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Antioxidant Supplementation with N-Acetylcysteine as a Protection Against Cisplatin-Induced Motor Impairment in Rats. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/sjecr-2019-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate a potential beneficial influence of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in the treatment of cisplatin-induced motor impairment. We included 32 male Wistar albino rats, divided into 4 equal groups: control (received saline on the 1st and 5th day), cisplatin – CIS (received saline on the 1st and cisplatin 7.5 mg/kg i.p. on the 5th day), NAC (received NAC on the 1st and 5th day, 500 mg/kg i.p.), and CIS+NAC (received NAC on the 1st and 5th day, 500 mg/kg i.p. and cisplatin 7.5 mg/kg i.p. on the 5th day) group. Motor performance was estimated by rotarod, grip wire, open field (OF), elevated plus maze (EPM) and beam-walking (BW) tests on the 10th day. Cisplatin administration resulted in decreased motor performance in all tests, except for BW test, compared to the control group. NAC supplementation on its own had no significant effect on motor performance parameters. However, simultaneous administration of NAC along with cisplatin reversed negative impact of cisplatin in rotarod, OF and EPM tests, with no significant effect on the results obtained in grip wire test. The results of this study confirmed numerous motoric manifestations of cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity in rats. However, the decline in most of the estimated parameters was successfully prevented by antioxidant supplementation with NAC.
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Calpe-López C, García-Pardo MP, Martínez-Caballero MA, Santos-Ortíz A, Aguilar MA. Behavioral Traits Associated With Resilience to the Effects of Repeated Social Defeat on Cocaine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 13:278. [PMID: 31998090 PMCID: PMC6962131 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between stress and drug use is well demonstrated. Stress-induced by repeated social defeat (RSD) enhances the conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by cocaine in mice. The phenomenon of resilience understood as the ability of subjects to overcome the negative effects of stress is the focus of increasing interest. Our aim is to characterize the behavior of resilient animals with respect to the effects of RSD on the CPP induced by cocaine. To this end, 25 male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to stress by RSD during late adolescence, while other 15 male mice did not undergo stress (controls). On the 2 days following the last defeat, all the animals carried out the elevated plus maze (EPM) and Hole Board, Social Interaction, Tail Suspension and Splash tests. Three weeks later, all the animals performed the CPP paradigm with a low dose of cocaine (1 mg/kg). Exposure to RSD decreased all measurements related to the open arms of the EPM. It also reduced social interaction, immobility in the tail suspension test (TST) and grooming in the splash test. RSD exposure also increased the sensitivity of the mice to the rewarding effects of cocaine, since only defeated animals acquired CPP. Several behavioral traits were related to resilience to the potentiating effect of RSD on cocaine CPP. Mice that showed less submission during defeat episodes, a lower percentage of time in the open arms of the EPM, low novelty-seeking, high social interaction, greater immobility in the TST and a higher frequency of grooming were those that were resilient to the long-term effects of social defeat on cocaine reward since they behaved like controls and did not develop CPP. These results suggest that the behavioral profile of resilient defeated mice is characterized by an active coping response during episodes of defeat, a greater concern for potential dangers, less reactivity in a situation of inevitable moderate stress and fewer depressive-like symptoms after stress. Determining the neurobehavioral substrates of resilience is the first step towards developing behavioral or pharmacological interventions that increase resilience in individuals at a high risk of suffering from stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Calpe-López
- Neurobehavioural Mechanisms and Endophenotypes of Addictive Behavior Research Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Pilar García-Pardo
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Martínez-Caballero
- Neurobehavioural Mechanisms and Endophenotypes of Addictive Behavior Research Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandra Santos-Ortíz
- Neurobehavioural Mechanisms and Endophenotypes of Addictive Behavior Research Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Asunción Aguilar
- Neurobehavioural Mechanisms and Endophenotypes of Addictive Behavior Research Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Bourin M. Experimental Anxiety Model for Anxiety Disorders: Relevance to Drug Discovery. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1191:169-184. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Hu S, Tucker L, Wu C, Yang L. Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Depression and Anxiety During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:587557. [PMID: 33329133 PMCID: PMC7671962 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.587557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
First reported in Dec 2019, the on-going COVID-19 pandemic has become a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). The isolation and quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic limited the physical and social activities of the population, which contributed to the increased prevalence of mental disorder. Depression and anxiety are the most common mental illnesses conferring a serious impact on individuals' life quality. This review summarizes the mental health consequences of COVID-19, especially for depression and anxiety. Exercise as an intervention for anxiety and depression has been demonstrated in both of the animal studies and human clinical trials. The underlying mechanism including the regulation on the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), D-β-hydroxybutyrate, synaptic transmission, hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, tryptophan hydroxylase, GSK3β/β-catenin pathway, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and PGC-1α1-PPAR axis. In addition, we summarized the exercise strategies to fight against anxiety and depression according to the information from American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), World Health Organization and recent literatures about physical exercise during COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojuan Hu
- College of Physical Education and Sports Science, HengYang Normal University, Hengyang, China
| | - Lorelei Tucker
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Chongyun Wu
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luodan Yang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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Keubler LM, Hoppe N, Potschka H, Talbot SR, Vollmar B, Zechner D, Häger C, Bleich A. Where are we heading? Challenges in evidence-based severity assessment. Lab Anim 2019; 54:50-62. [PMID: 31718424 DOI: 10.1177/0023677219877216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Evidence-based severity assessment in laboratory animals is, apart from the ethical responsibility, imperative to generate reproducible, standardized and valid data. However, the path towards a valid study design determining the degree of pain, distress and suffering experienced by the animal is lined with pitfalls and obstacles as we will elucidate in this review. Furthermore, we will ponder on the genesis of a holistic concept relying on multifactorial composite scales. These have to combine robust and reliable parameters to measure the multidimensional aspects that define the severity of animal experiments, generating a basis for the substantiation of the refinement principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia M Keubler
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Nils Hoppe
- Centre for Ethics and Law in the Life Sciences, University of Hannover, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximillians-University, Germany
| | - Steven R Talbot
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute of Experimental Surgery, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dietmar Zechner
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute of Experimental Surgery, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christine Häger
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Germany
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Zika virus replicates in adult human brain tissue and impairs synapses and memory in mice. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3890. [PMID: 31488835 PMCID: PMC6728367 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11866-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological complications affecting the central nervous system have been reported in adult patients infected by Zika virus (ZIKV) but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we report that ZIKV replicates in human and mouse adult brain tissue, targeting mature neurons. ZIKV preferentially targets memory-related brain regions, inhibits hippocampal long-term potentiation and induces memory impairment in adult mice. TNF-α upregulation, microgliosis and upregulation of complement system proteins, C1q and C3, are induced by ZIKV infection. Microglia are found to engulf hippocampal presynaptic terminals during acute infection. Neutralization of TNF-α signaling, blockage of microglial activation or of C1q/C3 prevent synapse and memory impairment in ZIKV-infected mice. Results suggest that ZIKV induces synapse and memory dysfunction via aberrant activation of TNF-α, microglia and complement. Our findings establish a mechanism by which ZIKV affects the adult brain, and point to the need of evaluating cognitive deficits as a potential comorbidity in ZIKV-infected adults. Here, using ex-vivo human adult cortical tissue and a mouse model, the authors investigate the functional consequences of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in the adult brain, and show that ZIKV causes synapse damage and altered brain function that impacts cognition via activation of innate and inflammatory factors.
