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Sankar D, Mony U, Rangasamy J. Combinatorial effect of plasma treatment, fiber alignment and fiber scale of poly (ε-caprolactone)/collagen multiscale fibers in inducing tenogenesis in non-tenogenic media. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 127:112206. [PMID: 34225858 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tendon being a hypocellular, low vascularized tissue often requires assistance for restoration after complete tear. Tendon tissue engineering aims in the development of suitable scaffold that could support the regeneration of tendon after damage. The success of such scaffolds is dependent on its integration with the native tissue which in turn is influenced by the cell-material interaction. In this work aligned poly(ε-caprolactone)/collagen (PCL/collagen) multiscale fibers were developed and plasma treatment using argon, nitrogen and its combination was accessed for inducing tenogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells. The developed fibers mimicked tendon extracellular matrix (ECM) which upon plasma treatment maintained moderate hydrophilicity. Oxygen and nitrogen containing groups were observed to be incorporated after argon and nitrogen treatment respectively. Statistically significant (p < 0.001) enhancement was observed in average and root mean square (RMS) roughness after plasma treatment with the maximum in argon treated fibers. Vitronectin was competitively (statistically significant, p < 0.05) adsorbed after argon and combination treatment whereas nitrogen treatment led to the competitive adsorption of fibronectin (statistically significant, p < 0.05). Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) showed enhanced proliferation and attachment on plasma treated fibers. Increased porosity due to the presence of sacrificial collagen nanofibers improved cell infiltration which was further enhanced upon plasma treatment. RhoA activation was observed (statistically significant, p < 0.05) on aligned PCL/collagen multiscale fibers and PCL microfibers, which proved its impact on tenogenic differentiation. Further enhancement in rhoA expression was observed on argon (p < 0.01) and combination plasma (p < 0.05) treated fibers. Tenogenic differentiation of hMSCs was enhanced (statistically significant) on argon plasma treated aligned fibers which was confirmed by the expression of scleraxis, mohawk (early markers) and tenomodulin (late marker) at protein level and mohawk, collagen I, collagen III (early markers), thrombospondin 4 and tenascin C (late markers) at gene level. Thus argon plasma treatment on aligned fibers is an effective method to induce tenogenesis even in non-tenogenic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Sankar
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Ullas Mony
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India.
| | - Jayakumar Rangasamy
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India.
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Salvatore L, Gallo N, Natali ML, Terzi A, Sannino A, Madaghiele M. Mimicking the Hierarchical Organization of Natural Collagen: Toward the Development of Ideal Scaffolding Material for Tissue Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:644595. [PMID: 33987173 PMCID: PMC8112590 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.644595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological materials found in living organisms, many of which are proteins, feature a complex hierarchical organization. Type I collagen, a fibrous structural protein ubiquitous in the mammalian body, provides a striking example of such a hierarchical material, with peculiar architectural features ranging from the amino acid sequence at the nanoscale (primary structure) up to the assembly of fibrils (quaternary structure) and fibers, with lengths of the order of microns. Collagen plays a dominant role in maintaining the biological and structural integrity of various tissues and organs, such as bone, skin, tendons, blood vessels, and cartilage. Thus, "artificial" collagen-based fibrous assemblies, endowed with appropriate structural properties, represent ideal substrates for the development of devices for tissue engineering applications. In recent years, with the ultimate goal of developing three-dimensional scaffolds with optimal bioactivity able to promote both regeneration and functional recovery of a damaged tissue, numerous studies focused on the capability to finely modulate the scaffold architecture at the microscale and the nanoscale in order to closely mimic the hierarchical features of the extracellular matrix and, in particular, the natural patterning of collagen. All of these studies clearly show that the accurate characterization of the collagen structure at the submolecular and supramolecular levels is pivotal to the understanding of the relationships between the nanostructural/microstructural properties of the fabricated scaffold and its macroscopic performance. Several studies also demonstrate that the selected processing, including any crosslinking and/or sterilization treatments, can strongly affect the architecture of collagen at various length scales. The aim of this review is to highlight the most recent findings on the development of collagen-based scaffolds with optimized properties for tissue engineering. The optimization of the scaffolds is particularly related to the modulation of the collagen architecture, which, in turn, impacts on the achieved bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Salvatore
