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Chen Y, Guo Y, Li J, Chen YY, Liu Q, Tan L, Gao ZR, Zhang SH, Zhou YH, Feng YZ. Endoplasmic reticulum stress remodels alveolar bone formation after tooth extraction. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:12411-12420. [PMID: 32996245 PMCID: PMC7687007 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone healing in tooth extraction sockets occurs in a complex environment containing saliva and many microorganisms and is affected by many factors. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress affects bone metabolism, but the role of ER stress in bone healing after tooth extraction remains unclear. We utilized a rat tooth extraction model, in which we promoted wound healing by using salubrinal to regulate the ER stress response. Western blot analysis showed increased expression of p‐eIF2α/eIF2α, Runx2 and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in bone tissue, and histological assays showed irregularly arranged and new bone with more collagen fibres 14 days after tooth extraction and after modulating the degree of ER stress. Micro‐CT showed that modulating ER stress to an appropriate degree increases bone filling in regards to the density in the bottom and the surrounding bone wall of the tooth extraction wounds. Transmission electron microscopy showed rough ER expansion and newly formed collagen fibrils in osteoblasts after modulating ER stress to an appropriate degree. We also used different concentrations of salubrinal to evaluate the resistance to tunicamycin‐induced ER stress in an osteogenic induction environment. Salubrinal restored the tunicamycin‐induced decrease in the viability of primary calvarial osteoblasts and increased the expression of Runx2 and ALP, and decreased p‐eIF2α/eIF2α in a dose‐dependent manner. Taken together, the results demonstrate that ER stress occurred after tooth extraction, and regulating the degree of ER stress can promote bone healing in tooth extraction sockets, providing clinical evidence for bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying-Yi Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zheng-Rong Gao
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shao-Hui Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying-Hui Zhou
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yun-Zhi Feng
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Huang T, Liu Y, Li H, Zhang Y, Kong D, Cui G. β-Glucan ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced by methionine and choline-deficient diet in mice. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13408. [PMID: 32713066 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is becoming a huge global health problem. Studies showed that β-glucan displayed potent anti-inflammatory and other multi-beneficial pharmacological properties. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of β-glucan on NASH mice induced by the MCD diet. After 8 weeks of β-glucan treatments, results showed that β-glucan effectively decreased the serum ALT and AST levels compared with the MCD model. Besides, histopathological results demonstrated that β-glucan significantly attenuated the fat accumulation, steatosis, and inflammation in the liver compared with that of the MCD group. Furthermore, the ER stress-responsive proteins, including GRP78, p-eiF-2α, and p-JNK, were markedly restrained by β-glucan, while ERp57, p-MAPK, and p-Akt were significantly increased after β-glucan treatment. Collectively, our results suggested that β-glucan beneficially resisted NASH induced by the MCD diet. The ER stress response may be involved in the mechanisms of action of β-glucan. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study is the first to report the hepatoprotective activity of β-glucan against MCD diet-induced NASH in mice, mainly reflecting its ability to ameliorate hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammation, with the mechanism possibly involving mediating the ER stress signaling pathway. Our results suggest that the β-glucan has good application prospects to be used as a raw material in functional foods for the clinical treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yahui Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Huiming Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Dezhi Kong
- Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guozhen Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
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Yang D, Wei Y, Lu Q, Qin D, Zhang M, Du X, Xu W, Yu X, He C, Li N, Peng S, Li G, Hua J. Melatonin alleviates LPS-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation in spermatogonial stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:3536-3551. [PMID: 32996162 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Orchitis is one of the leading causes of male animal infertility and is associated with inflammatory reactions caused by the bacterium. It has been reported that there is a mutual coupling effect between endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and inflammatory response. Our studies showed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) could cause testicular damages, apoptosis, ERS, and inflammatory responses in spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs); ERS-related apoptosis proteins were activated and the expression of ERS genes was significantly upregulated; meanwhile, the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 and inflammation factors was apparently increased with LPS treatment. Moreover, melatonin (MEL) could rescue testicular damage, and significantly inhibited the expression of ERS-related apoptosis genes, ERS markers, and inflammatory factors in SSCs and MEL played repairing and anti-infection roles in LPS-induced testicular damage. Therefore, MEL may be used as a drug to prevent and control bacterial infections in male reproductive systems. However, the specific molecular mechanism of MEL to resist ERS and inflammatory response remains to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Yang
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yudong Wei
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qizhong Lu
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dezhe Qin
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengfei Zhang
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaomin Du
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiuwei Yu
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chen He
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Na Li
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sha Peng
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guangpeng Li
- Key Laboratory for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jinlian Hua
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Shastri S, Shinde T, Perera AP, Gueven N, Eri R. Idebenone Protects against Spontaneous Chronic Murine Colitis by Alleviating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Inflammatory Response. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8100384. [PMID: 32998266 PMCID: PMC7601570 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in intestinal secretory goblet cells has been linked to the development of ulcerative colitis (UC). Emerging evidence suggests that the short chain quinone drug idebenone displays anti-inflammatory activity in addition to its potent antioxidant and mitochondrial electron donor properties. This study evaluated the impact of idebenone in Winnie mice, that are characterized by spontaneous chronic intestinal inflammation and ER stress caused by a missense mutation in the mucin MUC2 gene. Idebenone (200 mg/kg) was orally administered daily to 5-6 weeks old Winnie mice over a period of 21 days. Idebenone treatment substantially improved body weight gain, disease activity index (DAI), colon length and histopathology score. Immunohistochemistry revealed increased expression of MUC2 protein in goblet cells, consistent with increased MUC2 mRNA levels. Furthermore, idebenone significantly reduced the expression of the ER stress markers C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and X-box binding protein-1 (XBP-1) at both mRNA and protein levels. Idebenone also effectively reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in colonic explants. Taken together, these results indicate that idebenone could represent a potential therapeutic approach against human UC by its strong anti-inflammatory activity and its ability to reduce markers of ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Shastri
- Gut Health Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Tasmania, Australia; (T.S.); (A.P.P.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (R.E.); Tel.: +61-4-4992-4236 (S.S.); +61-3-6226-5017 (R.E.)
| | - Tanvi Shinde
- Gut Health Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Tasmania, Australia; (T.S.); (A.P.P.)
- Centre for Food Innovation, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Agampodi Promoda Perera
- Gut Health Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Tasmania, Australia; (T.S.); (A.P.P.)
| | - Nuri Gueven
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Tasmania, Australia;
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- Gut Health Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Tasmania, Australia; (T.S.); (A.P.P.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (R.E.); Tel.: +61-4-4992-4236 (S.S.); +61-3-6226-5017 (R.E.)
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Oczkowicz M, Szmatoła T, Świątkiewicz M, Koseniuk A, Smołucha G, Witarski W, Wierzbicka A. 3'quant mRNA-Seq of Porcine Liver Reveals Alterations in UPR, Acute Phase Response, and Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism in Response to Different Dietary Fats. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11091087. [PMID: 32961898 PMCID: PMC7565913 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal fats are considered to be unhealthy, in contrast to vegetable fats, which are rich in unsaturated fatty acids. However, the use of some fats, such as coconut oil, is still controversial. In our experiment, we divided experimental animals (domestic pigs) into three groups differing only in the type of fat used in the diet: group R: rapeseed oil (n = 5); group B: beef tallow (n = 5); group C: coconut oil (n = 6). After transcriptomic analysis of liver samples, we identified 188, 93, and 53 DEGs (differentially expressed genes) in R vs. B, R vs. C, and B vs. C comparisons, respectively. Next, we performed a functional analysis of identified DEGs with String and IPA software. We observed the enrichment of genes engaged in the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the acute phase response among genes upregulated in B compared to R. In contrast, cholesterol biosynthesis and cholesterol efflux enrichments were observed among genes downregulated in B when compared to R. Moreover, activation of the UPR and inhibition of the sirtuin signaling pathway were noted in C when compared to R. The most striking difference in liver transcriptomic response between C and B was the activation of the acute phase response and inhibition of bile acid synthesis in the latest group. Our results suggest that excessive consumption of animal fats leads to the activation of a cascade of mutually propelling processes harmful to the liver: inflammation, UPR, and imbalances in the biosynthesis of cholesterol and bile acids via altered organelle membrane composition. Nevertheless, these studies should be extended with analysis at the level of proteins and their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Oczkowicz
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (T.S.); (A.K.); (G.S.); (W.W.); (A.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48666081109
| | - Tomasz Szmatoła
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (T.S.); (A.K.); (G.S.); (W.W.); (A.W.)
- Centre of Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Świątkiewicz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland;
| | - Anna Koseniuk
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (T.S.); (A.K.); (G.S.); (W.W.); (A.W.)
| | - Grzegorz Smołucha
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (T.S.); (A.K.); (G.S.); (W.W.); (A.W.)
| | - Wojciech Witarski
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (T.S.); (A.K.); (G.S.); (W.W.); (A.W.)
| | - Alicja Wierzbicka
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (T.S.); (A.K.); (G.S.); (W.W.); (A.W.)
