51
|
Gorczynski R, Khatri I, Lee L, Boudakov I. An Interaction between CD200 and Monoclonal Antibody Agonists to CD200R2 in Development of Dendritic Cells That Preferentially Induce Populations of CD4+CD25+ T Regulatory Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:5946-55. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.9.5946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
52
|
Šimelyte E, Criado G, Essex D, Uger RA, Feldmann M, Williams RO. CD200-FC, a novel antiarthritic biologic agent that targets proinflammatory cytokine expression in the joints of mice with collagen-induced arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:1038-43. [DOI: 10.1002/art.23378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
53
|
Gorczynski R, Boudakov I, Khatri I. Peptides of CD200 Modulate LPS-Induced TNF-α Induction and Mortality In Vivo. J Surg Res 2008; 145:87-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
54
|
Kretz-Rommel A, Bowdish KS. Rationale for anti-CD200 immunotherapy in B-CLL and other hematologic malignancies: new concepts in blocking immune suppression. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:5-15. [PMID: 18081533 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Immune evasion in cancer is increasingly recognized as a contributing factor in the failure of a natural host antitumor immune response as well as in the failure of cancer vaccine trials. Immune evasion may be the result of a number of factors, including expansion of regulatory T cells, production of immunosuppressive cytokines, downregulation of HLA class I and tumor-associated antigens and upregulation of immunosuppressive molecules on the surface of tumor cells. CD200, a cell surface ligand that plays a role in regulating the immune system, has been shown to be upregulated on the surface of some hematologic and solid tumor malignancies. This review characterizes the role of CD200 in immune suppression, and describes strategies to target this molecule in the oncology setting, thus directly modulating immune regulation and potentially altering tolerance to tumor antigens.
Collapse
|
55
|
Feuer R. Tickling the CD200 receptor: A remedy for those irritating macrophages. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:396-8. [PMID: 17600125 PMCID: PMC1934540 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Feuer
- Cell & Molecular Biology Doctoral Program, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-4614, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Copland DA, Calder CJ, Raveney BJE, Nicholson LB, Phillips J, Cherwinski H, Jenmalm M, Sedgwick JD, Dick AD. Monoclonal antibody-mediated CD200 receptor signaling suppresses macrophage activation and tissue damage in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:580-8. [PMID: 17600119 PMCID: PMC1934542 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage responses are regulated by multiple secreted factors as well as by cell surface receptors, including the inhibitory signals resulting from ligation of myeloid CD200 receptors (CD200R) by the widely distributed CD200. In the absence of CD200, animals display increased susceptibility to autoimmunity and earlier onset aggressive autoimmune disease. In these current experiments, an agonist monoclonal rat anti-mouse CD200R (DX109) antibody delivered a negative signal to bone marrow-derived macrophages, which suppressed interferon (IFN)gamma-mediated nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin-6 production. Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) was used as a model of organ-specific autoimmunity in the eye, a tissue with extensive neuronal and endothelial CD200 expression. In mice lacking CD200 (CD200(-/-)), increased numbers of retina-infiltrating macrophages displaying heightened NO responses were observed during EAU. In addition, we aimed to suppress disease by maintaining tonic suppression of macrophage activation via CD200R. Systemically administered DX109 monoclonal antibody suppressed EAU despite maintained T-cell proliferation and IFNgamma production. Furthermore, locally administered DX109 monoclonal antibody resulted in an earlier resolution of disease. These experiments demonstrate that promoting CD200R-mediated signaling can successfully prevent full expression of IFNgamma-mediated macrophage activation and protect against tissue damage during autoimmune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Copland
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Department of Clinical Science at South Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Gwyer E, Snelgrove R, Hussell T. The therapeutic potential of positive and negative immune cell co-stimulation during inflammation. Biochem Soc Trans 2006; 34:1032-6. [PMID: 17073744 DOI: 10.1042/bst0341032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory cascades are initiated in response to alarm signals that may result from infection, malignant transformation or trauma. Immunity, however, must be controlled; otherwise damage may occur to otherwise healthy tissue within the same microenvironment. Similarly, peripheral tolerance mechanisms must ensure that autoreactive thymic or bone marrow emigrants do not respond upon encounter with the autoantigen. Organized lymphoid structures such as lymph nodes, spleen and Peyer's patches appear to regulate inflammation successfully, displaying controlled expansion and contraction. However, when immune cells flood into effector sites, the organization of T- and B-lymphocytes is lacking. What controls inflammatory cascades in lymph nodes but rarely in effector sites is not clear. We believe the difference lies in the Toll-like receptor ligand load, which is high in effector sites and drives uncontrolled inflammation. Similarly, we believe that initiation of autoimmune inflammation is initiated by the liberation of inflammatory signals due to infection or trauma. In this review, we highlight some of the molecules responsible for maintaining an activated T-cell phenotype, strategies to interrupt these therapeutically and the impact of ligating inhibitory receptors on antigen-presenting cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Gwyer
- Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, Imperial College London, 1, Aspenlea Road, London W6 8LH, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Lee L, Liu J, Manuel J, Gorczynski RM. A role for the immunomodulatory molecules CD200 and CD200R in regulating bone formation. Immunol Lett 2006; 105:150-8. [PMID: 16530849 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Revised: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Altered osteoprotogerin (OPG) and OPG ligand (RANKL) ratios are known to regulate bone metabolism. We investigated whether CD200:CD200R interaction would alter OPG:RANKL ratios, and thus modulate bone differentiation in cultures derived from neonatal calvariae, a source of osteoblast precursors (OBp), or bone marrow-derived myeloid cells as a source of osteoclast precursors (OCp). We characterized cells in cultures using real-time PCR to measure expression of a number of mRNAs characteristic of cells differentiating towards the osteoblast or osteoclast lineage, and enumerated bone nodule formation and osteoclasts directly. CD200Fc or anti-CD200 mAbs were included as modulating agents. In addition, calvariae from transgenic mice overexpressing CD200 under control of a doxycycline-inducible promoter were used as a source of OBp endogenously overexpressing CD200. Our data show that increased endogenous expression of CD200 on OBp, or addition of CD200Fc into cultures, led to increased OPG:RANKL ratios and increased bone nodule growth, while anti-CD200 abolished this effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Lee
- The Toronto Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Jenmalm MC, Cherwinski H, Bowman EP, Phillips JH, Sedgwick JD. Regulation of myeloid cell function through the CD200 receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:191-9. [PMID: 16365410 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.1.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid cells play pivotal roles in chronic inflammatory diseases through their broad proinflammatory, destructive, and remodeling capacities. CD200 is widely expressed on a variety of cell types, while the recently identified CD200R is expressed on myeloid cells and T cells. CD200 deletion in vivo results in myeloid cell dysregulation and enhanced susceptibility to autoimmune inflammation, suggesting that the CD200-CD200R interaction is involved in immune suppression. We demonstrate in this study that CD200R agonists suppress mouse and human myeloid cell function in vitro, and also define a dose relationship between receptor expression and cellular inhibition. IFN-gamma- and IL-17-stimulated cytokine secretion from mouse peritoneal macrophages was inhibited by CD200R engagement. Inhibitory effects were not universal, as LPS-stimulated responses were unaffected. Inhibition of U937 cell cytokine production correlated with CD200R expression levels, and inhibition was only observed in low CD200R expressing cells, if the CD200R agonists were further cross-linked. Tetanus toxoid-induced human PBMC IL-5 and IL-13 secretion was inhibited by CD200R agonists. This inhibition was dependent upon cross-linking the CD200R on monocytes, but not on cross-linking the CD200R on CD4+ T cells. In all, we provide direct evidence that the CD200-CD200R interaction controls monocyte/macrophage function in both murine and human systems, further supporting the potential clinical application of CD200R agonists for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
60
|
McWhirter JR, Kretz-Rommel A, Saven A, Maruyama T, Potter KN, Mockridge CI, Ravey EP, Qin F, Bowdish KS. Antibodies selected from combinatorial libraries block a tumor antigen that plays a key role in immunomodulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:1041-6. [PMID: 16418292 PMCID: PMC1327729 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510081103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We searched for cell-surface-associated proteins overexpressed on B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) to use as therapeutic antibody targets. Antibodies binding the immunosuppressive molecule CD200 were identified by cell panning of an antibody phage display library derived from rabbits immunized with primary CLL cells. B cells from 87 CLL patients exhibited 1.6- to 5.4-fold cell-surface up-regulation of CD200 relative to normal B cells. An effect of increased CD200 expression by CLL cells on the immune system was evaluated in mixed lymphocyte reactions. Addition of primary CLL but not normal B cells to macrophages and T cells downregulated the Th1 response, as seen by a 50-95% reduction in secreted IL-2 and IFN-gamma. Antibodies to CD200 prevented downregulation of the Th1 response in most B cell CLL samples evaluated, indicating abrogation of the CD200/CD200R interaction can be sufficient to restore the Th1 response. A disease-progression-associated shift of the immune response from Th1 to Th2 has been observed in numerous cancers. Because this cytokine shift is also believed to promote the induction of regulatory T cells, reverting the immune response to Th1 through direct targeting of the cancer cells may provide therapeutic benefits in CLL by encouraging a cytotoxic T cell response.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antibodies/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Separation
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Down-Regulation
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/chemistry
- Immunoprecipitation
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mass Spectrometry
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Peptide Library
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- Th1 Cells
- Th2 Cells/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R McWhirter
