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Fani L, van Dam-Nolen DHK, Vernooij M, Kavousi M, van der Lugt A, Bos D. Circulatory markers of immunity and carotid atherosclerotic plaque. Atherosclerosis 2021; 325:69-74. [PMID: 33894597 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We aimed to determine the association of circulatory markers of innate and adaptive immunity with carotid atherosclerotic plaque characteristics. METHODS In 1602 participants from the population-based Rotterdam Study with subclinicalcarotid atherosclerosis, blood sampling was performed to determine granulocyte, platelet, monocyte (innate immunity) and lymphocyte (adaptive immunity) counts, from which the granulocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio [GLR], platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio [PLR], monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio [MLR] and systemic immune-inflammation index [SII] were calculated. All participants underwent carotid MRI for evaluation of plaque characteristics. Plaque size (stenosis >30%, maximum plaque thickness) and plaque composition (presence of intraplaque hemorrhage [IPH], lipid-rich necrotic core [LRNC], and calcification) were assessed. Using linear and logistic regression models, the association of innate and adaptive immunity markers with plaque size and plaque components, adjusting for relevant confounders, was assessed. RESULTS Higher levels of granulocytes were significantly associated with larger plaque thickness (mean difference [Ln (mm)] per Ln increase granulocyte count [95% CI]: 0.06 [0.02; 0.10]). Conversely, more lymphocytes related with smaller maximum plaque thickness (mean difference [Ln (mm)] per Ln increase lymphocyte count: 0.09 [-0.14;-0.04]) and a lower prevalence of IPH (odds ratio per Ln increase lymphocyte count: 0.60 [0.37; 0.97]). Moreover, all ratio measures were associated with larger plaque thickness, of which the MLR also associated with more frequent LRNC (odds ratio per Ln increase MLR: 1.26 [1.02; 1.56]). CONCLUSIONS The innate immunity links to larger plaques, whilst the adaptive immunity seems to relate to smaller plaques and a lower frequency of IPH. These results suggest that an imbalance in innate and adaptive immunity may play a role in the vulnerability of carotid atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Fani
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Meike Vernooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maryam Kavousi
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aad van der Lugt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Bos
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Ledo C, Gonzalez CD, Garofalo A, Sabbione F, Keitelman IA, Giai C, Stella I, Trevani AS, Gómez MI. Protein A Modulates Neutrophil and Keratinocyte Signaling and Survival in Response to Staphylococcus aureus. Front Immunol 2021; 11:524180. [PMID: 33692774 PMCID: PMC7937904 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.524180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The type 1 TNF-α receptor (TNFR1) has a central role in initiating both pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic signaling cascades in neutrophils. Considering that TNFR1 signals Staphylococcus aureus protein A (SpA), the aim of this study was to explore the interaction of this bacterial surface protein with neutrophils and keratinocytes to underscore the signaling pathways that may determine the fate of these innate immune cells in the infected tissue during staphylococcal skin infections. Using human neutrophils cultured in vitro and isogenic staphylococcal strains expressing or not protein A, we demonstrated that SpA is a potent inducer of IL-8 in neutrophils and that the induction of this chemokine is dependent on the SpA-TNFR1 interaction and p38 activation. In addition to IL-8, protein A induced the expression of TNF-α and MIP-1α highlighting the importance of SpA in the amplification of the inflammatory response. Protein A contributed to reduce neutrophil mortality prolonging their lifespan upon the encounter with S. aureus. Signaling initiated by SpA modulated the type of neutrophil cell death in vitro and during skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) in vivo triggering the apoptotic pathway instead of necrosis. Moreover, SpA induced pro-inflammatory cytokines in keratinocytes, modulating their survival in vitro and preventing the exacerbated necrosis and ulceration of the epithelium during SSTI in vivo. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of the inflammatory signaling induced by protein A in neutrophils and skin epithelial cells. The ability of protein A to modulate the neutrophil/epithelial cell death program in the skin is of clinical relevance considering that lysis of neutrophils and epithelial cells will promote an intense inflammatory response and contribute to tissue damage, a non-desirable feature of complicated SSTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Ledo
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas, Universidad Maimonides, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cintia D Gonzalez
- Instituto de investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ailin Garofalo
- Instituto de investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Sabbione
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Irene A Keitelman
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Constanza Giai
- Instituto de investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Inés Stella
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía S Trevani
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marisa I Gómez
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas, Universidad Maimonides, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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53
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Owusu SB, Hudik E, Férard C, Dupré-Crochet S, Addison ECDK, Preko K, Bizouarn T, Houée-Levin C, Baciou L. Radiation-induced reactive oxygen species partially assemble neutrophil NADPH oxidase. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 164:76-84. [PMID: 33387605 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are key cells from the innate immune system that destroy invading bacteria or viruses, thanks mainly to the non-mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the enzyme NADPH oxidase. Our aim was to study the response of neutrophils to situations of oxidative stress with emphasis on the impact on the NADPH oxidase complex. To mimic oxidative stress, we used gamma irradiation that generated ROS (OH•, O2•- and H2O2) in a quantitative controlled manner. We showed that, although irradiation induces shorter half-lives of neutrophil (reduced by at least a factor of 2), it triggers a pre-activation of surviving neutrophils. This is detectable by the production of a small but significant amount of superoxide anions, proportional to the dose (about 3 times that of sham). Investigations at the molecular level showed that this ROS increase was generated by the NADPH oxidase enzyme after neutrophils irradiation. The NADPH oxidase complex undergoes an incomplete assembly which includes p47phox and p67phox but excludes the G-protein Rac. Importantly, this irradiation-induced pre-activation is capable of considerably improving neutrophil reactivity. Indeed, we have observed that this leads to an increase in the production of ROS and the capacity of phagocytosis, leading to the conclusion that radiation induced ROS clearly behave as neutrophil primers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephenson B Owusu
- Institut de Chimie Physique UMR 8000, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France; Department of Physics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Elodie Hudik
- Institut de Chimie Physique UMR 8000, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Céline Férard
- Institut de Chimie Physique UMR 8000, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Sophie Dupré-Crochet
- Institut de Chimie Physique UMR 8000, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Eric C D K Addison
- Department of Physics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Medical Physics Department, Oncology Directorate, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kwasi Preko
- Department of Physics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Tania Bizouarn
- Institut de Chimie Physique UMR 8000, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Chantal Houée-Levin
- Institut de Chimie Physique UMR 8000, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Laura Baciou
- Institut de Chimie Physique UMR 8000, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France.
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54
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Genome-Scale Transcript Analyses of Human Neutrophils. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 31728999 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0154-9_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Transcriptome analyses of unicellular and multicellular organisms have changed fundamental understanding of biological and pathological processes across multiple scientific disciplines. Over the past 15 years, studies of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN or neutrophil) gene expression on a global scale have provided new insight into the molecular processes that promote resolution of infections in humans. Herein we present methods to analyze gene expression in human neutrophils using Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays and next-generation sequencing. Notably, the procedures utilize commercially available reagents and materials and thus represent a standardized approach for evaluating PMN transcript levels.
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55
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Julian I, Iwamoto T. Investigation of Biomarkers and Handling Strategy of Erlotinib-Induced Skin Rash in Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1050-1059. [PMID: 34334490 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Skin rash is a common adverse event associated with erlotinib therapy. In severe conditions, the rash could affect patients' QOL. If the rash occurrence can be predicted, erlotinib treatment failures can be prevented. We designed an in vivo study that applied erlotinib regimens resembling its clinical application to evaluate possible erlotinib-induced skin rash biomarkers for humans and simultaneously observe the effects of erlotinib discontinuation, followed with or without dose reduction, on rash development. Rats were divided into four groups: placebo, constant (erlotinib 35 mg/kg on d1-d21), intermittent (erlotinib 70 mg/kg on d1-d7 and d15-d21), and mimic (erlotinib 70 mg/kg on d1-d7 and erlotinib 35 mg/kg on d15-d21). Blood sampling was performed on d1, d8, d15, and d22. The samples were used to measure erlotinib concentrations, the level of hepatic and renal function markers, immune cell percentages, and immune cells' CD45 expression levels. Erlotinib 70 mg/kg generated high mean circulating erlotinib concentrations (>1800 ng/mL) that led to severe rashes. Erlotinib dose reduction following rash occurrence reduced circulating erlotinib concentration and rash severity. After the treatment, the escalation of neutrophil percentages and reduction of neutrophils' CD45 expression levels were observed, which were significantly correlated with the rash occurrence. This study is the first to show that erlotinib-induced skin rash may be affected by the reduction of neutrophils' CD45 expression levels, and this is a valuable finding to elucidate the erlotinib-induced skin rash formation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Julian
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University
| | - Takuya Iwamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University
- Department of Pharmacy, Mie University Hospital
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56
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Blufstein A, Behm C, Kubin B, Gahn J, Moritz A, Rausch-Fan X, Andrukhov O. Anti-apoptotic effects of human gingival mesenchymal stromal cells on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Oral Dis 2021; 28:777-785. [PMID: 33386669 PMCID: PMC9290793 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) constitute the first line of host defence and are crucial in maintaining periodontal health. Their survival and function are modulated by mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from different origin. Gingival MSCs (GMSCs) play an important role in maintaining oral health and in the initial inflammatory response. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of GMSCs on PMNs apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. METHODS PMNs were either directly incubated with untreated, interleukin (IL)-1β- or tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α-treated GMSCs or stimulated with their conditioned media. Resulting ROS production was evaluated by dichlorofluorescin diacetate staining, whereas PMNs apoptosis was assessed by Annexin V staining, followed by flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS While conditioned media of untreated and TNF-α-treated GMSCs did not affect apoptosis of PMNs, it was significantly delayed by conditioned media of GMSCs treated with IL-1β. In direct co-culture, GMSCs exerted anti-apoptotic effects on PMNs independently of the previous stimulation. However, the strongest impact was observed by IL-1β-treated GMSCs. ROS production of PMNs was not influenced by GMSCs or their conditioned media. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates for the first time the immunomodulatory properties of GMSCs towards PMNs, revealing that IL-1β enhances anti-apoptotic effects of GMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Blufstein