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Hamann A, Kozisek T, Broad K, Pannier AK. Glucocorticoid Priming of Nonviral Gene Delivery to hMSCs Increases Transfection by Reducing Induced Stresses. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 18:713-722. [PMID: 32913879 PMCID: PMC7452153 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are under study for cell and gene therapeutics because of their immunomodulatory and regenerative properties. Safe and efficient gene delivery could increase hMSC clinical potential by enabling expression of transgenes for control over factor production, behavior, and differentiation. Viral delivery is efficient but suffers from safety issues, while nonviral methods are safe but highly inefficient, especially in hMSCs. We previously demonstrated that priming cells with glucocorticoids (Gcs) before delivery of DNA complexes significantly increases hMSC transfection, which correlates with a rescue of transfection-induced metabolic and protein synthesis decline, and apoptosis. In this work, we show that transgene expression enhancement is mediated by transcriptional activation of endogenous hMSC genes by the cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor (cGR) and that transfection enhancement can be potentiated with a GR transcription-activation synergist. We demonstrate that the Gc-activated cGR modulates endogenous hMSC gene expression to ameliorate transfection-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stresses, apoptosis, and inflammatory responses to prevent hMSC metabolic and protein synthesis decline, resulting in enhanced transgene expression after nonviral gene delivery to hMSCs. These results provide insights important for rational design of more efficient nonviral gene delivery and priming techniques that could be utilized for clinical hMSC applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hamann
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0726, USA
| | - Tyler Kozisek
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0726, USA
| | - Kelly Broad
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0726, USA
| | - Angela K Pannier
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0726, USA
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Sun S, Ji Z, Fu J, Wang XF, Zhang LS. Endosulfan induces endothelial inflammation and dysfunction via IRE1α/NF-κB signaling pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:26163-26171. [PMID: 32361974 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are related to vascular endothelial cell injury; our previous studies showed that endosulfan could cause hypercoagulation of blood by inducing endothelial cell injury. To clarify the mechanism of it, we treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with 0, 1, 5, and 10 μg/mL endosulfan, while in the inhibition groups, reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 3 mmol) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor (STF-083010, 10 μmol) were incubated prior to endosulfan. The results showed that endosulfan could induce inflammatory response and dysfunction by increasing the release of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and endothelin-1 (ET-1), and inducing ROS production in HUVECs. We also found that endosulfan could cause ER damage, remarkably increase the expressions of inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), phosphorylated IRE1α (p-IRE1α), GRP78, XBP1, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and phosphorylated NF-κB (p-NF-κB) in HUVECs. The presence of NAC antagonized the ROS production, expressions of IRE1α and p-IRE1α; however, STF-083010 could decrease the expression levels of GRP78, XBP1, NF-κB, and p-NF-κB and attenuate IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, VCAM-1, and ET-1 release induced by endosulfan. These results demonstrated that endosulfan-induced endothelial inflammation and dysfunction through the IRE1α/NF-κB signaling pathway may be triggered by oxidative stress. The study provided experimental basis for the correlation between environmental pollutants (endosulfan) and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShiTian Sun
- College of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - ZhengGuo Ji
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital medical University, Beijing, China
| | - JiaRong Fu
- College of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Feng Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Yu Huang Ding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lian-Shuang Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China.
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Miao K, Zhang L, Pan T, Wang Y. Update on the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in asthma. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:1168-1183. [PMID: 32355534 PMCID: PMC7191165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Asthma has long attracted extensive attention because of its recurring symptoms of reversible airflow obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and airway inflammation. Although accumulating evidence has enabled gradual increases in understanding of the pathogenesis of asthma, many questions regarding the mechanisms underlying asthma onset and progression remain unanswered. Recent advances delineating the potential functions of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in meeting the need for an airway hypersensitivity response have revealed critical roles of unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways in asthma. In this review, we highlight the roles of ER stress and UPR activation in the etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of asthma and discuss whether the related mechanisms could be targets for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Miao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Key Cite of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Wuhan Clinical Medical Research Center for Chronic Airway Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Key Cite of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Wuhan Clinical Medical Research Center for Chronic Airway Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Key Cite of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Wuhan Clinical Medical Research Center for Chronic Airway Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Key Cite of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Wuhan Clinical Medical Research Center for Chronic Airway Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430030, China
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Zhang Y, Chen W, Wang Y. STING is an essential regulator of heart inflammation and fibrosis in mice with pathological cardiac hypertrophy via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:110022. [PMID: 32106379 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is characterized by myocyte enlargement and cardiac dysfunction. However, the pathogenesis for this disease is still poorly understood. Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) could meditate inflammation and immune response in various kinds of diseases. In this work, we demonstrated that STING was critical for pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Results showed that STING expression was up-regulated in human and mouse hypertrophic hearts. STING knockout attenuated cardiac hypertrophy induced by aortic banding (AB). The effects of STING deficiency on the improvement of cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction were associated with the restrained macrophage infiltration, inflammatory response and fibrosis. Moreover, ER stress was detected in hearts of AB-operated mice, as evidenced by the increased expression of phospho-protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), phospho-eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) and phospho-inositol-requiring kinase (IRE)-1α. Importantly, these proteins were restrained in mice with STING knockout after AB surgery. What's more, angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced STING could be accelerated by ER stress activator, while being markedly abolished by the ER stress inhibitor. We then found that whether co-treated with or without transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), cardiac fibroblasts cultured in the conditional medium (CM) from Ang II-incubated cardiomyocytes with STING knockdown exhibited significantly reduced fibrosis, as displayed by the clearly down-regulated expression of α-SMA, Collagen type I (Col I) and Collagen type III (Col III). Therefore, we defined STING as an important signal contributing to cardiac hypertrophy closely associated with ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an City, 710004, China
| | - Wenzhong Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of General Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University(People's Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District), Shenzhen City, 518101, China.
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Hang L, Peng Y, Xiang R, Li X, Li Z. Ox-LDL Causes Endothelial Cell Injury Through ASK1/NLRP3-Mediated Inflammasome Activation via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:731-744. [PMID: 32158192 PMCID: PMC7047838 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s231916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study was to investigate the mechanism of inflammatory pathology modification induced by ox-LDL in endothelial cells. Methodology In this study, we firstly investigated the efflux of cholesterol of endothelial cells under the treatment of ox-LDL, and cell proliferation, ROS production, cell apoptosis was measured. Further, proteins of ASK1, NLRP3 inflammasomes and endoplasmic reticulum stress response were detected. Afterwards, ASK1 inhibitor (GS-4997) or endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) inhibitor (4-PBA) was used to measure the performance of endothelial cells. Results In this study, endothelial cells were treated with ox-LDLs alone or in combination with a GS-4997 or 4-PBA. Results showed that ox-LDLs attenuated the efflux of cholesterol from endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. Ox-LDLs inhibited the proliferation of endothelial cells, and induced their apoptosis and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, ox-LDLs upregulated the levels of phosphorylated ASK1, ERS-related proteins (chop, p-PERK, GRP78, and p-IRE-1), and inflammation-associated proteins (NLRP3, IL-1β, and caspase 1) in endothelial cells. Moreover, we proved that GS-4997 could partly reverse ox-LDL-mediated cell proliferation, apoptosis, ROS production, and inflammation in endothelial cells, and increase cholesterol efflux. We also found that 4-PBA could attenuate the effects of ox-LDLs on endothelial cell cholesterol efflux, proliferation, apoptosis, ROS production, and inflammation. Conclusion Our results suggest that cholesterol efflux from endothelial cells is reduced by ox-LDLs, and these reductions in cholesterol efflux are accompanied by increased NLRP3 inflammasome signaling, ASK1 and higher levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Our results suggest this axis as potential targets for treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Hang
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Heart Center and Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong, Guangdong 510280, People's Republic of China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, Dongsheng People's Hospital, Erdos City, Inner Mongolia 017000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Heart Center and Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong, Guangdong 510280, People's Republic of China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, People's Republic of China
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Díaz-Bulnes P, Saiz ML, López-Larrea C, Rodríguez RM. Crosstalk Between Hypoxia and ER Stress Response: A Key Regulator of Macrophage Polarization. Front Immunol 2020; 10:2951. [PMID: 31998288 PMCID: PMC6961549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage activation and polarization are closely linked with metabolic rewiring, which is required to sustain their biological functions. These metabolic alterations allow the macrophages to adapt to the microenvironment changes associated with inflammation or tissue damage (hypoxia, nutrient imbalance, oxidative stress, etc.) and to fulfill their highly energy-demanding proinflammatory and anti-microbial functions. This response is integrated via metabolic sensors that coordinate these metabolic fluxes with their functional requirements. Here we review how the metabolic and phenotypic plasticity of macrophages are intrinsically connected with the hypoxia stress sensors and the unfolded protein response in the endoplasmic reticulum, and how these molecular pathways participate in the maladaptive polarization of macrophages in human pathology and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Díaz-Bulnes
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Laura Saiz
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carlos López-Larrea
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Immunology Service, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ramón M Rodríguez
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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62
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Salazar J, Chávez-Castillo M, Rojas J, Ortega A, Nava M, Pérez J, Rojas M, Espinoza C, Chacin M, Herazo Y, Angarita L, Rojas DM, D'Marco L, Bermudez V. Is "Leptin Resistance" Another Key Resistance to Manage Type 2 Diabetes? Curr Diabetes Rev 2020; 16:733-749. [PMID: 31886750 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816666191230111838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although novel pharmacological options for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) have been observed to modulate the functionality of several key organs in glucose homeostasis, successful regulation of insulin resistance (IR), body weight management, and pharmacological treatment of obesity remain notable problems in endocrinology. Leptin may be a pivotal player in this scenario, as an adipokine which centrally regulates appetite and energy balance. In obesity, excessive caloric intake promotes a low-grade inflammatory response, which leads to dysregulations in lipid storage and adipokine secretion. In turn, these entail alterations in leptin sensitivity, leptin transport across the blood-brain barrier and defects in post-receptor signaling. Furthermore, hypothalamic inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress may increase the expression of molecules which may disrupt leptin signaling. Abundant evidence has linked obesity and leptin resistance, which may precede or occur simultaneously to IR and DM2. Thus, leptin sensitivity may be a potential early therapeutic target that demands further preclinical and clinical research. Modulators of insulin sensitivity have been tested in animal models and small clinical trials with promising results, especially in combination with agents such as amylin and GLP-1 analogs, in particular, due to their central activity in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Salazar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, The University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Mervin Chávez-Castillo
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, The University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Joselyn Rojas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Angel Ortega
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, The University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Manuel Nava
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, The University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - José Pérez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, The University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Milagros Rojas
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, The University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | | | - Maricarmen Chacin
- Universidad Simon Bolivar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Yaneth Herazo
- Universidad Simon Bolivar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Lissé Angarita