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Headley DB, Kanta V, Kyriazi P, Paré D. Embracing Complexity in Defensive Networks. Neuron 2019; 103:189-201. [PMID: 31319049 PMCID: PMC6641575 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The neural basis of defensive behaviors continues to attract much interest, not only because they are important for survival but also because their dysregulation may be at the origin of anxiety disorders. Recently, a dominant approach in the field has been the optogenetic manipulation of specific circuits or cell types within these circuits to dissect their role in different defensive behaviors. While the usefulness of optogenetics is unquestionable, we argue that this method, as currently applied, fosters an atomistic conceptualization of defensive behaviors, which hinders progress in understanding the integrated responses of nervous systems to threats. Instead, we advocate for a holistic approach to the problem, including observational study of natural behaviors and their neuronal correlates at multiple sites, coupled to the use of optogenetics, not to globally turn on or off neurons of interest, but to manipulate specific activity patterns hypothesized to regulate defensive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew B Headley
- Center for Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University - Newark, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Vasiliki Kanta
- Center for Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University - Newark, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; Behavioral and Neural Sciences Graduate Program, Rutgers University - Newark, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Pinelopi Kyriazi
- Center for Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University - Newark, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; Behavioral and Neural Sciences Graduate Program, Rutgers University - Newark, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Denis Paré
- Center for Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University - Newark, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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Increased sensitivity to psychostimulants and GABAergic drugs in Lsamp-deficient mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 183:87-97. [PMID: 31163180 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lsamp, in combinations with other members of the IgLON family of cell adhesion molecules, promotes and inhibits neurite outgrowth and synapse formation during development. Mice lacking Lsamp gene display decreased social behaviour, hyperactivity; decreased anxiety level, alongside with altered balance in GABAA receptor α1 and α2 subunits; and decreased sensitivity to amphetamine, alongside with elevated serotonin function. In human studies, Lsamp has been associated with several psychiatric diseases, including schizophrenia, and suicide. Here, we provide a more thorough characterization of the pharmacological phenotype of Lsamp-deficient mice, including testing for sensitivity to morphine, cocaine, MK-801 and ketamine. More thorougly, sensitivity to GABA modulators (diazepam, alprazolam, ethanol, pentobarbital, TP003, and SL651498) was assessed. In brief, Lsamp-deficient mice were more sensitive to the locomotor activating effects of cocaine and morphine, and hypersensitive to the sedative and muscle relaxant effects of GABA modulators, most likely reflecting enhanced function of α1 and α5 subunits of the GABAA receptor. No gross differences in sensitivity to NMDA receptor modulators were observed. Thus, as the lack of Lsamp gene leads to widespread imbalances in major neurotransmitter systems in the brain accompanied by remarkable changes in behavioural phenotype as well, Lsamp-deficient mice are a promising model for mimicking psychiatric disorders.
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Abstract
The underlying mechanisms that result in neurophysiological changes and cognitive sequelae in the context of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI) remain poorly understood. Animal models provide a unique opportunity to examine cellular and molecular responses using histological assessment, which can give important insights on the neurophysiological changes associated with the evolution of brain injury. To better understand the potential cumulative effects of multiple concussions, the focus of animal models is shifting from single to repetitive head impacts. With a growing body of literature on this subject, a review and discussion of current findings is valuable to better understand the neuropathology associated with rmTBI, to evaluate the current state of the field, and to guide future research efforts. Despite variability in experimental settings, existing animal models of rmTBI have contributed to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms following repeat concussion. However, how to reconcile the various impact methods remains one of the major challenges in the field today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter S Hoogenboom
- The Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10641, USA; Department of Clinical Investigation, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10641, USA.