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Behm
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Kubin
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Gahn
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaohui Rausch-Fan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oleh Andrukhov
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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57
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Naz F, Arish M. GPCRs as an emerging host-directed therapeutic target against mycobacterial infection: From notion to reality. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 179:4899-4909. [PMID: 33150959 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is one of the successful pathogens and claim millions of deaths across the globe. The emergence of drug resistance in M. tb has created new hurdles in the tuberculosis elimination programme worldwide. Hence, there is an unmet medical need for alternative therapy, which could be achieved by targeting the host's critical signalling pathways that are compromised during M. tb infection. In this review, we have summarized some of the findings involving the modulation of host GPCRs in the regulation of the mycobacterial infection. Understanding the role of these GPCRs not only unravels signalling pathways during infection but also provides clues for targeting critical signalling intermediates for the development of GPCR-based host-directive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farha Naz
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Mohd Arish
- JH-Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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58
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Cho C, Teghanemt A, Apicella MA, Nauseef WM. Modulation of phagocytosis-induced cell death of human neutrophils by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1543-1553. [PMID: 32977356 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ma0820-649r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal innate immune response to infection includes eradication of potential pathogens, resolution of associated inflammation, and restitution of homeostasis. Phagocytosing human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (hPMN) undergo accelerated apoptosis, a process referred to as phagocytosis-induced cell death (PICD) and an early step in their clearance from inflammatory sites. Among human pathogens that modulate hPMN apoptosis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae delays PICD, which may contribute to the exuberant neutrophilic inflammation that characterizes gonorrhea. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying delayed PICD, we compared features of hPMN cell death that followed phagocytosis of N. gonorrhoeae FA1090 wild-type (GC) or serum-opsonized zymosan (OPZ), a prototypical stimulus of PICD. Phosphatidylserine externalization required NADPH oxidase activity after ingestion of GC or OPZ, and annexin V staining and DNA fragmentation were less after phagocytosis of GC compared to OPZ. Caspase 3/7 and caspase 9 activities after phagocytosis of GC were less than that seen after ingestion of OPZ, but caspase 8 activity was the same after ingestion of GC or OPZ. When hPMN sequentially ingested GC followed by OPZ, both caspase 3/7 and 9 activities were less than that seen after OPZ alone, and the inhibition was dose dependent for GC, suggesting that ingestion of GC actively inhibited PICD. Sequential phagocytosis did not block caspase 8 activity, mitochondrial depolarization, or annexin V/propidium iodide staining compared to responses of hPMN fed OPZ alone, despite inhibition of caspases 3/7 and 9. Taken together, these data suggest that active inhibition of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis contributes to the delay in PICD after hPMN ingestion of N. gonorrhoeae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Cho
- Inflammation Program and Department of Internal Medicine Roy J. and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Athmane Teghanemt
- Inflammation Program and Department of Internal Medicine Roy J. and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Michael A Apicella
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program and Department of Internal Medicine Roy J. and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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59
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Thakur N, Evans H, Abdelsalam K, Farr A, Rajput MKS, Young AJ, Chase CCL. Bovine viral diarrhea virus compromises Neutrophil's functions in strain dependent manner. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104515. [PMID: 32976968 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection is a major problem that results in economically important diseases of the cattle industry worldwide. The two major consequences of this disease are persistent infection and immune dysfunction. A number of studies have been done to determine the underline mechanisms of BVDV-induced immune dysfunction, in particular targeting antigen-presenting cells, T- and B- cells and cytokine gene expression. However, little research has focused Eon the effect of BVDV on neutrophils. Neutrophils are one of the predominant leukocytes circulating in blood and are considered the first line of defense in the innate immune system along with macrophages. Neutrophils not only eliminate the invading bacteria but also activate innate as well as adaptive immune responses. Therefore, compromised neutrophil function would affect both arms of immune system and caused immune suppression. In the current study, we used virus strains from both BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 species. Including a highly virulent non-cytopathic type 2a BVDV (ncp BVDV2a-1373), moderately virulent non-cytopathic type 2a (ncp BVDV2a 28508-5), and a pair of non-cytopathic type 1b BVDV (ncp BVDV1b TGAN) and cytopathic type 1b BVDV (cp BVDV1b TGAC) strain isolated from a case of mucosal disease. The highly virulent ncp BVDV2a-1373 significantly increased neutrophil apoptosis. However, none of the other BVDV strains affected neutrophil viability. All BVDV strains used significantly reduced CD18 and L-selectin expression on neutrophils as well as their oxidative burst and neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) activity. Cp BVDV significantly reduced neutrophil's phagocytic activity but ncp BVDV did not have any effect on it. On the other hand, ncp BVDV significantly increased neutrophil's CD14 expression and chemotactic activity while cp BVDV did not show any effect either on neutrophil's CD14 expression or on chemotactic activity. In conclusion, BVDV affected neutrophils variability and functional activity in strain dependent manner. Results of the current study will further help in understanding the pathophysiology of different BVDV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelu Thakur
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 7 South Dakota, USA
| | - Hannah Evans
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 7 South Dakota, USA
| | - Karim Abdelsalam
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 7 South Dakota, USA
| | - Amanda Farr
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 7 South Dakota, USA
| | - Mrigendra K S Rajput
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 7 South Dakota, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas Tech University, Russellville, AR, USA
| | - Alan J Young
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 7 South Dakota, USA
| | - Christopher C L Chase
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 7 South Dakota, USA.
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Lopreiato V, Vailati-Riboni M, Parys C, Fernandez C, Minuti A, Loor JJ. Methyl donor supply to heat stress-challenged polymorphonuclear leukocytes from lactating Holstein cows enhances 1-carbon metabolism, immune response, and cytoprotective gene network abundance. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10477-10493. [PMID: 32952025 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms controlling immune function of dairy cows are dysregulated during heat stress (HS). Methyl donor supply-methionine (Met) and choline (Chol)-positively modulates innate immune function, particularly antioxidant systems of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Met and Chol supply in vitro on mRNA abundance of genes related to 1-carbon metabolism, inflammation, and immune function in short-term cultures of PMN isolated from mid-lactating Holstein cows in response to heat challenge. Blood PMN were isolated from 5 Holstein cows (153 ± 5 d postpartum, 34.63 ± 2.73 kg/d of milk production; mean ± SD). The PMN were incubated for 2 h at thermal-neutral (37°C; TN) or heat stress (42°C; HS) temperatures with 3 levels of Chol (0, 400, or 800 μg/mL) or 3 ratios of Lys:Met (Met; 3.6:1, 2.9:1, or 2.4:1). Supernatant concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α were measured via bovine-specific ELISA. Fold-changes in mRNA abundance were calculated separately for Chol and Met treatments to obtain the fold-change response at 42°C (HS) relative to 37°C (TN). Data were subjected to ANOVA using PROC MIXED in SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Orthogonal contrasts were used to determine the linear or quadratic effect of Met and Chol for mRNA fold-change and supernatant cytokine concentrations. Compared with PMN receiving 0 μg of Chol/mL, heat-stressed PMN supplemented with Chol at 400 or 800 μg/mL had greater fold-change in abundance of CBS, CSAD, GSS, GSR, and GPX1. Among genes associated with inflammation and immune function, fold-change in abundance of TLR2, TLR4, IRAK1, IL1B, and IL10 increased with 400 and 800 μg of Chol/mL compared with PMN receiving 0 μg of Chol/mL. Fold-change in abundance of SAHH decreased linearly at increasing levels of Met supply. A linear effect was detected for MPO, NFKB1, and SOD1 due to greater fold-change in abundance when Met was increased to reach Lys:Met ratios of 2.9:1 and 2.4:1. Although increasing Chol supply upregulated BAX, BCL2, and HSP70, increased Met supply only upregulated BAX. Under HS conditions, enhancing PMN supply of Chol to 400 μg/mL effectively increased fold-change in abundance of genes involved in antioxidant production (conferring cellular processes protection from free radicals and reactive oxygen species), inflammatory signaling, and innate immunity. Although similar outcomes were obtained with Met supply at Lys:Met ratios of 2.9:1 and 2.4:1, the response was less pronounced. Both Chol and Met supply enhanced the cytoprotective characteristics of PMN through upregulation of heat shock proteins. Overall, the modulatory effects detected in the present experiment highlight an opportunity to use Met and particularly Chol supplementation during thermal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lopreiato
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - M Vailati-Riboni
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - C Parys
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang 63457, Germany
| | - C Fernandez
- Animal Science Department, Universitàt Politècnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - A Minuti
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - J J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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Makkar K, Tomer S, Verma N, Rathi S, Arora SK, Taneja S, Duseja A, Chawla YK, Dhiman RK. Neutrophil dysfunction predicts 90-day survival in patients with acute on chronic liver failure: A longitudinal case-control study. JGH OPEN 2020; 4:595-602. [PMID: 32782944 PMCID: PMC7411642 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aim Innate immune disarray is a key component in the development and progression of acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) and predisposition to infections. We evaluated the neutrophil dysfunction and its impact on outcomes in patients with ACLF. Methods Forty patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis (10 each of grades 0, 1, 2, and 3 ACLF) and 10 healthy controls were prospectively evaluated for neutrophil immunophenotype (NP), neutrophil phagocytic capacity (NPC), and oxidative burst (OB) in both resting and stimulated conditions. The patients were followed up for 90 days or until death or transplant, whichever was earlier. Results NP was normal (in %) and NPC (in mean fluorescence intensity [MFI]) was better in controls compared to patients with ACLF (83.74 ± 12.38 vs 63.84 ± 22.98; P = 0.007 and 98.33 ± 130.60 vs 18.73 ± 17.88, P = 0.001, respectively). Resting OB was higher in patients with ACLF compared to controls (97 ± 4.9% vs 91 ± 9%; P = 0.034), but it failed to increase further after stimulation, suggesting an immune exhaustion. NP was normal (in %) and NPC (in MFI) was better in 90‐day survivors compared to nonsurvivors (78 ± 11.9 vs 62.2 ± 24.11, P = 0.02 and 33.3 ± 22.7 vs 16.36 ± 13.3; P = 0.004, respectively). Phenotypically normal neutrophils >71.7% had 78.6% sensitivity and 65.4% specificity with an area under receiver operating curve (AUROC) of 0.70 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.55–0.90); P = 0.017, and NPC >17.32. MFI had 71.4% sensitivity and 69.6% specificity with an AUROC of 0.73 (95% CI: 0.54–0.86), P = 0.035, in predicting 90‐day survival. Conclusion Neutrophils have impaired bactericidal function in patients with ACLF compared to healthy adults. Neutrophil phenotype and phagocytic capacity may be used to predict 90‐day survival in patients with ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunaal Makkar
