy and HistologyUniversity of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’BariItaly
| | - G. Ingravallo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), Pathology SectionUniversity of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’BariItaly
| | - D. Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs (SMBNOS), Section of Human Anatomy and HistologyUniversity of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’BariItaly
| | - S. Lisi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs (SMBNOS), Section of Human Anatomy and HistologyUniversity of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’BariItaly
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62
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Kim BG, Sung JS, Jang Y, Cha YJ, Kang S, Han HH, Lee JH, Cho NH. Compression-induced expression of glycolysis genes in CAFs correlates with EMT and angiogenesis gene expression in breast cancer. Commun Biol 2019; 2:313. [PMID: 31428701 PMCID: PMC6694123 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0553-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor growth increases compressive stress within a tissue, which is associated with solid tumor progression. However, very little is known about how compressive stress contributes to tumor progression. Here, we show that compressive stress induces glycolysis in human breast cancer associated fibroblast (CAF) cells and thereby contributes to the expression of epithelial to mesenchymal (EMT)- and angiogenesis-related genes in breast cancer cells. Lactate production was increased in compressed CAF cells, in a manner dependent on the expression of metabolic genes ENO2, HK2, and PFKFB3. Conditioned medium from compressed CAFs promoted the proliferation of breast cancer cells and the expression of EMT and/or angiogenesis-related genes. In patient tissues with high compressive stress, the expression of compression-induced metabolic genes was significantly and positively correlated with EMT and/or angiogenesis-related gene expression and metastasis size. These findings illustrate a mechanotransduction pathway involving stromal glycolysis that may be relevant also for other solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baek Gil Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Sol Sung
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeonsue Jang
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoon Jin Cha
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suki Kang
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute (SBSI), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Han
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Lee
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nam Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute (SBSI), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Global 5-5-10 System Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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63
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Lorenzo-Martín E, Gallego-Muñoz P, Mar S, Fernández I, Cidad P, Martínez-García MC. Dynamic changes of the extracellular matrix during corneal wound healing. Exp Eye Res 2019; 186:107704. [PMID: 31228462 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) confers transparency to the cornea because of the precise organization of collagen fibrils and a wide variety of proteoglycans. We monitored the corneal wound healing process after alkali burns in rabbits. We analyzed the location and expression of collagens and proteoglycans, the clinical impact, and the recovery of optical transparency. After the animals received both general and ocular topical anesthesia, the central cornea of the left eye was burned by placing an 8-mm diameter filter paper soaked in 0.5 N NaOH for 60 s. The eyes were evaluated under a surgical microscope at 1, 3, and 6 months after burning. At each time point, the clinical conditions of the burned and control corneas were observed. The arrangement of collagen fibers in the corneal stroma was visualized by Picrosirius-red staining, Gomori's silver impregnation and transmission electronic microscopy. Corneal light transmittance was also measured. Myofibroblasts presence was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. mRNA expression levels of collagen types I and III, lumican, decorin, keratocan and alpha-smooth muscle actin were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. One month after alkali burn, the ECM was disorganized and filled with lacunae containing different types of cells and collagen type III fibers in the wound area. Corneal opacities were present with attendant loss of light transmittance. Collagen and proteoglycan mRNA expression levels were up-regulated. After three months, wound healing progress was indicated by reduced corneal opacity, increased light transmittance, reorganization of collagen fibers and only collagen type I expression levels were at control levels. After six months, the wound area ECM morphology was similar to controls, but transmittance values remained low, denoting incomplete restoration of the stromal architecture. This multidisciplinary study of the stromal wound healing process revealed changes in corneal transmittance, collagen organization, myofibroblasts presence and ECM composition at 1, 3, and 6 months after alkali burning. Documenting wound resolution during the six-month period provided reliable information that can be used to test new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Lorenzo-Martín
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Grupo de Investigación Reconocido: Técnicas Ópticas para el Diagnóstico, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Patricia Gallego-Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Grupo de Investigación Reconocido: Técnicas Ópticas para el Diagnóstico, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Santiago Mar
- Departamento de Físico Teórica, Atómica y Óptica, Facultad de Ciencias, Grupo de Investigación Reconocido: Técnicas Ópticas para el Diagnóstico, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Itziar Fernández
- CIBER-BBN (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Biomedicina), Spain; Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Pilar Cidad
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Universidad de Valladolid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valladolid, Spain
| | - M Carmen Martínez-García
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Grupo de Investigación Reconocido: Técnicas Ópticas para el Diagnóstico, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
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64
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Amendola PG, Reuten R, Erler JT. Interplay Between LOX Enzymes and Integrins in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050729. [PMID: 31130685 PMCID: PMC6562985 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family are secreted copper-dependent amine oxidases that catalyze the covalent crosslinking of collagens and elastin in the extracellular matrix (ECM), an essential process for the structural integrity of all tissues. LOX enzymes can also remodel the tumor microenvironment and have been implicated in all stages of tumor initiation and progression of many cancer types. Changes in the ECM can influence several cancer cell phenotypes. Integrin adhesion complexes (IACs) physically connect cells with their microenvironment. This review article summarizes the main findings on the role of LOX proteins in modulating the tumor microenvironment, with a particular focus on how ECM changes are integrated by IACs to modulate cells behavior. Finally, we discuss how the development of selective LOX inhibitors may lead to novel and effective therapies in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giorgio Amendola
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Raphael Reuten
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Janine Terra Erler
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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65
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Yuan F, Sun Z, Feng Y, Liu S, Du Y, Yu S, Yang M, Lv G. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition in the formation of hypertrophic scars and keloids. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21662-21669. [PMID: 31106425 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng‐Lai Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Central Laboratory The Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University Wuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Zi‐Li Sun
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Yi Feng
- Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Si‐Yu Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Central Laboratory The Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University Wuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Yong Du
- Department of Orthopaedics and Central Laboratory The Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University Wuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Shun Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Central Laboratory The Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University Wuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Ming‐Lie Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Central Laboratory The Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University Wuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Guo‐Zhong Lv
- Department of Orthopaedics and Central Laboratory The Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University Wuxi Jiangsu China
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66
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NAB 2-Expressing Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Promotes HNSCC Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030388. [PMID: 30893927 PMCID: PMC6468532 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF)-specific proteins serve as both prognostic biomarkers and targets for anticancer drugs. In this study, we investigated the role of NGFI-A-binding protein (NAB)2 derived from CAFs in the progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Patient-derived HNSCC and paired metastatic lymph node tissues were examined for NAB2 expression by immunohistochemistry. Primary CAF cultures were established from HNSCC patient tissue, with paired non-tumor fibroblasts (NTFs) serving as a control. CAF or NTF was used to evaluate the effect of NAB2 on HNSCC progression using FaDu cell spheroids and an in vivo mouse xenograft model. NAB2 was detected in interstitial CAFs in primary and metastatic lymph node tissues of HNSCC patients. NAB2 mRNA and protein levels were higher in CAFs as compared to paired NTFs. Conditioned medium (CM) of NAB2-overexpressing CAFs increased the invasion of FaDu spheroids in the Matrigel invasion assay as compared to CM of NTF. Co-injection of NAB2-overexpressing CAFs with FaDu spheroids into mice enhanced the growth of tumors. These data suggest that NAB2-overexpressing CAFs promotes HNSCC progression and is a potential therapeutic target for preventing HNSCC metastasis.