- Alexion Antibody Technologies, Incorporated, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Shiratori I, Yamaguchi M, Suzukawa M, Yamamoto K, Lanier LL, Saito T, Arase H. Down-Regulation of Basophil Function by Human CD200 and Human Herpesvirus-8 CD200. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:4441-9. [PMID: 16177086 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.7.4441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human and rodent CD200 are recognized by the inhibitory CD200R, and these molecules play an important role in the regulation of the immune system. Several viruses, such as human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), HHV-7, and HHV-8, possess a CD200 homologue, suggesting that these viruses regulate the immune response via CD200R. In this study, we analyzed the effect of human CD200 and the viral CD200 homologues on human CD200R-expressing cells. We found that human CD200R is predominantly expressed on basophils in amounts higher than on other human peripheral blood leukocytes. Furthermore, the viral CD200 homologues as well as human CD200 were recognized by human CD200R, and the activation of basophils was down-regulated by these CD200 proteins. These results suggested that CD200R is an important regulatory molecule of basophil activation. In addition, the presence of CD200 homologues on several viruses suggests a potentially unique relationship between basophil function and viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Shiratori
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Hatherley D, Cherwinski HM, Moshref M, Barclay AN. Recombinant CD200 Protein Does Not Bind Activating Proteins Closely Related to CD200 Receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:2469-74. [PMID: 16081818 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.4.2469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CD200 (OX2) is a cell surface glycoprotein that interacts with a structurally related receptor (CD200R) expressed mainly on myeloid cells and is involved in regulation of macrophage and mast cell function. In mouse there are up to five genes related to CD200R with conflicting data as to whether they bind CD200. We show that mouse CD200 binds the inhibitory receptor CD200R with a comparable affinity (Kd = 4 microM) to those found for the rat and human CD200 CD200R interactions. CD200 gave negligible binding to the activating receptors, CD200RLa, CD200RLb, and CD200RLc, by direct analysis at the protein level using recombinant monomeric and dimeric fusion proteins or to CD200RLa and CD200RLb when expressed at the cell surface. An additional potential activating gene, CD200RLe, found in only some mouse strains also did not bind CD200. Thus, the CD200 receptor family consists of both activatory and inhibitory members like several other paired ligand receptors, such as signal regulatory protein, killer cell Ig-like receptor/KAR, LY49, dendritic cell immunoreceptor/dendritic cell immunoactivating receptor, and paired Ig-like type 2 receptor. Although the ligand for the inhibitory product is a widely distributed host protein, the ligands of the activating forms remain to be identified, and one possibility is that they are pathogen components.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Surface/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Antigens, Surface/physiology
- Cell Line
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Humans
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Orexin Receptors
- Protein Interaction Mapping
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Hatherley
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Yu K, Chen Z, Wang S, Gorczynski R. Decreased Alloreactivity Using Donor Cells from Mice Expressing a CD200 Transgene Under Control of a Tetracycline-Inducible Promoter. Transplantation 2005; 80:394-401. [PMID: 16082336 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000168152.72560.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD200 delivers an immunsuppressive signal that augments allograft survival following interaction with its receptor, CD200R1. We hypothesized that mice overexpressing CD200 as a trangene would also show a diminished alloresponsiveness and decreased allograft rejection. METHODS A transgenic mouse on a C57BL/6 background, expressing a murine CD200 cDNA genetically linked to a green fluorescent protein tag (GFP) under control of a tetracycline response element (TRE), was mated with a commercial transgenic mouse carrying the reverse tetracycline regulated transactivator gene under control of a human CMV promoter. F1 mice were examined for induction of alloimmunity in vivo/in vitro, and for their ability to reject skin allografts in vivo. RESULTS The F1 hybrid expressed CD200 after exposure to doxycyline (DOX), as assessed both by enhanced GFP expression in multiple organs and CD200-GFP expression. Splenocytes from F1 mice stimulated with LPS or allogeneic cells in vitro in the presence/absence of DOX showed reduced production of TNFalpha, and of allospecific CTL. Splenocytes from F1 mice used as stimulator cells in allogeneic MLCs in the presence of DOX were inefficient at induction of cytokines or CTL in vitro from normal allogeneic responder cells. Skin grafts from transgenic mice were inefficient at induction of CTL in vivo. Transgenic mice receiving DOX showed prolonged acceptance of skin allografts, which was abolished by infusion of anti-CD200 mAb. CONCLUSIONS Our data confirmed that overexpression of CD200 in transgenic mice, or in skin grafts from these mice, decreases alloimmunity. This has potential clinical utility in transplantation and other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yu