- Department of Internal Medicine Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - Shallu Tomer
- Department of Immunopathology Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - Nipun Verma
- Department of Hepatology Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - Sahaj Rathi
- Department of Hepatology Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - Sunil K Arora
- Department of Immunopathology Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - Sunil Taneja
- Department of Hepatology Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - Ajay Duseja
- Department of Hepatology Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - Yogesh K Chawla
- Department of Hepatology Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - Radha K Dhiman
- Department of Hepatology Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
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62
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Fani L, van der Willik KD, Bos D, Leening MJG, Koudstaal PJ, Rizopoulos D, Ruiter R, Stricker BHC, Kavousi M, Ikram MA, Ikram MK. The association of innate and adaptive immunity, subclinical atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease in the Rotterdam Study: A prospective cohort study. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003115. [PMID: 32379748 PMCID: PMC7205222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is driven by multifaceted contributions of the immune system. However, the dysregulation of immune cells that leads to ASCVD is poorly understood. We determined the association of components of innate and adaptive immunity longitudinally with ASCVD, and assessed whether arterial calcifications play a role in this association. METHODS AND FINDINGS Granulocyte (innate immunity) and lymphocyte (adaptive immunity) counts were determined 3 times (2002-2008, mean age 65.2 years; 2009-2013, mean age 69.0 years; and 2014-2015, mean age 78.5 years) in participants of the population-based Rotterdam Study without ASCVD at baseline. Participants were followed-up for ASCVD or death until 1 January 2015. A random sample of 2,366 underwent computed tomography at baseline to quantify arterial calcification volume in 4 vessel beds. We studied the association between immunity components with risk of ASCVD and assessed whether immunity components were related to arterial calcifications at baseline. Of 7,730 participants (59.4% women), 801 developed ASCVD during a median follow-up of 8.1 years. Having an increased granulocyte count increased ASCVD risk (adjusted hazard ratio for doubled granulocyte count [95% CI] = 1.78 [1.34-2.37], P < 0.001). Higher granulocyte counts were related to larger calcification volumes in all vessels, most prominently in the coronary arteries (mean difference in calcium volume [mm3] per SD increase in granulocyte count [95% CI] = 32.3 [9.9-54.7], P < 0.001). Respectively, the association between granulocyte count and incident coronary heart disease and stroke was partly mediated by coronary artery calcification (overall proportion mediated [95% CI] = 19.0% [-10% to 32.3%], P = 0.08) and intracranial artery calcification (14.9% [-10.9% to 19.1%], P = 0.05). A limitation of our study is that studying the etiology of ASCVD remains difficult within an epidemiological setting due to the limited availability of surrogates for innate and especially adaptive immunity. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we found that an increased granulocyte count was associated with a higher risk of ASCVD in the general population. Moreover, higher levels of granulocytes were associated with larger volumes of arterial calcification. Arterial calcifications may explain a proportion of the link between granulocytes and ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Fani
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kimberly D van der Willik
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Bos
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten J G Leening
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Rikje Ruiter
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Maryam Kavousi
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Kamran Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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63
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Hwang JW, Lee NK, Yang JH, Son HJ, Bang SI, Chang JW, Na DL. A Comparison of Immune Responses Exerted Following Syngeneic, Allogeneic, and Xenogeneic Transplantation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells into the Mouse Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093052. [PMID: 32357509 PMCID: PMC7246520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their multifactorial aspects, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely established as an attractive and potential candidate for the treatment of a multitude of diseases. A substantial number of studies advocate that MSCs are poorly immunogenic. In several studies, however, immune responses were observed following injections of xenogeneic donor MSCs. In this study, the aim was to examine differences in immune responses exerted based on transplantations of xenogeneic, syngeneic, and allogeneic MSCs in the wild-type mouse brain. Xenogeneic, allogeneic, and syngeneic MSCs were intracerebrally injected into C57BL/6 mice. Mice were sacrificed one week following transplantation. Based on immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis, leukocytes and neutrophils were expressed at the injection sites in the following order (highest to lowest) xenogeneic, allogeneic, and syngeneic. In contrast, microglia and macrophages were expressed in the following order (highest to lowest): syngeneic, allogeneic, and xenogeneic. Residual human MSCs in the mouse brain were barely detected after seven days. Although the discrepancy between leukocytes versus macrophages/microglia infiltration should be resolved, our results overall argue against the previous notions that MSCs are poorly immunogenic and that modulation of immune responses is a prerequisite for preclinical and clinical studies in MSC therapy of central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Won Hwang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Na Kyung Lee
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Je Hoon Yang
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Son
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Sa Ik Bang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Jong Wook Chang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- R&D Center, ENCell Co. Ltd., Seoul 06072, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.W.C.); (D.L.N.); Tel.: +82-2-3410-3687 (J.W.C.); +82-2-3410-3591 (D.L.N.); Fax: +82-2-3410-0052 (D.L.N.)
| | - Duk L. Na
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06072, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.W.C.); (D.L.N.); Tel.: +82-2-3410-3687 (J.W.C.); +82-2-3410-3591 (D.L.N.); Fax: +82-2-3410-0052 (D.L.N.)
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Miralda I, Vashishta A, Rogers MN, Rouchka EC, Li X, Waigel S, Lamont RJ, Uriarte SM. Whole Transcriptome Analysis Reveals That Filifactor alocis Modulates TNFα-Stimulated MAPK Activation in Human Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2020; 11:497. [PMID: 32373107 PMCID: PMC7179764 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an irreversible, bacteria-induced, chronic inflammatory disease that compromises the integrity of tooth-supporting tissues and adversely affects systemic health. As the immune system's first line of defense against bacteria, neutrophils use their microbicidal functions in the oral cavity to protect the host against periodontal disease. However, periodontal pathogens have adapted to resist neutrophil microbicidal mechanisms while still propagating inflammation, which provides essential nutrients for the bacteria to proliferate and cause disease. Advances in sequencing technologies have recognized several newly appreciated bacteria associated with periodontal lesions such as the Gram-positive anaerobic rod, Filifactor alocis. With the discovery of these oral bacterial species, there is also a growing need to assess their pathogenic potential and determine their contribution to disease progression. Currently, few studies have addressed the pathogenic mechanisms used by oral bacteria to manipulate the neutrophil functional responses at the level of the transcriptome. Thus, this study aims to characterize the global changes at the gene expression level in human neutrophils during infection with F. alocis. Our results indicate that the challenge of human neutrophils with F. alocis results in the differential expression of genes involved in multiple neutrophil effector functions such as chemotaxis, cytokine and chemokine signaling pathways, and apoptosis. Moreover, F. alocis challenges affected the expression of components from the TNF and MAPK kinase signaling pathways. This resulted in transient, dampened p38 MAPK activation by secondary stimuli TNFα but not by fMLF. Functionally, the F. alocis-mediated inhibition of p38 activation by TNFα resulted in decreased cytokine production but had no effect on the priming of the respiratory burst response or the delay of apoptosis by TNFα. Since the modulatory effect was characteristic of viable F. alocis only, we propose this as one of F. alocis' mechanisms to control neutrophils and their functional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Miralda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Aruna Vashishta
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Max N Rogers
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Eric C Rouchka
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,KBRIN Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Xiaohong Li
- KBRIN Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Sabine Waigel
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville Genomics Facility, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Richard J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Silvia M Uriarte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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65
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Identification of key protein-coding genes and lncRNAs in spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15106. [PMID: 31641174 PMCID: PMC6805912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are the most abundant cells of the innate immune system in humans, and spontaneous PMN apoptosis plays crucial roles in maintaining neutrophil homeostasis and resolving inflammation. However, the detailed mechanisms of spontaneous PMN apoptosis remain to be elucidated. By analysis of the public microarray dataset GSE37416, we identified a total of 3050 mRNAs and 220 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) specifically expressed during PMN apoptosis in a time-dependent manner. By short time-series expression miner (STEM) analysis, Gene Ontology analysis, and lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network analyses, we identified some key molecules specifically related to PMN apoptosis. STEM analysis identified 12 gene profiles with statistically significance, including 2 associated with apoptosis. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis of the genes from 2 profiles and lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network analysis identified a 12-gene hub (including NFκB1 and BIRC3) associated with apoptosis, as well as 2 highly correlated lncRNAs (THAP9-AS1, and AL021707.6). We experimentally examined the expression profiles of two mRNA (NFκB1 and BIRC3) and two lncRNAs (THAP9-AS1 andAL021707.6) by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to confirm their time-dependent expressions. These data altogether demonstrated that these genes are involved in the regulation of spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis and the corresponding gene products could also serve as potential key regulatory molecules for PMN apoptosis and/or therapeutic targets for over-reactive inflammatory response caused by the abnormality in PMN apoptosis.