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67
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Nissen NI, Karsdal M, Willumsen N. Collagens and Cancer associated fibroblasts in the reactive stroma and its relation to Cancer biology. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:115. [PMID: 30841909 PMCID: PMC6404286 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1110-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in cancer progression. It can be divided into the basement membrane (BM) that supports epithelial/endothelial cell behavior and the interstitial matrix (IM) that supports the underlying stromal compartment. The major components of the ECM are the collagens. While breaching of the BM and turnover of e.g. type IV collagen, is a well described part of tumorigenesis, less is known regarding the impact on tumorigenesis from the collagens residing in the stroma. Here we give an introduction and overview to the link between tumorigenesis and stromal collagens, with focus on the fibrillar collagens type I, II, III, V, XI, XXIV and XXVII as well as type VI collagen. Moreover, we discuss the impact of the cells responsible for this altered stromal collagen remodeling, the cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and how these cells are key players in orchestrating the tumor microenvironment composition and tissue microarchitecture, hence also driving tumorigenesis and affecting response to treatment. Lastly, we discuss how specific collagen-derived biomarkers reflecting the turnover of stromal collagens and CAF activity may be used as tools to non-invasively interrogate stromal reactivity in the tumor microenvironment and predict response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel I. Nissen
- Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade 205-207, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Morten Karsdal
- Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade 205-207, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Nicholas Willumsen
- Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade 205-207, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
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68
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Mierke CT, Sauer F, Grosser S, Puder S, Fischer T, Käs JA. The two faces of enhanced stroma: Stroma acts as a tumor promoter and a steric obstacle. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 31:e3831. [PMID: 29215759 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In addition to genetic, morphological and biochemical alterations in cells, a key feature of the malignant progression of cancer is the stroma, including cancer cell motility as well as the emergence of metastases. Our current knowledge with regard to the biophysically driven experimental approaches of cancer progression indicates that mechanical aberrations are major contributors to the malignant progression of cancer. In particular, the mechanical probing of the stroma is of great interest. However, the impact of the tumor stroma on cellular motility, and hence the metastatic cascade leading to the malignant progression of cancer, is controversial as there are two different and opposing effects within the stroma. On the one hand, the stroma can promote and enhance the proliferation, survival and migration of cancer cells through mechanotransduction processes evoked by fiber alignment as a result of increased stroma rigidity. This enables all types of cancer to overcome restrictive biological capabilities. On the other hand, as a result of its structural constraints, the stroma acts as a steric obstacle for cancer cell motility in dense three-dimensional extracellular matrices, when the pore size is smaller than the cell's nucleus. The mechanical properties of the stroma, such as the tissue matrix stiffness and the entire architectural network of the stroma, are the major players in providing the optimal environment for cancer cell migration. Thus, biophysical methods determining the mechanical properties of the stroma, such as magnetic resonance elastography, are critical for the diagnosis and prediction of early cancer stages. Fibrogenesis and cancer are tightly connected, as there is an elevated risk of cancer on cystic fibrosis or, subsequently, cirrhosis. This also applies to the subsequent metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Sauer
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Soft Matter Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Grosser
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Soft Matter Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Puder
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tony Fischer
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josef Alfons Käs
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Soft Matter Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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69
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FRA1 mediates the activation of keratinocytes: Implications for the development of psoriatic plaques. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3726-3734. [PMID: 30318470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the role of FRA1, a transcription factor from the AP-1 family, in the regulation of keratinocyte characteristics important for the development of psoriatic plaques. FRA1 is characterized by elevated expression in the skin of psoriasis patients, thus leading us to predict it to be one of the major regulators of keratinocyte phenotype during the development of psoriatic lesions. Pathway analysis of RNAseq data allowed us to identify FRA1-mediated signaling cascades leading to the manifestation of the most prominent skin characteristics of the disease: the development of inflammation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, activation of metalloproteases, and keratinocyte proliferation and migration. We have confirmed that FRA1-overexpressing keratinocytes produce elevated amounts of proinflammatory cytokines and active matrix metalloproteases, leading to the induction of the autoinflammatory loop and paracrine activation in neighbor cells. Therefore, the elevated expression of FRA1 and its altered transcriptional regulation in the skin of patients with psoriasis is an important driving factor in the development of psoriatic plaques.
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70
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Ribatti D, Tamma R. A revisited concept. Tumors: Wounds that do not heal. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 128:65-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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71
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Levesque C, Nelson PS. Cellular Constituents of the Prostate Stroma: Key Contributors to Prostate Cancer Progression and Therapy Resistance. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a030510. [PMID: 28490538 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a030510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reciprocal signaling between prostate stroma and its epithelium are fundamental to organ development and homeostasis. Similarly, interactions between tumor cells and stromal constituents are central to key aspects of carcinogenesis and malignancy growth involving tumor cell invasion, dissemination, and growth in distant sites. The prostate stroma is complex with several distinct resident cell types, infiltrating nonresident cell types and an amalgam of structural matrix factors, matricellular proteins, metabolites, growth factors, and cytokines. Of importance, the stroma is dynamic with changes in composition as a cause or consequence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In the context of epithelial neoplasia, the prostate stroma undergoes phenotypic changes with a loss of well-differentiated smooth muscle cell population and the expansion of cancer-associated fibroblast populations. This reactive stroma further coevolves with tumor progression. Recent studies show the role of tumor microenvironment components in therapy resistance and highlight the importance of a thorough knowledge of cross talk between tumor cells and microenvironment niches to develop new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Levesque
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
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72
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Huo J, Sun S, Geng Z, Sheng W, Chen R, Ma K, Sun X, Fu X. Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promoted Cutaneous Wound Healing by Regulating Keratinocyte Migration via β2-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2513-2527. [PMID: 29757659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b01138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Huo
- Tianjin Medical University, No. 22, Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
- Key Research Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration of PLA, and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, First Affiliated Hospital to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Sujing Sun
- Key Research Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration of PLA, and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, First Affiliated Hospital to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Zhijun Geng
- Key Research Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration of PLA, and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, First Affiliated Hospital to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Wei Sheng
- Wound Care Center, Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Runkai Chen
- Tianjin Medical University, No. 22, Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
- Key Research Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration of PLA, and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, First Affiliated Hospital to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Kui Ma
- Key Research Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration of PLA, and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, First Affiliated Hospital to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Key Research Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration of PLA, and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, First Affiliated Hospital to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
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73