- The Toronto Hospital, University Health Network, Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Voulgaraki D, Mitnacht-Kraus R, Letarte M, Foster-Cuevas M, Brown MH, Barclay AN. Multivalent recombinant proteins for probing functions of leucocyte surface proteins such as the CD200 receptor. Immunology 2005; 115:337-46. [PMID: 15946251 PMCID: PMC1782167 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Revised: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD200 (OX2) is a membrane glycoprotein that interacts with a structurally related receptor (CD200R) involved in the regulation of macrophage function. The interaction is of low affinity (K(D) approximately 1 microm) but can be detected using CD200 displayed in a multivalent form on beads or with dimeric fusion proteins consisting of the extracellular region of CD200 and immunoglobulin Fc regions. We prepared putative pentamers and trimers of mouse CD200 with sequences from cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and surfactant protein D (SP-D), respectively. The COMP protein gave high-avidity binding and was a valuable tool for showing the interaction whilst the SP-D protein gave weak binding. In vivo experiments showed that an agonistic CD200R monoclonal antibody caused some amelioration in a model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis but the COMP protein was cleared rapidly and had minimal effect. Pentameric constructs also allowed detection of the rat CD48/CD2 interaction, which is of much lower affinity (K(D) approximately 70 microm). These reagents may have an advantage over Fc-bearing hybrid molecules for probing cell surface proteins without side-effects due to the Fc regions. The CD200-COMP gave strong signals in protein microarrays, suggesting that such reagents may be valuable in high throughput detection of weak interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Despina Voulgaraki
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Chen Z, Marsden PA, Gorczynski RM. Cloning and characterization of the human CD200 promoter region. Mol Immunol 2005; 43:579-87. [PMID: 15955564 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
CD200 is a type I membrane glycoprotein which is expressed on a number of cell types uniquely relevant to the inflammatory and immune cascade; included in those are dendritic cells, endothelial cells and activated T cells. Previous studies have shown that CD200 plays an important role in prevention of graft rejection, autoimmune diseases and spontaneous abortion. The molecular mechanism(s) controlling expression of CD200 are yet to be defined. We report below the cloning and characterization of the 5'-flanking region of the human CD200 gene, including an exon1/intron1 boundary region and various transcriptional initiation sites. Serial deletion analysis revealed a 169 bp region responsible for constitutive expression of CD200. Positive regulatory domains (PRDs) were identified in the core promoter using linker-scanning mutagenesis. EMSA documented clear evidence for C/EBPbeta as being important in transcriptional regulation of CD200.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Chen
- Transplant Research Division, The Toronto Hospital, Department of Surgery & Immunology, Toronto, Ont., Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Chen DX, Gorczynski RM. Discrete monoclonal antibodies define functionally important epitopes in the CD200 molecule responsible for immunosuppression function. Transplantation 2005; 79:282-8. [PMID: 15699757 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000149506.61000.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both murine and human CD200 fusion proteins (CD200Fc) act as immunosuppressants after engagement of cell-bound receptors (CD200R). Anti-CD200 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) augment activity in mixed leukocyte cultures (MLCs) (increased cytotoxic T lymphocyte/cytokine production) after neutralization of endogenous CD200 activity. Previous studies documented critical regions in the N-terminal domains of both CD200 and CD200R1 for ligand:receptor binding and defined a number of synthetic CD200 and CD200R peptides that antagonize that interaction. METHODS We used a panel of mAbs to mouse and human CD200Fc to compare the rank activities of antibodies for binding (flow cytometric analysis [FACS] or enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay [ELISA]) to CD200 with their abilities to augment immune reactivity in MLCs. RESULTS Only mAbs defining epitopes in the N-terminal domain could augment MLC reactivity (or block immunosuppression by soluble CD200Fc), whereas mAbs targeting C-domain epitopes, although reactive in ELISA or FACS (targeting cell surface CD200), were inactive in MLCs. CONCLUSION In addition to defining the importance of N-terminal epitopes for CD200 function, rank comparison of mAbs for FACS staining of CD200 expressed on various cell types indicates heterogeneity in expressed CD200.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dang-Xiao Chen
- The Toronto Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Cherwinski HM, Murphy CA, Joyce BL, Bigler ME, Song YS, Zurawski SM, Moshrefi MM, Gorman DM, Miller KL, Zhang S, Sedgwick JD, Phillips JH. The CD200 receptor is a novel and potent regulator of murine and human mast cell function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:1348-56. [PMID: 15661892 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.3.1348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD200R is a member of the Ig supergene family that is primarily expressed on myeloid cells. Recent in vivo studies have suggested that CD200R is an inhibitory receptor capable of regulating the activation threshold of inflammatory immune responses. Here we provide definitive evidence that CD200R is expressed on mouse and human mast cells and that engagement of CD200R by agonist Abs or ligand results in a potent inhibition of mast cell degranulation and cytokine secretion responses. CD200R-mediated inhibition of FcepsilonRI activation was observed both in vitro and in vivo and did not require the coligation of CD200R to FcepsilonRI. Unlike the majority of myeloid inhibitory receptors, CD200R does not contain a phosphatase recruiting inhibitory motif (ITIM); therefore, we conclude that CD200R represents a novel and potent inhibitory receptor that can be targeted in vivo to regulate mast cell-dependent pathologies.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Surface/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Antigens, Surface/physiology