| | - Craig A Branch
- The Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10641, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Michael L Lipton
- The Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10641, USA; Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; The Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Machado Figueiredo R, de Carvalho MC, Brandão ML, Lovick TA. Short-term, low-dose fluoxetine prevents oestrous cycle-linked increase in anxiety-like behaviour in female rats. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:548-557. [PMID: 31012390 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119841833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We sought a robust behavioural test that evoked increased anxiety-like behaviour during the late dioestrus phase of the oestrous cycle (similar to the premenstrual period in women) and tested whether this could be prevented by acute low-dose fluoxetine (FLX). METHODS Female Wistar rats in different stages of their cycle were exposed to four different tests of anxiety-like behaviour. RESULTS No oestrous cycle differences were detected in fear potentiated startle or conditioned freezing to an aversive context. In a light switch-off test where rats move from one compartment of a shuttle-box to the other to turn off an aversive light, females displayed enhanced responding in late dioestrus. During isolation restraint stress females in late dioestrus emitted three times more 22 kHz ultrasound vocalisations (USV) than at other cycle stages. Using the USV test, short-term administration of low-dose FLX (1.75 mg kg-1, i.p.) designed to blunt the sharp fall in brain allopregnanolone concentration during late dioestrus but without affecting 5-HT systems, prevented the increase in isolation stress-evoked USVs. CONCLUSIONS The light switch-off and isolation restraint-induced USV tests evoke unconditioned adverse emotional responses that are ethologically relevant and sensitive to oestrous cycle stage. The USV test fulfils many criteria required of a model for premenstrual syndrome in women. Using the USV test, short-term administration of FLX to increase brain allopregnanolone concentration without affecting 5-HT systems prevented the increased USV responding in late dioestrus. Short-term low-dose FLX treatment may have potential to alleviate development of adverse premenstrual symptoms in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Machado Figueiredo
- 1 Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Campus USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,2 Instituto de Neurociências e Comportamento, Avenida do Café 2450, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Milene Cristina de Carvalho
- 1 Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Campus USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,2 Instituto de Neurociências e Comportamento, Avenida do Café 2450, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcus Lira Brandão
- 1 Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Campus USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,2 Instituto de Neurociências e Comportamento, Avenida do Café 2450, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Thelma Anderson Lovick
- 2 Instituto de Neurociências e Comportamento, Avenida do Café 2450, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,3 School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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61
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Xiang M, Jiang Y, Hu Z, Yang Y, Du X, Botchway BOA, Fang M. Serotonin receptors 2A and 1A modulate anxiety-like behavior in post-traumatic stress disordered mice. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:2288-2303. [PMID: 31105836 PMCID: PMC6511758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
5-hydroxytryptamine receptors 2A and 1A (5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors) are most closely related to anxiety-like behavior in post-traumatic stress disorder. This study was aimed at determining how 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors mediate stress-induced anxiety-like behavior. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to conditioned fear stress combined with single-prolonged stress and injected with corresponding antagonists of 5-HT2A or 5-HT1A receptors or DMSO. The established mouse model was used in conjunction with open-field test, freezing behavioral test and elevated plus maze test. Protein expression levels of 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors, ERK1 and ERK2, pERK1, pERK2 and c-Myc in mice hippocampus were evaluated by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence labeling. Relative mRNA expression levels of 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors, ERK1, ERK2 and c-Myc were analyzed with RT-qRCR. 5-HT2A receptor plays a significant role in anxiety-like behavior by inhibiting 5-HT1A receptor expression. Effect of 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors on stress-related anxiety-like behavior was elicited via ERK1 and ERK2 phosphorylation. On the basis of our experimental results, we hypothesize interaction between 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors in mouse hippocampus to mediate anxiety-like behavior via ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Xiang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Medical Science, Jishou UniversityJishou 416000, China
| | - Yuting Jiang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiying Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou Red Cross HospitalHangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoxue Du
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou 310058, China
| | - Benson OA Botchway
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou 310058, China
| | - Marong Fang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou 310058, China
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The Benefits of Using New Tools for Behavioral Investigations in Animal Experimental Models. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/sjecr-2017-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The animal experimental models of emotional disorders attempt to reproduce features of human psychiatric disorders in laboratory animals by correlating the physiological and behavioral changes associated with specific emotional states, the etiology of disorders, and responses on drug treatments. Animal experimental models that accurately recapitulate clinical pathology are indispensable for understanding molecular mechanisms and advancing preclinical studies. Behavioral tests on animal models have been developed over time in two directions: to enable the acquisition of as many valid behavior data as possible, and constructing experimental models and procedures that represent a parallel with certain conditions in humans. In this review we discuss more information for the new tools in behavioral investigations in animal experimental models. Here we described evoked beam-walking (EBW) test as a new test for estimation of anxiety levels. The reliability of that test was confirmed in our studies by using nandrolone decanoate (ND) and testosterone enanthate (TE) in supraphysiological doses. Also, we defined a new approach to estimation of exploratory activity by using these tests and an improvement of detectability in standard evaluation of depressive state levels. Taking into account that behavioral investigation in animal models still has to remain indispensable in conducting of preclinical studies, we assume that new tools that can be applied in this field may improve the quality of research.
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Ogata M, Akita H, Ishibashi H. Behavioral responses to anxiogenic tasks in young adult rats with neonatal dopamine depletion. Physiol Behav 2019; 204:10-19. [PMID: 30738032 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The dopaminergic neural system plays a crucial role in motor regulation as well as regulation of anxiety-related behaviors. Although rats with neonatal dopamine depletion exhibit motor hyperactivity and have been utilized as animal models of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, characterization of their behavior under anxiogenic conditions is lacking. In the present study, we investigated behavioral responses to anxiogenic stimuli in young adult rats with neonatal dopamine depletion using the open field (OF), elevated plus maze (EPM), and light/dark (L/B) box tests. The OF and EPM tests were performed under low-light and bright-light conditions. The ameliorative effects of pretreatment with methamphetamine (MAP) or atomoxetine (ATX) on abnormal behaviors induced by neonatal dopamine depletion were also assessed. Rats that underwent 6-hydroxydopamine treatment 4 day after birth showed significant increases in motor activity and decreases in anxiety-related behaviors in OF tests under both conditions and in EPM tests under bright-light conditions. Furthermore, rats with neonatal dopamine depletion did not show normal behavioral responsiveness to changes in the intensity of anxiogenic stimuli. Pretreatment with MAP (4 mg/kg) and ATX (1.2 mg/kg/day) ameliorated motor hyperactivity but not abnormal anxiety-related behaviors. These results suggest that the dopaminergic system plays a crucial role in the development of neural networks involved in locomotion as well as in those involved in anxiety-related behavior. The results indicate that the mechanisms underlying the abnormal anxiolytic responses partially differ from those underlying motor hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Ogata
- Department of Physiology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1, Kitasato Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan.
| | - Hisanao Akita
- Department of Physiology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1, Kitasato Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Ishibashi
- Department of Physiology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1, Kitasato Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan.