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McCarthy JB, El-Ashry D, Turley EA. Hyaluronan, Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and the Tumor Microenvironment in Malignant Progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:48. [PMID: 29868579 PMCID: PMC5951929 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the roles of CAFs in forming a “cancerized” fibrotic stroma favorable to tumor initiation and dissemination, in particular highlighting the functions of the extracellular matrix component hyaluronan (HA) in these processes. The structural complexity of the tumor and its host microenvironment is now well appreciated to be an important contributing factor to malignant progression and resistance-to-therapy. There are multiple components of this complexity, which include an extensive remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and associated biomechanical changes in tumor stroma. Tumor stroma is often fibrotic and rich in fibrillar type I collagen and hyaluronan (HA). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major source of this fibrotic ECM. CAFs organize collagen fibrils and these biomechanical alterations provide highways for invading carcinoma cells either under the guidance of CAFs or following their epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). The increased HA metabolism of a tumor microenvironment instructs carcinoma initiation and dissemination by performing multiple functions. The key effects of HA reviewed here are its role in activating CAFs in pre-malignant and malignant stroma, and facilitating invasion by promoting motility of both CAFs and tumor cells, thus facilitating their invasion. Circulating CAFs (cCAFs) also form heterotypic clusters with circulating tumor cells (CTC), which are considered to be pre-cursors of metastatic colonies. cCAFs are likely required for extravasation of tumors cells and to form a metastatic niche suitable for new tumor colony growth. Therapeutic interventions designed to target both HA and CAFs in order to limit tumor spread and increase response to current therapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B McCarthy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Dorraya El-Ashry
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Eva A Turley
- London Regional Cancer Program, Department of Oncology, Biochemistry and Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Lawson Health Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Brooks D, Zimmer A, Wakefield L, Lyle LT, Difilippantonio S, Tucci FC, Illiano S, Annunziata CM, Steeg PS. Limited fibrosis accompanies triple-negative breast cancer metastasis in multiple model systems and is not a preventive target. Oncotarget 2018; 9:23462-23481. [PMID: 29805748 PMCID: PMC5955109 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1) is mechanistically implicated in both tumor metastasis and tissue fibrosis. Previously, metastasis was increased when fulminant fibrosis was first induced in mice, suggesting a direct connection between these processes. The current report examined the extent of metastasis-induced fibrosis in breast cancer model systems, and tested the metastasis preventive efficacy and fibrosis attenuation of antagonists for LPAR1 and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) in breast and ovarian cancer models. Staining analysis demonstrated only focal, low-moderate levels of fibrosis in lungs from eleven metastasis model systems. Two orally available LPAR1 antagonists, SAR100842 and EPGN9878, significantly inhibited breast cancer motility to LPA in vitro. Both compounds were negative for metastasis prevention and failed to reduce fibrosis in the experimental MDA-MB-231T and spontaneous murine 4T1 in vivo breast cancer metastasis models. SAR100842 demonstrated only occasional reductions in invasive metastases in the SKOV3 and OVCAR5 ovarian cancer experimental metastasis models. Two approved drugs for IPF, nintedanib and pirfenidone, were investigated. Both were ineffective at preventing MDA-MB-231T metastasis, with no attenuation of fibrosis. In summary, metastasis-induced fibrosis is only a minor component of metastasis in untreated progressive breast cancer. LPAR1 antagonists, despite in vitro evidence of specificity and efficacy, were ineffective in vivo as oral agents, as were approved IPF drugs. The data argue against LPAR1 and fibrosis as monotherapy targets for metastasis prevention in triple-negative breast cancer and ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Brooks
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra Zimmer
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lalage Wakefield
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - L. Tiffany Lyle
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Simone Difilippantonio
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Christina M. Annunziata
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patricia S. Steeg
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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75
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Ziani L, Chouaib S, Thiery J. Alteration of the Antitumor Immune Response by Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts. Front Immunol 2018; 9:414. [PMID: 29545811 PMCID: PMC5837994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Among cells present in the tumor microenvironment, activated fibroblasts termed cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), play a critical role in the complex process of tumor-stroma interaction. CAFs, one of the prominent stromal cell populations in most types of human carcinomas, have been involved in tumor growth, angiogenesis, cancer stemness, extracellular matrix remodeling, tissue invasion, metastasis, and even chemoresistance. During the past decade, these activated tumor-associated fibroblasts have also been involved in the modulation of the anti-tumor immune response on various levels. In this review, we describe our current understanding of how CAFs accomplish this task as well as their potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Ziani
- INSERM, UMR 1186, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Salem Chouaib
- INSERM, UMR 1186, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Jerome Thiery
- INSERM, UMR 1186, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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76
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Santi A, Kugeratski FG, Zanivan S. Cancer Associated Fibroblasts: The Architects of Stroma Remodeling. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1700167. [PMID: 29280568 PMCID: PMC5900985 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts have exceptional phenotypic plasticity and capability to secrete vast amount of soluble factors, extracellular matrix components and extracellular vesicles. While in physiological conditions this makes fibroblasts master regulators of tissue homeostasis and healing of injured tissues, in solid tumors cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) co-evolve with the disease, and alter the biochemical and physical structure of the tumor microenvironment, as well as the behavior of the surrounding stromal and cancer cells. Thus CAFs are fundamental regulators of tumor progression and influence response to therapeutic treatments. Increasing efforts are devoted to better understand the biology of CAFs to bring insights to develop complementary strategies to target this cell type in cancer. Here we highlight components of the tumor microenvironment that play key roles in cancer progression and invasion, and provide an extensive overview of past and emerging understanding of CAF biology as well as the contribution that MS-based proteomics has made to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Santi
- Cancer Research UK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
| | | | - Sara Zanivan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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77
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Takai K, Le A, Weaver VM, Werb Z. Targeting the cancer-associated fibroblasts as a treatment in triple-negative breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:82889-82901. [PMID: 27756881 PMCID: PMC5341254 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased collagen expression in tumors is associated with increased risk of metastasis, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has the highest propensity to develop distant metastases when there is evidence of central fibrosis. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) ligands regulated by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promote accumulation of fibrosis and cancer progression. In the present study, we have evaluated TNBC tumors with enhanced collagen to determine whether we can reduce metastasis by targeting the CAFs with Pirfenidone (PFD), an anti-fibrotic agent as well as a TGF-β antagonist. In patient-derived xenograft models, TNBC tumors exhibited accumulated collagen and activated TGF-β signaling, and developed lung metastasis. Next, primary CAFs were established from 4T1 TNBC homograft tumors, TNBC xenograft tumors and tumor specimens of breast cancer patients. CAFs promoted primary tumor growth with more fibrosis and TGF-β activation and lung metastasis in 4T1 mouse model. We then examined the effects of PFD in vitro and in vivo. We found that PFD had inhibitory effects on cell viability and collagen production of CAFs in 2D culture. Furthermore, CAFs enhanced tumor growth and PFD inhibited the tumor growth induced by CAFs by causing apoptosis in the 3D co-culture assay of 4T1 tumor cells and CAFs. In vivo, PFD alone inhibited tumor fibrosis and TGF-β signaling but did not inhibit tumor growth and lung metastasis. However, PFD inhibited tumor growth and lung metastasis synergistically in combination with doxorubicin. Thus, PFD has great potential for a novel clinically applicable TNBC therapy that targets tumor-stromal interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Takai
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Present address: Division of Breast Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Annie Le
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Present address: St. George's University School of Medicine, Grenada
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Department of Surgery and Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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78
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Petrova V, Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli M, Melino G, Amelio I. The hypoxic tumour microenvironment. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:10. [PMID: 29362402 PMCID: PMC5833859 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-017-0011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 651] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression often benefits from the selective conditions present in the tumour microenvironment, such as the presence of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), deregulated ECM deposition, expanded vascularisation and repression of the immune response. Generation of a hypoxic environment and activation of its main effector, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), are common features of advanced cancers. In addition to the impact on tumour cell biology, the influence that hypoxia exerts on the surrounding cells represents a critical step in the tumorigenic process. Hypoxia indeed enables a number of events in the tumour microenvironment that lead to the expansion of aggressive clones from heterogeneous tumour cells and promote a lethal phenotype. In this article, we review the most relevant findings describing the influence of hypoxia and the contribution of HIF activation on the major components of the tumour microenvironment, and we summarise their role in cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Petrova
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | | | - Gerry Melino
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivano Amelio