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Nunzia Gallo
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Natali
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Alberta Terzi
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sannino
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Marta Madaghiele
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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Zhang X, Eliasberg CD, Rodeo SA. Mitochondrial dysfunction and potential mitochondrial protectant treatments in tendinopathy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1490:29-41. [PMID: 33843069 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tendinopathy is a common musculoskeletal condition that affects a wide range of patients, including athletes, laborers, and older patients. Tendinopathy is often characterized by pain, swelling, and impaired performance and function. The etiology of tendinopathy is multifactorial, including both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. Various treatment strategies have been described, but outcomes are often variable, as tendons have poor intrinsic healing potential compared with other tissues. Therefore, several novel targets for tendon regeneration have been identified and are being explored. Mitochondria are organelles that generate adenosine triphosphate, and they are considered to be the power generators of the cell. Recently, mitochondrial dysfunction verified by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreased superoxide dismutase activity, cristae disorganization, and decreased number of mitochondria has been identified as a mechanism that may contribute to tendinopathy. This has provided new insights for studying tendinopathy pathogenesis and potential treatments via antioxidant, metabolic modulation, or ROS inhibition. In this review, we present the current understanding of mitochondrial dysfunction in tendinopathy. The review summarizes the potential mechanism by which mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the development of tendinopathy, as well as the potential therapeutic benefits of mitochondrial protectants in the treatment of tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Zhang
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York.,Department of Sports Medicine & Research Center of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Claire D Eliasberg
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Scott A Rodeo
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
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Abstract
The Achilles tendon is one of the strongest and thickest tendons of the human body. Several studies have reported an immediate decrease in Achilles tendon thickness after a single bout of resistance training. However, the effects of blood flow restriction training on Achilles tendon thickness have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of different regimens of resistance training on Achilles tendon thickness. Fiftytwo participants (27.3 ± 7 years; 177.6 ± 11 cm; 72.2 ± 13.7 kg) were randomly allocated into one of the three groups: low-intensity exercise without (LI, n = 13) and with blood flow restriction (LI-BFR, n = 24), and high-intensity exercise (HI, n = 15). Participants from LI and LI-BFR groups performed four sets (1 x 30 + 3 x 15 reps) at 30% 1RM, while the HI group performed four sets (1 x 30 with 30% 1RM + 3 x 10 reps with 75% 1RM). All groups performed a plantar flexion exercise. For the LI-BFR group, a blood pressure cuff was placed on the dominant calf and inflated at 30% of the individual´s occlusion pressure (47.6 ± 19.8 mmHg). Sonographic images of Achilles tendon thickness were taken at pre, immediately after, 60 min and 24 h following acute bouts of exercise. Achilles tendon thickness was significantly reduced immediately after, 60 min and 24 h post-LI-BFR exercise (pre: 4.4 ± 0.4 mm vs. IA: 3.8 ± 0.4 mm vs. 60 min: 3.7 ± 0.3 mm vs. 24 h: 4.1 ± 0.3 mm; p < 0.001), whereas Achilles tendon thickness was unchanged for HI and LI groups (p > 0.05). These results suggest that blood flow restriction training may be an effective strategy to stimulate a positive response in Achilles tendon thickness.