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66
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Zhou D, Ding J, Ya J, Pan L, Wang Y, Ji X, Meng R. Remote ischemic conditioning: a promising therapeutic intervention for multi-organ protection. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:1825-1855. [PMID: 30115811 PMCID: PMC6128414 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of formidable exploration, multi-organ ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) encountered, particularly amongst elderly patients with clinical scenarios, such as age-related arteriosclerotic vascular disease, heart surgery and organ transplantation, is still an unsettled conundrum that besets clinicians. Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC), delivered via transient, repetitive noninvasive IR interventions to distant organs or tissues, is regarded as an innovative approach against IRI. Based on the available evidence, RIC holds the potential of affording protection to multiple organs or tissues, which include not only the heart and brain, but also others that are likely susceptible to IRI, such as the kidney, lung, liver and skin. Neuronal and humoral signaling pathways appear to play requisite roles in the mechanisms of RIC-related beneficial effects, and these pathways also display inseparable interactions with each other. So far, several hurdles lying ahead of clinical translation that remain to be settled, such as establishment of biomarkers, modification of RIC regimen, and deep understanding of underlying minutiae through which RIC exerts its powerful function. As this approach has garnered an increasing interest, herein, we aim to encapsulate an overview of the basic concept and postulated protective mechanisms of RIC, highlight the main findings from proof-of-concept clinical studies in various clinical scenarios, and also to discuss potential obstacles that remain to be conquered. More well designed and comprehensive experimental work or clinical trials are warranted in future research to confirm whether RIC could be utilized as a non-invasive, inexpensive and efficient adjunct therapeutic intervention method for multi-organ protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayue Ding
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyuan Ya
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Liqun Pan
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Meng
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
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Ghosh S, Padmanabhan A, Vaidya T, Watson AM, Bhutto IA, Hose S, Shang P, Stepicheva N, Yazdankhah M, Weiss J, Das M, Gopikrishna S, Aishwarya, Yadav N, Berger T, Mak TW, Xia S, Qian J, Lutty GA, Jayagopal A, Zigler JS, Sethu S, Handa JT, Watkins SC, Ghosh A, Sinha D. Neutrophils homing into the retina trigger pathology in early age-related macular degeneration. Commun Biol 2019; 2:348. [PMID: 31552301 PMCID: PMC6754381 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an expanding problem as longevity increases worldwide. While inflammation clearly contributes to vision loss in AMD, the mechanism remains controversial. Here we show that neutrophils are important in this inflammatory process. In the retinas of both early AMD patients and in a mouse model with an early AMD-like phenotype, we show neutrophil infiltration. Such infiltration was confirmed experimentally using ribbon-scanning confocal microscopy (RSCM) and IFNλ- activated dye labeled normal neutrophils. With neutrophils lacking lipocalin-2 (LCN-2), infiltration was greatly reduced. Further, increased levels of IFNλ in early AMD trigger neutrophil activation and LCN-2 upregulation. LCN-2 promotes inflammation by modulating integrin β1 levels to stimulate adhesion and transmigration of activated neutrophils into the retina. We show that in the mouse model, inhibiting AKT2 neutralizes IFNλ inflammatory signals, reduces LCN-2-mediated neutrophil infiltration, and reverses early AMD-like phenotype changes. Thus, AKT2 inhibitors may have therapeutic potential in early, dry AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Ghosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | | | | | - Alan M. Watson
- Center for Biologic Imaging and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Imran A. Bhutto
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Stacey Hose
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Peng Shang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Nadezda Stepicheva
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Meysam Yazdankhah
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Joseph Weiss
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | | | | | - Aishwarya
- Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bengaluru, India
| | - Naresh Yadav
- Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bengaluru, India
| | - Thorsten Berger
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Tak W. Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Shuli Xia
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jiang Qian
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Gerard A. Lutty
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Ashwath Jayagopal
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
- Present Address: Kodiak Sciences, Palo Alto, CA USA
| | - J. Samuel Zigler
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | - James T. Handa
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Simon C. Watkins
- Center for Biologic Imaging and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | | | - Debasish Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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68
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Vallvé-Juanico J, Houshdaran S, Giudice LC. The endometrial immune environment of women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod Update 2019; 25:564-591. [PMID: 31424502 PMCID: PMC6737540 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis, a common oestrogen-dependent inflammatory disorder in women of reproductive age, is characterized by endometrial-like tissue outside its normal location in the uterus, which causes pelvic scarring, pain and infertility. While its pathogenesis is poorly understood, the immune system (systemically and locally in endometrium, pelvic endometriotic lesions and peritoneal fluid) is believed to play a central role in its aetiology, pathophysiology and associated morbidities of pain, infertility and poor pregnancy outcomes. However, immune cell populations within the endometrium of women with the disease have had incomplete phenotyping, thereby limiting insight into their roles in this disorder. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE The objective herein was to determine reproducible and consistent findings regarding specific immune cell populations and their abundance, steroid hormone responsiveness, functionality, activation states, and markers, locally and systemically in women with and without endometriosis. SEARCH METHODS A comprehensive English language PubMed, Medline and Google Scholar search was conducted with key search terms that included endometriosis, inflammation, human eutopic/ectopic endometrium, immune cells, immune population, immune system, macrophages, dendritic cells (DC), natural killer cells, mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, B cells and T cells. OUTCOMES In women with endometriosis compared to those without endometriosis, some endometrial immune cells display similar cycle-phase variation, whereas macrophages (Mø), immature DC and regulatory T cells behave differently. A pro-inflammatory Mø1 phenotype versus anti-inflammatory Mø2 phenotype predominates and natural killer cells display abnormal activity in endometrium of women with the disease. Conflicting data largely derive from small studies, variably defined hormonal milieu and different experimental approaches and technologies. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Phenotyping immune cell subtypes is essential to determine the role of the endometrial immune niche in pregnancy and endometrial homeostasis normally and in women with poor reproductive history and can facilitate development of innovative diagnostics and therapeutics for associated symptoms and compromised reproductive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Vallvé-Juanico
- Department of Gynecology, IVI Barcelona S.L., 08017, Barcelona, Spain
- Group of Biomedical Research in Gynecology, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and University Hospital, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94193, USA
| | - Sahar Houshdaran
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94193, USA
| | - Linda C Giudice
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94193, USA
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Mortaz E, Zadian SS, Shahir M, Folkerts G, Garssen J, Mumby S, Adcock IM. Does Neutrophil Phenotype Predict the Survival of Trauma Patients? Front Immunol 2019; 10:2122. [PMID: 31552051 PMCID: PMC6743367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), trauma is responsible for 10% of deaths and 16% of disabilities worldwide. This is considerably higher than those for malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS combined. While the human suffering and death caused by injury is well-recognized, injury has a significant medical care cost. Better prediction of the state of trauma patients in the days immediately after trauma may reduce costs. Traumatic injuries to multiple organs can cause dysfunction in all systems of the body especially the immune system placing patients at high risk of infections and inflammatory complications which are often fatal. Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocyte in the human circulation and are crucial for the prevention of microbial disease. Significant changes in neutrophil functions such as enhanced chemotaxis, Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET)-induced cell death (NETosis), and phagocytosis occur early after injury followed by prolonged functional defects such as phagocytosis, killing mechanisms, and receptor expression. Analysis of these changes may improve the prediction of the patient's condition over time. We provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the literature investigating the effect of trauma on neutrophil phenotype with an underlying goal of using this knowledge to examine the predictive potential of neutrophil alterations on secondary complications in patients with traumatic injuries. We conclude that alterations in neutrophil surface markers and functions may be potential biomarkers that predict the outcome of trauma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mortaz
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Sajjad Zadian
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehri Shahir
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Nutricia Research Centre for Specialized Nutrition, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sharon Mumby
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Adcock
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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70
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Alharthi AS, Lopreiato V, Dai H, Bucktrout R, Abdelmegeid M, Batistel F, Parys C, Shen X, Ballou MA, Trevisi E, Alhidary IA, Abdelrahman MM, Loor JJ. Short communication: Supply of methionine during late pregnancy enhances whole-blood innate immune response of Holstein calves partly through changes in mRNA abundance in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:10599-10605. [PMID: 31447163 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The supply of methionine (Met) in late pregnancy can alter mRNA abundance of genes associated with metabolism and immune response in liver and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) of the neonatal calf. Whether prenatal supply of Met elicits postnatal effects on systemic inflammation and innate immune response of the calf is not well known. We investigated whether enhancing the maternal supply of Met via feeding ethyl-cellulose rumen-protected Met (RPM) was associated with differences in calf innate immune response mRNA abundance in PMN and systemic indicators of inflammation during the first 50 d of life. Calves (n = 14 per maternal diet) born to cows fed RPM at 0.09% of diet dry matter per day (MET) for the last 28 ± 2 d before calving or fed a control diet with no added Met (CON) were used. Blood for biomarker analysis and isolation of PMN for innate immune function assays and mRNA abundance was harvested at birth (before colostrum feeding) and at 7, 21 and 50 d of age. Whole blood was challenged with enteropathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli 0118:H8) and phagocytosis and oxidative burst of neutrophils and monocytes were quantified via flow cytometry. Although concentration of haptoglobin and activity of myeloperoxidase among calves from both maternal groups increased markedly between 0 and 7 d of age followed by a decrease to baseline at d 21 the responses were lower in MET compared with CON calves. Nitric oxide concentration decreased markedly between 0 and 7 d regardless of maternal group but MET calves tended to have lower overall concentrations during the study. In vitro phagocytosis in stimulated neutrophils increased markedly over time in both CON and MET calves but responses were overall greater in MET calves. Oxidative burst in both neutrophils and monocytes increased over time regardless of maternal treatment. The mRNA abundance of lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA) signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and S100 calcium binding protein A8 (S100A8) in PMN was overall greater in MET calves. Overall data suggest that increasing the maternal supply of Met during late pregnancy could affect the neonatal calf inflammatory status and innate immune response. Although changes in mRNA abundance could play a role in coordinating the immune response the exact mechanisms merit further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Alharthi
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - V Lopreiato
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza 29122, Italy
| | - H Dai
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - R Bucktrout
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - M Abdelmegeid
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Shaikh 33516, Egypt
| | - F Batistel