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
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79
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Jeong YJ, Park SH, Mun SH, Kwak SG, Lee SJ, Oh HK. Association between lysyl oxidase and fibrotic focus in relation with inflammation in breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:2431-2440. [PMID: 29434955 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that lysyl oxidase (LOX) contributes to the formation of fibrotic focus (FF) in association with inflammation and serves a significant role in breast carcinogenesis. In the present study, the association between the expression of LOX family members and FF with regards to with inflammation was analyzed, and the prognostic significance of LOX and FF in breast cancer was investigated. Immunohistochemical staining for LOX, LOX-like protein (LOXL) 1, LOXL2 and LOXL3 was performed in primary breast cancer tissues. The status of FF within the tumor was assessed, including size and grade. Levels of inflammatory markers, intratumoral and peritumoral lymphocyte infiltration were also evaluated. The clinicopathological characteristics were evaluated from the medical records of patients. In the present study, the expression of LOX family members was not associated with the presence of FF. FF was identified to be associated with intratumoral and peritumoral inflammation, tumor stage, larger tumor size, lymph node metastasis, high histologic grade, and p53 expression. LOX and LOXL3 were associated with intratumoral, and peritumoral inflammation. Furthermore, LOXL1 was associated with intratumoral inflammation and interleukin-4. In addition, LOX was associated with cluster of differentiation 8+ T cells. LOXL3 was associated with expression of ER and PR, and molecular subtype. In the survival analysis, overall survival time was statistically significantly longer in the FF-negative compared with that in the FF-positive group. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that FF and the expression of LOX family members were associated with inflammation in breast cancer. FF was associated with poor prognostic markers of breast cancer. Further studies are required to clarify the mechanisms underlying the association between the LOX family, FF and inflammation in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ju Jeong
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Repulic of South Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Park
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Repulic of South Korea
| | - Sung Hee Mun
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Repulic of South Korea
| | - Sang Gyu Kwak
- Department of Medical Statistics, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Repulic of South Korea
| | - Sun-Jae Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Repulic of South Korea
| | - Hoon Kyu Oh
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Repulic of South Korea
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80
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Škovierová H, Okajčeková T, Strnádel J, Vidomanová E, Halašová E. Molecular regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in tumorigenesis (Review). Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:1187-1200. [PMID: 29286071 PMCID: PMC5819928 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies over the past two decades have focused on the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its role in the development of metastasis. Certain studies highlighted the importance of EMT in the dissemination of tumor cells and metastasis of epithelium-derived carcinomas. Tumor metastasis is a multistep process during which tumor cells change their morphology, and start to migrate and invade distant sites. The present review discusses the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms contributing to EMT in embryogenesis, fibrosis and tumorigenesis. Additionally, the signaling pathways that initiate EMT through transcriptional factors responsible for the activation and suppression of various genes associated with cancer cell migration were investigated. Furthermore, the important role of the epigenetic modifications that regulate EMT and the reverse process, mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) are discussed. MicroRNAs are key regulators of various intracellular processes and current knowledge of EMT has significantly improved due to microRNA characterization. Their effect on signaling pathways and the ensuing events that occur during EMT at the molecular level is becoming increasingly recognized. The current review also highlights the role of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and CTC clusters, and their ability to form metastases. In addition, the biological properties of different types of circulating cells based on their tumor-forming potential are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrieta Škovierová
- Biomedical Center Martin, Department of Molecular Medicine, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin 03601, Slovakia
| | - Terézia Okajčeková
- Biomedical Center Martin, Department of Molecular Medicine, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin 03601, Slovakia
| | - Ján Strnádel
- Biomedical Center Martin, Department of Molecular Medicine, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin 03601, Slovakia
| | - Eva Vidomanová
- Biomedical Center Martin, Department of Molecular Medicine, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin 03601, Slovakia
| | - Erika Halašová
- Biomedical Center Martin, Department of Molecular Medicine, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin 03601, Slovakia
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81
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Bernard K, Logsdon NJ, Benavides GA, Sanders Y, Zhang J, Darley-Usmar VM, Thannickal VJ. Glutaminolysis is required for transforming growth factor-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation and activation. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1218-1228. [PMID: 29222329 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Myofibroblasts participate in physiological wound healing and pathological fibrosis. Myofibroblast differentiation is characterized by the expression of α-smooth muscle actin and extracellular matrix proteins and is dependent on metabolic reprogramming. In this study, we explored the role of glutaminolysis and metabolites of TCA in supporting myofibroblast differentiation. Glutaminolysis converts Gln into α-ketoglutarate (α-KG), a critical intermediate in the TCA cycle. Increases in the steady-state concentrations of TCA cycle metabolites including α-KG, succinate, fumarate, malate, and citrate were observed in TGF-β1-differentiated myofibroblasts. The concentration of glutamate was also increased in TGF-β1-differentiated myofibroblasts compared with controls, whereas glutamine levels were decreased, suggesting enhanced glutaminolysis. This was associated with TGF-β1-induced expression of the glutaminase (GLS) isoform, GLS1, which converts Gln into glutamate, at both the mRNA and protein levels. The stimulation of GLS1 expression by TGF-β1 was dependent on both SMAD3 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Depletion of extracellular Gln prevented TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation. The removal of extracellular Gln postmyofibroblast differentiation decreased the expression of the profibrotic markers fibronectin and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and reversed TGF-β1-induced metabolic reprogramming. Silencing of GLS1 expression, in the presence of Gln, abrogated TGF-β1-induced expression of profibrotic markers. Treatment of GLS1-deficient myofibroblasts with exogenous glutamate or α-KG restored TGF-β1-induced expression of profibrotic markers in GLS1-deficient myofibroblasts. Together, these data demonstrate that glutaminolysis is a critical component of myofibroblast metabolic reprogramming that regulates myofibroblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bernard
- From the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine,
| | - Naomi J Logsdon
- From the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Gloria A Benavides
- Department of Pathology, and.,Center for Free Radical Biology and Medicine of the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294 and
| | - Yan Sanders
- From the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, and.,Center for Free Radical Biology and Medicine of the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294 and
| | - Victor M Darley-Usmar
- Department of Pathology, and.,Center for Free Radical Biology and Medicine of the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294 and
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- From the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine.,the Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
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82
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Stromal Clues in Endometrial Carcinoma: Loss of Expression of β-Catenin, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Regulators, and Estrogen-Progesterone Receptor. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2017; 35:238-48. [PMID: 26367784 PMCID: PMC4823869 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Epithelial-stroma interactions in the endometrium are known to be responsible for physiological functions and emergence of several pathologic lesions. Periglandular stromal cells act on endometrial cells in a paracrine manner through sex hormones. In this study, we immunohistochemically evaluated the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulators (SNAIL/SLUG, TWIST, ZEB1), adhesion molecules (β-catenin and E-cadhenin), estrogen (ER)-progesterone (PR) receptor and their correlation with each other in 30 benign, 148 hyperplastic (EH), and 101 endometrioid-type endometrial carcinoma (EC) endometria. In the epithelial component, loss of expression in E-cadherin, ER and PR, and overexpression of TWIST and ZEB1 were significantly higher in EC than in EH (P<0.01). In the periglandular stromal component, β-catenin and SNAIL/SLUG expression were significantly higher in normal endometrium and simple without atypical EH compared with complex atypical EH and EC (P<0.01). In addition, periglandular stromal TWIST expression was significantly higher in EH group compared with EC (P<0.05). There was significantly negative correlation between β-catenin and ER, TWIST and ER, and TWIST and PR in hyperplastic and carcinomatous glandular epithelium, whereas there was a significantly positive correlation between β-catenin and SNAIL-SLUG, β-catenin and TWIST, β-catenin and ER, β-catenin and PR, SNAIL-SLUG and ER, SNAIL-SLUG and PR, TWIST and ER, TWIST and PR, in periglandular/cancer-associated stromal cells (P<0.01). In conclusion, the pattern of positive and negative correlations in the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulators (SNAIL-SLUG and TWIST), sex hormone receptors (ER and PR), and β-catenin between ECs and hyperplasia, as well as between epithelium and stroma herein, is suggestive of a significant role for these proteins and their underlying molecular processes in the development of endometrial carcinomas.