- Escuela de Nutricion y Dietetica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Sede Concepcion, Chile
| | - Diana Marcela Rojas
- Escuela de Nutricion y Dietética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis D'Marco
- Hospital Clinico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Servicio de Nefrologia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Valmore Bermudez
- Universidad Simon Bolivar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla, Colombia
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63
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Cheng SB, Nakashima A, Huber WJ, Davis S, Banerjee S, Huang Z, Saito S, Sadovsky Y, Sharma S. Pyroptosis is a critical inflammatory pathway in the placenta from early onset preeclampsia and in human trophoblasts exposed to hypoxia and endoplasmic reticulum stressors. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:927. [PMID: 31804457 PMCID: PMC6895177 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Systemic manifestation of preeclampsia (PE) is associated with circulating factors, including inflammatory cytokines and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), or alarmins. However, it is unclear whether the placenta directly contributes to the increased levels of these inflammatory triggers. Here, we demonstrate that pyroptosis, a unique inflammatory cell death pathway, occurs in the placenta predominantly from early onset PE, as evidenced by elevated levels of active caspase-1 and its substrate or cleaved products, gasdermin D (GSDMD), IL-1β, and IL-18. Using cellular models mimicking pathophysiological conditions (e.g., autophagy deficiency, hypoxia, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress), we observed that pyroptosis could be induced in autophagy-deficient human trophoblasts treated with sera from PE patients as well as in primary human trophoblasts exposed to hypoxia. Exposure to hypoxia elicits excessive unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER stress and activation of the NOD-like receptor pyrin-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in primary human trophoblasts. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), a marker for hyperactivated UPR and a crucial signaling molecule linked to NLRP3 inflammasome activation, is significantly increased in hypoxia-treated trophoblasts. No evidence was observed for necroptosis-associated events. Importantly, these molecular events in hypoxia-treated human trophoblasts are significantly observed in placental tissue from women with early onset PE. Taken together, we propose that placental pyroptosis is a key event that induces the release of factors into maternal circulation that possibly contribute to severe sterile inflammation and early onset PE pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Bin Cheng
- Departments of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Akitoshi Nakashima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Warren J Huber
- Departments of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sarah Davis
- Departments of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sayani Banerjee
- Departments of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Zheping Huang
- Departments of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Shigeru Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yoel Sadovsky
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Surendra Sharma
- Departments of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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64
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Chen S, Chen Y, Chen Y, Yao Z. InP/ZnS Quantum Dots Cause Inflammatory Response in Macrophages Through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Oxidative stress. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:9577-9586. [PMID: 31824152 PMCID: PMC6901044 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s218748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Quantum dots (QDs) are widely used semiconductor nanomaterials. Indium phosphide/zinc sulfide (InP/ZnS) QDs are becoming potential alternatives to toxic heavy metal-containing QDs. However, the potential toxicity and, in particular, the immunotoxicity of InP/ZnS QDs are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of InP/ZnS QDs on inflammatory responses both in vivo and in vitro. Methods Mice and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) were exposed to polyethylene glycol (PEG) coated InP/ZnS QDs. The infiltration of neutrophils and the release of interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured using a hematology analyzer and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the in vivo test. Cytotoxicity, IL-6 secretion, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were studied in the BMMs, and then, inhibitors of oxidative stress and ER stress were used to explore the mechanism of the InP/ZnS QDs. Results We found that 20 mg/kg PEG-InP/ZnS QDs increased the number of neutrophils and the levels of IL-6 in both peritoneal lavage fluids and blood, which indicated acute phase inflammation in the mice. PEG-InP/ZnS QDs also activated the BMMs and increased the production of IL-6. In addition, PEG-InP/ZnS QDs triggered oxidative stress and the ER stress-related PERK-ATF4 pathway in the BMMs. Moreover, the inflammatory response caused by the PEG-InP/ZnS QDs could be attenuated in the macrophages by blocking the oxidative stress or the ER stress with inhibitors. Conclusion InP/ZnS QDs can activate macrophages and induce acute phase inflammation both in vivo and in vitro, which may be regulated by oxidative stress and ER stress. Our present work is expected to help clarify the biosafety of InP/ZnS QDs and promote their safe application in biomedical and engineering fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajing Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yenhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, People's Republic of China
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65
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Zhao M, Chen Q, Xu W, Wang H, Che Y, Wu M, Wang L, Lijuan C, Hao H. Total ginsenosides extract induce autophagic cell death in NSCLC cells through activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 243:112093. [PMID: 31325602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey) has been widely used in Asian countries for thousands of years. It has auxiliary anticancer efficacy and its derived preparations (e.g. Shenmai injection) are prescribed for cancer patients as Traditional Chinese Medicines clinically in China. AIM OF THE STUDY The involved adjuvant anticancer mechanisms of ginseng are still unknown. The present study evaluated the anti-cancer effect of total ginsenosides extract (TGS) and determined the anticancer mechanisms of TGS-induced cell death in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-cancer effect of TGS was evaluated in NSCLC by cell proliferation assay. The autophagy flux induction of TGS were tested and validated by Western blot, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscope. The mechanisms of TGS in inducing autophagic cell death were validated by Western blot, gene knockdown and quantitative real time PCR assay. RESULTS We found TGS could induce cell death in concentration and time dependent manners, and the cell morphology of NSCLC changed from cobblestone shape to elongated spindle shape after treated with TGS. In the study of cell autophagy, we confirm that TGS could upregulate autophagy flux and induce autophagic cell death through activation endoplasmic reticulum stress. Further investigations demonstrated this process was mediated by the ATF4-CHOP-AKT1-mTOR axis in NSCLC cells. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that TGS could induce autophagic cell death in NSCLC cells through activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, disclosing another characteristic of TGS-induced cell death and a novel mechanism of TGS and its derived preparations in clinical treatment of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Qiufang Chen
- Science and Education Division, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Wanfeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yuan Che
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Mengqiu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Cao Lijuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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66
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Lee SM, Lee EM, Park JK, Jeon HS, Oh S, Hong S, Jung YM, Kim BJ, Kim SM, Norwitz ER, Lee EB, Louangsenlath S, Park CW, Jun JK, Park JS, Lee DY. Metabolic Biomarkers In Midtrimester Maternal Plasma Can Accurately Predict Adverse Pregnancy Outcome in Patients with SLE. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15169. [PMID: 31645572 PMCID: PMC6811572 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51285-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcome (APO). Accurate prediction of APO is critical to identify, counsel, and manage these high-risk patients. We undertook this study to identify novel biomarkers in mid-trimester maternal plasma to identify pregnant patients with SLE at increased risk of APOs. The study population consisted of pregnant women whose plasma was taken in mid-trimester and available for metabolic signature: (1) SLE and normal pregnancy outcome (Group 1, n = 21); (2) SLE with APO (Group 2, n = 12); and (3) healthy pregnant controls (Group 3, n = 10). Mid-trimester maternal plasma was analyzed for integrative profiles of primary metabolite and phospholipid using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF MS) and liquid chromatography Orbitrap mass spectrometry (LC-Orbitrap MS). For performance comparison and validation, plasma samples were analyzed for sFlt-1/PlGF ratio. In the study population, APO developed in 12 of 33 women with SLE (36%). Metabolite profiling of mid-trimester maternal plasma samples identified a total of 327 metabolites using GC-TOF MS and LC-Orbitrap MS. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed clear discrimination among the profiles of SLE groups and healthy pregnant controls (Groups 1/2 vs. 3). Moreover, direct comparison between Groups 1 and 2 demonstrated that 4 primary metabolites and 13 lipid molecules were significantly different. Binary logistic regression analysis suggested a potential metabolic biomarker model that could discriminate Groups 1 and 2. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed the best predictability for APO with the combination model of two metabolites (LysoPC C22:5 and tryptophan) with AUC of 0.944, comparable to the AUC of sFlt-1/PlGF (AUC 0.857). In conclusion, metabolic biomarkers in mid-trimester maternal plasma can accurately predict APO in patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Mi Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Mi Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Kyun Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Sun Jeon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sohee Oh
- Department of Biostatistics, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Subeen Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Mi Jung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byoung Jae Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Min Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Errol R Norwitz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eun Bong Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Chan-Wook Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Kwan Jun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joong Shin Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Do Yup Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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Zhang H, Yu J, Sun H, Zhao Y, Wang J, Zhang J, Meng B. Effects of ubiquitin-proteasome inhibitor on the expression levels of TNF-α and TGF-β1 in mice with viral myocarditis. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:2799-2804. [PMID: 31555373 PMCID: PMC6755415 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) inhibitor MG-132 on the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in mice with viral myocarditis were investigated to analyze the correlation of myocardial tissue score of mice between TNF-α and TGF-β1. Eighty healthy male SPF mice aged 6 weeks were selected and 20 mice were randomly selected as the blank group. The blank group did not receive any intervention. Mortality rates of each group were recorded and compared on day 8 of modeling, and heart specimens from the remaining mice were histopathologically examined and the expression of mRNA and protein of TNF-α and TGF-β1 in myocardial tissues were detected by western blot analysis. Correlation between mouse myocardial histopathologic scores and expression of protein of TNF-α and TGF-β1 in myocardial tissues, as well as the expression of TNF-α and TGF-β1 in myocardial tissue in VMC mice was analyzed. The expression levels of myocardial histopathological scores, mRNA and protein of TNF-α and TGF-β1 in the blank and control group were significantly lower than those in the VMC and the MG-132 group. The myocardial histopathological scores, mRNA and TNF-α and TGF-β1 protein in the MG-132 group were significantly lower than those in the VMC group (P<0.05). The expression of TNF-α and TGF-β1 protein in myocardial tissues was positively correlated with the pathological score in myocardial tissue of mice (r=0.843, P<0.05; r=0.763, P<0.05), and there was a positive correlation between the expression of TNF-α and TGF-β1 protein in myocardial tissues of VMC mice (r=0.672, P<0.05). UPS inhibitor MG-132, which can significantly alleviate the myocardial injury of VMC mice, reduced the expression of inflammatory factors in myocardial tissues, and improved the survival rate of mice, thus it is a potential new treatment for VMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Intracardiac Department, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shandong 255000, P.R. China
| | - Jingbin Yu
- Intracardiac Department, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shandong 255000, P.R. China
| | - Hu Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shandong 255000, P.R. China
| | - Yunhe Zhao
- Intracardiac Department, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shandong 255000, P.R. China
| | - Jitao Wang
- Intracardiac Department, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shandong 255000, P.R. China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Intracardiac Department, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shandong 255000, P.R. China
| | - Bin Meng
- Intracardiac Department, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shandong 255000, P.R. China
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68
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Liu Y, Yu J, Shi YC, Zhang Y, Lin S. The role of inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in obesity-related cognitive impairment. Life Sci 2019; 233:116707. [PMID: 31374234 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiological investigations and animal model experiments have confirmed the impact of obesity on the brain, behavior, and cognition. However, the mechanism by which obesity affects cognitive function is not fully understood. With the development of an aging society, there is an increase in the economic and social burden caused by the decline in cognitive function. This manuscript reviews the effects of inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) on the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and the possible impact on cognitive impairment. These findings provide new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to the development of cognitive impairment in the context of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Liu
- Quanzhou First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Quanzhou First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Yan-Chuan Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Quanzhou First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, China.
| | - Shu Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), China; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong 2522, Australia.