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan 84322
| | - C Parys
- Evonik Nutrition and Care GmbH, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - X Shen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - M A Ballou
- Department of Animal Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
| | - E Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza 29122, Italy
| | - I A Alhidary
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - M M Abdelrahman
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - J J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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71
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Vitenberga Z, Pilmane M, Babjoniševa A. An Insight into COPD Morphopathogenesis: Chronic Inflammation, Remodeling, and Antimicrobial Defense. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55080496. [PMID: 31426487 PMCID: PMC6723364 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55080496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Intercellular signaling networks with high complexity cause a spectrum of mechanisms achieving chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that still question many uncertainties. Materials and Methods: Immunoreactive cells in bronchial tissue obtained from 40 COPD patients and 49 healthy control subjects were detected by biotin-streptavidin immunohistochemistry method for the following markers of IL-1α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, MMP-2, TIMP-2, TGF-β1, Hsp−70, hBD−2, hBD−3, hBD−4. Results: Overall the highest numbers (from mostly moderate (++) to abundance (++++)) of IL-1α, IL-4, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, MMP-2, TIMP-2, TGF-β1 immunoreactive cells were marked increasingly in the blood vessel wall, connective tissue, and bronchial epithelium of COPD-affected lung, respectively. We found statistically significant (p < 0.05) higher numbers of immunoreactive cells positive for all of examined interleukins, TNF-α, MMP-2, TIMP-2, TGF-β1, hBD-2, and hBD-3 in the COPD-affected lung compared to the control group, but not for Hsp-70 and hBD-4. Conclusions: COPD-affected lung tissue exhibits mostly inflammatory response patterns of increased IL-1α, IL-4, IL-8, IL-12, and TNF-α, especially in the airway epithelium. Increased MMP-2 and TGF-β1, but decreased Hsp-70, proposes pronounced tissue damage and remodeling in COPD. High numbers of hBD-2 and hBD-3 immunoreactive cells may highlight antimicrobial activity in COPD within stable regulation of local immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Vitenberga
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Māra Pilmane
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia
| | - Aurika Babjoniševa
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Pilsonu street 13, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia
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72
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Gooty JR, Shashirekha A, Guntakala VR, Palaparthi R. Estimation of phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in chronic and aggressive periodontitis patients with nitroblue tetrazolium test. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2019; 23:316-321. [PMID: 31367127 PMCID: PMC6628772 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_399_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Context The phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) is influenced by the type of disease entity, i.e., chronic generalized periodontitis, generalized aggressive periodontitis, and chronic generalized gingivitis. Aims The purpose of this experimental study was to evaluate the phagocytic activity of PMN in patients with chronic generalized periodontitis, generalized aggressive periodontitis, and chronic generalized gingivitis. Materials and Methods A total of 60 patients, 20 patients with chronic generalized periodontitis, 20 patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis, and 20 patients with chronic generalized gingivitis were selected for this study. Blood samples were collected from the patients. Peripheral smears were prepared from the samples, and the slides were stained using nitroblue tetrazolium test, and the phagocytic activity of the neutrophils was compared using the test results. Statistical Analysis Used Intragroup comparison using Mann-Whitney U-test and intergroup comparison using Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA test were done. Results The results of the present study suggest that PMN phagocytic defect was present in most of the patients affected by generalized aggressive periodontitis; however, the phagocytic defect cannot be attributed to age, sex, or clinical parameters such as the plaque index or gingival index and probing pocket depths. Conclusions The phagocytic activity of neutrophils in generalized aggressive periodontitis was low compared to chronic generalized periodontitis and chronic generalized gingivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadish Reddy Gooty
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Sri Balaji Dental College, Telangana, India
| | - Andem Shashirekha
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Nalgonda, India
| | - Vikram Reddy Guntakala
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Sri Balaji Dental College, Telangana, India
| | - Rajababu Palaparthi
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Sri Balaji Dental College, Telangana, India
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73
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Sex-specific maternofetal innate immune responses triggered by group B Streptococci. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8587. [PMID: 31197179 PMCID: PMC6565749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is one of the most common bacteria isolated in human chorioamnionitis, which is a major risk factor for premature birth and brain injuries. Males are at greater risk than females for developing lifelong neurobehavioural disorders, although the origins of this sex bias remain poorly understood. We previously showed that end-gestational inflammation triggered by GBS led to early neurodevelopmental impairments mainly in the male rat progeny. Identifying key inflammatory players involved in maternofetal immune activation by specific pathogens is critical to develop appropriate novel therapeutic interventions. We aimed to map out the GBS-induced profile of innate immune biomarkers in the maternal-placental-fetal axis, and to compare this immune profile between male and female tissues. We describe here that the GBS-induced immune signalling involved significantly higher levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1/CXCL1) and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) infiltration in male compared to female maternofetal tissues. Although male - but not female - fetuses presented increased levels of IL-1β, fetuses from both sexes in-utero exposed to GBS had increased levels of TNF-α in their circulation. Levels of IL-1β detected in fetal sera correlated positively with the levels found in maternal circulation. Here, we report for the first time that the maternofetal innate immune signalling induced by GBS presents a sexually dichotomous profile, with more prominent inflammation in males than females. These sex-specific placental and fetal pro-inflammatory responses are in keeping with the higher susceptibility of the male population for preterm birth, brain injuries and neurodevelopmental disorders such as cerebral palsy and autism spectrum disorders.
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74
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Wei Z, Wang J, Wang Y, Wang C, Liu X, Han Z, Fu Y, Yang Z. Effects of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps on Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells in vitro. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1003. [PMID: 31156617 PMCID: PMC6533846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is a common infectious disease which causes huge economic losses in dairy cattle. Bovine mammary epithelial cell (BMEC) damage usually directly causes the decrease of milk production, which is one of the most important causes of economic loss. NETs, novel effector mechanisms, are reported to exacerbate the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases. NETs formation has also been observed in the milk and mammary glands of sheep. However, the effects and detailed mechanisms of NETs on BMEC damage remain unclear. Thus, we aim to examine the effects of NETs on BMECs in vitro, and further to investigate the detail mechanism. In this study, the cytotoxicity of NETs on BMECs was determined using lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in culture supernatants. Histone-induced BMEC damage was examined by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence analysis. The activities of caspase 1, caspase 3, caspase 11, and NLRP3 was detected using western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis. The results showed that NETs and their component histone significantly increased cytotoxicity to BMECs, suggesting the critical role of NETs, and their component histone in BMEC damage. In addition, histone could also induce necrosis, pyroptosis, and apoptosis of BMECs, and the mechanisms by which histone leads to BMEC damage occurred via activating caspase 1, caspase 3, and NLRP3. Altogether, NETs formation regulates inflammation and BMEC damage in mastitis. Inhibiting excess NETs formation may be useful to ameliorate mammary gland damage associated with mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengkai Wei
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yunhe Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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75
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Hiyoshi T, Domon H, Maekawa T, Nagai K, Tamura H, Takahashi N, Yonezawa D, Miyoshi T, Yoshida A, Tabeta K, Terao Y. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans induces detachment and death of human gingival epithelial cells and fibroblasts via elastase release following leukotoxin-dependent neutrophil lysis. Microbiol Immunol 2019; 63:100-110. [PMID: 30817027 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is considered to be associated with periodontitis. Leukotoxin (LtxA), which destroys leukocytes in humans, is one of this bacterium's major virulence factors. Amounts of neutrophil elastase (NE), which is normally localized in the cytoplasm of neutrophils, are reportedly increased in the saliva of patients with periodontitis. However, the mechanism by which NE is released from human neutrophils and the role of NE in periodontitis is unclear. In the present study, it was hypothesized that LtxA induces NE release from human neutrophils, which subsequently causes the breakdown of periodontal tissues. LtxA-treatment did not induce significant cytotoxicity against human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs) or human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). However, it did induce significant cytotoxicity against human neutrophils, leading to NE release. Furthermore, NE and the supernatant from LtxA-treated human neutrophils induced detachment and death of HGECs and HGFs, these effects being inhibited by administration of an NE inhibitor, sivelestat. The present results suggest that LtxA mediates human neutrophil lysis and induces the subsequent release of NE, which eventually results in detachment and death of HGECs and HGFs. Thus, LtxA-induced release of NE could cause breakdown of periodontal tissue and thereby exacerbate periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Hiyoshi
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hisanori Domon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomoki Maekawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kosuke Nagai
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hikaru Tamura
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yonezawa
- Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Miyoshi
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yoshida
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan
| | - Koichi Tabeta
- Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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76
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Novel Assay To Characterize Neutrophil Responses to Oral Biofilms. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00790-18. [PMID: 30455195 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00790-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils, the most numerous leukocytes, play an important role in maintaining oral health through interactions with oral microbial biofilms. Both neutrophil hyperactivity and the bacterial subversion of neutrophil responses can cause inflammation-mediated tissue damage like that seen in periodontal disease. We describe here an assay that assesses neutrophil activation responses to monospecies biofilm bacteria in vitro based on the surface expression of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers associated with various neutrophil functions. Most of what we know about neutrophil responses to bacteria is based on in vitro assays that use planktonic bacteria and isolated/preactivated neutrophils, which makes interpretation of the neutrophil responses to bacteria a challenge. An understanding of how neutrophils differentially interact with and respond to commensal and pathogenic oral bacteria is necessary in order to further understand the neutrophil's role in maintaining oral health and the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. In this study, a flow cytometry-based in vitro assay was developed to characterize neutrophil activation states based on CD marker expressions in response to oral monospecies bacterial biofilms. Using this approach, changes in CD marker expressions in response to specific prominent oral commensal and pathogenic bacteria were assayed. Several functional assays, including assays for phagocytosis, production of reactive oxygen species, activation of the transcription factor Nrf2, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and myeloperoxidase release, were also performed to correlate neutrophil function with CD marker expression. Our results demonstrate that neutrophils display bacterial species-specific responses. This assay can be used to characterize how specific biofilms alter specific neutrophil pathways associated with their activation.