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Liu J, Xu MY, Wu J, Zhang H, Yang L, Lun DX, Hu YC, Liu B. Picrosirius-Polarization Method for Collagen Fiber Detection in Tendons: A Mini-Review. Orthop Surg 2021; 13:701-707. [PMID: 33689233 PMCID: PMC8126917 DOI: 10.1111/os.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the structure and composition of collagen have been studied by polarized light microscopy since the early 19th century, many studies and reviews have paid little or no attention to the morphological problems of histopathological diagnosis. The morphology of collagen fibers is critical in guiding mechanical and biological properties in both normal and pathological tendons. Highlighting the organization and spatial distribution of tendon‐containing collagen fibers can be very useful for visualizing a tendon's ultrastructure, biochemical and indirect mechanical properties, which benefits other researchers and clinicians. Picrosirius red (PSR) staining, relying on the birefringence of collagen fibers, is one of the best understood histochemical methods that can highly and specifically underline fibers better than other common staining techniques when combined with polarized light microscopy (PLM). Polarized light microscopy provides complementary information about collagen fibers, such as orientation, type and spatial distribution, which is important for a comprehensive assessment of collagen alteration in a tendon. Here, this brief review serves as a simplistic and important primer to research developments in which differential staining of collagen types by the Picrosirius‐polarization method is increasing in diverse studies of the medical field, mainly in the assessment of the morphology, spatial distribution, and content of collagen in tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Jing Wu
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation NMPA, Beijing, China
| | | | - Li Yang
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | | | | | - Bin Liu
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation NMPA, Beijing, China
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Zhou Z, Zhao D, Zhang P, Zhang M, Leng X, Yao B. The enzymatic hydrolysates from deer sinew promote MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis by regulating multiple functional genes. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:59. [PMID: 33568122 PMCID: PMC7877118 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deer Sinew serves as a medicinal food, and has been used for treating skeletal diseases, especially bone diseases in a long history. Thus, it could become an alternative option for the prevention and therapeutic remedy of bone-related diseases. In our previous study, we established an optimal extraction process of the enzymatic hydrolysates from Chinese Sika deer sinews (DSEH), and we demonstrated that DSEH significantly promoted the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells (an osteoblast-like cell line) with a certain dose-effect relationship. However, the precise molecular mechanism of deer sinew in regulating bone strength is still largely unknown. The aim of this study was to explore the underlying molecular mechanism of DSEH on MC3T3-E1 cells proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis. Methods Preparation and quality control were performed as previously described. The effect of DSEH at different administrated concentrations on cell proliferation was measured using both CCK-8 and MTT assays, and the capacity of DSEH on extracellular matrix synthesis was detected by Alizarin red staining and quantification. The gene expression pattern change of MC3T3-E1 cells under the treatment of DSEH was investigated by RNA-seq analysis accompanied with validation methods. Results We demonstrated that DSEH promoted MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis by regulating multiple functional genes. DSEH significantly increased the expression levels of genes that promoted cell proliferation such as Gstp1, Timp1, Serpine1, Cyr61, Crlf1, Thbs1, Ctgf, P4ha2, Sod3 and Nqo1. However, DSEH significantly decreased the expression levels of genes that inhibited cell proliferation such as Mt1, Cdc20, Gas1, Nrp2, Cmtm3, Dlk2, Sema3a, Rbm25 and Hspb6. Furthermore, DSEH mildly increased the expression levels of osteoblast gene markers. Conclusions Our findings suggest that DSEH facilitate MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis to consolidate bone formation and stability, but prevent MC3T3-E1 cells from oxidative stress-induced damage, apoptosis and further differentiation. These findings deepened the current understanding of DSEH on regulating bone development, and provided theoretical support for the discovery of optional prevention and treatment for bone-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Zhou
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Innovation Practice Center, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Xiangyang Leng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - Baojin Yao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
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Pardo A, Gómez-Florit M, Barbosa S, Taboada P, Domingues RMA, Gomes ME. Magnetic Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering: Design Concepts and Remote Actuation Strategies to Control Cell Fate. ACS NANO 2021; 15:175-209. [PMID: 33406360 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Most tissues of the human body are characterized by highly anisotropic physical properties and biological organization. Hydrogels have been proposed as scaffolding materials to construct artificial tissues due to their water-rich composition, biocompatibility, and tunable properties. However, unmodified hydrogels are typically composed of randomly oriented polymer networks, resulting in homogeneous structures with isotropic properties different from those observed in biological systems. Magnetic materials have been proposed as potential agents to provide hydrogels with the anisotropy required for their use on tissue engineering. Moreover, the intrinsic properties of magnetic nanoparticles enable their use as magnetomechanic remote actuators to control the behavior of the cells encapsulated within the hydrogels under the application of external magnetic fields. In this review, we combine a detailed summary of the main strategies to prepare magnetic nanoparticles showing controlled properties with an analysis of the different approaches available to their incorporation into hydrogels. The application of magnetically responsive nanocomposite hydrogels in the engineering of different tissues is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pardo