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69
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Zhang L, Pavicic PG, Datta S, Song Q, Xu X, Wei W, Su F, Rayman PA, Zhao C, Hamilton T. Unfolded Protein Response Differentially Regulates TLR4-Induced Cytokine Expression in Distinct Macrophage Populations. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1390. [PMID: 31293572 PMCID: PMC6598306 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular stress responses are often engaged at sites of inflammation and can alter macrophage cytokine production. We now report that macrophages in distinct states of differentiation or in different temporal stages of inflammatory response exhibit differential sensitivity to cell stress mediated alterations in M1-like polarized inflammatory cytokine production. Tunicamycin (Tm) treatment of bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) cultured with M-CSF cultured bone marrow derived macrophages (M-BMDM) had markedly amplified M1-like responses to LPS, exhibiting higher levels of IL12p40 and IL12p35 mRNAs while BMDM cultured with GM-CSF, which normally express high IL12 subunit production in response to LPS, were relatively unaltered. Anti-inflammatory IL10 mRNA production in LPS-stimulated M-BMDM was greatly reduced by cell stress. These changes in cytokine mRNA levels resulted from altered rates of transcription and mRNA decay. Stress also altered cytokine protein production. Resident liver macrophages isolated from mice treated with Tm showed elevated levels of IL12 subunit mRNA production following LPS stimulation. Furthermore, macrophages infiltrating the liver during the early phase of acetaminophen injury (24 h) had little stress-mediated change in cytokine mRNA production while cells isolated in the later phase (48-72 h) exhibited higher sensitivity for stress elevated cytokine production. Hence cultured macrophages developed using different growth/differentiation factors and macrophages from different temporal stages of injury in vivo show markedly different sensitivity to cell stress for altered inflammatory cytokine production. These findings suggest that cellular stress can be an important modulator of the magnitude and character of myeloid inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Paul G. Pavicic
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Shyamasree Datta
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Qiaoling Song
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaohan Xu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Su
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Patricia A. Rayman
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Thomas Hamilton
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Abstract
Neurotrophic factors (NTF) are a subgroup of growth factors that promote survival and
differentiation of neurons. Due to their neuroprotective and neurorestorative properties,
their therapeutic potential has been tested in various neurodegenerative diseases.
Bioavailability of NTFs in the target tissue remains a major challenge for NTF-based
therapies. Various intracerebral delivery approaches, both protein and gene
transfer-based, have been tested with varying outcomes. Three growth factors, glial
cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurturin (NRTN) and platelet-derived growth
factor (PDGF-BB) have been tested in clinical trials in Parkinson’s disease (PD) during
the past 20 years. A new protein can now be added to this list, as cerebral dopamine
neurotrophic factor (CDNF) has recently entered clinical trials. Despite their misleading
names, CDNF, together with its closest relative mesencephalic astrocyte-derived
neurotrophic factor (MANF), form a novel family of unconventional NTF that are both
structurally and mechanistically distinct from other growth factors. CDNF and MANF are
localized mainly to the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and their primary function
appears to be modulation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. Prolonged ER
stress, via the UPR signaling pathways, contributes to the pathogenesis in a number of
chronic degenerative diseases, and is an important target for therapeutic modulation.
Intraputamenally administered recombinant human CDNF has shown robust neurorestorative
effects in a number of small and large animal models of PD, and had a good safety profile
in preclinical toxicology studies. Intermittent monthly bilateral intraputamenal infusions
of CDNF are currently being tested in a randomized placebo-controlled phase I–II clinical
study in moderately advanced PD patients. Here, we review the history of growth
factor-based clinical trials in PD, and discuss how CDNF differs from the previously
tested growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri J Huttunen
- 1 Herantis Pharma Plc, Espoo, Finland.,2 Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mart Saarma
- 3 Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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71
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Dai F, Dong S, Rong Z, Xuan Q, Chen P, Chen M, Fan Y, Gao Q. Expression of inositol-requiring enzyme 1β is downregulated in azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced mouse colonic tumors. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:3181-3188. [PMID: 30936991 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a risk factor in colon cancer. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is associated with IBD and cancer. In the current study an azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse colonic tumor model was established to analyze the expression of ER stress chaperone molecules. Female C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with 12 mg/kg AOM. On the 7th day following AOM injection, mice were treated with 1% DSS supplemented to the drinking water for 7 days, then followed by 14 days of normal drinking water. The cycle of 7 days DSS plus 14 days normal water was repeated twice and colonic tumors were evaluated for their number and size. Mice in the control group were injected with saline and received normal drinking water for the course of the experiment. mRNA levels of cytokines, inositol-requiring enzyme (IRE)1α and 1β, their downstream targets X-box binding protein (XBP)1u, XBP1s and mucin (MUC) 2 and interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. IRE1α, IRE1β and MUC2 protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and IRE1α and IRE1β levels were further assessed by western blot analysis. It was observed that tumors developed in the distal colon of mice treated with AOM/DSS. IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α mRNA levels were significantly increased in mice of the tumor group compared with mice of the control group. There were no significant differences in IRE1α mRNA and protein expression between the two groups and XBP1s mRNA levels were increased in the tumor compared with the control group. IRE1β and MUC2 mRNA levels were significantly decreased in the tumor compared with the control group (decreased by 42 and 30%, respectively). IRE1β and MUC2 proteins were predominately expressed in colonic epithelial cells and expression was decreased in the tumor compared with the control group. In conclusion, the downregulation of IRE1β and MUC2 may reduce the ability of colon tissues to resist inflammation, thus promoting the occurrence and development of colonic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faliang Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100144, P.R. China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, P.R. China.,Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, P.R. China.,Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Oncology, Caoxian People's Hospital, Heze, Shandong 274400, P.R. China
| | - Shizhen Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital and Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Rong
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Oncology, Caoxian People's Hospital, Heze, Shandong 274400, P.R. China
| | - Qingxia Xuan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, P.R. China.,Department of Ultrasound, Women and Children Health Care Center of Luoyang, Luoyang, Henan 471000, P.R. China
| | - Pan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, P.R. China
| | - Menglu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, P.R. China
| | - Yonggang Fan
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100144, P.R. China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, P.R. China
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72
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Apostolou E, Moustardas P, Iwawaki T, Tzioufas AG, Spyrou G. Ablation of the Chaperone Protein ERdj5 Results in a Sjögren's Syndrome-Like Phenotype in Mice, Consistent With an Upregulated Unfolded Protein Response in Human Patients. Front Immunol 2019; 10:506. [PMID: 30967862 PMCID: PMC6438897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects mainly the exocrine glands. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins have been suggested to participate in autoimmune and inflammatory responses, either acting as autoantigens, or by modulating factors of inflammation. The chaperone protein ERdj5 is an ER-resident disulfide reductase, required for the translocation of misfolded proteins during ER-associated protein degradation. In this study we investigated the role of ERdj5 in the salivary glands (SGs), in association with inflammation and autoimmunity. Methods:In situ expression of ERdj5 and XBP1 activation were studied immunohistochemically in minor SG tissues from primary SS patients and non-SS sicca-complaining controls. We used the mouse model of ERdj5 ablation and characterized its features: Histopathological, serological (antinuclear antibodies and cytokine levels), and functional (saliva flow rate). Results: ERdj5 was highly expressed in the minor SGs of SS patients, with stain intensity correlated to inflammatory lesion severity and anti-SSA/Ro positivity. Moreover, SS patients demonstrated higher XBP1 activation within the SGs. Remarkably, ablation of ERdj5 in mice conveyed many of the cardinal features of SS, like spontaneous inflammation in SGs with infiltrating T and B lymphocytes, distinct cytokine signature, excessive cell death, reduced saliva flow, and production of anti-SSA/Ro and anti-SSB/La autoantibodies. Notably, these features were more pronounced in female mice. Conclusions: Our findings suggest a critical connection between the function of the ER chaperone protein ERdj5 and autoimmune inflammatory responses in the SGs and provide evidence for a new, potent animal model of SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Apostolou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Academic Joint Rheumatology Program, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Moustardas
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Takao Iwawaki
- Division of Cell Medicine, Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Athanasios G Tzioufas
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Academic Joint Rheumatology Program, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Giannis Spyrou
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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73
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Linking unfolded protein response to inflammation and depression: potential pathologic and therapeutic implications. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:987-994. [PMID: 30214045 PMCID: PMC6416085 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0241-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a devastating mental disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Inflammation has been shown to be a key factor involved in the underlying pathophysiology of depression and has been shown in a substantial proportion of cases of depression. Changes attributed with morphological deformities and immunomodulation in susceptible regions of the depressed brain raised the possibility of altered cellular homeostasis transduced by the intracellular stress response. How emotional stressors can lead to an inflamed brain that directly affects physiology and activity is yet to be fully understood. The unfolded protein response (UPR) has been shown to be active in both models of depression as well as in postmortem brain of depressed individuals. The UPR is the cellular response to stress which results in misfolded proteins. Interestingly, UPR activation is directly linked to both inflammatory cytokine production and Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression. The TLRs are part of the innate immune response which typically reacts to "classic invasions" such as bacteria or viruses as well as trauma. TLRs have also been shown to be upregulated in depression, thus solidifying the connection between inflammation and depression. In this review, we aim to tie the UPR-TLR response and depression, and describe the implications of such an association. We also propose future directions for their role in treatment for depression.