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83
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Gandhi P, Prasad UC. Evaluation of myofibroblasts in oral submucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma: The pathogenesis and correlation. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2017; 14:314-320. [PMID: 29109745 PMCID: PMC5654225 DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.215960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic debilitating disease of the oral cavity having premalignant potential and unclear pathogenesis. Recently, myofibroblast has been postulated to play an important role in its pathogenesis and in the process of carcinogenesis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the presence of myofibroblasts in normal mucosa, different grades of OSMF, and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Materials and Methods: The present in vitro cross-sectional descriptive study sample consisted of three groups, including 40 OSCCs, 40 OSMF, and 10 sections of normal oral epithelium taken as control group. Alpha-smooth muscle actin was used to identify myofibroblasts using immunohistochemical technique. P < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: The presence of myofibroblasts was significantly higher in OSMF cases when compared with normal epithelium specimens. The presence of myofibroblasts was significantly higher in OSCC compared to OSMF cases. A significant difference was not observed between the different grades of OSCC. Conclusion: These findings favor the possibility that OSMF actually represents an abnormal healing process in response irritation caused by areca nut. A significant increase in myofibroblasts in OSCC as compared to OSMF also highlights the possible role it may play in the malignant transformation of OSMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Gandhi
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dasmesh Institute of Research and Dental Sciences, Faridkot, Punjab, India
| | - Umesh Chandra Prasad
- Department of Oral Pathology, Kanti Devi Dental College, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
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84
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Yazdani S, Bansal R, Prakash J. Drug targeting to myofibroblasts: Implications for fibrosis and cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 121:101-116. [PMID: 28720422 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myofibroblasts are the key players in extracellular matrix remodeling, a core phenomenon in numerous devastating fibrotic diseases. Not only in organ fibrosis, but also the pivotal role of myofibroblasts in tumor progression, invasion and metastasis has recently been highlighted. Myofibroblast targeting has gained tremendous attention in order to inhibit the progression of incurable fibrotic diseases, or to limit the myofibroblast-induced tumor progression and metastasis. In this review, we outline the origin of myofibroblasts, their general characteristics and functions during fibrosis progression in three major organs: liver, kidneys and lungs as well as in cancer. We will then discuss the state-of-the art drug targeting technologies to myofibroblasts in context of the above-mentioned organs and tumor microenvironment. The overall objective of this review is therefore to advance our understanding in drug targeting to myofibroblasts, and concurrently identify opportunities and challenges for designing new strategies to develop novel diagnostics and therapeutics against fibrosis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Yazdani
- Targeted Therapeutics Division, Department of Biomaterials, Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ruchi Bansal
- Targeted Therapeutics Division, Department of Biomaterials, Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jai Prakash
- Targeted Therapeutics Division, Department of Biomaterials, Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; ScarTec Therapeutics BV, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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85
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Thuwajit C, Ferraresi A, Titone R, Thuwajit P, Isidoro C. The metabolic cross-talk between epithelial cancer cells and stromal fibroblasts in ovarian cancer progression: Autophagy plays a role. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:1235-1254. [PMID: 28926101 PMCID: PMC6032948 DOI: 10.1002/med.21473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer and stromal cells, which include (cancer‐associated) fibroblasts, adipocytes, and immune cells, constitute a mixed cellular ecosystem that dynamically influences the behavior of each component, creating conditions that ultimately favor the emergence of malignant clones. Ovarian cancer cells release cytokines that recruit and activate stromal fibroblasts and immune cells, so perpetuating a state of inflammation in the stroma that hampers the immune response and facilitates cancer survival and propagation. Further, the stroma vasculature impacts the metabolism of the cells by providing or limiting the availability of oxygen and nutrients. Autophagy, a lysosomal catabolic process with homeostatic and prosurvival functions, influences the behavior of cancer cells, affecting a variety of processes such as the survival in metabolic harsh conditions, the invasive growth, the development of immune and chemo resistance, the maintenance of stem‐like properties, and dormancy. Further, autophagy is involved in the secretion and the signaling of promigratory cytokines. Cancer‐associated fibroblasts can influence the actual level of autophagy in ovarian cancer cells through the secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and the release of autophagy‐derived metabolites and substrates. Interrupting the metabolic cross‐talk between cancer cells and cancer‐associated fibroblasts could be an effective therapeutic strategy to arrest the progression and prevent the relapse of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanitra Thuwajit
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alessandra Ferraresi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Nanobioimaging, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Rossella Titone
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Nanobioimaging, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Peti Thuwajit
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Nanobioimaging, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy.,Visiting Professor at Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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86
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Shu DY, Lovicu FJ. Myofibroblast transdifferentiation: The dark force in ocular wound healing and fibrosis. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 60:44-65. [PMID: 28807717 PMCID: PMC5600870 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing is one of the most complex biological processes to occur in life. Repair of tissue following injury involves dynamic interactions between multiple cell types, growth factors, inflammatory mediators and components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Aberrant and uncontrolled wound healing leads to a non-functional mass of fibrotic tissue. In the eye, fibrotic disease disrupts the normally transparent ocular tissues resulting in irreversible loss of vision. A common feature in fibrotic eye disease is the transdifferentiation of cells into myofibroblasts that can occur through a process known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Myofibroblasts rapidly produce excessive amounts of ECM and exert tractional forces across the ECM, resulting in the distortion of tissue architecture. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) plays a major role in myofibroblast transdifferentiation and has been implicated in numerous fibrotic eye diseases including corneal opacification, pterygium, anterior subcapsular cataract, posterior capsular opacification, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, fibrovascular membrane formation associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, submacular fibrosis, glaucoma and orbital fibrosis. This review serves to introduce the pathological functions of the myofibroblast in fibrotic eye disease. We also highlight recent developments in elucidating the multiple signaling pathways involved in fibrogenesis that may be exploited in the development of novel anti-fibrotic therapies to reduce ocular morbidity due to scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Y Shu
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Frank J Lovicu
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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87
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Non-conventional role of haemoglobin beta in breast malignancy. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:994-1006. [PMID: 28772282 PMCID: PMC5625664 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Besides its role as oxygen transporter, recent findings suggest that haemoglobin beta (HBB) may have roles in other contexts. Methods: We evaluated the impact of HBB expression in primary human breast cancers, and in breast cancer cell lines overexpressing HBB by in vitro and in vivo studies. Publicly available microarray databases were used to perform multivariate survival analyses. Results: A significantly higher expression of HBB was observed in invasive carcinoma histotypes vs in situ counterparts, along with a positive correlation between HBB and the Ki67 proliferation marker. HBB-overexpressing breast cancer cells migrate and invade more, show HIF-1α upregulation and their conditioned media enhances angiogenesis. Blocking the oxygen-binding site of HBB reverts the increase of migration and HIF-1α upregulation observed in HBB-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Orthotopically implanted MDA-MB-231 overexpressing HBB (MDA-HBB) generated tumours with faster growth rate and increased neoangiogenesis. Moreover, local recurrence and visceral metastases were observed only in MDA-HBB-implanted mice. Similar results were observed with 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells. Finally, bioinformatics analyses of public data sets correlated high HBB expression with lower overall survival. Conclusions: HBB expression increases breast cancer cells aggressiveness and associates with poor prognosis, pointing to HBB as a novel biomarker for breast cancer progression.