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Cell Degranulation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Fetal Blood/cytology
- Fetal Blood/immunology
- Fetal Blood/metabolism
- Humans
- Mast Cells/immunology
- Mast Cells/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Orexin Receptors
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Receptors, IgE/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, IgE/physiology
- Skin/cytology
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/metabolism
Collapse
|
68
|
Analysis of leukocyte membrane protein interactions using protein microarrays. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2005; 6:2. [PMID: 15740616 PMCID: PMC554781 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-6-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Protein microarrays represent an emerging class of proteomic tools to investigate multiple protein-protein interactions in parallel. A sufficient proportion of immobilized proteins must maintain an active conformation and an orientation that allows for the sensitive and specific detection of antibody and ligand binding. In order to establish protein array technology for the characterization of the weak interactions between leukocyte membrane proteins, we selected the human leukocyte membrane protein CD200 (OX2) and its cell surface receptor (hCD200R) as a model system. As antibody-antigen reactions are generally of higher affinity than receptor-ligand binding, we first analyzed the reactivity of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to normal and mutant forms of immobilized CD200R. Results Fluorescently labelled mAb DX147, DX136 and OX108 were specifically reactive with immobilized recombinant hCD200R extracellular region, over a range of 0.1–40 μg ml-1 corresponding to a limit of sensitivity of 0.01–0.05 femtomol per spot. Orientating hCD200R using capture antibodies, showed that DX147 reacts with an epitope spatially distinct from the more closely related DX136 and OX108 epitopes. A panel of soluble recombinant proteins with mutations in hCD200R domain 1 produced by transiently transfected cells, was arrayed directly without purification and screened for binding to the three mAb. Several showed decreased binding to the blocking mAb DX136 and OX108, suggesting close proximity of these epitopes to the CD200 binding site. Binding of hCD200 to directly immobilized rat, mouse, and hCD200R was achieved with multimeric ligands, in the form of biotinylated-hCD200 coupled to FITC-labelled avidin coated beads. Conclusion We have achieved sensitive, specific and reproducible detection of immobilized CD200R with different antibodies and mapped antigenic epitopes for two mAb in the vicinity of the ligand binding site using protein microarrays. We also detected CD200 binding to its receptor, a low affinity interaction, using beads presenting multivalent ligands. Our results demonstrate the quantitative aspects of protein arrays and their potential use in detecting simultaneously multiple protein-protein interactions and in particular the weak interactions found between leukocyte membrane proteins.
Collapse
|
69
|
Gorczynski RM, Chen Z, Clark DA, Kai Y, Lee L, Nachman J, Wong S, Marsden P. Structural and functional heterogeneity in the CD200R family of immunoregulatory molecules and their expression at the feto-maternal interface. Am J Reprod Immunol 2005; 52:147-63. [PMID: 15274657 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2004.00192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM We have shown that CD200Fc, a chimeric molecule including the extracellular domain of CD200 and a murine immunoglobulin (Ig)G2a Fc region, regulates immune responses and prevents T helper (Th)1 cytokine-triggered spontaneous abortions in mice. CD200 is expressed on a subpopulation of uterine decidua cells and on trophoblast, both in the mouse and human. The receptor(s) for CD200, CD200R(s), was not previously well-characterized. METHODS 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), cDNA and genomic DNA clone analysis were used to identify a family of CD200Rs on mouse chromosome 16, juxtaposed to the CD200 gene, named CD200R1, R2, R3, and R4. Northern blot and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was used to detect expression of different CD200R subtypes in different organs. Rabbit polyclonal and rat monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to CD200R isoforms was used for fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis, to test for immunomodulatory effects on allogeneic mixed-lymphocyte responses in vitro, and for immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The CD200Fc was able to interact physically with each of the CD200Rs expressed on the cell surface. Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses indicated distinct patterns of CD200R isoform mRNA expression in different tissues and FACS analyses confirmed unique cell- and tissue-specific expression of the different CD200Rs. mAbs directed against the different isoforms modified the development of in vitro alloimmune responses. The addition of anti-CD200R1/R4 elicited immunomodulatory responses in vitro comparable to findings with CD200Fc, but different from the effects of anti-CD200R2-3. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence for a family of CD200R molecules in the mouse genome and defines the existence of previously unrecognized diversity in the CD200/CD200R immunomodulatory gene member family. Although this gene member family is clustered in the genome, the different CD200Rs and CD200 exhibit distinct expression patterns and functional properties. Restricted CD200R isoform expression at the feto-maternal interface suggests CD200:CD200R interactions may serve important function(s) determining the successful outcome of pregnancy.