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74
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Wei Y, Meng M, Tian Z, Xie F, Yin Q, Dai C, Wang J, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Liu C, Yan F, Jiang F, Guo X. Pharmacological preconditioning with the cellular stress inducer thapsigargin protects against experimental sepsis. Pharmacol Res 2018; 141:114-122. [PMID: 30579975 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that pretreatment with thapsigargin (TG), a cellular stress inducer, produced potent protective actions against various pathologic injuries. So far there is no information on the effects of TG on the development of bacterial sepsis. Using lipopolysaccharides- and cecal ligation/puncture-induced sepsis models in mice, we demonstrated that preconditioning with a single bolus administration of TG conferred significant improvements in survival. The beneficial effects of TG were not mediated by ER stress induction or changes in Toll-like receptor 4 signaling. In vivo and in cultured macrophages, we identified that TG reduced the protein production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but exhibited no significant effects on steady state levels of their transcriptions. Direct measurement on the fraction of polysome-bound mRNAs revealed that TG reduced the translational efficiency of pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. Moreover, we provided evidence suggesting that repression of the mTOR (the mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway, but not activation of the PERK (protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase)-eIF2α (eukaryotic initiation factor 2α) pathway, might be involved in mediating the TG effects on cytokine production. In summary, our results support that pharmacological preconditioning with TG may represent a novel strategy to prevent sepsis-induced mortality and organ injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wei
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mei Meng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fubo Xie
- Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qihui Yin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chaochao Dai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qunye Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Xiaosun Guo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
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Singh M, Kotnis A, Jadeja SD, Mondal A, Mansuri MS, Begum R. Cytokines: the yin and yang of vitiligo pathogenesis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2018; 15:177-188. [DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2019.1550358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mala Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Ashwin Kotnis
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Shahnawaz D. Jadeja
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Anushree Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Mohmmad S. Mansuri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Rasheedunnisa Begum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
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76
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Miyoshi A, Koyama S, Sasagawa-Monden M, Kadoya M, Konishi K, Shoji T, Inaba M, Yamamoto Y, Koyama H. JNK and ATF4 as two important platforms for tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated shedding of receptor for advanced glycation end products. FASEB J 2018; 33:3575-3589. [PMID: 30452882 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701553rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE), shed from cell surfaces, is found in human circulation and has been implicated in cardiovascular disease. Its pathophysiological regulation and underlying mechanisms are scarcely understood. In endothelium-specific human RAGE transgenic mice, human sRAGE was detected in circulation, whereas its level was markedly increased after LPS treatment. That increase was preceded by a rapid rise in TNF-α level. Treatment with TNF-α also significantly increased serum sRAGE. In human microvascular endothelial cells or human umbilical vein endothelial cells with RAGE overexpression, TNF-α markedly induced RAGE shedding, which was dependent on MMP9 and ADAM10. TNF-α-stimulated MMP9 expression was completely dependent on JNK activation, with its inhibition partially effective in suppressing TNF-α-induced RAGE shedding. In contrast, TNF-α transiently induced activation transcription factor (ATF)4, a major component in unfolded protein response (UPR), whereas knockdown of ATF4 abrogated TNF-α-stimulated RAGE shedding. Protein levels of the pro and activated forms of ADAM10 were also decreased by ATF4 knockdown, whereas inhibition of other components of UPR, including XBP1 and ATF6, failed to block TNF-α-stimulated RAGE shedding. Although the endoplasmic reticulum stressors thapsigargin and tunicamycin induced markedly and sustained expression of ATF4 and XBP-1, they did not induce RAGE shedding to the same level as TNF-α, suggesting that ATF4 is necessary but not sufficient alone for TNF-α-mediated RAGE shedding. ATF4 inhibition did not affect TNF-α-stimulated MMP9 expression, whereas inhibition of JNK activity did not influence ADAM10 activation. Thus, inflammatory cascades including TNF-α induced RAGE shedding in endothelial cells in vivo and in vitro. JNK and ATF4 may be 2 platforms for regulation of TNF-α-stimulated RAGE shedding.-Miyoshi, A., Koyama, S., Sasagawa-Monden, M., Kadoya, M., Konishi, K., Shoji, T., Inaba, M., Yamamoto, Y., Koyama, H. JNK and ATF4 as two important platforms for tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated shedding of receptor for advanced glycation end products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Miyoshi
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Sachie Koyama
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Masayo Sasagawa-Monden
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan.,Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; and
| | - Manabu Kadoya
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Kosuke Konishi
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Takuhito Shoji
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Masaaki Inaba
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; and
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hidenori Koyama
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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He C, Jiang S, Yao H, Zhang L, Yang C, Zhan D, Lin G, Zeng Y, Xia Y, Lin Z, Liu G, Lin Y. Endoplasmic reticulum stress mediates inflammatory response triggered by ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in hepatocytes. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12:1198-1214. [PMID: 30422028 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1530388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIO-NPs) are widely used as clinical magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents for hepatic diseases diagnosis. USPIO-NPs often damage the hepatocytes and affect the function of liver but its mechanism of action remains unclear. In the present study, USPIO-NPs caused higher cytotoxicity and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage in hepatic L02 cells than SPIO-NPs. Subsequently, USPIO-NPs affected more genes' expression than SPIO-NPs analyzed through microarray and bioinformatics analysis. The affected genes were involved in several biological processes, including calcium ion homeostasis, inflammatory response-related leukocyte chemotaxis, and migration. In addition, the level of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium ion was increased by USPIO-NPs. USPIO-NPs also upregulated the genes related to acute-phase inflammation, including IL1B, IL6, IL18, TNFSF12, TNFRSF12, SAA1, SAA2, JAK1, STAT5B, and CXCL14. Furthermore, interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion was elevated by USPIO-NPs as detected using ELISA. On the other hand, USPIO-NPs changed the morphology of ER and triggered the ER stress and unfolded protein response PERK/ATF4 pathway. Furthermore, blocking ER stress with inhibitor or ATF4 small interfering RNA counteracted IL-6-related acute-phase inflammation and cytotoxicity caused by USPIO-NPs. Taken together, we found that the USPIO-NPs could trigger stronger IL-6-related acute-phase inflammation than SPIO-NPs in hepatocytes. We demonstrated, for the first time, that IL-6-related acute-phase inflammation caused by NPs was regulated by PERK/ATF4 signaling. The PERK/ATF4 pathway explored in this study could be a candidate for diagnostic and therapeutic target against NPs-induced liver injury and cytotoxicity, which would be helpful for USPIO-NPs medical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyong He
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health , Xiamen University , Xiamen , China
| | - Shengwei Jiang
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health , Xiamen University , Xiamen , China
| | - Huan Yao
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health , Xiamen University , Xiamen , China
| | - Liyin Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health , Xiamen University , Xiamen , China
| | - Chuanli Yang
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health , Xiamen University , Xiamen , China
| | - Denglin Zhan
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health , Xiamen University , Xiamen , China
| | - Gan Lin
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health , Xiamen University , Xiamen , China
| | - Yun Zeng
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health , Xiamen University , Xiamen , China
| | - Yankai Xia
- b State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences , Xiamen University , Xiamen , China
| | - Zhongning Lin
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health , Xiamen University , Xiamen , China
| | - Gang Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health , Xiamen University , Xiamen , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Applied Toxicology, School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yuchun Lin
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health , Xiamen University , Xiamen , China
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78
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Lee HY, Lee GH, Kim HK, Chae HJ. Platycodi Radix and its active compounds ameliorate against house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation and ER stress and ROS by enhancing anti-oxidation. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 123:412-423. [PMID: 30399386 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Allergic airway inflammation is an increasing global health problem, and novel strategies to prevent or ameliorate the condition are needed. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in protein synthesis and maturation, and is a susceptible to sub-organelle stress including inflammation and ROS-amplifying signaling. Here, the effects of Platycodi Radix extracts (PRE) on house dust mite (HDM) extract (Dematophagoides pteronyssius)-induced asthma were investigated. Following 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg-PRE-treatment, the infiltration of inflammatory cells, ER stress, and NF-κB signaling were controlled. The expression of inflammatory cytokines and mucin5AC was also inhibited in the presence of PRE. Consistently, in the HDM-exposed human bronchial epithelial cells, ER stress and its associated ROS were significantly increased along with NF-κB signaling, which was also attenuated by PRE and its components. This study suggests that PRE might be useful as a therapeutic/preventive agent in HDM-associated allergic airway inflammation. ER stress and its associated ROS signaling involved in inflammation provide additional mechanistic insight into the underlying molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and New Drug Development Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Chonbuk, 561-180, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Hwa Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and New Drug Development Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Chonbuk, 561-180, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Jung Chae
- Department of Pharmacology and New Drug Development Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Chonbuk, 561-180, Republic of Korea.