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77
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Campbell-Tofte J, Vrahatis A, Josefsen K, Mehlsen J, Winther K. Investigating the aetiology of adverse events following HPV vaccination with systems vaccinology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:67-87. [PMID: 30324425 PMCID: PMC11105185 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2925-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the insidious and poorly immunogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, vaccination with the HPV virus-like particles (vlps) is non-infectious and stimulates a strong neutralizing-antibody response that protects HPV-naïve vaccinees from viral infection and associated cancers. However, controversy about alleged adverse events following immunization (AEFI) with the vlps have led to extensive reductions in vaccine acceptance, with countries like Japan dropping it altogether. The AEFIs are grouped into chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME). In this review, we present a hypothesis that the AEFIs might arise from malfunctions within the immune system when confronted with the unusual antigen. In addition, we outline how the pathophysiology of the AEFIs can be cost-effectively investigated with the holistic principles of systems vaccinology in a two-step process. First, comprehensive immunological profiles of HPV vaccinees exhibiting the AEFIs are generated by integrating the data derived from serological profiling for prominent HPV antibodies and serum cytokines, with data from serum metabolomics, peripheral white blood cells transcriptomics and gut microbiome profiling. Next, the immunological profiles are compared with corresponding profiles generated for matched (a) HPV vaccinees without AEFIs; (b) non-HPV-vaccinated individuals with CFS/ME-like symptoms; and (c) non-HPV-vaccinated individuals without CFS/ME. In these comparisons, any causal links between HPV vaccine and the AEFIs, as well as the underlying molecular basis for the links will be revealed. Such a study should provide an objective basis for evaluating HPV vaccine safety and for identifying biomarkers for individuals at risk of developing AEFI with HPV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Knud Josefsen
- Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jesper Mehlsen
- Coordinating Research Centre, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Nordre Fasanvej 57, 2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kaj Winther
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 51, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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78
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Snelgrove RJ, Patel DF, Patel T, Lloyd CM. The enigmatic role of the neutrophil in asthma: Friend, foe or indifferent? Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:1275-1285. [PMID: 29900603 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Whilst severe asthma has classically been categorized as a predominantly Th2-driven pathology, there has in recent years been a paradigm shift with the realization that it is a heterogeneous disease that may manifest with quite disparate underlying inflammatory and remodelling profiles. A subset of asthmatics, particularly those with a severe, corticosteroid refractory disease, present with a prominent neutrophilic component. Given the potential of neutrophils to impart extensive tissue damage and promote inflammation, it has been anticipated that these cells are closely implicated in the underlying pathophysiology of severe asthma. However, uncertainty persists as to why the neutrophil is present in the asthmatic lung and what precisely it is doing there, with evidence supporting its role as a protagonist of pathology being primarily circumstantial. Furthermore, our view of the neutrophil as a primitive, indiscriminate killer has evolved with the realization that neutrophils can exhibit a marked anti-inflammatory, pro-resolving and wound healing capacity. We suggest that the neutrophil likely exhibits pleiotropic and potentially conflicting roles in defining asthma pathophysiology-some almost certainly detrimental and some potentially beneficial-with context, timing and location all critical confounders. Accordingly, indiscriminate blockade of neutrophils with a broad sword approach is unlikely to be the answer, but rather we should first seek to understand their complex and multifaceted roles in the disease state and then target them with the same subtleties and specificity that they themselves exhibit.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Snelgrove
- Inflammation Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D F Patel
- Inflammation Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - T Patel
- Inflammation Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - C M Lloyd
- Inflammation Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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79
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Schulze TJ, Bugert P. Granulocytes: From Basic Research to Clinical Use. Transfus Med Hemother 2018; 45:288-289. [PMID: 30498406 PMCID: PMC6257150 DOI: 10.1159/000494035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten J. Schulze
- Institute Springe, German Red Cross Blood Donor Services NSTOB, Springe, Germany; Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
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80
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Musich T, Rahman MA, Mohanram V, Miller-Novak L, Demberg T, Venzon DJ, Felber BK, Franchini G, Pavlakis GN, Robert-Guroff M. Neutrophil Vaccination Dynamics and Their Capacity To Mediate B Cell Help in Rhesus Macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2287-2302. [PMID: 30217830 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocyte and play a critical role in the initial response to an Ag. Recently, their ability to contribute to adaptive immunity has been highlighted. We evaluated the ability of neutrophils from blood to contribute to the adaptive immune response in a preclinical rhesus macaque SIV vaccine trial. Replication-competent adenovirus-SIV recombinants induced neutrophil activation, B cell help markers, and enhanced ability to generate reactive oxygen species. Boosting with SIV vaccines (adjuvant together with ALVAC or DNA plus envelope protein) elicited significant neutrophil responses. Serum cytokine and chemokine levels induced correlated with the frequency of neutrophil subsets expressing IL-21, myeloperoxidase, and CD64. Post-SIV infection, neutrophils exhibited dysfunction, both phenotypically and functionally. B cells from protected and infected macaques cocultured with autologous polymorphonuclear cells, consisting primarily of neutrophils, were activated, underwent class switching, and produced Abs. This B cell help was not aided by addition of IL-10 and was largely contact dependent. Numerous genes associated with inflammation, Ab production, and chemotaxis were upregulated in the cocultured B cells. We conclude that immune stimulation by vaccination or antigenic exposure imparts a greater ability of neutrophils to contribute to the adaptive immune response. Harnessing this granulocytic response has the potential to improve vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Musich
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mohammad Arif Rahman
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Venkatramanan Mohanram
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Leia Miller-Novak
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Thorsten Demberg
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David J Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Barbara K Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - George N Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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Brandt SL, Klopfenstein N, Wang S, Winfree S, McCarthy BP, Territo PR, Miller L, Serezani CH. Macrophage-derived LTB4 promotes abscess formation and clearance of Staphylococcus aureus skin infection in mice. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007244. [PMID: 30102746 PMCID: PMC6107286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The early events that shape the innate immune response to restrain pathogens during skin infections remain elusive. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection engages phagocyte chemotaxis, abscess formation, and microbial clearance. Upon infection, neutrophils and monocytes find a gradient of chemoattractants that influence both phagocyte direction and microbial clearance. The bioactive lipid leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is quickly (seconds to minutes) produced by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and signals through the G protein-coupled receptors LTB4R1 (BLT1) or BLT2 in phagocytes and structural cells. Although it is known that LTB4 enhances antimicrobial effector functions in vitro, whether prompt LTB4 production is required for bacterial clearance and development of an inflammatory milieu necessary for abscess formation to restrain pathogen dissemination is unknown. We found that LTB4 is produced in areas near the abscess and BLT1 deficient mice are unable to form an abscess, elicit neutrophil chemotaxis, generation of neutrophil and monocyte chemokines, as well as reactive oxygen species-dependent bacterial clearance. We also found that an ointment containing LTB4 synergizes with antibiotics to eliminate MRSA potently. Here, we uncovered a heretofore unknown role of macrophage-derived LTB4 in orchestrating the chemoattractant gradient required for abscess formation, while amplifying antimicrobial effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. Brandt
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Nathan Klopfenstein
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Soujuan Wang
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Seth Winfree
- Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Brian P. McCarthy
- Indiana Institute for Biomedical Imaging Sciences, Department of Radiology, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Paul R. Territo
- Indiana Institute for Biomedical Imaging Sciences, Department of Radiology, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Lloyd Miller
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - C. Henrique Serezani
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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82
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Ambrée O, Ruland C, Scheu S, Arolt V, Alferink J. Alterations of the Innate Immune System in Susceptibility and Resilience After Social Defeat Stress. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:141. [PMID: 30057531 PMCID: PMC6053497 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of innate immune responses has frequently been reported in stress-associated psychiatric disorders such as major depression. In mice, enhanced circulating cytokine levels as well as altered innate immune cell numbers have been found after stress exposure. In addition, stress-induced recruitment of peripheral monocytes to the brain has been shown to promote anxiety-like behavior. However, it is yet unclear whether specific differences in the innate immune system are associated with stress susceptibility or resilience in mice. Utilizing chronic social defeat, a model of depression and stress vulnerability, we characterized peripheral and brain-invading myeloid cells in stress-susceptible and resilient animals. In all defeated animals, we found reduced percentages of CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) by flow cytometry in the spleen when compared to non-defeated controls. Exclusively in susceptible mice conventional DCs of the spleen showed up-regulated expression of MHC class II and co-stimulatory CD80 molecules pointing toward an enhanced maturation phenotype of these cells. Susceptible, but not resilient animals further exhibited an increase in inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes and higher numbers of spleen-derived CD11b+ cells that produced the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Increased percentages of peripheral CD45hi CD11b+ cells immigrated into the brain of defeated mice, regardless of resilience or susceptibility. However, cellular infiltrates in the brain of susceptible mice contained higher percentages of CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2+) Ly6Chi monocytes representing an inflammatory phenotype. Thus, we defined specific stress-related immune signatures involving conventional DCs and inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes in susceptible and resilient mice. Together, our findings suggest an impact of the innate immune system in vulnerability to stress-related disorders such as major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Ambrée
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christina Ruland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Scheu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Volker Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Judith Alferink
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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83
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Zhang X, Marichannegowda MH, Rakesh KP, Qin HL. Master mechanisms of Staphylococcus aureus: consider its excellent protective mechanisms hindering vaccine development! Microbiol Res 2018; 212-213:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Rainville JR, Tsyglakova M, Hodes GE. Deciphering sex differences in the immune system and depression. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 50:67-90. [PMID: 29288680 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Certain mood disorders and autoimmune diseases are predominately female diseases but we do not know why. Here, we explore the relationship between depression and the immune system from a sex-based perspective. This review characterizes sex differences in the immune system in health and disease. We explore the contribution of gonadal and stress hormones to immune function at the cellular and molecular level in the brain and body. We propose hormonal and genetic sex specific immune mechanisms that may contribute to the etiology of mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Rainville
- Department of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Mariya Tsyglakova
- Department of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Georgia E Hodes
- Department of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
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85
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Fraser JA, Kemp S, Young L, Ross M, Prach M, Hutchison GR, Malone E. Silver nanoparticles promote the emergence of heterogeneic human neutrophil sub-populations. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7506. [PMID: 29760395 PMCID: PMC5951814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil surveillance is central to nanoparticle clearance. Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) have numerous uses, however conflicting evidence exists as to their impact on neutrophils and whether they trigger damaging inflammation. Neutrophil’s importance in innate defence and regulating immune networks mean it’s essential we understand AgNP’s impact on neutrophil function. Human neutrophil viability following AgNP or Ag Bulk treatment was analysed by flow cytometry and AnV/PI staining. Whilst AgNP exposure did not increase the total number of apoptotic neutrophils, the number of late apoptotic neutrophils was increased, suggesting AgNP increase transit through apoptosis. Mature (CD16bright/CD62Lbright), immature (CD16dim/CD62Lbright) and apoptotic (CD16dim/CD62Ldim) neutrophil populations were evident within isolated neutrophil preparations. AgNP exposure significantly reduced CD62L staining of CD16bright/CD62Lbright neutrophils, and increased CD16 staining of CD16dim/CD62Lbright populations, suggesting AgNPs trigger neutrophil activation and maturation, respectively. AgNP exposure dramatically increased IL-8, yet not classical pro-inflammatory cytokine release, suggesting AgNP triggers neutrophil activation, without pro-inflammation or damaging, necrotic cell death. For the first time, we show AgNPs differentially affect distinct sub-populations of circulating human neutrophils; activating mature neutrophils with the emergence of CD16bright/CD62Ldim neutrophils. This may stimulate particle clearance without harmful inflammation, challenging previous assumptions that silver nanomaterials induce neutrophil toxicity and damaging inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Fraser
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK.
| | - Sadie Kemp
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Lesley Young
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Mark Ross
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Morag Prach
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Gary R Hutchison
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Eva Malone
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK.