Collapse
|
70
|
Taylor N, McConnachie K, Calder C, Dawson R, Dick A, Sedgwick JD, Liversidge J. Enhanced tolerance to autoimmune uveitis in CD200-deficient mice correlates with a pronounced Th2 switch in response to antigen challenge. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:143-54. [PMID: 15611236 PMCID: PMC2446433 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.1.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A single exposure to inhaled Ag 10 days before immunization leads to long term, Ag-specific tolerance. Respiratory tract myeloid APCs are implicated, but how regulation is invoked, and how tolerance is sustained are unclear. This study examines the in vivo function of the myeloid regulatory molecule CD200 in the process of tolerance induction. Despite earlier onset of experimental autoimmune uveitis in sham-tolerized, CD200-deficient mice, disease incidence and subsequent severity were actually reduced compared with those in wild-type mice. Protection was more effective and long term, lasting at least 28 days. Halting disease progression and tolerance in CD200(-/-) mice correlated with a marked increase in Th2-associated cytokine production by Ag-challenged splenocytes. Reduced overall disease and enhanced tolerance in the CD200-deficient mice in this model system were unexpected and may be related to altered populations of MHC class II(low) APC in the respiratory tract compared with wild-type mice together with associated activation of STAT6 in draining lymph nodes of tolerized mice. These data indicate that in the absence of default inhibitory CD200 receptor signaling, alternative, powerful regulatory mechanisms are invoked. This may represent either permissive dominant Th2 activation or an altered hierarchy of negative signaling by other myeloid cell-expressed regulatory molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Taylor
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Karen McConnachie
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Calder
- Division of Ophthalmology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary Dawson
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Dick
- Division of Ophthalmology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Janet Liversidge
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Janet Liversidge, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, U.K. AB25 2ZD. E-mail address:
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Zhang S, Cherwinski H, Sedgwick JD, Phillips JH. Molecular Mechanisms of CD200 Inhibition of Mast Cell Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:6786-93. [PMID: 15557172 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.11.6786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CD200 and its receptor CD200R are both type I membrane glycoproteins that contain two Ig-like domains. Engagement of CD200R by CD200 inhibits activation of myeloid cells. Unlike the majority of immune inhibitory receptors, CD200R lacks an ITIM in the cytoplasmic domain. The molecular mechanism of CD200R inhibition of myeloid cell activation is unknown. In this study, we examined the CD200R signaling pathways that control degranulation of mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells. We found that upon ligand binding, CD200R is phosphorylated on tyrosine and subsequently binds to adapter proteins Dok1 and Dok2. Upon phosphorylation, Dok1 binds to SHIP and both Dok1 and Dok2 recruit RasGAP, which mediates the inhibition of the Ras/MAPK pathways. Activation of ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK are all inhibited by CD200R engagement. The reduced activation of these MAPKs is responsible for the observed inhibition of mast cell degranulation and cytokine production. Similar signaling events were also observed upon CD200R engagement in mouse peritoneal cells. These data define a novel inhibitory pathway used by CD200R in modulating mast cell function and help to explain how engagement of this receptor in vivo regulates myeloid cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Zhang
- DNAX Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Fallarino F, Asselin-Paturel C, Vacca C, Bianchi R, Gizzi S, Fioretti MC, Trinchieri G, Grohmann U, Puccetti P. Murine plasmacytoid dendritic cells initiate the immunosuppressive pathway of tryptophan catabolism in response to CD200 receptor engagement. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:3748-54. [PMID: 15356121 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.3748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, using a soluble CD200-Ig fusion protein, we provide evidence that murine dendritic cells (DCs) possess a functional CD200R, whose engagement results in the reinforcement or appearance of immunosuppressive properties in these cells. In particular, the plasmacytoid subset (CD11c+B220+120G8+) of splenic DCs (pDCs) is induced by CD200-Ig to express the enzyme IDO, which initiates the tolerogenic pathway of tryptophan catabolism. As a result, pDCs are capable of suppressing Ag-specific responses in vivo when transferred into recipient hosts after treatment with CD200-Ig. IDO induction in pDCs through CD200R engagement requires type I IFNR signaling. Although the release of IFN-alpha may contribute to the full expression of CD200-Ig activity, autocrine IFN-alpha is unlikely to mediate alone the effects of CD200R engagement. These data prospect novel functions for both pDCs and the CD200-CD200R pair in the mouse. At the same time, these data underscore the possible unifying role of the IDO mechanism in immune tolerance.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Binding Sites, Antibody/genetics
- Cell Adhesion/genetics
- Cell Adhesion/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dendritic Cells/enzymology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dioxygenases
- Enzyme Induction/immunology
- Female
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase