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79
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Piceatannol attenuates D-GalN/LPS-induced hepatoxicity in mice: Involvement of ER stress, inflammation and oxidative stress. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 64:131-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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80
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The Effect of Chronic Inflammation and Oxidative and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in the Course of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Therapy. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:4274361. [PMID: 30425746 PMCID: PMC6217741 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4274361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is highly associated with a modern lifestyle. The prevalence of MetS has reached epidemic proportion and is still rising. The main cause of MetS and finally type 2 diabetes occurrence is excessive nutrient intake, lack of physical activity, and inflammatory cytokines secretion. These factors lead to redistribution of body fat and oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurrence, resulting in insulin resistance, increase adipocyte differentiation, and much elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Cellular therapies, especially mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation, seem to be promising in the MetS and type 2 diabetes treatments, due to their immunomodulatory effect and multipotent capacity; adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) play a crucial role in MSC-based cellular therapies. In this review, we focused on etiopathology of MetS, especially on the crosstalk between chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and ER stress and their effect on MetS-related disease occurrence, as well as future perspectives of cellular therapies. We also provide an overview of therapeutic approaches that target endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress.
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81
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Kim MH, Bae CH, Choi YS, Na HG, Song SY, Kim YD. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Induces MUC5AC and MUC5B Expression in Human Nasal Airway Epithelial Cells. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 12:181-189. [PMID: 30336657 PMCID: PMC6453786 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2018.00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is known to be associated with inflammatory airway diseases, and three major transmembrane receptors: double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase-like ER kinase, inositol requiring enzyme 1, and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) play important roles in ER stress-related proinflammatory signaling. However, the effects of ER stress and these three major signaling pathways on the regulation of the production of airway mucins in human nasal airway epithelial cells have not been elucidated. Methods In primary human nasal epithelial cells, the effect of tunicamycin (an ER stress inducer) and 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA, ER stress inhibitor) on the expression of MUC5AC and MUC5B was investigated by reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction, real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme immunoassay, and immunoblot analysis. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection was used to identify the mechanisms involved. Results Tunicamycin increased the expressions of MUC5AC and MUC5B and the mRNA expressions of ER stress-related signaling molecules, including spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1), transcription factor CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), and ATF6. In addition, 4-PBA attenuated the tunicamycin-induced expressions of MUC5AC and MUC5B and the mRNA expressions of ER stress-related signaling molecules. Furthermore, siRNA knockdowns of XBP-1, CHOP, and ATF6 blocked the tunicamycin-induced mRNA expressions and glycoprotein productions of MUC5AC and MUC5B. Conclusion. These results demonstrate that ER stress plays an important role in the regulation of MUC5AC and MUC5B via the activations of XBP-1, CHOP, and ATF6 in human nasal airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Han Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Bae
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yoon Seok Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyung Gyun Na
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Si-Youn Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yong-Dae Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea.,Regional Center for Respiratory Diseases, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
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82
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Li Q, Song WJ, Ryu MO, Nam A, An JH, Ahn JO, Bhang DH, Jung YC, Youn HY. TSG-6 secreted by human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells ameliorates severe acute pancreatitis via ER stress downregulation in mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:255. [PMID: 30257717 PMCID: PMC6158864 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Through recent studies, the onset of acute pancreatitis in pancreatic acinar cells (PACs) and the regulatory role of PACs in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) have been revealed. During the early stages of pancreatitis, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in PACs undergoes significant changes, including swelling and vacuolization. In response to an increase in the extracellular stress in ER, PACs lose their functions, leading to cell apoptosis and inflammation response. The beneficial effects of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAT-MSCs) on SAP have been well documented in previous studies. However, the underlying mechanism of their action remains controversial. Methods In this study, the therapeutic effects of intraperitoneally administered hAT-MSCs in a caerulein (50 μg/kg)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10 mg/kg)-co-induced SAP mouse model were evaluated. Inflammatory response and ER stress were measured in pancreatic tissue samples, and the beneficial effects were evaluated through quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot, and immunofluorescence analysis. Results Inflammatory response and ER stress were ameliorated following hAT-MSC injection, and the beneficial effects were observed in the absence of significant engraftment of hAT-MSCs. hAT-MSCs transfected with siRNA-targeting tumour necrosis factor-α-induced gene/protein 6 (TSG-6) were unable to inhibit ER stress and inflammation. In addition, TSG-6 from hAT-MSCs significantly suppressed ER stress-induced apoptosis and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activity in SAP model mice. Conclusions TSG-6 secreted by hAT-MSCs protects PACs in SAP model mice via the inhibition of ER stress, as well as inflammatory responses. This study has revealed a new area for ER stress-targeted therapy in SAP patients. Graphical abstract ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-1009-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Song
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ok Ryu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Aryung Nam
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun An
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ok Ahn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ha Bhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.,BK21Plus program for 21st Century Biomedical Science Leader Development, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Chan Jung
- Chaon, A-301-3, 240, Pangyoyeok-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Youn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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83
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So JS. Roles of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Immune Responses. Mol Cells 2018; 41:705-716. [PMID: 30078231 PMCID: PMC6125421 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a critical organelle for protein synthesis, folding and modification, and lipid synthesis and calcium storage. Dysregulation of ER functions leads to the accumulation of misfolded- or unfolded-protein in the ER lumen, and this triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR), which restores ER homeostasis. The UPR is characterized by three distinct downstream signaling pathways that promote cell survival or apoptosis depending on the stressor, the intensity and duration of ER stress, and the cell type. Mammalian cells express the UPR transducers IRE1, PERK, and ATF6, which control transcriptional and translational responses to ER stress. Direct links between ER stress and immune responses are also evident, but the mechanisms by which UPR signaling cascades are coordinated with immunity remain unclear. This review discusses recent investigations of the roles of ER stress in immune responses that lead to differentiation, maturation, and cytokine expression in immune cells. Further understanding of how ER stress contributes to the pathogenesis of immune disorders will facilitate the development of novel therapies that target UPR pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Seon So
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University Gyeongju, Gyeongju 38066,
Korea
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84
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Onyango AN. Cellular Stresses and Stress Responses in the Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:4321714. [PMID: 30116482 PMCID: PMC6079365 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4321714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR), a key component of the metabolic syndrome, precedes the development of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Its etiological pathways are not well defined, although many contributory mechanisms have been established. This article summarizes such mechanisms into the hypothesis that factors like nutrient overload, physical inactivity, hypoxia, psychological stress, and environmental pollutants induce a network of cellular stresses, stress responses, and stress response dysregulations that jointly inhibit insulin signaling in insulin target cells including endothelial cells, hepatocytes, myocytes, hypothalamic neurons, and adipocytes. The insulin resistance-inducing cellular stresses include oxidative, nitrosative, carbonyl/electrophilic, genotoxic, and endoplasmic reticulum stresses; the stress responses include the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, the DNA damage response, the unfolded protein response, apoptosis, inflammasome activation, and pyroptosis, while the dysregulated responses include the heat shock response, autophagy, and nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 signaling. Insulin target cells also produce metabolites that exacerbate cellular stress generation both locally and systemically, partly through recruitment and activation of myeloid cells which sustain a state of chronic inflammation. Thus, insulin resistance may be prevented or attenuated by multiple approaches targeting the different cellular stresses and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold N. Onyango
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya
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85
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Cellular Stress Responses and Gut Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2018; 2018:7192646. [PMID: 30026758 PMCID: PMC6031203 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7192646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Progresses in the past two decades have greatly expanded our understanding of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), an incurable disease with multifaceted and challenging clinical manifestations. The pathogenesis of IBD involves multiple processes on the cellular level, which include the stress response signaling such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, and hypoxia. Under physiological conditions, the stress responses play key roles in cell survival, mucosal barrier integrity, and immunomodulation. However, they can also cause energy depletion, trigger cell death and tissue injury, promote inflammatory response, and drive the progression of clinical disease. In recent years, gut microflora has emerged as an essential pathogenic factor and therapeutic target for IBD. Altered compositional and metabolic profiles of gut microbiota, termed dysbiosis, are associated with IBD. Recent studies, although limited, have shed light on how ER stress, oxidative stress, and hypoxic stress interact with gut microorganisms, a potential source of stress in the microenvironment of gastrointestinal tract. Our knowledge of cellular stress responses in intestinal homeostasis as well as their cross-talks with gut microbiome will further our understanding of the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and probably open avenues for new therapies.
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86
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Metabolic Disorders. Cells 2018; 7:cells7060063. [PMID: 29921793 PMCID: PMC6025008 DOI: 10.3390/cells7060063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders have become among the most serious threats to human health, leading to severe chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, as well as cardiovascular diseases. Interestingly, despite the fact that each of these diseases has different physiological and clinical symptoms, they appear to share certain pathological traits such as intracellular stress and inflammation induced by metabolic disturbance stemmed from over nutrition frequently aggravated by a modern, sedentary life style. These modern ways of living inundate cells and organs with saturating levels of sugar and fat, leading to glycotoxicity and lipotoxicity that induce intracellular stress signaling ranging from oxidative to ER stress response to cope with the metabolic insults (Mukherjee, et al., 2015). In this review, we discuss the roles played by cellular stress and its responses in shaping metabolic disorders. We have summarized here current mechanistic insights explaining the pathogenesis of these disorders. These are followed by a discussion of the latest therapies targeting the stress response pathways.