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco-Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Manuel Gómez-Florit
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco-Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Silvia Barbosa
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Condensed Matter Physics Area, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pablo Taboada
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Condensed Matter Physics Area, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rui M A Domingues
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco-Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Manuela E Gomes
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco-Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Siadat SM, Zamboulis DE, Thorpe CT, Ruberti JW, Connizzo BK. Tendon Extracellular Matrix Assembly, Maintenance and Dysregulation Throughout Life. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1348:45-103. [PMID: 34807415 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-80614-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In his Lissner Award medal lecture in 2000, Stephen Cowin asked the question: "How is a tissue built?" It is not a new question, but it remains as relevant today as it did when it was asked 20 years ago. In fact, research on the organization and development of tissue structure has been a primary focus of tendon and ligament research for over two centuries. The tendon extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical to overall tissue function; it gives the tissue its unique mechanical properties, exhibiting complex non-linear responses, viscoelasticity and flow mechanisms, excellent energy storage and fatigue resistance. This matrix also creates a unique microenvironment for resident cells, allowing cells to maintain their phenotype and translate mechanical and chemical signals into biological responses. Importantly, this architecture is constantly remodeled by local cell populations in response to changing biochemical (systemic and local disease or injury) and mechanical (exercise, disuse, and overuse) stimuli. Here, we review the current understanding of matrix remodeling throughout life, focusing on formation and assembly during the postnatal period, maintenance and homeostasis during adulthood, and changes to homeostasis in natural aging. We also discuss advances in model systems and novel tools for studying collagen and non-collagenous matrix remodeling throughout life, and finally conclude by identifying key questions that have yet to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danae E Zamboulis
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Chavaunne T Thorpe
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey W Ruberti
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brianne K Connizzo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Lu PP, Chen MH, Dai GC, Li YJ, Shi L, Rui YF. Understanding cellular and molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis of diabetic tendinopathy. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:1255-1275. [PMID: 33312397 PMCID: PMC7705468 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i11.1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence of an increased incidence of tendon disorders in people with diabetes mellitus. Diabetic tendinopathy is an important cause of chronic pain, restricted activity, and even tendon rupture in individuals. Tenocytes and tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) are the dominant cellular components associated with tendon homeostasis, maintenance, remodeling, and repair. Some previous studies have shown alterations in tenocytes and TSPCs in high glucose or diabetic conditions that might cause structural and functional variations in diabetic tendons and even accelerate the development and progression of diabetic tendinopathy. In this review, the biomechanical properties and histopathological changes in diabetic tendons are described. Then, the cellular and molecular alterations in both tenocytes and TSPCs are summarized, and the underlying mechanisms involved are also analyzed. A better understanding of the underlying cellular and molecular pathogenesis of diabetic tendinopathy would provide new insight for the exploration and development of effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Min-Hao Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guang-Chun Dai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying-Juan Li
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liu Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yun-Feng Rui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
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Best KT, Nichols AEC, Knapp E, Hammert WC, Ketonis C, Jonason JH, Awad HA, Loiselle AE. NF-κB activation persists into the remodeling phase of tendon healing and promotes myofibroblast survival. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/658/eabb7209. [PMID: 33203721 PMCID: PMC7717665 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abb7209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although inflammation is necessary during the early phases of tissue repair, persistent inflammation contributes to fibrosis. Acute tendon injuries often heal through a fibrotic mechanism, which impedes regeneration and functional recovery. Because inflammation mediated by nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling is implicated in this process, we examined the spatial, temporal, and cell type-specific activation profile of canonical NF-κB signaling during tendon healing. NF-κB signaling was maintained through all phases of tendon healing in mice, including the remodeling phase, and tenocytes and myofibroblasts from the Scleraxis (Scx) lineage were the predominant populations that retained NF-κB activation into the late stages of repair. We confirmed persistent NF-κB activation in myofibroblasts in human tendon scar tissue. Deleting the canonical NF-κB kinase, IKKβ, in Scx-lineage cells in mice increased apoptosis and the deposition of the matrix protein periostin during the late stages of tendon repair, suggesting that persistent NF-κB signaling may facilitate myofibroblast survival and fibrotic progression. Consistent with this, myofibroblasts in human tendon scar samples displayed enhanced prosurvival signaling compared to control tissue. Together, these data suggest that NF-κB may contribute to fibrotic tendon healing through both inflammation-dependent and inflammation-independent functions, such as NF-κB-mediated cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Best