- Interferon-alpha/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Orexin Receptors
- Oxygenases/biosynthesis
- Oxygenases/physiology
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Receptors, Interferon/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Transfection
- Tryptophan/metabolism
Collapse
|
73
|
Voehringer D, Rosen DB, Lanier LL, Locksley RM. CD200 receptor family members represent novel DAP12-associated activating receptors on basophils and mast cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:54117-23. [PMID: 15471863 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m406997200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation by balancing activating and inhibitory receptors constitutes an important mechanism for regulating lymphocyte and myeloid cell effector responses. Using a microarray screen during parasitic helminth infection, we identified CD200 receptor-like 3 as a transcript highly expressed in basophils. Novel splice variants were present that generated proteins that differed in surface expression. The second immunoglobulin-like domain, encoded by exon 4, was required for cell surface expression and recruitment of DAP12 to the cell surface. Splice variants also generated unique cytoplasmic domains, which contributed to efficient pairing with DAP12. Despite expression on basophils and mast cells, which are integral components of allergic immunity, the absence of DAP12 did not alter effector cell recruitment or the host response elicited by helminth infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Voehringer
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143-0654, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Foster-Cuevas M, Wright GJ, Puklavec MJ, Brown MH, Barclay AN. Human herpesvirus 8 K14 protein mimics CD200 in down-regulating macrophage activation through CD200 receptor. J Virol 2004; 78:7667-76. [PMID: 15220441 PMCID: PMC434103 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.14.7667-7676.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viral proteins limit host immune defenses, and their genes often originate from their hosts. CD200 (OX2) is a broadly distributed cell surface glycoprotein that interacts with a receptor on myeloid cells (CD200R) that is implicated in locally preventing macrophage activation. Distant, but recognizable, homologues of CD200 have been identified in many herpesviruses and poxviruses. Here, we show that the product of the K14 open reading frame from human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) interacts with human CD200R and is expressed at the surfaces of infected cells solely during the lytic cycle. Despite sharing only 40% primary sequence identity, K14 and CD200 interacted with CD200R with an almost identical and low affinity (K(D) = 0.5 microM), in contrast to other characterized viral homologue interactions. Cells expressing CD200 or K14 on the cell surface were able to inhibit secretion by activated macrophages of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, an effect that could be specifically relieved by addition of monoclonal antibodies and soluble monomeric CD200 protein. We conclude that CD200 delivers local down-modulatory signals to myeloid cells through direct cell-cell contact and that the K14 viral homologue closely mimics this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mildred Foster-Cuevas
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Gorczynski R, Chen Z, Kai Y, Lee L, Wong S, Marsden PA. CD200 Is a Ligand for All Members of the CD200R Family of Immunoregulatory Molecules. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:7744-9. [PMID: 15187158 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.12.7744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD200Fc, a chimeric molecule including the extracellular domain of CD200 and a murine IgG2a Fc region, regulates immune responses following engagement of a cell surface receptor, CD200R, expressed on cells of the myeloid and T cell lineage. A recent report focused attention on a family of CD200Rs, but concluded that only one member used CD200 as its ligand. We have also cloned and sequenced a family of CD200Rs, but identify an amino terminus to two of the three isoforms not recognized by previous researchers. We show by FACS, using FITC-labeled CD200Fc, that COS7 cells transfected with all CD200R isoforms bind CD200 as ligand, although the functional consequences of this binding likely differs between the different isoforms. mAbs directed against the CD200 R1/R4 isoforms altered IL-2/IL-4 cytokine production and suppressed CTL responses in a fashion comparable to CD200Fc, with a significantly lesser effect seen following addition of anti-CD200 R2/R3.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Surface/chemistry
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Ligands
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Orexin Receptors
- Protein Binding
- Protein Isoforms/chemistry
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Sequence Alignment
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reginald Gorczynski