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88
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Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote bone invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:867-875. [PMID: 28742795 PMCID: PMC5589989 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The molecular mechanisms involved in the invasion of bone by oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) are poorly understood, and little is known about the role of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), the presence of which confers a poor prognosis. Methods: Clinicopathological data from 277 OSCC cases involving bone resections were reviewed, and 32 cases thoroughly analysed histologically. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine αSMA, RANKL and OPG. Western blotting and qPCR were used to assess myofibroblast (CAF-like) differentiation, RANKL and OPG expression in vitro, and RANKL secretion was analysed by ELISA. Osteoclastogenesis was examined using TRAP staining, multinucleation and pit forming assays. Results: Fibrous stroma intervened between tumour and bone in the majority of cases, with no direct contact between cancer cells and bone. RANKL and OPG, two proteins key to regulating bone resorption, were expressed in tumour cells as well as fibrous stroma adjacent to bone and αSMA-positive myofibroblastic CAF were consistently seen infiltrating into bone ahead of tumour cells. Human primary osteoblasts cultured with conditioned media from human OSCC-derived cells and human primary CAF showed a significant increase in RANKL and a decline in OPG mRNA expression. RANKL secretion was significantly increased in primary oral fibroblasts induced to differentiate into a CAF-like phenotype by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) treatment and in primary CAF. Indirect co-culture of murine macrophages with conditioned media from CAF (experimentally derived and isolated from OSCCs) resulted in a marked increase in osteoclastogenesis (in excess of that provoked by cancer cells) determined by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity, multinucleation and resorption pit formation. Conclusions: This study is the first to describe a functional role for CAFs in bone invasion and turnover, identifying a novel potential therapeutic target and diagnostic indicator in this difficult to treat bone invasive malignancy.
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Qiao X, Wang L, Wang Y, Su X, Qiao Y, Fan Y, Peng Z. Intermedin attenuates renal fibrosis by induction of heme oxygenase-1 in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction. BMC Nephrol 2017; 18:232. [PMID: 28697727 PMCID: PMC5505135 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-017-0659-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermedin [IMD, adrenomedullin-2 (ADM-2)] attenuates renal fibrosis by inhibition of oxidative stress. However, the precise mechanisms remain unknown. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an antioxidant agent, is associated with antifibrogenic effects. ADM is known to induce HO-1. Whether IMD has any effect on HO-1 is unclear. Herein, we determined whether the antifibrotic properties of IMD are mediated by induction of HO-1. METHODS Renal fibrosis was induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) performed on male Wistar rats. Rat proximal tubular epithelial cell line (NRK-52E) was exposed to rhTGF-β1 (10 ng/ml) to establish an in vitro model of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). IMD was over-expressed in vivo and in vitro using the vector pcDNA3.1-IMD. Zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) was used to block HO-1 enzymatic activity. IMD effects on HO-1 expression in the obstructed kidney of UUO rat and in TGF-β1-stimulated NRK-52E were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR, Western blotting or immunohistochemistry. HO activity in the obstructed kidney, contralateral kidney of UUO rat and NRK-52E was examined by measuring bilirubin production. Renal fibrosis was determined by Masson trichrome staining and collagen I expression. Macrophage infiltration and IL-6 expression were evaluated using immunohistochemical analysis. In vivo and in vitro EMT was assessed by measuring α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and E-cadherin expression using Western blotting or immunofluorescence, respectively. RESULTS HO-1 expression and HO activity were increased in IMD-treated UUO kidneys or NRK-52E. The obstructed kidneys of UUO rats demonstrated significant interstitial fibrosis on day 7 after operation. In contrast, kidneys that were treated with IMD gene transfer exhibited minimal interstitial fibrosis. The obstructed kidneys of UUO rats also had greater macrophage infiltration and IL-6 expression. IMD restrained infiltration of macrophages and expression of IL-6 in UUO kidneys. The degree of EMT was extensive in obstructed kidneys of UUO rats as indicated by decreased expression of E-cadherin and increased expression of α-SMA. In vitro studies using NRK-52E confirmed these observations. EMT was suppressed by IMD gene delivery. However, all of the above beneficial effects of IMD were eliminated by ZnPP, an inhibitor of HO enzyme activity. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that IMD attenuates renal fibrosis by induction of HO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Qiao
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, 382, WuYi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, 382, WuYi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, 56, Xinjian Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaole Su
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, 382, WuYi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Qiao
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, 382, WuYi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Fan
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, 382, WuYi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, 382, WuYi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
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90
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Zhang C, Li Q, Lai S, Yang L, Shi G, Wang Q, Luo Z, Zhao R, Yu Y. Attenuation of diabetic nephropathy by Sanziguben Granule inhibiting EMT through Nrf2-mediated anti-oxidative effects in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 205:207-216. [PMID: 28501426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is an acute and serious diabetic complication characterized by renal hypertrophy and renal fibrosis with the expansion of extracellular matrices. Diabetic nephropathy has become a major cause of end-stage kidney disease. Sanziguben Granule (SZGB) is a compound prescription which has been widely applied in clinical medicine for the prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy as well as for acute and chronic kidney injuries. However, the mechanism of protective effects of SZGB in DN remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this research, we investigated the effects of SZGB on renal interstitial fibrosis, antioxidant proficiency, and apoptosis in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Diabetic rats were prepared by performing a right uninephrectomy along with a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ. Rats were divided into six groups including sham, DN, SZGB-D, SZGB-Z, SZGB-G and fosinopril. SZGB and fosinopril were given to rats by gavage for 12 weeks. Samples from urine, blood and kidneys were collected for biochemical, histological, immunohistochemical and western blot analyses. RESULTS We found that rats treated with SZGB showed reduced 24-h urinary protein excretion along with reduced serum total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels. SZGB was also shown to prevent the disruption of catalase activity and reduce serum urea, creatinine, and renal malondialdehyde while increasing glutathione levels. Moreover, SZGB administration markedly improved the expression levels of E-cadherin, 4-HNE, Nrf2, HO-1, and Bcl-2, while it decreased the expression levels of Vimentin, α-SMA and Cleaved caspase-3 in the kidneys of diabetic rats. The renoprotective effects of SZGB was believed to be mediated by its antioxidant capacity, and SZGB treatment attenuated renal fibrosis through stimulating the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway in the diabetic kidneys. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, it is suggested that SZGB can restrain epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through stimulating the Nrf2 pathway, which improves renal interstitial fibrosis in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxue Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Sisi Lai
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Guoqi Shi
- First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Zijie Luo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Ruizhi Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Yang Yu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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91
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Sistigu A, Di Modugno F, Manic G, Nisticò P. Deciphering the loop of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, inflammatory cytokines and cancer immunoediting. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 36:67-77. [PMID: 28595838 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumorigenesis and tumor progression relies on the dialectics between tumor cells, the extracellular matrix and its remodelling enzymes, neighbouring cells and soluble cues. The host immune response is crucial in eliminating or promoting tumor growth and the reciprocal coevolution of tumor and immune cells, during disease progression and in response to therapy, shapes tumor fate by activating innate and adaptive mechanisms. The phenotypic plasticity is a common feature of epithelial and immune cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic process, governed by microenvironmental stimuli, critical in tumor cell shaping, increased tumor cell heterogeneity and stemness. In this review we will outline how the dysregulation of microenvironmental signaling is crucial in determining tumor plasticity and EMT, arguing how therapy resistance hinges on these dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Sistigu
- Unit of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy; Department of General Pathology and Physiopathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Di Modugno
- Unit of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Gwenola Manic
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00173, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Nisticò
- Unit of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
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92