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87
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Ye Z, Liu G, Guo J, Su Z. Hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum stress as a key mediator of obesity-induced leptin resistance. Obes Rev 2018. [PMID: 29514392 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is an epidemic disease that is increasing worldwide and is a major risk factor for many metabolic diseases. However, effective agents for the prevention or treatment of obesity remain limited. Therefore, it is urgent to clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development and progression of obesity and exploit potential agents to cure and prevent this disease. According to a recent study series, obesity is associated with the development of endoplasmic reticulum stress and the activation of its stress responses (unfolded protein response) in metabolically active tissues, which contribute to the development of obesity-related insulin and leptin resistance, inflammation and energy imbalance. Hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum stress is the central mechanism underlying the development of obesity-associated leptin resistance and disruption of energy homeostasis; thus, targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress offers a promising therapeutic strategy for improving leptin sensitivity, increasing energy expenditure and ultimately combating obesity. In this review, we highlight the relationship between and mechanism underlying hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum stress and obesity-associated leptin resistance and energy imbalance and provide new insight regarding strategies for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Ye
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - G Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - J Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Z Su
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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88
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Tao L, Lin H, Wen J, Sun Q, Gao Y, Xu X, Wang J, Zhang J, Weng D. The kinase receptor-interacting protein 1 is required for inflammasome activation induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:641. [PMID: 29844315 PMCID: PMC5974395 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0694-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contributes to the development and progression of many chronic inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. ER stress has been reported to induce inflammasome activation and release of mature IL-1β, which contributes to many inflammatory diseases. The molecular mechanisms that activate the inflammasome during ER stress are still poorly understood. Here we report that the kinase receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) plays an important role in ER stress-induced activation of inflammasome. Inhibition of RIP1 kinase activity by Necrostatin-1 or siRNA-mediated RIP1 knockdown significantly reduced ER stress-induced caspase-1 cleavage and IL-1β secretion in both bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and J774A.1 macrophages. We speculate that the mitochondria fission factor dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) might function as the effectors downstream of RIP1 to mediate inflammasome activation. Our study reveals a critical role for RIP1 in regulating ER stress-induced inflammation responses, and proposes RIP1 as a potential pharmaceutical target to treat diseases resulting from unresolved ER stress-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Tao
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Hongfa Lin
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Jingjing Wen
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Xi Xu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Junsong Wang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Jianfa Zhang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Dan Weng
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, China.
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89
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Tsuda L, Omata Y, Yamasaki Y, Minami R, Lim YM. Pyroglutamate-amyloid-β peptide expression in Drosophila leads to caspase-dependent and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related progressive neurodegeneration. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:4642-4656. [PMID: 28973191 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder among the elderly. During the progression of AD, massive neuronal degeneration occurs in the late stage of the disease; however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for this neuronal loss remain unknown. AβpE3-42 (an N-terminal-truncated amyloid-β peptide that begins with pyroglutamate at the third position) is produced during late-stage AD. It also aggregates more rapidly in vitro and exhibits greater toxicity in neurons than full-length Aβ1-42. In the present study, we established a Drosophila melanogaster model that expresses Aβ3-42E3Q, which effectively produces AβpE3-42, and investigated the function of AβpE3-42 using the photoreceptor neurons of Drosophila. AβpE3-42 induced caspase-dependent apoptosis and caused progressive degeneration in photoreceptor neurons. Mutations in ER stress response genes or the administration of an inhibitor of the ER stress response markedly suppressed the degeneration phenotype, suggesting that the ER stress response plays an important role in neurodegeneration caused by AβpE3-42. We also confirmed that human Tau-dependent apoptotic induction was strongly enhanced by AβpE3-42. Thus, AβpE3-42 expression system in the fly may be a promising new tool for studying late-onset neurodegeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Tsuda
- Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia (CAMD), National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Omata
- Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia (CAMD), National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Yasutoyo Yamasaki
- Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia (CAMD), National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Minami
- Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia (CAMD), National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Young-Mi Lim
- Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia (CAMD), National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
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90
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Sylvester FA. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Effects on Bone and Mechanisms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1033:133-150. [PMID: 29101654 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-66653-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with decreased bone mass and alterations in bone geometry from the time of diagnosis, before anti-inflammatory therapy is instituted. Deficits in bone mass can persist despite absence of symptoms of active IBD. The effects of IBD on the skeleton are complex. Protein-calorie malnutrition, inactivity, hypogonadism, deficits in calcium intake and vitamin D consumption and synthesis, stunted growth in children, decreased skeletal muscle mass, and inflammation all likely play a role. Preliminary studies suggest that the dysbiotic intestinal microbial flora present in IBD may also affect bone at a distance. Several mechanisms are possible. T cells activated by the gut microbiota may serve as "inflammatory shuttles" between the intestine and bone. Microbe-associated molecular patterns leaked into the circulation in IBD may activate immune responses in the bone marrow by immune cells and by osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts that lead to decreased bone formation and increased resorption. Finally, intestinal microbial metabolites such as H2S may also affect bone cell function. Uncovering these mechanisms will enable the design of microbial cocktails to help restore bone mass in patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Sylvester
- Division Chief of Pediatric Gastroenterology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hil, 333 South Columbia Street, MacNider Hall 247, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7229, USA.
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91
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Rahmati M, Moosavi MA, McDermott MF. ER Stress: A Therapeutic Target in Rheumatoid Arthritis? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:610-623. [PMID: 29691058 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diverse physiological and pathological conditions that impact on protein folding of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cause ER stress. The unfolded protein response (UPR) and the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway are activated to cope with ER stress. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammation and ER stress work in parallel by driving inflammatory cells to release cytokines that induce chronic ER stress pathways. This chronic ER stress may contribute to the pathogenesis of RA through synoviocyte proliferation and proinflammatory cytokine production. Therefore, ER stress pathways and their constituent elements are attractive targets for RA drug development. In this review, we integrate current knowledge of the contribution of ER stress to the overall pathogenesis of RA, and suggest some therapeutic implications of these discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marveh Rahmati
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Mohammad Amin Moosavi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O Box:14965/161, Tehran, Iran; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Michael F McDermott
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
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92
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Wang D, Hou C, Cao Y, Cheng Q, Zhang L, Li H, Feng L, Shen Y. XBP1 activation enhances MANF expression via binding to endoplasmic reticulum stress response elements within MANF promoter region in hepatitis B. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 99:140-146. [PMID: 29649564 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related protein, mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is involved in inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. However, the mechanisms of the transcriptional regulation of MANF is still undefined. Here, we showed that MANF expression was upregulated in hepatitis B tissues and hepatoma cells, and positively correlated with the spliced X-box binding protein-1 (XBP1s). Both overexpression of XBP1s and tunicamycin treatment were able to enhance MANF transcription. On the contrary, inhibition of XBP1 splicing by IRE1α endonuclease inhibitor or knockdown of XBP1s with siRNA attenuated MANF expression. Two ER stress-responsive elements (ERSE) were found in the promoter region of MANF (ERSE I and ERSE II). The chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter gene assay showed that XBP1s mainly binds to ERSE I to promote MANF transcription. Moreover, MANF was found to interact with XBP1s to enhance its own expression. Our findings uncover a new mechanism of ERSE-dependent transcriptional regulation of MANF, as well as a key role of XBP1s in promoting the MANF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China; Teaching & Research Section of Nuclear Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Chao Hou
- Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yajie Cao
- Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Qiyao Cheng
- Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Hong Li
- Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Lijie Feng
- Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yuxian Shen
- Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
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93
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Reverendo M, Mendes A, Argüello RJ, Gatti E, Pierre P. At the crossway of ER-stress and proinflammatory responses. FEBS J 2018; 286:297-310. [PMID: 29360216 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells detect specific microbes or damage to tissue integrity in order to initiate efficient immune responses. Abnormal accumulation of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can be seen as a sign of cellular malfunction and stress that triggers a collection of conserved emergency rescue programs. These different signaling cascades, which favor ER proteostasis and promote cell survival, are collectively known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). In recent years, a synergy between the UPR and inflammatory cytokine production has been unraveled, with different branches of the UPR entering in a cross-talk with specialized microbe sensing pathways, which turns on or amplify inflammatory cytokines production. Complementary to this synergetic activity, UPR induction alone, can itself be seen as a danger signal, and triggers directly or indirectly inflammation in different cellular and pathological models, this independently of the presence of pathogens. Here, we discuss recent advances on the nature of these cross-talks and how innate immunity, metabolism dysregulation, and ER-signaling pathways intersect in specialized immune cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), and contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Reverendo
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille cedex 9, France.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS 'Mistra', Marseille cedex 9, France
| | - Andreia Mendes
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille cedex 9, France.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS 'Mistra', Marseille cedex 9, France
| | - Rafael J Argüello
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille cedex 9, France
| | - Evelina Gatti
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille cedex 9, France.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS 'Mistra', Marseille cedex 9, France.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Ilidio Pinho Foundation, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Philippe Pierre
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille cedex 9, France.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS 'Mistra', Marseille cedex 9, France.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Ilidio Pinho Foundation, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Portugal
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94