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Kraeuter AK, Guest PC, Sarnyai Z. The Elevated Plus Maze Test for Measuring Anxiety-Like Behavior in Rodents. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1916:69-74. [PMID: 30535682 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8994-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The elevated plus maze test is used to measure anxiety-like behavior in rodents. It can be used to gain insight into conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other conditions marked by anxious behavior. It can also be used as a component in screening of novel compounds for anxiolytic properties. This model is based on aversion to open spaces, which is seen as the animal spending more time in the enclosed arms of the maze. This chapter describes the steps necessary for setting up and conducting the test, along with interpretation of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Kraeuter
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Discipline of Biomedicine, College of Public Health, Medicine and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul C Guest
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Zoltán Sarnyai
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
- Discipline of Biomedicine, College of Public Health, Medicine and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
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Narayanan SN, Kumar RS. An improved light dark box test by using a real-time video tracking system. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2018; 69:371-384. [PMID: 30587025 DOI: 10.1556/018.69.2018.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the behavioral science field, many of the oldest tests have still most frequently been used almost in the same way for decades. The subjective influence of human observer and the large inter-observer and interlab differences are substantial among these tests. This necessitates the possibility of using technological innovations for behavioral science to obtain new parameters, results and insights as well. The light-dark box (LDB) test is a characteristic tool used to assess anxiety in rodents. A complete behavioral analysis (including both anxiety and locomotion parameters) is not possible by performing traditional LDB test protocol, as it lacks the usage of a real-time video recording of the test. In the current report, we describe an improved approach to conduct LDB test using a real-time video tracking system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareesh Naduvil Narayanan
- Department of Physiology, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India
- Department of Physiology, RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, PO Box. 11172, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
| | - Raju Suresh Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India
- College of Science and Health Professions – Jeddah, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, National Guard Health Affairs, P. O. Box 9515, Jeddah 21423, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Adinolfi A, Zelli S, Leo D, Carbone C, Mus L, Illiano P, Alleva E, Gainetdinov RR, Adriani W. Behavioral characterization of DAT-KO rats and evidence of asocial-like phenotypes in DAT-HET rats: The potential involvement of norepinephrine system. Behav Brain Res 2018; 359:516-527. [PMID: 30472113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a key neurotransmitter of the central nervous system, whose availability is regulated by the dopamine transporter (DAT). Deletion of DAT gene leading to hyperdopaminergia was previously performed on mouse models. This enabled recapitulation of the core symptoms of Attention-Deficit / Hyper-activity Disorder (ADHD), which include hyperactivity, inattention and cognitive impairment. We used recently developed DAT knockout (DAT-KO) rats to carry out further behavioral profiling on this novel model of hyperdopaminergia. DAT-KO rats display elevated locomotor activity and restless environmental exploration, associated with a transient anxiety profile. Furthermore, these rats show pronounced stereotypy and compulsive-like behavior at the Marble-Burying test. Homozygous DAT-KO rats mantain intact social interaction when tested in a social-preference task, while heterozygous (HET) rats show high inactivity associated with close proximity to the social stimulus. Ex-vivo evaluation of brain catecholamines highlighted increased levels of norepinephrine in the hippocampus and hypothalamus exclusively of heterozygous rats. Taken together, our data present evidence of unexpected asocial tendencies in heterozygous (DAT-HET) rats associated with neurochemical alterations in norepinephrine neurotransmission. We shed light on the behavioral and neurochemical consequences of altered DAT function in a higher, more complex model of hyperdopaminergia. Unraveling the role of DA neurotransmission in DAT-KO rats has very important implications in the understanding of many psychiatric illnesses, including ADHD, where alterations in DA system have been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Adinolfi
- Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Zelli
- Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Damiana Leo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, 20 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Cristiana Carbone
- Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Liudmila Mus
- Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Placido Illiano
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Enrico Alleva
- Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 143025 Moscow, Russia; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Walter Adriani
- Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy.
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Phi Van VD, Krause ET, Phi-Van L. Modulation of Fear and Arousal Behavior by Serotonin Transporter (5-HTT) Genotypes in Newly Hatched Chickens. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:284. [PMID: 30524254 PMCID: PMC6256247 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (5-HTT) plays a key role in regulating serotonergic transmission via removal of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) from synaptic clefts. Alterations in 5-HTT expression and 5-HT transmission have been shown to cause changes to adult behavior including fear. The objective of the present study was to investigate the 5-HTT role in fear in birds at the very early stages of post-hatching life. Using an avoidance test with an elevated balance beam, which was based on depth perception and the respective fear of heights, we assessed fear-related avoidance behaviors of newly hatched chicks of the three functional 5-HTT genotypes W/W, W/D and D/D. Newly hatched chicks of the genotype D/D, which was linked to high 5-HTT expression, showed less intensive avoidance responses as measured by decreased latency to jump than W/W and W/D chicks. Further, significantly fewer D/D hens than W/W hens showed fear-like behavior that resembled a freezing response. Furthermore, in an arousal test the arousal reaction of the chicks in response to an acute short-term visual social deprivation in the home compartment was assessed 5 weeks after hatching, which also revealed that D/D chicks exhibited decreased arousal reaction, compared to W/W chicks. Thus, the results indicate that fear responses differ in D/D chicks in the early post-hatching periods, possibly due to the different expression of 5-HTT respectively 5-HT levels in this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie D Phi Van
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - E Tobias Krause
- Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Celle, Germany
| | - Loc Phi-Van
- Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Celle, Germany
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68