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Dankner M, Gray-Owen SD, Huang YH, Blumberg RS, Beauchemin N. CEACAM1 as a multi-purpose target for cancer immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1328336. [PMID: 28811966 PMCID: PMC5543821 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1328336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CEACAM1 is an extensively studied cell surface molecule with established functions in multiple cancer types, as well as in various compartments of the immune system. Due to its multi-faceted role as a recently appreciated immune checkpoint inhibitor and tumor marker, CEACAM1 is an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy. Herein, we highlight CEACAM1's function in various immune compartments and cancer types, including in the context of metastatic disease. This review outlines CEACAM1's role as a therapeutic target for cancer treatment in light of these properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dankner
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Scott D Gray-Owen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yu-Hwa Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole Beauchemin
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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93
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Leduc C, Antoni D, Charloux A, Falcoz PE, Quoix E. Comorbidities in the management of patients with lung cancer. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/3/1601721. [PMID: 28356370 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01721-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer represents a major public health issue worldwide. Unfortunately, more than half of them are diagnosed at an advanced stage. Moreover, even if diagnosed early, diagnosis procedures and treatment can be difficult due to the frequent comorbidities observed in these patients. Some of these comorbidities have a common major risk factor, i.e. smoking, whereas others are unrelated to smoking but frequently observed in the general population. These comorbidities must be carefully assessed before any diagnostic and/or therapeutic decisions are made regarding the lung cancer. For example, in a patient with severe emphysema or with diffuse lung fibrosis, transthoracic needle biopsy can be contraindicated, meaning that in some instances a precise diagnosis cannot be obtained; in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, surgery may be impossible or should be preceded by intensive rehabilitation; patients with interstitial lung disease are at risk of radiation pneumonitis and should not receive drugs which can worsen the respiratory insufficiency. Patients who belong to what are called "special populations", e.g. elderly or HIV infected, should be treated specifically, especially regarding systemic treatment. Last but not least, psychosocial factors are of great importance and can vary from one country to another according to health insurance coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Leduc
- Pneumology Dept, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Delphine Antoni
- Radiotherapy Dept, Centre Paul Strauss, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Anne Charloux
- Physiology and Functional Explorations Dept, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | | | - Elisabeth Quoix
- Pneumology Dept, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg Cedex, France
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94
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Zamay GS, Ivanchenko TI, Zamay TN, Grigorieva VL, Glazyrin YE, Kolovskaya OS, Garanzha IV, Barinov AA, Krat AV, Mironov GG, Gargaun A, Veprintsev DV, Bekuzarov SS, Kirichenko AK, Zukov RA, Petrova MM, Modestov AA, Berezovski MV, Zamay AS. DNA Aptamers for the Characterization of Histological Structure of Lung Adenocarcinoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 6:150-162. [PMID: 28325282 PMCID: PMC5363495 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid aptamers are becoming popular as molecular probes for identification and imaging pathology and, at the same time, as a convenient platform for targeted therapy. Recent studies have shown that aptamers may be effectively used for tumor characterization and as commercially available monoclonal antibodies. Here we present three DNA aptamers binding to whole transformed lung cancer tissues, including tumor cells, connective tissues, and blood vessels. Protein targets have been revealed using affinity purification followed by mass spectrometry analyses, and they have been validated using a panel of correspondent antibodies and 3D imaging of tumor tissues. Each of the proteins targeted by the aptamers is involved in cancer progression and most of them are crucial for lung adenocarcinoma. We propose the use of these aptamers in aptahistochemistry for the characterization of the histological structure of lung adenocarcinoma. The value of the presented aptamers is their application together or separately for indicating the spread of neoplastic transformation, for complex differential diagnostics, and for targeted therapy of the tumor itself as well as all transformed structures of the adjacent tissues. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that these aptamers could be used for intraoperative tumor visualization and margin assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina S Zamay
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia; Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Tatiana I Ivanchenko
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Tatiana N Zamay
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Valentina L Grigorieva
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Yury E Glazyrin
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Olga S Kolovskaya
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia; Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Irina V Garanzha
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia; Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | | | - Alexey V Krat
- Krasnoyarsk Regional Clinical Cancer Center, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Gleb G Mironov
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ana Gargaun
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Dmitry V Veprintsev
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia; Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Sergey S Bekuzarov
- Krasnoyarsk Regional Clinical Pathological Anatomical Bureau, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Andrey K Kirichenko
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Ruslan A Zukov
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia; Krasnoyarsk Regional Clinical Cancer Center, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Marina M Petrova
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Andrey A Modestov
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia; Krasnoyarsk Regional Clinical Cancer Center, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Maxim V Berezovski
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Anna S Zamay
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia; Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
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95
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Gascard P, Tlsty TD. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts: orchestrating the composition of malignancy. Genes Dev 2017; 30:1002-19. [PMID: 27151975 PMCID: PMC4863733 DOI: 10.1101/gad.279737.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 521] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The tumor stroma is no longer seen solely as physical support for mutated epithelial cells but as an important modulator and even a driver of tumorigenicity. Within the tumor stromal milieu, heterogeneous populations of fibroblast-like cells, collectively termed carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), are key players in the multicellular, stromal-dependent alterations that contribute to malignant initiation and progression. This review focuses on novel insights into the contributions of CAFs to disease progression, emergent events leading to the generation of CAFs, identification of CAF-specific biomarkers predictive of disease outcome, and recent therapeutic approaches aimed at blunting or reverting detrimental protumorigenic phenotypes associated with CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gascard
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Thea D Tlsty
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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96
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Wan XY, Zhai XF, Jiang YP, Han T, Zhang QY, Xin HL. Antimetastatic effects of norcantharidin on hepatocellular carcinoma cells by up-regulating FAM46C expression. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:155-166. [PMID: 28123642 PMCID: PMC5250712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Norcantharidin (NCTD), a demethylated analog of cantharidin, possesses antimetastatic effects on HCC cells. The aim of this study was to identify target proteins of NCTD. In this study, we confirmed the antimetastatic effects of NCTD on SMMC-7721 and MHCC-97H cells. Through RNA sequencing, we found a non-canonical poly (A) polymerase, Family-with-sequence-similarity-46C (FAM46C) was up-regulated in response to NCTD exposure. Gene set enrichment analysis on The Cancer Genome Atlas liver HCC (LIHC) dataset revealed that metastasis down pathway was strongly associated with FAM46C expression. Overexpression of FAM46C in HCC cells suppressed cell migration and invasion via suppressing transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Additionally, the antimetastatic effects of NCTD on HCC cells were partially rescued by FAM46C knockdown. Collectively, our results suggested that FAM46C, up-regulated by NCTD treatment, played a critical role in promoting the migration and invasion of HCC cells via TGF-β/Smad signaling. We identified a new therapeutic target of NCTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Ying Wan
- The integrated TCM & Western Medicine Department, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhai
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Ping Jiang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Ting Han
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Liang Xin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai 200433, P. R. China