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Guo J, Cui Y, Liu Q, Yang Y, Li Y, Weng L, Tang B, Jin P, Li XJ, Yang S, Li S. Piperine ameliorates SCA17 neuropathology by reducing ER stress. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:4. [PMID: 29378605 PMCID: PMC5789626 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0236-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinocerebellar ataxia 17 (SCA17) belongs to the family of neurodegenerative diseases caused by polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion. In SCA17, polyQ expansion occurs in the TATA box binding protein (TBP) and leads to the misfolding of TBP and the preferential degeneration in the cerebellar Purkinje neurons. Currently there is no effective treatment for SCA17. Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is a recently identified neurotrophic factor, and increasing MANF expression ameliorated SCA17 neuropathology in TBP-105Q knock-in (KI) mouse model, indicating that MANF could be a therapeutic target for treating SCA17. Methods In this study, we screened a collection of 2000 FDA-approved chemicals using a stable cell line expressing luciferase reporter, which is driven by MANF promoter. We identified several potential candidates that can induce the expression of MANF. Of these inducers, piperine is an agent that potently induces the luciferase expression or MANF expression. Results Addition of piperine in both cellular and mouse models of SCA17 alleviated toxicity caused by mutant TBP. Although mutant TBP is primarily localized in the nuclei, the polyQ expansion in TBP is able to induce ER stress, suggesting that nuclear misfolded proteins can also elicit ER stress as cytoplasmic misfolded proteins do. Moreover, piperine plays its protective role by reducing toxicity caused by the ER stress. Conclusion Our study established piperine as a MANF-based therapeutic agent for ER stress-related neuropathology in SCA17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorder, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.,Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yiting Cui
- Department of Neurology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorder, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.,Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Neurology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorder, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.,Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Neurology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorder, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.,Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yujing Li
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ling Weng
- Department of Neurology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorder, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorder, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Xiao-Jiang Li
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Su Yang
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Shihua Li
- Department of Neurology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorder, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China. .,Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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95
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Perry BD, Rahnert JA, Xie Y, Zheng B, Woodworth-Hobbs ME, Price SR. Palmitate-induced ER stress and inhibition of protein synthesis in cultured myotubes does not require Toll-like receptor 4. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191313. [PMID: 29329354 PMCID: PMC5766250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Saturated fatty acids, such as palmitate, are elevated in metabolically dysfunctional conditions like type 2 diabetes mellitus. Palmitate has been shown to impair insulin sensitivity and suppress protein synthesis while upregulating proteolytic systems in skeletal muscle. Increased sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and subsequent activation of the unfolded protein response may contribute to the palmitate-induced impairment of muscle protein synthesis. In some cell types, ER stress occurs through activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Given the link between ER stress and suppression of protein synthesis, we investigated whether palmitate induces markers of ER stress and protein synthesis by activating TLR4 in cultured mouse C2C12 myotubes. Myotubes were treated with vehicle, a TLR4-specific ligand (lipopolysaccharides), palmitate, or a combination of palmitate plus a TLR4-specific inhibitor (TAK-242). Inflammatory indicators of TLR4 activation (IL-6 and TNFα) and markers of ER stress were measured, and protein synthesis was assessed using puromycin incorporation. Palmitate substantially increased the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, CHOP, XBP1s, and ATF 4 mRNAs and augmented the levels of CHOP, XBP1s, phospho-PERK and phospho-eIF2α proteins. The TLR4 antagonist attenuated both acute palmitate and LPS-induced increases in IL-6 and TNFα, but did not reduce ER stress signaling with either 6 h or 24 h palmitate treatment. Similarly, treating myotubes with palmitate for 6 h caused a 43% decline in protein synthesis consistent with an increase in phospho-eIF2α, and the TLR4 antagonist did not alter these responses. These results suggest that palmitate does not induce ER stress through TLR4 in muscle, and that palmitate impairs protein synthesis in skeletal muscle in part by induction of ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben D. Perry
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jill A. Rahnert
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Bin Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Myra E. Woodworth-Hobbs
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - S. Russ Price
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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96
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Rahman S, Jan AT, Ayyagari A, Kim J, Kim J, Minakshi R. Entanglement of UPR ER in Aging Driven Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:341. [PMID: 29114219 PMCID: PMC5660724 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an indispensable cellular organelle that remains highly active in neuronal cells. The ER bears the load of maintaining protein homeostasis in the cellular network by managing the folding of incoming nascent peptides; however, the stress imposed by physiological/environmental factors can cause ER dysfunctions that lead to the activation of ER unfolded protein response (UPRER). Aging leads to deterioration of several cellular pathways and therefore weakening of the UPRER. The decline in functioning of the UPRER during aging results in accumulation of misfolded proteins that becomes intracellular inclusions in neuronal cells, resulting in toxicity manifested as neurodegenerative diseases. With ascension in cases of neurodegenerative diseases, understanding the enigma behind aging driven UPRER dysfunction may lead to possible treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safikur Rahman
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Arif Tasleem Jan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Archana Ayyagari
- Department of Microbiology, Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Jiwoo Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Jihoe Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Rinki Minakshi
- Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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97
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Hotamisligil GS. Foundations of Immunometabolism and Implications for Metabolic Health and Disease. Immunity 2017; 47:406-420. [PMID: 28930657 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Highly ordered interactions between immune and metabolic responses are evolutionarily conserved and paramount for tissue and organismal health. Disruption of these interactions underlies the emergence of many pathologies, particularly chronic non-communicable diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Here, we examine decades of research identifying the complex immunometabolic signaling networks and the cellular and molecular events that occur in the setting of altered nutrient and energy exposures and offer a historical perspective. Furthermore, we describe recent advances such as the discovery that a broad complement of immune cells play a role in immunometabolism and the emerging evidence that nutrients and metabolites modulate inflammatory pathways. Lastly, we discuss how this work may eventually lead to tangible therapeutic advancements to promote health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan S Hotamisligil
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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98
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Xin JL, Zhang Y, Li Y, Zhang LZ, Lin Y, Zheng LW. Protective effects of Cervus nippon Temminck velvet antler polypeptides against MPP+‑induced cytotoxicity in SH‑SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:5143-5150. [PMID: 28849030 PMCID: PMC5647048 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the protective effects and mechanism of sika deer (Cervus nippon Temminck) velvet antler polypeptides (VAPs) against MPP+ exposure in the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line. MPP+ cytotoxicity and the protective effects of VAPs on the SH-SY5Y cells were determined using an MTT assay. Cell apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential were detected using Hoechst 33342 and Rhodamine123 staining, respectively. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the SH-SY5Y cells was detected using 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate fluorescent probes. The expression levels of proteins, including caspase-12, glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) and phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) were detected using western blot analysis. The results showed that the half inhibitory concentration of MPP+ at 72 h was 120.9 µmol/l, and that 62.5, 125, and 250 µg/ml concentrations of VAPs protected the SH-SY5Y cells under MPP+ exposure. When exposed to 120.9 µmol/l MPP+, changes in cell nucleus morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular ROS were observed. VAPs at concentrations of 62.5, 125, 250 µg/ml reduced this damage. Western blot analysis showed that protein expression levels of caspase-12, GRP78 and p-JNK were upregulated in the SH-SY5Y cells exposed to 120.9 µmol/l MPP+ for 72 h. In addition, 62.5, 125, and 250 µg/ml VAPs downregulated the expression levels of caspase-12 and p-JNK in a concentration- dependent manner, particularly the p-JNK pathway. The effects of VAPs on GRP78 and CHOP were weak. In conclusion, MPP+-induced SH-SY5Y cell death may be linked to ER stress. VAPs prevented MPP+-induced SH-SY5Y cell death by affecting the p-JNK pathway and caspase-12-mediated apoptosis. These findings assist in understanding the mechanism underlying the protective effect of VAPs on neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Le Xin
- Department of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
| | - Lian-Zhu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Ecology, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, Hainan 572000, P.R. China
| | - Yong Lin
- Department of Neurology, Changchun Central Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130051, P.R. China
| | - Lian-Wen Zheng
- Reproductive Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
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99
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha mediates C/EBP homologous protein to protect mice from acute liver failure. Inflamm Res 2017; 66:813-822. [PMID: 28600667 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-017-1061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) activation has been reported to ameliorate liver injury in cases of acute liver failure (ALF). However, its intrinsic protective molecular mechanisms remain largely undetermined. C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) is an important mediator of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that PPARα activation alleviates liver inflammation to protect mice from acute liver failure (ALF) mediated by CHOP. METHODS In a murine model induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN, 700 mg/kg) and LPS (10 μg/kg), Wy-14643 (6 mg/kg) was administered to activate PPARα. The mice of different groups were killed 6 h after D-GalN/LPS injection, and the liver and blood were collected for analysis. To find out whether PPARα activation protects the liver from injury due to inflammation by regulating CHOP, we used expression plasmid to increase CHOP expression and demonstrated how PPARα mediated CHOP to regulate inflammation in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS The expression of PPARα was downregulated and the expression of CHOP was upregulated with the development of D-GalN/LPS-induced liver injury. The protective molecular mechanisms of PPARα activation were dependent on the expression of CHOP. Indeed, (1) PPARα activation decreased the expression of CHOP; on the other hand, PPARα knockdown increased the expression of CHOP in vivo; (2) the depressed liver inflammation by PPARα activation was due to the downregulation of CHOP expression, because overexpression of CHOP by transfect plasmid reversed liver protection and increased liver inflammation again; (3) in vitro, PPARα inhibition by siRNA treatment increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and CHOP siRNA co-transfection reversed the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Here, we demonstrated that PPARα activation contributes to liver protection and decreases liver inflammation in ALF, particularly through regulating CHOP. Our findings may provide a rationale for targeting PPARα as a potential therapeutic strategy to ameliorate ALF.
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100
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When PERK inhibitors turn out to be new potent RIPK1 inhibitors: critical issues on the specificity and use of GSK2606414 and GSK2656157. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1100-1110. [PMID: 28452996 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) causes a state of cellular stress known as ER stress. The cells respond to ER stress by activating the unfolded protein response (UPR), a signaling network emerging from the ER-anchored receptors IRE1α, PERK and ATF6. The UPR aims at restoring ER protein-folding homeostasis, but turns into a toxic signal when the stress is too severe or prolonged. Recent studies have demonstrated links between the UPR and inflammation. Consequently, small molecule inhibitors of IRE1α and PERK have become attractive tools for the potential therapeutic manipulation of the UPR in inflammatory conditions. TNF is a master pro-inflammatory cytokine that drives inflammation either directly by promoting gene activation, or indirectly by inducing RIPK1 kinase-dependent cell death, in the form of apoptosis or necroptosis. To evaluate the potential contribution of the UPR to TNF-induced cell death, we tested the effects of two commonly used PERK inhibitors, GSK2606414 and GSK2656157. Surprisingly, we observed that both compounds completely repressed TNF-mediated RIPK1 kinase-dependent death, but found that this effect was independent of PERK inactivation. Indeed, these two compounds turned out to be direct RIPK1 inhibitors, with comparable potency to the recently developed RIPK1 inhibitor GSK'963 (about 100 times more potent than NEC-1s). Importantly, these compounds completely inhibited TNF-mediated RIPK1-dependent cell death at a concentration that did not affect PERK activity in cells. In vivo, GSK2656157 administration protected mice from lethal doses of TNF independently of PERK inhibition and as efficiently as GSK'963. Together, our results not only report on new and very potent RIPK1 inhibitors but also highlight the risk of misinterpretation when using these two PERK inhibitors in the context of ER stress, cell death and inflammation.
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