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Castel D, Sabbag I, Nasaev E, Peng S, Meilin S. Open field and a behavior score in PNT model for neuropathic pain in pigs. J Pain Res 2018; 11:2279-2293. [PMID: 30349354 PMCID: PMC6188018 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s172300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rodent models are frequently used in the research of pain and continue to provide valuable data on the mechanisms driving pain, although they are criticized due to limited translational ability to human conditions. Previously we have suggested pigs as a model for development of drugs for neuropathic pain. In this study, we investigate the spontaneous behavior of pigs following peripheral neuritis trauma (PNT)-induced neuropathic pain. Methods A computerized monitoring system was used to evaluate the changes in open field test in addition to applying a composite behavior scoring system. The data suggest that the PNT operation did not affect the animal’s ability to walk as the total distance walked by PNT animals was not significantly different from the total distance walked by sham-operated animals. However, PNT animals expressed a significant change in the pattern of walking. This effect was unrelated to the time that the animals spent in the open field. Following treatment with different drugs (morphine, buprenorphine, or gabapentin), the walking pattern of the animals in the open field changed in a drug-specific manner. In addition, the detailed behavior score revealed drug-specific changes following treatment. Results Pharmacokinetic analysis of the drug concentration in blood and cerebrospinal fluid correlated with the behavioral analysis. Conclusion The data of this study suggest that the open field test together with the detailed behavior score applied in this model are a powerful tool to assess the spontaneous behavior of pigs following PNT-induced neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Castel
- The Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Sheba Medical Centre, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Itai Sabbag
- Lahav Research Institute, Kibutz Lahav, Negev, Israel
| | - Elvira Nasaev
- Neurology R&D Division, MD Biosciences, Ness Ziona, Israel,
| | - Sean Peng
- Touchstone Biosciences, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Sigal Meilin
- Neurology R&D Division, MD Biosciences, Ness Ziona, Israel,
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Mendoza-Ruiz LG, Vázquez-León P, Martínez-Mota L, Juan ERS, Miranda-Páez A. Forced ethanol ingestion by Wistar rats from a juvenile age increased voluntary alcohol consumption in adulthood, with the involvement of orexin-A. Alcohol 2018; 70:73-80. [PMID: 29803804 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human adolescents who drink alcohol are more likely to become alcoholics in adulthood. Alcohol administration (intraperitoneally) or drinking (in a 2-bottle free choice paradigm) during the juvenile/adolescent age of rats promotes voluntary alcohol consumption in adulthood. On the other hand, there is growing evidence that the orexinergic system plays a role in several rewarded behaviors, including alcohol ingestion. Since it is unknown what effect is exerted in adulthood by forced oral ethanol intake and/or administration of orexin-A (OX-A) in juvenile rats, the present study aimed to evaluate this question. A group of male Wistar rats was forced to drink ethanol (10% v/v) as the only liquid in the diet from weaning (postnatal day 21) to postnatal day 67 (46 days), followed by a forced withdrawal period. An age-matched group was raised drinking tap water (control). OX-A or its vehicle was microinjected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) (1 nmol/0.6 μL) to explore its effect as well. Locomotor activity and voluntary ethanol consumption were later assessed in all groups. The rats forced to consume ethanol early in life showed an elevated level of ambulation and alcohol ingestion in adulthood. A single injection of OX-A increased locomotor activity and acute ethanol intake in rats with or without prior exposure to alcohol at the juvenile stage. In conclusion, forced ethanol consumption in juvenile rats led to increased voluntary alcohol drinking behavior during adulthood, an effect likely facilitated by OX-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis-Gabriel Mendoza-Ruiz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Wilfrido Massieu esq. Manuel Stampa s/n, Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo, CP: 07738, Deleg. Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Priscila Vázquez-León
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Wilfrido Massieu esq. Manuel Stampa s/n, Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo, CP: 07738, Deleg. Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lucía Martínez-Mota
- Laboratorio de Farmacología Conductual, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, CP: 14370, Deleg. Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Ramírez San Juan
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Wilfrido Massieu esq. Manuel Stampa s/n, Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo, CP: 07738, Deleg. Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Abraham Miranda-Páez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Wilfrido Massieu esq. Manuel Stampa s/n, Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo, CP: 07738, Deleg. Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Makaryus R, Lee H, Robinson J, Enikolopov G, Benveniste H. Noninvasive Tracking of Anesthesia Neurotoxicity in the Developing Rodent Brain. Anesthesiology 2018; 129:118-130. [PMID: 29688900 PMCID: PMC6008207 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potential deleterious effect of multiple anesthesia exposures on the developing brain remains a clinical concern. We hypothesized that multiple neonatal anesthesia exposures are more detrimental to brain maturation than an equivalent single exposure, with more pronounced long-term behavioral consequences. We designed a translational approach using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in rodents, noninvasively tracking the neuronal marker N-acetyl-aspartate, in addition to tracking behavioral outcomes. METHODS Trajectories of N-acetyl-aspartate in anesthesia naïve rats (n = 62, postnatal day 5 to 35) were determined using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, creating an "N-acetyl-aspartate growth chart." This chart was used to compare the effects of a single 6-h sevoflurane exposure (postnatal day 7) to three 2-h exposures (postnatal days 5, 7, 10). Long-term effects on behavior were separately examined utilizing novel object recognition, open field testing, and Barnes maze tasks. RESULTS Utilizing the N-acetyl-aspartate growth chart, deviations from the normal trajectory were documented in both single and multiple exposure groups, with z-scores (mean ± SD) of -0.80 ± 0.58 (P = 0.003) and -1.87 ± 0.58 (P = 0.002), respectively. Behavioral testing revealed that, in comparison with unexposed and single-exposed, multiple-exposed animals spent the least time with the novel object in novel object recognition (F(2,44) = 4.65, P = 0.015), traveled the least distance in open field testing (F(2,57) = 4.44, P = 0.016), but exhibited no learning deficits in the Barnes maze. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate the feasibility of using the biomarker N-acetyl-aspartate, measured noninvasively using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, for longitudinally monitoring anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity. These results also indicate that the neonatal rodent brain is more vulnerable to multiple anesthesia exposures than to a single exposure of the same cumulative duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rany Makaryus
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Hedok Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - John Robinson
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Grigori Enikolopov
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Anxiolytic-Like Effect of Methanol Leaf Extract of Laggera aurita Linn. F. (Asteraceae) in Mice. ARCHIVES OF NEUROSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/archneurosci.63441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Lalonde R, Strazielle C. Neuroanatomical pathways underlying the effects of hypothalamo-hypophysial-adrenal hormones on exploratory activity. Rev Neurosci 2018; 28:617-648. [PMID: 28609296 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
When injected via the intracerebroventricular route, corticosterone-releasing hormone (CRH) reduced exploration in the elevated plus-maze, the center region of the open-field, and the large chamber in the defensive withdrawal test. The anxiogenic action of CRH in the elevated plus-maze also occurred when infused in the basolateral amygdala, ventral hippocampus, lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, nucleus accumbens, periaqueductal grey, and medial frontal cortex. The anxiogenic action of CRH in the defensive withdrawal test was reproduced when injected in the locus coeruleus, while the amygdala, hippocampus, lateral septum, nucleus accumbens, and lateral globus pallidus contribute to center zone exploration in the open-field. In addition to elevated plus-maze and open-field tests, the amygdala appears as a target region for CRH-mediated anxiety in the elevated T-maze. Thus, the amygdala is the principal brain region identified with these three tests, and further research must identify the neural circuits underlying this form of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Strazielle