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Li H, Yao Z, He W, Gao H, Bai Y, Yang S, Zhang L, Zhan R, Tan J, Zhou J, Takata M, Wu J, Luo G. P311 induces the transdifferentiation of epidermal stem cells to myofibroblast-like cells by stimulating transforming growth factor β1 expression. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:175. [PMID: 27906099 PMCID: PMC5131552 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0421-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epithelial to mesenchymal transition, especially to myofibroblasts, plays an important role in wound healing, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. Epidermal stem cells (EpSCs) are responsible for epidermal renewal and wound re-epithelialization. However, it remains unclear whether and how EpSCs transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts or myofibroblast-like cells (MFLCs). Here, we provide the first evidence showing that P311 induces EpSC to MFLC transdifferentiation (EpMyT) via TGFβ1/Smad signaling. Methods Wound healing and mesenchymal features were observed in the P311 KO and P311 WT mouse model of superficial second-degree burns. After the primary human or mouse EpSCs were forced to highly express P311 using an adenoviral vector, EpMyT was observed by immunofluorescence, real-time PCR, and western blot. The activity of TGFβ1 and Smad2/3 in EpSCs with different P311 levels was observed by western blot. The TβRI/II inhibitor LY2109761 and Smad3 siRNA were applied to block the EpMyT in P311-overexpressing EpSCs and exogenous TGFβ1 was to restore the EpMyT in P311 KO EpSCs. Furthermore, the mechanism of P311 regulating TGFβ1 was investigated by bisulfite sequencing PCR, luciferase activity assay, and real-time PCR. Results P311 KO mouse wounds showed delayed re-epithelialization and reduced mesenchymal features. The human or mouse EpSCs with overexpressed P311 exhibited fusiform morphological changes, upregulated expression of myofibroblast markers (α-SMA and vimentin), and downregulated expression of EpSC markers (β1-integrin and E-cadherin). P311-expressing EpSCs showed decreased TGFβ1 mRNA and increased TGFβ1 protein, TβRI/II mRNA, and activated Smad2/3. Moreover, LY2109761 and Smad3 siRNA reversed P311-induced EpMyT. Under the stimulation of exogenous TGFβ1, the phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 in P311 KO EpSCs was significantly lower than that in P311 WT EpSCs and the EpMyT in P311 KO EpSCs was restored. Furthermore, P311 enhanced the methylation of TGFβ1 promoter and increased activities of TGFβ1 5′/3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) to stimulate TGFβ1 expression. P311+α-SMA+ cells and P311+vimentin+ cells were observed in the epidermis of human burn wounds. Also, P311 was upregulated by IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and hypoxia. Conclusions P311 is a novel TGFβ1/Smad signaling-mediated regulator of transdifferentiation in EpSCs during cutaneous wound healing. Furthermore, P311 might stimulate TGFβ1 expression by promoting TGFβ1 promoter methylation and by activating the TGFβ1 5′/3′ UTR. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-016-0421-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Li
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhihui Yao
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,People's Liberation Army Hospital 59, Kaiyuan, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Weifeng He
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyan Gao
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sisi Yang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rixing Zhan
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianglin Tan
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junyi Zhou
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Masao Takata
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jun Wu
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Gaoxing Luo
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Sekhon HK, Sircar K, Kaur G, Marwah M. Evaluation of Role of Myofibroblasts in Oral Cancer: A Systematic Review. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016; 9:233-239. [PMID: 27843256 PMCID: PMC5086012 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To conduct a systematic review on the role of myofibroblasts in progression of oral cancer. The myofibroblast is essential for the integrity of the mammalian body by virtue of its role in wound healing, but it also plays a negative role due to their role in promoting tumor development. Settings and design Systematic review. Materials and methods Bibliographic searches were conducted in several electronic databases using all publications in PubMed, PubMed central, EMBASE, CancerLit, Google scholar, and Cochrane CCTR between 1990 and June 2015. Results The search of all publications from various electronic databases revealed 1,371 citations. The total number of studies considered for systematic review was 43. The total number of patients included in the studies was 990. Conclusion Myofibroblasts are a significant component in stroma of oral cancer cases, though not identified in all cases. This systematic review shows that clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemistry tests have correlated the presence of high myofibroblast count in oral cancer cell stroma. Key Messages Myofibroblasts play a significant role in oral cancer invasion and progression. Various studies have demonstrated their association with oral cancer. This review tends to highlight their role in the pathogenesis of oral cancer over the decade. How to cite this article Sekhon HK, Sircar K, Kaur G, Marwah M. Evaluation of Role of Myofibroblasts in Oral Cancer: A Systematic Review. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(3):233-239.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harjeet K Sekhon
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, D.J. College of Dental Sciences & Research, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Keya Sircar
- Head, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Gurbani Kaur
- Ex-post Graduate Student, Department of Periodontology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Muneet Marwah
- Postgraduate, Department of Prosthodontics, Government Dental College Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Xiao Y, Liu J, Peng Y, Xiong X, Huang L, Yang H, Zhang J, Tao L. GSTA3 Attenuates Renal Interstitial Fibrosis by Inhibiting TGF-Beta-Induced Tubular Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Fibronectin Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160855. [PMID: 27602565 PMCID: PMC5014405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubular epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been widely accepted as the underlying mechanisms of renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF). The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a vital role in tubular EMT process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the involved molecular mechanisms in TGF-beta-induced EMT and identify the potential role of glutathione S-transferase alpha 3 (GSTA3) in this process. The iTRAQ screening was performed to identify protein alterations of the rats underwent unilateral-ureteral obstruction (UUO). Protein expression of GSTA3 in patients with obstructive nephropathy and UUO rats was detected by immunohistochemistry. Protein and mRNA expression of GSTA3 in UUO rats and NRK-52E cells were determined by Western blot and RT-PCR. siRNA and overexpression plasmid were transfected specifically to assess the role of GSTA3 in RIF. The generation of ROS was measured by dichlorofluorescein fluorescence analysis. GSTA3 protein and mRNA expression was significantly reduced in UUO rats. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that GSTA3 expression was reduced in renal cortex in UUO rats and patients with obstructive nephropathy. Treating with TGF-β1 down-regulated GSTA3 expression in NRK-52E cells, which have been found to be correlated with the decreased expression in E-cadherin and megalin and increased expression in α-smooth muscle actin. Furthermore, knocking down GSTA3 in NRK-52 cells led to increased production of ROS and tubular EMT, whereas overexpressing GSTA3 ameliorated ROS production and prevented the occurrence of tubular EMT. GSTA3 plays a protective role against tubular EMT in renal fibrosis, suggesting GSTA3 is a potential therapeutic target for RIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xiao
- Division of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, 410078.,Division of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China, 510120
| | - Jishi Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, 410078
| | - Yu Peng
- Division of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, 410078
| | - Xuan Xiong
- Division of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, 410078
| | - Ling Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, 410078
| | - Huixiang Yang
- Division of Digestive Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, 410078
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lijian Tao
- Division of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, 410078.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of China, Central South University, Changsha, China, 410078
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Fong ELS, Harrington DA, Farach-Carson MC, Yu H. Heralding a new paradigm in 3D tumor modeling. Biomaterials 2016; 108:197-213. [PMID: 27639438 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies to date have contributed to a paradigm shift in modeling cancer, moving from the traditional two-dimensional culture system to three-dimensional (3D) culture systems for cancer cell culture. This led to the inception of tumor engineering, which has undergone rapid advances over the years. In line with the recognition that tumors are not merely masses of proliferating cancer cells but rather, highly complex tissues consisting of a dynamic extracellular matrix together with stromal, immune and endothelial cells, significant efforts have been made to better recapitulate the tumor microenvironment in 3D. These approaches include the development of engineered matrices and co-cultures to replicate the complexity of tumor-stroma interactions in vitro. However, the tumor engineering and cancer biology fields have traditionally relied heavily on the use of cancer cell lines as a cell source in tumor modeling. While cancer cell lines have contributed to a wealth of knowledge in cancer biology, the use of this cell source is increasingly perceived as a major contributing factor to the dismal failure rate of oncology drugs in drug development. Backing this notion is the increasing evidence that tumors possess intrinsic heterogeneity, which predominantly homogeneous cancer cell lines poorly reflect. Tumor heterogeneity contributes to therapeutic resistance in patients. To overcome this limitation, cancer cell lines are beginning to be replaced by primary tumor cell sources, in the form of patient-derived xenografts and organoids cultures. Moving forward, we propose that further advances in tumor engineering would require that tumor heterogeneity (tumor variants) be taken into consideration together with tumor complexity (tumor-stroma interactions). In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of what has been achieved in recapitulating tumor complexity, and discuss the importance of incorporating tumor heterogeneity into 3D in vitro tumor models. This work carves out the roadmap for 3D tumor engineering and highlights some of the challenges that need to be addressed as we move forward into the next chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza L S Fong
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | | | | | - Hanry Yu
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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