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86
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Kobayashi SD, Malachowa N, DeLeo FR. Neutrophils and Bacterial Immune Evasion. J Innate Immun 2018; 10:432-441. [PMID: 29642066 DOI: 10.1159/000487756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are an important component of the innate immune system and provide a front line of defense against bacterial infection. Although most bacteria are killed readily by neutrophils, some bacterial pathogens have the capacity to circumvent destruction by these host leukocytes. The ability of bacterial pathogens to avoid killing by neutrophils often involves multiple attributes or characteristics, including the production of virulence molecules. These molecules are diverse in composition and function, and collectively have the potential to alter or inhibit neutrophil recruitment, phagocytosis, bactericidal activity, and/or apoptosis. Here, we review the ability of bacteria to target these processes.
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87
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Miyake T, Wang D, Matsuoka H, Morita K, Yasuda H, Yatera K, Kanazawa T, Yoshida Y. Endocytosis of particulate matter induces cytokine production by neutrophil via Toll-like receptor 4. Int Immunopharmacol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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88
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Neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps in the liver and gastrointestinal system. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15:206-221. [PMID: 29382950 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have an important role during infection by helping neutrophils to capture and kill pathogens. However, evidence is accumulating that uncontrolled or excessive production of NETs is related to the exacerbation of inflammation and the development of autoimmunity, cancer metastasis and inappropriate thrombosis. In this Review, we focus on the role of NETs in the liver and gastrointestinal system, outlining their protective and pathological effects. The latest mechanistic insights in NET formation, interactions between microorganisms and NETs and the relationship between neutrophil subtypes and their functions are also discussed. Additionally, we describe the potential importance of NET-related molecules, including cell-free DNA and hypercitrullinated histones, as biomarkers and targets for therapeutic intervention in gastrointestinal diseases.
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89
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Serine protease inhibitors containing a Kunitz domain: their role in modulation of host inflammatory responses and parasite survival. Microbes Infect 2018; 20:606-609. [PMID: 29355617 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteins containing a Kunitz domain have the typical serine protease inhibition function ranging from sea anemone to man. Protease inhibitors play major roles in infection, inflammation disorders and cancer. This review discusses the role of serine proteases containing a Kunitz domain in immunomodulation induced by helminth parasites. Helminth parasites are associated with protection from inflammatory conditions. Therefore, interest has raised whether worm parasites or their products hold potential as drugs for treatment of immunological disorders. Finally, we also propose the use of recombinant SmKI-1 from Schistosoma mansoni as a potential therapeutic molecule to treat inflammatory diseases.
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90
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Peng YJ, Shen TL, Chen YS, Mersmann HJ, Liu BH, Ding ST. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptor 1 overexpression enhance inflammatory bowel disease. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:24. [PMID: 29540173 PMCID: PMC5851065 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0419-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adiponectin (ADN) is an adipokine derived from adipocytes. It binds to adiponectin receptor 1 and 2 (AdipoR1 and R2) to exert its function in regulating whole-body energy homeostasis and inflammatory responses. However, the role of ADN-AdipoR1 signaling in intestinal inflammation is controversial, and its role in the regulation of neutrophils is still unclear. Our goal was to clarify the role of AdipoR1 signaling in colitis and the effects on neutrophils. METHODS We generated porcine AdipoR1 transgenic mice (pAdipoR1 mice) and induced murine colitis using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to study the potential role of AdipoR1 in inflammatory bowel disease. We also treated a THP-1 macrophage and a HT-29 colon epithelial cell line with ADN recombinant protein to study the effects of ADN on inflammation. RESULTS After inducing murine colitis, pAdipoR1 mice developed more severe symptoms than wild-type (WT) mice. Treatment with ADN increased the expression of pro-inflammatory factors in THP-1 and HT-29 cells. Moreover, we also observed that the expression of cyclooxygenase2 (cox2), neutrophil chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2 and CXCL5), and the infiltration of neutrophils were increased in the colon of pAdipoR1 mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that ADN-AdipoR1 signaling exacerbated colonic inflammation through two possible mechanisms. First, ADN-AdipoR1 signaling increased pro-inflammatory factors. Second, AdipoR1 enhanced neutrophil chemokine expression and recruited neutrophils into the colonic tissue to increase inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ju Peng
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 50, Ln. 155, Sec. 3, Keelung Rd., Da’an Dist, Taipei City, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Tang-Long Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 50, Ln. 155, Sec. 3, Keelung Rd., Da’an Dist, Taipei City, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Harry John Mersmann
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 50, Ln. 155, Sec. 3, Keelung Rd., Da’an Dist, Taipei City, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Bing-Hsien Liu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 50, Ln. 155, Sec. 3, Keelung Rd., Da’an Dist, Taipei City, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Shih-Torng Ding
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 50, Ln. 155, Sec. 3, Keelung Rd., Da’an Dist, Taipei City, 10617 Taiwan
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91
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Morais SB, Figueiredo BC, Assis NRG, Alvarenga DM, de Magalhães MTQ, Ferreira RS, Vieira AT, Menezes GB, Oliveira SC. Schistosoma mansoni SmKI-1 serine protease inhibitor binds to elastase and impairs neutrophil function and inflammation. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006870. [PMID: 29425229 PMCID: PMC5823468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease inhibitors have important function during homeostasis, inflammation and tissue injury. In this study, we described the role of Schistosoma mansoni SmKI-1 serine protease inhibitor in parasite development and as a molecule capable of regulating different models of inflammatory diseases. First, we determine that recombinant (r) SmKI-1 and its Kunitz domain but not the C-terminal region possess inhibitory activity against trypsin and neutrophil elastase (NE). To better understand the molecular basis of NE inhibition by SmKI-1, molecular docking studies were also conducted. Docking results suggest a complete blockage of NE active site by SmKI-1 Kunitz domain. Additionally, rSmKI-1 markedly inhibited the capacity of NE to kill schistosomes. In order to further investigate the role of SmKI-1 in the parasite, we designed specific siRNA to knockdown SmKI-1 in S. mansoni. SmKI-1 gene suppression in larval stage of S. mansoni robustly impact in parasite development in vitro and in vivo. To determine the ability of SmKI-1 to interfere with neutrophil migration and function, we tested SmKI-1 anti-inflammatory potential in different murine models of inflammatory diseases. Treatment with SmKI-1 rescued acetaminophen (APAP)-mediated liver damage, with a significant reduction in both neutrophil recruitment and elastase activity. In the model of gout arthritis, this protein reduced neutrophil accumulation, IL-1β secretion, hypernociception, and overall pathological score. Finally, we demonstrated the ability of SmKI-1 to inhibit early events that trigger neutrophil recruitment in pleural cavities of mice in response to carrageenan. In conclusion, SmKI-1 is a key protein in S. mansoni survival and it has the ability to inhibit neutrophil function as a promising therapeutic molecule against inflammatory diseases. Schistosoma mansoni is one of the main agents of schistosomiasis, which is the most important human helminthic infection in terms of global morbidity and mortality. Although schistosomiasis represents a major public health problem in endemic countries, evidences show that S. mansoni downregulates inflammatory responses in many diseases. Fortunately, the control of inflammatory responses is extended to pathogen-derived antigens, leading us to study one S. mansoni Kunitz type protease inhibitor (SmKI-1), found in larval and adult phases of the parasite. We demonstrate that SmKI-1 inhibits trypsin and neutrophil elastase (NE). Additionally, live parasites that SmKI-1 gene has been suppressed using siRNA displayed an impaired schistosome development both in vitro and in vivo. Further, we demonstrate that SmKI-1 possesses an anti-inflammatory potential in three different murine models of inflammatory diseases: acetaminophen (APAP)-mediated liver damage, gout arthritis, and pleural inflammation in response to carrageenan. In these inflammatory disease models, we evaluated SmKI-1 effect on neutrophil and our results demonstrate this molecule is able to inhibit neutrophil migration and function, regulating inflammation. Thus, our data suggest that SmKI-1 is a promising therapeutic molecule against inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suellen B. Morais
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Ministério de Ciência Tecnologia e Inovação Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Barbara C. Figueiredo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Ministério de Ciência Tecnologia e Inovação Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Natan R. G. Assis
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Ministério de Ciência Tecnologia e Inovação Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Debora M. Alvarenga
- Centro de Biologia Gastrointestinal, Departamento de Morfologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana T. Q. de Magalhães
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafaela S. Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Angélica T. Vieira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo B. Menezes
- Centro de Biologia Gastrointestinal, Departamento de Morfologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sergio C. Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Ministério de Ciência Tecnologia e Inovação Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Liu JZ, Ali SR, Bier E, Nizet V. Innate Immune Interactions between Bacillus anthracis and Host Neutrophils. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:2. [PMID: 29404280 PMCID: PMC5786542 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, has been a focus of study in host-pathogen dynamics since the nineteenth century. While the interaction between anthrax and host macrophages has been extensively modeled, comparatively little is known about the effect of anthrax on the immune function of neutrophils, a key frontline effector of innate immune defense. Here we showed that depletion of neutrophils significantly enhanced mortality in a systemic model of anthrax infection in mice. Ex vivo, we found that freshly isolated human neutrophils can rapidly kill anthrax, with specific inhibitor studies showing that phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation contribute to this efficient bacterial clearance. Anthrax toxins, comprising lethal toxin (LT) and edema toxin (ET), are known to have major roles in B. anthracis macrophage resistance and systemic toxicity. Employing isogenic wild-type and mutant toxin-deficient B. anthracis strains, we show that despite previous studies that reported inhibition of neutrophil function by purified LT or ET, endogenous production of these toxins by live vegetative B. anthracis failed to alter key neutrophil functions. The lack of alteration in neutrophil function is accompanied by rapid killing of B. anthracis by neutrophils, regardless of the bacteria's expression of anthrax toxins. Lastly, our study demonstrates for the first time that anthrax induced neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Z Liu
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Syed R Ali
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Ethan Bier
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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93
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Neutrophils and PMN-MDSC: Their biological role and interaction with stromal cells. Semin Immunol 2017; 35:19-28. [PMID: 29254756 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils and polymorphonucler myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSC) share origin and many morphological and phenotypic features. However, they have different biological role. Neutrophils are one of the major mechanisms of protection against invading pathogens, whereas PMN-MDSC have immune suppressive activity and restrict immune responses in cancer, chronic infectious disease, trauma, sepsis, and many other pathological conditions. Although in healthy adult individuals, PMN-MDSC are not or barely detectable, in patients with cancer and many other diseases they accumulate at various degree and co-exist with neutrophils. Recent advances allow for better distinction of these cells and better understanding of their biological role. Accumulating evidence indicates PMN-MDSC as pathologically activated neutrophils, with important role in regulation of immune responses. In this review, we provide an overview on the definition and characterization of PMN-MDSC and neutrophils, their pathological significance in a variety of diseases, and their interaction with other stromal components.