- , Laboratoire 'Stress, Immunité, Pathogènes' EA 7300 and Service de Microscopie Electronique, Faculté de Médecine
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73
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Belovicova K, Bogi E, Csatlosova K, Dubovicky M. Animal tests for anxiety-like and depression-like behavior in rats. Interdiscip Toxicol 2018; 10:40-43. [PMID: 30123035 PMCID: PMC6096862 DOI: 10.1515/intox-2017-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An animal model of human behavior represents a complex of cognitive and/or emotional processess, which are translated from animals to humans. A behavioral test is developed primarily and specifically to verify and support a theory of cognition or emotion; it can also be used to verify a theory of a psychopathology, but it is not developed for a particular type of psychopathology. The paper reviews tests commonly used in novel drug discovery research. Focus is especially on tests which can evaluate anxiety-like (openfield test, novelty suppressed feeding, elevated plus maze, light/dark box, stressinduced hyperthermia) and depression-like behaviors (forced swim test, tail suspension test, sucrose preference test) as they represent an important methodological tool in pre-clinical as well as in behavioral toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Belovicova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Eszter Bogi
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Kristina Csatlosova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Michal Dubovicky
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Peterson NC, Nunamaker EA, Turner PV. To Treat or Not to Treat: The Effects of Pain on Experimental Parameters. Comp Med 2017; 67:469-482. [PMID: 29212578 PMCID: PMC5713161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A common dilemma faced by all animal bioethics committees arises when exceptions are proposed to the use of analgesics in painful procedures. The committee and researcher must weigh the possible confounding effects of including additional drugs (analgesics) in their treatment regimen against the moral obligation to perform humane research. Often neglected in these considerations are the potential confounding effects of unrelieved pain and consistency with pain-relieving practices in human medicine. In this review, we summarize what is currently known regarding the molecular and physiologic effects of pain and analgesics in common animal models used across several therapeutic areas. This work is intended to help provide guidance and assurance that a comprehensive approach has been taken when contemplating how pain relief will be applied in animal research protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patricia V Turner
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Post-injury administration of a combination of memantine and 17β-estradiol is protective in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. Neurochem Int 2017; 111:57-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Labots MM, Laarakker MCM, Schetters DD, Arndt SSS, van Lith HAH. An improved procedure for integrated behavioral z-scoring illustrated with modified Hole Board behavior of male inbred laboratory mice. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 293:375-388. [PMID: 28939008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guilloux et al. introduced: integrated behavioral z-scoring, a method for behavioral phenotyping of mice. Using this method multiple ethological variables can be combined to show an overall description of a certain behavioral dimension or motivational system. However, a problem may occur when the control group used for the calculation has a standard deviation of zero or when no control group is present to act as a reference group. NEW METHOD In order to solve these problems, an improved procedure is suggested: taking the pooled data as reference. For this purpose a behavioral study with male mice from three inbred strains was carried out. The integrated behavioral z-scoring methodology was applied, thereby taking five different reference group options. The outcome regarding statistical significance and practical importance was compared. RESULTS Significant effects and effect sizes were influenced by the choice of the reference group. In some cases it was impossible to use a certain population and condition, because one or more behavioral variables in question had a standard deviation of zero. Based on the improved method, male mice from the three inbred strains differed regarding activity and anxiety. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD Taking the method described by Guilloux et al. as basis, the present procedure improved the generalizability to all types of experimental designs in animal behavioral research. CONCLUSIONS To solve the aforementioned problems and to avoid getting the diagnosis of data manipulation, the pooled data (combining the data from all experimental groups in a study) as reference option is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maaike Labots
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Animal Welfare & Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - M C Marijke Laarakker
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Animal Welfare & Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - D Dustin Schetters
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Animal Welfare & Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - S S Saskia Arndt
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Animal Welfare & Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - H A Hein van Lith
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Animal Welfare & Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Bahi A. Environmental enrichment reduces chronic psychosocial stress-induced anxiety and ethanol-related behaviors in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 77:65-74. [PMID: 28390969 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous research from our laboratory has shown that exposure to chronic psychosocial stress increased voluntary ethanol consumption and preference as well as acquisition of ethanol-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in mice. This study was done to determine whether an enriched environment could have "curative" effects on chronic psychosocial stress-induced ethanol intake and CPP. For this purpose, experimental mice "intruders" were exposed to the chronic subordinate colony (CSC) housing for 19 consecutive days in the presence of an aggressive "resident" mouse. At the end of that period, mice were tested for their anxiety-like behavior using the elevated plus maze (EPM) test then housed in a standard or enriched environment (SE or EE respectively). Anxiety and ethanol-related behaviors were investigated using the open field (OF) test, a standard two-bottle choice drinking paradigm, and the CPP procedure. As expected, CSC exposure increased anxiety-like behavior and reduced weight gain as compared to single housed colony (SHC) controls. In addition, CSC exposure increased voluntary ethanol intake and ethanol-CPP. Interestingly, we found that EE significantly and consistently reduced anxiety and ethanol consumption and preference. However, neither tastants' (saccharin and quinine) intake nor blood ethanol metabolism were affected by EE. Finally, and most importantly, EE reduced the acquisition of CPP induced by 1.5g/kg ethanol. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that EE can reduce voluntary ethanol intake and ethanol-induced conditioned reward and seems to be one of the strategies to reduce the behavioral deficits and the risk of anxiety-induced alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Bahi