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Anne E C Nichols
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Emma Knapp
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Warren C Hammert
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Constantinos Ketonis
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jennifer H Jonason
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Hani A Awad
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Alayna E Loiselle
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
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Neph A, Schroeder A, Enseki KR, Everts PA, Wang JHC, Onishi K. Role of Mechanical Loading for Platelet-Rich Plasma-Treated Achilles Tendinopathy. Curr Sports Med Rep 2020; 19:209-216. [PMID: 32516191 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There is no consensus on the optimal rehabilitation protocol after platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment for tendinopathy despite basic science studies showing the critical role of mechanical loading in the restoration of tendon structure and function posttreatment. In this article, we will review tendon mechanobiology, platelet biology, and review levels I and II Achilles tendon clinical studies paying particular attention to the role of mechanical loading in rehabilitation of injured tendons. Animal studies emphasize the synergistic effect of mechanical tendon loading and PRP to treat tendon injury while clinical studies described minimal details on loading protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Neph
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Allison Schroeder
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Keelen R Enseki
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Centers for Rehab Services, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Peter A Everts
- Scientific and Research Department at Gulf Coast Biologics, Fort Myers, FL
| | - James H-C Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery at University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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Zhang Y, Deng XH, Lebaschi AH, Wada S, Carballo CB, Croen B, Ying L, Rodeo SA. Expression of alarmins in a murine rotator cuff tendinopathy model. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:2513-2520. [PMID: 32285963 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of alarmins in a novel murine rotator cuff tendinopathy model. Alarmins have been described as essential early activators of an immune response to tissue damage. Subacromial impingement was induced in both shoulders of 37 male C57Bl/6 mice by placement of a small metal clip in the subacromial space. Animals were allocated to different time points up to 6 weeks. The morphology and cellularity of the supraspinatus tendon were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining, alcian blue, and picrosirius red. The expression and localization of alarmins interleukin-33 (IL-33), c (HMGB1), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 subunit α (HIF1α), and S100A9 were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The percentage of positively stained cells with HMGB1 and IL-33 was significantly increased in the impingement group at 1w, 4w, and 6w. HIF1α staining was higher in the impingement group at 1w and 6w compared with the control group. HMGB1 gene expression was higher in the 5d impingement group and 6w impingement group. The gene expression of HIF1α was upregulated at all-time points in the impingement group (5d, 2w, 4w, and 6w). The expression of the S100A9 gene was also upregulated in the 5d impingement group. This is the first study to demonstrate the involvement of alarmins in the early phase of tendinopathy using a reproducible animal model. Alarmins may play an important role in the early phases of the development of tendinopathy They may represent potential therapeutic targets for treatment of tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York.,School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health Commission, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiang-Hua Deng
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Amir H Lebaschi
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Susumu Wada
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Camila B Carballo
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Brett Croen
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Liang Ying
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Scott A Rodeo
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
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63
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Gallo N, Natali ML, Sannino A, Salvatore L. An Overview of the Use of Equine Collagen as Emerging Material for Biomedical Applications. J Funct Biomater 2020; 11:jfb11040079. [PMID: 33139660 PMCID: PMC7712325 DOI: 10.3390/jfb11040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I collagen has always aroused great interest in the field of life-science and bioengineering, thanks to its favorable structural properties and bioactivity. For this reason, in the last five decades it has been widely studied and employed as biomaterial for the manufacture of implantable medical devices. Commonly used sources of collagen are represented by bovine and swine but their applications are limited because of the zoonosis transmission risks, the immune response and the religious constrains. Thus, type-I collagen isolated from horse tendon has recently gained increasing interest as an attractive alternative, so that, although bovine and porcine derived collagens still remain the most common ones, more and more companies started to bring to market a various range of equine collagen-based products. In this context, this work aims to overview the properties of equine collagen making it particularly appealing in medicine, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, as well as its main biomedical applications and the currently approved equine collagen-based medical devices, focusing on experimental studies and clinical trials of the last 15 years. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review focusing on the use of equine collagen, as well as on equine collagen-based marketed products for healthcare.