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94
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Chan Y, Ng LFP. Age has a role in driving host immunopathological response to alphavirus infection. Immunology 2017; 152:545-555. [PMID: 28744856 PMCID: PMC5680050 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are a group of arthropod-borne pathogens capable of causing a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms, ranging from milder symptoms like rashes, fever and polyarthralgia, to life-threatening encephalitis. This genus of viruses is prevalent globally, and can infect patients across a wide age range. Interestingly, disease severity of virus-infected patients is wide-ranging. Definitions of the pathogenesis of alphaviruses, as well as the host factors influencing disease severity, remain limited. The innate and adaptive immune systems are important host defences against alphavirus infections. Several reports have highlighted the roles of specific immune subsets in contributing to the immune pathogenesis of these viruses. However, immunosenescence, a gradual deterioration of the immune system brought about by the natural advancement of age, affects the functional roles of these immune subsets. This phenomenon compromises the host's ability to defend against alphavirus infection and pathogenesis. In addition, the lack of maturity in the immune system in newborns and infants also results in more severe disease outcomes. In this review, we will summarize the subtle yet diverse physiological changes in the immune system during aging, and how these changes underlie the differences in disease severity for common alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Hao Chan
- Singapore Immunology NetworkAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Lisa F. P. Ng
- Singapore Immunology NetworkAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore
- Department of BiochemistryYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- Institute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- Present address:
8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis#04‐06 Immunos138648Singapore
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95
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Nesterova IV, Kolesnikova NV, Chudilova GA, Lomtatidze LV, Kovaleva SV, Evglevsky AA, Nguyen TL. THE NEW LOOK AT NEUTROPHILIC GRANULOCYTES: RETHINKING OLD DOGMAS. PART 1. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2017. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-2017-3-219-230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Numerous modern basic research done undeniable fact that neutrophilic granulocytes (NG) are key effector and regulatory circuits both innate and adaptive immunity, and play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of a wide range of diseases. NG have potent receptor repertoire, providing a connection between them, cells of the immune system, as well as communication with endothelial cells, epithelial and other tissues. NG inducing stimuli activate and promote the translocation of cytoplasmic granules and vesicles surface molecules on the cytoplasmic membrane the secretion of a large spectrum of pro-and anti-inf lammatory, immunoregulatory cytokines, colony, angiogenic factors and fibrogenic, TNF superfamily members, chemokines, regulatory protein, etc. Chromatin nuclei NG capable of restructuring under the influence of inducing stimuli, which is associated with the expression of multiple cytokine genes. NG receiving complex cytokine inf luence not only acquire new features, but also in various stages of activation and differentiation processes involved in intracellular intraphagosomalis degranulation and killing of implementing elimination microorganisms and extracellular neutrophil degranulation in the formation neutrophil extracellular traps (NET), while this dying through NETosis. Features NG phenotype and their functional properties, demonstrate the existence of subpopulations of NG with different capabilities: equipment of different receptor, the ability to restructure chromatin expressing cytokine genes and secrete cytokines to implement the contents of the granular system, produce reactive oxygen species, implement cytotoxicity form NET. In our opinion, there subpopulation NG: regulatory; suppressor; proinf lammatory — initiating an inf lammatory response; inf lammation with a positive potential microbicidal (antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal); inf lammatory cytotoxic potential of the negative — “aggressive”; anti-inf lammation regulating regression; antitumoral — TAN1; pro-tumoral — TAN2; hybrid, combining the characteristics of NG and dendritic cells. The absence of adequate response, or hyperactivation blockade NG functions leads to the development of low-intensity infectious and inf lammatory diseases, do not respond to conventional therapy of autoimmune diseases/chronic immune-dependent processes. Remodeling dysfunctions NG — the key to new immunotherapeutic strategies.
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96
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Ghuman H, Voelz K. Innate and Adaptive Immunity to Mucorales. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3030048. [PMID: 29371565 PMCID: PMC5715954 DOI: 10.3390/jof3030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis is an invasive fungal infection characterised by rapid filamentous growth, which leads to angioinvasion, thrombosis, and tissue necrosis. The high mortality rates (50-100%) associated with mucormycosis are reflective of not only the aggressive nature of the infection and the poor therapeutics currently employed, but also the failure of the human immune system to successfully clear the infection. Immune effector interaction with Mucorales is influenced by the developmental stage of the mucormycete spore. In a healthy immune environment, resting spores are resistant to phagocytic killing. Contrarily, swollen spores and hyphae are susceptible to damage and degradation by macrophages and neutrophils. Under the effects of immune suppression, the recruitment and efficacy of macrophage and neutrophil activity against mucormycetes is considerably reduced. Following penetration of the endothelial lining, Mucorales encounter platelets. Platelets adhere to both mucormycete spores and hyphae, and exhibit germination suppression and hyphal damage capacity in vitro. Dendritic cells are activated in response to Mucorales hyphae only, and induce adaptive immunity. It is crucial to further knowledge regarding our immune system's failure to eradicate resting spores under intact immunity and inhibit fungal growth under immunocompromised conditions, in order to understand mucormycosis pathogenicity and enhance therapeutic strategies for mucormycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harlene Ghuman
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Kerstin Voelz
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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97
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Leishmanicidal effect of antiparasitic photodynamic therapy—ApPDT on infected macrophages. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 32:1959-1964. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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98
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Liang Y, Sarkar MK, Tsoi LC, Gudjonsson JE. Psoriasis: a mixed autoimmune and autoinflammatory disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 49:1-8. [PMID: 28738209 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years marked progress has been made in our understanding of the critical biologic and immunologic pathways involved in psoriasis. Genetic studies have demonstrated that susceptibility to psoriasis involves components of both the adaptive and innate immune system and not surprisingly activation of both of these arms of the immune system is found in psoriatic skin. While adaptive immune responses predominate in chronic plaque psoriasis, innate and autoinflammatory responses dominate in pustular forms of psoriasis, with other clinical subtypes extending on a spectrum between plaque and pustular psoriasis. This makes psoriasis a unique disease where both autoimmune and autoinflammatory responses co-exist, with the balance between the two being critical in shaping its clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, 1910 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mrinal K Sarkar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, 1910 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lam C Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, 1910 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Johann E Gudjonsson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, 1910 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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99
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Abstract
The life span of a neutrophil is a tightly regulated process as extended survival is beneficial for pathogen elimination and cell death necessary to prevent cytotoxic content release from activated neutrophils at the inflammatory site. Therefore, the control between survival and death must be a dynamic process. We have previously described that proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) which is known as a nuclear protein pivotal in DNA synthesis, is a key element in controlling neutrophil survival through its association with procaspases. Contrary to the dogma which asserted that PCNA has a strictly nuclear function, in mature neutrophils, PCNA is present exclusively within the cytosol due to its nuclear export at the end of the granulocytic differentiation. More recent studies are consistent with the notion that the cytosolic scaffold of PCNA is aimed at modulating neutrophil fate rather than simply preventing death. Ultimately, targeting neutrophil survival might have important applications not just in the field of immunology and inflammation, but also in hematology and transfusion. The neutrophil emerges as a unique and powerful cellular model to unravel the basic mechanisms governing the cell cycle-independent functions of PCNA and should be considered as a leader of the pack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Witko-Sarsat
- INSERM U1016, Paris, France.,Institut Cochin, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Center of Excellence, Labex Inflamex, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Ohayon
- INSERM U1016, Paris, France.,Institut Cochin, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Center of Excellence, Labex Inflamex, Paris, France
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100
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LPS Stimulation of Cord Blood Reveals a Newborn-Specific Neutrophil Transcriptomic Response and Cytokine Production. Shock 2017; 47:606-614. [PMID: 28410545 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neonatal innate immune system differs to microbial infection both quantitatively and qualitatively when compared with adults. Here, we provide the first genome-wide ex-vivo expression profile of umbilical cord blood (UCB) neutrophils from full-term infants prior to and in response to whole-blood lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Additionally, we provide cytokine expression prior to and following LPS stimulation. The genomic expression and cytokine profile are compared with LPS-stimulated whole blood from healthy adult subjects (HC). METHODS Whole blood from UCB (n = 6) and HC (n = 6) was studied at baseline or was stimulated for 24 h with 100 ngs/mL of LPS. CD66b neutrophils were subsequently isolated with microfluidic techniques and genome-wide expression analyses were performed. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software was utilized to predict downstream functional effects. Additionally, cytokine concentrations in whole blood prior to and after 24 h of LPS incubation were determined. RESULTS LPS stimulated whole blood from UCB demonstrated significant differences in both ex-vivo cytokine production and PMN gene expression. Mixed-effect modeling identified 1,153 genes whose expression changed significantly in UCB and HC after exposure to LPS (P < 0.001 with a minimum 1.5-fold change). IPA downstream predictions suggest that PMNs from UCB fail to effectively upregulate genes associated with activation, phagocytosis, and chemotaxis in response to LPS stimulation. Furthermore, whole blood from UCB showed increased interleukin (IL)-10 production to LPS, but failed to significantly increase several pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS LPS-stimulated whole blood from UCB exhibited a markedly suppressed inflammatory cytokine production and PMN innate immune genome response. These differences in gene expression and cytokine production may be an adaptive response to a prior fetal environment, but may also explain their increased susceptibility to infections. Characterization of these deficits is the first step toward developing prophylactic and therapeutic interventions.
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