- Transplant Research Division, Toronto Hospital, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Wright GJ, Cherwinski H, Foster-Cuevas M, Brooke G, Puklavec MJ, Bigler M, Song Y, Jenmalm M, Gorman D, McClanahan T, Liu MR, Brown MH, Sedgwick JD, Phillips JH, Barclay AN. Characterization of the CD200 receptor family in mice and humans and their interactions with CD200. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:3034-46. [PMID: 12960329 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.3034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD200 (OX2) is a broadly distributed cell surface glycoprotein that interacts with a structurally related receptor (CD200R) expressed on rodent myeloid cells and is involved in regulation of macrophage function. We report the first characterization of human CD200R (hCD200R) and define its binding characteristics to hCD200. We also report the identification of a closely related gene to hCD200R, designated hCD200RLa, and four mouse CD200R-related genes (termed mCD200RLa-d). CD200, CD200R, and CD200R-related genes were closely linked in humans and mice, suggesting that these genes arose by gene duplication. The distributions of the receptor genes were determined by quantitative RT-PCR, and protein expression was confirmed by a set of novel mAbs. The distribution of mouse and human CD200R was similar, with strongest labeling of macrophages and neutrophils, but also other leukocytes, including monocytes, mast cells, and T lymphocytes. Two mCD200 receptor-like family members, designated mCD200RLa and mCD200RLb, were shown to pair with the activatory adaptor protein, DAP12, suggesting that these receptors would transmit strong activating signals in contrast to the apparent inhibitory signal delivered by triggering the CD200R. Despite substantial sequence homology with mCD200R, mCD200RLa and mCD200RLb did not bind mCD200, and presently have unknown ligands. The CD200 receptor gene family resembles the signal regulatory proteins and killer Ig-related receptors in having receptor family members with potential activatory and inhibitory functions that may play important roles in immune regulation and balance. Because manipulation of the CD200-CD200R interaction affects the outcome of rodent disease models, targeting of this pathway may have therapeutic utility.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Surface/chemistry
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family/immunology
- Orexin Receptors
- Organ Specificity/genetics
- Organ Specificity/immunology
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Isoforms/chemistry
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/chemistry
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/genetics
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Staining and Labeling
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin J Wright
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Gorczynski RM, Hu J, Chen Z, Kai Y, Lei J. A CD200FC immunoadhesin prolongs rat islet xenograft survival in mice. Transplantation 2002; 73:1948-53. [PMID: 12131694 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200206270-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A solubilized form of the CD200 molecule, CD200Fc, has been shown to suppress allograft rejection and development of collagen-induced arthritis in mice. We investigated whether the same molecule could prolong survival of rat islet xenografts. METHODS Streptozocin-treated mice, receiving injections with anti-asialo-GM1 antibody, received rat islets ( approximately 400/mouse) under the kidney capsule or injected into the portal vein, along with rapamycin treatment. Thereafter mice received injections of CD200Fc (10 microg/mouse/injection) or control mouse IgG2. Blood glucose was monitored daily. Some mice received additional injections of anti-CD200/-CD200R monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS Portal vein delivery of islets led to more extended resolution of diabetes than did transplantation under the kidney capsule. CD200Fc further prolonged survival in either case, an effect abolished by anti-CD200 or F(ab')2 anti-CD200R mAbs, but not by whole anti-CD200R (anti-CD200R Ig). Spleen cells taken from CD200Fc-treated mice showed polarization to type-2 cytokine production (interleukin-4, interleukin-10) on restimulation with rat splenocytes in culture, in comparison to cells from control mice (type-1 cytokines, interlulin-2, interferon-gamma). CONCLUSION CD200:CD200R interactions are important in regulating rat islet xenograft survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Gorczynski
- The Toronto Hospital, University Health Network and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5G2C4
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Barclay AN, Wright GJ, Brooke G, Brown MH. CD200 and membrane protein interactions in the control of myeloid cells. Trends Immunol 2002; 23:285-90. [PMID: 12072366 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4906(02)02223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OX2 (now designated CD200) is a membrane protein expressed by a broad range of cell types. It is the ligand for a receptor restricted to myeloid cells, with the potential to deliver inhibitory signals. This is indicated by the CD200-deficient mouse model, in which myeloid cells are more activated when stimulated immunologically than cells from normal mice. The unusual tissue distribution of CD200 indicates where myeloid cells can be restrictively controlled through cell-cell contact. Recent data on CD200 will be reviewed in the context of other proteins that might have similar roles, in particular, the interaction between CD47 and SIRPalpha (CD172a).
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/physiology
- CD47 Antigen
- Carrier Proteins/immunology
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/ultrastructure
- Female
- Humans
- Immune System/immunology
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/immunology
- Ligands
- Macrophage Activation
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Biological
- Molecular Mimicry
- Myeloid Cells/immunology
- Myeloid Cells/metabolism
- Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology
- Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Neurons/metabolism
- Orexin Receptors
- Ovary/metabolism
- Protein Conformation
- Rats
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/genetics
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/immunology
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Viruses/chemistry
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Neil Barclay
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RE, Oxford, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|