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64
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Zamboulis DE, Thorpe CT, Ashraf Kharaz Y, Birch HL, Screen HR, Clegg PD. Postnatal mechanical loading drives adaptation of tissues primarily through modulation of the non-collagenous matrix. eLife 2020; 9:58075. [PMID: 33063662 PMCID: PMC7593091 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature connective tissues demonstrate highly specialised properties, remarkably adapted to meet their functional requirements. Tissue adaptation to environmental cues can occur throughout life and poor adaptation commonly results in injury. However, the temporal nature and drivers of functional adaptation remain undefined. Here, we explore functional adaptation and specialisation of mechanically loaded tissues using tendon; a simple aligned biological composite, in which the collagen (fascicle) and surrounding predominantly non-collagenous matrix (interfascicular matrix) can be interrogated independently. Using an equine model of late development, we report the first phase-specific analysis of biomechanical, structural, and compositional changes seen in functional adaptation, demonstrating adaptation occurs postnatally, following mechanical loading, and is almost exclusively localised to the non-collagenous interfascicular matrix. These novel data redefine adaptation in connective tissue, highlighting the fundamental importance of non-collagenous matrix and suggesting that regenerative medicine strategies should change focus from the fibrous to the non-collagenous matrix of tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae E Zamboulis
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Chavaunne T Thorpe
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yalda Ashraf Kharaz
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Helen L Birch
- University College London, Department of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Stanmore Campus, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel Rc Screen
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D Clegg
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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65
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The Application of Mechanical Stimulations in Tendon Tissue Engineering. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:8824783. [PMID: 33029149 PMCID: PMC7532391 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8824783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon injury is the most common disease in the musculoskeletal system. The current treatment methods have many limitations, such as poor therapeutic effects, functional loss of donor site, and immune rejection. Tendon tissue engineering provides a new treatment strategy for tendon repair and regeneration. In this review, we made a retrospective analysis of applying mechanical stimulation in tendon tissue engineering, and its potential as a direction of development for future clinical treatment strategies. For this purpose, the following topics are discussed; (1) the context of tendon tissue engineering and mechanical stimulation; (2) the applications of various mechanical stimulations in tendon tissue engineering, as well as their inherent mechanisms; (3) the application of magnetic force and the synergy of mechanical and biochemical stimulation. With this, we aim at clarifying some of the main questions that currently exist in the field of tendon tissue engineering and consequently gain new knowledge that may help in the development of future clinical application of tissue engineering in tendon injury.
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66
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González-Quevedo D, Díaz-Ramos M, Chato-Astrain J, Sánchez-Porras D, Tamimi I, Campos A, Campos F, Carriel V. Improving the regenerative microenvironment during tendon healing by using nanostructured fibrin/agarose-based hydrogels in a rat Achilles tendon injury model. Bone Joint J 2020; 102-B:1095-1106. [PMID: 32731821 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.102b8.bjj-2019-1143.r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Achilles tendon injuries are a frequent problem in orthopaedic surgery due to their limited healing capacity and the controversy surrounding surgical treatment. In recent years, tissue engineering research has focused on the development of biomaterials to improve this healing process. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of tendon augmentation with a nanostructured fibrin-agarose hydrogel (NFAH) or genipin cross-linked nanostructured fibrin-agarose hydrogel (GP-NFAH), on the healing process of the Achilles tendon in rats. METHODS NFAH, GP-NFAH, and MatriDerm (control) scaffolds were generated (five in each group). A biomechanical and cell-biomaterial-interaction characterization of these biomaterials was then performed: Live/Dead Cell Viability Assay, water-soluble tetrazolium salt-1 (WST-1) assay, and DNA-released after 48 hours. Additionally, a complete section of the left Achilles tendon was made in 24 Wistar rats. Animals were separated into four treatment groups (six in each group): direct repair (Control), tendon repair with MatriDerm, or NFAH, or GP-NFAH. Animals were euthanized for further histological analyses after four or eight weeks post-surgery. The Achilles tendons were harvested and a histopathological analysis was performed. RESULTS Tensile test revealed that NFAH and GP-NFAH had significantly higher overall biomechanical properties compared with MatriDerm. Moreover, biological studies confirmed a high cell viability in all biomaterials, especially in NFAH. In addition, in vivo evaluation of repaired tendons using biomaterials (NFAH, GP-NFAH, and MatriDerm) resulted in better organization of the collagen fibres and cell alignment without clinical complications than direct repair, with a better histological score in GP-NFAH. CONCLUSION In this animal model we demonstrated that NFAH and GP-NFAH had the potential to improve tendon healing following a surgical repair. However, future studies are needed to determine the clinical usefulness of these engineered strategies. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(8):1095-1106.