- Department of Anatomy, Tawam Medical Campus, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Tucker LB, McCabe JT. Behavior of Male and Female C57BL/6J Mice Is More Consistent with Repeated Trials in the Elevated Zero Maze than in the Elevated Plus Maze. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:13. [PMID: 28184191 PMCID: PMC5266707 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The elevated plus maze (EPM) and elevated zero maze (EZM) are behavioral tests that are widely employed to assess anxiety-like behaviors in rats and mice following experimental manipulations, or to test the effects of pharmacological agents. Both tests are based on approach/avoidance conflict, with rodents perceived as “less anxious” being more willing to explore the brighter, open and elevated regions of the apparatus as opposed to remaining in the darkened and enclosed regions. The goal of this research was to compare, under identical laboratory conditions, the behavior of male and female C57BL/6J mice in EZM and EPM during repeated trials. Mice were tested either daily or weekly, exclusively in the EPM or EZM, for a total of five exposures. During the first trial, the mazes were explored equally as measured by the total distance traveled during the test session. However, mice tested in the EZM spent nearly twice the amount of time in the anxiogenic regions (open quadrants) as the mice tested in the EPM spent in the open arms of that apparatus. After the first trial in the EPM, amounts of ambulation and percent time in the open arms decreased significantly (independent of inter-trial interval) which has been well-described in previous research as the one-trial tolerance phenomenon. In contrast, behavior in the EZM remained comparatively stable for several trials when the animals were tested weekly or daily. Sex differences were limited to activity levels, with females being more active than males. In conclusion, the design of the EZM encourages greater exploration of the anxiogenic regions of the apparatus, and may also be a more suitable test than the EPM for experimental designs in which assessment of anxiety-related behaviors is needed at more than one time point following experimental manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Tucker
- Pre-Clinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative MedicineBethesda, MD, USA; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph T McCabe
- Pre-Clinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative MedicineBethesda, MD, USA; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesda, MD, USA
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Borbély É, Hajna Z, Nabi L, Scheich B, Tékus V, László K, Ollmann T, Kormos V, Gaszner B, Karádi Z, Lénárd L, Paige CJ, Quinn JP, Szolcsányi J, Pintér E, Keeble J, Berger A, Helyes Z. Hemokinin-1 mediates anxiolytic and anti-depressant-like actions in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 59:219-232. [PMID: 27621226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The tachykinin NK1 receptor was suggested to be involved in psychiatric disorders, but its antagonists have failed to be effective as antidepressants in clinical trials. Hemokinin-1 (HK-1), the newest tachykinin, is present in several brain regions and activates the NK1 receptor similarly to substance P (SP), but acts also through other mechanisms. Therefore, we investigated the roles of the Tac4 gene-derived HK-1 in comparison with SP and neurokinin A (NKA) encoded by the Tac1 gene, as well as the NK1 receptor in anxiety and depression-like behaviors in mice. Mice lacking SP/NKA, HK-1 or the NK1 receptor (Tac1-/-, Tac4-/-, Tacr1-/-, respectively) compared to C57Bl/6 wildtypes (WT), and treatment with the NK1 antagonist CP99994 were used in the experiments. Anxiety was evaluated in the light-dark box (LDB) and the elevated plus maze (EPM), locomotor activity in the open field (OFT) tests. Hedonic behavior was assessed in the sucrose preference test (SPT), depression-like behavior in the tail suspension (TST) and forced swim (FST) tests. FST-induced neuronal responsiveness was evaluated with Fos immunohistochemistry in several stress-related brain regions. In the LDB, Tac4-/- mice spent significantly less, while Tacr1-/- and CP99994-treated mice spent significantly more time in the lit compartment. In the EPM only Tac4-/- showed reduced time in the open arms, but no difference was observed in any other groups. In the OFT Tac4-/- mice showed significantly reduced, while Tac1-/- and Tacr1-/- animals increased motility than the WTs, but CP99994 had no effect. NK1-/- consumed markedly more, while Tac4-/- less sucrose solution compared to WTs. In the TST and FST, Tac4-/- mice showed significantly increased immobility. However, depression-like behavior was decreased both in cases of genetic deletion and pharmacological blockade of the NK1 receptor. FST-induced neuronal activation in different nuclei involved in behavioral and neuroendocrine stress responses was significantly reduced in the brain of Tac4 -/- mice. Our results provide the first evidence for an anxiolytic and anti-depressant-like actions of HK-1 through a presently unknown target-mediated mechanism. Identification of its receptor and/or signaling pathways might open new perspectives for anxiolytic and anti-depressant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Borbély
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Centre, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Hajna
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Centre, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Liza Nabi
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, London, UK
| | - Bálint Scheich
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Centre, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Valéria Tékus
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Centre, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kristóf László
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Ollmann
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Viktória Kormos
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Gaszner
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Karádi
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Lénárd
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - John P Quinn
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine Liverpool University, Liverpool, UK
| | - János Szolcsányi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Centre, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Erika Pintér
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Centre, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Julie Keeble
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Berger
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Centre, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Hungary; MTA-PTE NAP B Chronic Pain Research Group, Hungary.
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80
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Ossato A, Uccelli L, Bilel S, Canazza I, Di Domenico G, Pasquali M, Pupillo G, De Luca MA, Boschi A, Vincenzi F, Rimondo C, Beggiato S, Ferraro L, Varani K, Borea PA, Serpelloni G, De-Giorgio F, Marti M. Psychostimulant Effect of the Synthetic Cannabinoid JWH-018 and AKB48: Behavioral, Neurochemical, and Dopamine Transporter Scan Imaging Studies in Mice. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:130. [PMID: 28824464 PMCID: PMC5543288 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
JWH-018 and AKB48 are two synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) belonging to different structural classes and illegally marketed as incense, herbal preparations, or chemical supply for theirs psychoactive cannabis-like effects. Clinical reports from emergency room reported psychomotor agitation as one of the most frequent effects in people assuming SCBs. This study aimed to investigate the psychostimulant properties of JWH-018 and AKB48 in male CD-1 mice and to compare their behavioral and biochemical effects with those caused by cocaine and amphetamine. In vivo studies showed that JWH-018 and AKB48, as cocaine and amphetamine, facilitated spontaneous locomotion in mice. These effects were prevented by CB1 receptor blockade and dopamine (DA) D1/5 and D2/3 receptors inhibition. SPECT-CT studies on dopamine transporter (DAT) revealed that, as cocaine and amphetamine, JWH-018 and AKB48 decreased the [123I]-FP-CIT binding in the mouse striatum. Conversely, in vitro competition binding studies revealed that, unlike cocaine and amphetamine, JWH-018 and AKB48 did not bind to mouse or human DAT. Moreover, microdialysis studies showed that the systemic administration of JWH-018, AKB48, cocaine, and amphetamine stimulated DA release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell of freely moving mice. Finally, unlike amphetamine and cocaine, JWH-018 and AKB48 did not induce any changes on spontaneous [3H]-DA efflux from murine striatal synaptosomes. The present results suggest that SCBs facilitate striatal DA release possibly with different mechanisms than cocaine and amphetamine. Furthermore, they demonstrate, for the first time, that JWH-018 and AKB48 induce a psychostimulant effect in mice possibly by increasing NAc DA release. These data, according to clinical reports, outline the potential psychostimulant action of SCBs highlighting their possible danger to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ossato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Section of Legal Medicine, Institute of Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Licia Uccelli
- Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine Department, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sabrine Bilel
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Isabella Canazza
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Section of Legal Medicine, Institute of Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Micol Pasquali
- Physics and Hearth Science Department, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gaia Pupillo
- Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Boschi
- Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine Department, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudia Rimondo
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sarah Beggiato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Serpelloni
- Department of Psychiatry in the College of Medicine, Drug Policy Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Fabio De-Giorgio
- Section of Legal Medicine, Institute of Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Marti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Center for Neuroscience, Istituto Nazionale di Neuroscienze, Ferrara, Italy
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81
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Morzelle MC, Salgado JM, Telles M, Mourelle D, Bachiega P, Buck HS, Viel TA. Neuroprotective Effects of Pomegranate Peel Extract after Chronic Infusion with Amyloid-β Peptide in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166123. [PMID: 27829013 PMCID: PMC5102433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is a chronic and degenerative condition that had no treatment until recently. The current therapeutic strategies reduce progression of the disease but are expensive and commonly cause side effects that are uncomfortable for treated patients. Functional foods to prevent and/or treat many conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, represent a promising field of study currently gaining attention. To this end, here we demonstrate the effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel extract (PPE) regarding spatial memory, biomarkers of neuroplasticity, oxidative stress and inflammation in a mouse model of neurodegeneration. Male C57Bl/6 mice were chronically infused for 35 days with amyloid-β peptide 1–42 (Aβ) or vehicle (control) using mini-osmotic pumps. Another group, also infused with Aβ, was treated with PPE (p.o.– βA+PPE, 800 mg/kg/day). Spatial memory was evaluated in the Barnes maze. Animals treated with PPE and in the control group exhibited a reduction in failure to find the escape box, a finding that was not observed in the Aβ group. The consumption of PPE reduced amyloid plaque density, increased the expression of neurotrophin BDNF and reduced the activity of acetylcholinesterase enzyme. A reduction in lipid peroxidation and in the concentration of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α was also observed in the PPE group. No hepatic lesions were observed in animals treated with PPE. In conclusion, administration of pomegranate peel extract has neuroprotective effects involving multiple mechanisms to prevent establishment and progression of the neurodegenerative process induced by infusion with amyloid-β peptide in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maressa Caldeira Morzelle
- Department of Agri-food Industry, Food and Nutrition, ‘Luiz de Queiroz’ College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Pádua Dias Avenue, P.O. Box. 9, 13418–900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Jocelem Mastrodi Salgado
- Department of Agri-food Industry, Food and Nutrition, ‘Luiz de Queiroz’ College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Pádua Dias Avenue, P.O. Box. 9, 13418–900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Milena Telles
- Graduation Course on Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508–900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo Mourelle
- Graduation Course on Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508–900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Bachiega
- Department of Agri-food Industry, Food and Nutrition, ‘Luiz de Queiroz’ College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Pádua Dias Avenue, P.O. Box. 9, 13418–900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Hudson Sousa Buck
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, R. Dr. Cesario Motta Junior, 61, 111° andar, São Paulo, SP 01221–020, Brazil
| | - Tania Araujo Viel
- Graduation Course on Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508–900, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bettio, 1000, São Paulo, SP 03828–080, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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82
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Cigarette smoke exposure during adolescence but not adulthood induces anxiety‐like behavior and locomotor stimulation in rats during withdrawal. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 55:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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83
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Slope climbing challenges, fear of heights, anxiety and time of the day. Behav Brain Res 2016; 316:169-182. [PMID: 27609646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
When exposed to an unfamiliar open space, animals experience fear and attempt to find an escape route. Anxiety emerges when animals are confronted with a challenging obstacle to this fear motivated escape. High anxiety animals do not take risks; they avoid the challenge. The present experiments investigated this risk avoidant behavior in mice. In experiment 1, BALB/c, C57BL/6J and CD-1 mice were exposed to a large platform with downward inclined steep slopes attached on two opposite sides. The platform was elevated 75 and 100cm from the ground, in a standard (SPDS) and in a raised (RPDS) configuration, respectively. In experiment 2, the platform was elevated 75cm from the ground. Mice had to climb onto a stand at the top of upward inclined slopes (SPUS). In experiment 3, BALB/c mice were exposed to SPDS with steep or shallow slopes either in early morning or in late afternoon. In all 3 test configurations, mice spent more time in the areas adjacent to the slopes than in the areas adjacent to void, however only C57BL/6J and CD-1 crossed onto the slopes in SPDS, and crossed onto the stands in SPUS whereas BALB/c remained on the platform in SPDS and explored the slopes in SPUS. Elevation of the platform from the ground reduced the crossings onto the slopes in C57BL/6J and CD-1, and no differences were observed between BALB/c and C57BL/6J. BALB/c mice demonstrated no difference in anxiety when tested early morning or late afternoon; they crossed onto shallow slopes and avoided the steep one.
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84
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Ennaceur A, Chazot PL. Preclinical animal anxiety research - flaws and prejudices. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00223. [PMID: 27069634 PMCID: PMC4804324 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The current tests of anxiety in mice and rats used in preclinical research include the elevated plus-maze (EPM) or zero-maze (EZM), the light/dark box (LDB), and the open-field (OF). They are currently very popular, and despite their poor achievements, they continue to exert considerable constraints on the development of novel approaches. Hence, a novel anxiety test needs to be compared with these traditional tests, and assessed against various factors that were identified as a source of their inconsistent and contradictory results. These constraints are very costly, and they are in most cases useless as they originate from flawed methodologies. In the present report, we argue that the EPM or EZM, LDB, and OF do not provide unequivocal measures of anxiety; that there is no evidence of motivation conflict involved in these tests. They can be considered at best, tests of natural preference for unlit and/or enclosed spaces. We also argued that pharmacological validation of a behavioral test is an inappropriate approach; it stems from the confusion of animal models of human behavior with animal models of pathophysiology. A behavioral test is developed to detect not to produce symptoms, and a drug is used to validate an identified physiological target. In order to overcome the major methodological flaws in animal anxiety studies, we proposed an open space anxiety test, a 3D maze, which is described here with highlights of its various advantages over to the traditional tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul L. Chazot
- School of Biological and Biomedical SciencesDurham UniversityDurhamUK
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