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Affiliation(s)
- David González-Quevedo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Regional University Hospital of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miriam Díaz-Ramos
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Chato-Astrain
- University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - David Sánchez-Porras
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Iskandar Tamimi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Regional University Hospital of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Campos
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs, Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Campos
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs, Granada, Spain
| | - Víctor Carriel
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs, Granada, Spain
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67
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Liu R, Zhang S, Chen X. Injectable hydrogels for tendon and ligament tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:1333-1348. [PMID: 32495524 DOI: 10.1002/term.3078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The problem of tendon and ligament (T/L) regeneration in musculoskeletal diseases has long constituted a major challenge. In situ injection of formable biodegradable hydrogels, however, has been demonstrated to treat T/L injury and reduce patient suffering in a minimally invasive manner. An injectable hydrogel is more suitable than other biological materials due to the special physiological structure of T/L. Most other materials utilized to repair T/L are cell-based, growth factor-based materials, with few material properties. In addition, the mechanical property of the gel cannot reach the normal T/L level. This review summarizes advances in natural and synthetic polymeric injectable hydrogels for tissue engineering in T/L and presents prospects for injectable and biodegradable hydrogels for its treatment. In future T/L applications, it is necessary develop an injectable hydrogel with mechanics, tissue damage-specific binding, and disease response. Simultaneously, the advantages of various biological materials must be combined in order to achieve personalized precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richun Liu
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shichen Zhang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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68
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Fede C, Porzionato A, Petrelli L, Fan C, Pirri C, Biz C, De Caro R, Stecco C. Fascia and soft tissues innervation in the human hip and their possible role in post-surgical pain. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:1646-1654. [PMID: 32181900 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Persistent symptoms, most commonly pain, may remain after otherwise successful hip replacement surgery. Innervation of fascia and soft tissues has become increasingly important in etiopathogenesis of pain, but the relative importance of the various anatomical structures in the hip region is still not known. Innervation of skin, superficial adipose tissue, superficial fascia, deep adipose tissue, deep fascia, muscles, capsule, capsule ligament, ligamentum teres, and tendon in the human hip from 11 patients and 2 cadavers were quantified by staining with anti-S100 antibody for myelin-forming Schwann cells, to obtain the percentage of antibody positivity, density and mean diameter of the nerve fibers. The skin was the most highly innervated (0.73% ± 0.37% of positive area in patients; 0.80% ± 0.28% in cadavers); the tendon was the least innervated (0.07% ± 0.01% in patients, 0.07% ± 0.007% in cadavers). The muscles (vasto-lateral and gluteus medius) were the second most innervated structure according the percentage (0.31% ± 0.13% in living humans, 0.30% ± 0.07% in cadavers), but with only a few nerves, with large diameters (mean diameter 36.4 ± 13.4 µm). Instead, the superficial fasciae showed 0.22% ± 0.06% and 0.26% ± 0.05% of positive areas in living humans and cadavers, respectively. Fasciae were invaded by networks of small nerve fibers, revealing a possible role in pain. The superficial fascia was the second most highly innervated tissue after the skin, with a density of 33.0 ± 2.5/cm2 , and a mean nerve sizes of 19.1 ± 7.2 µm. Lastly, the capsule turned out to be poorly innervated (0.09%), showing that its removal does not necessarily lead to painful consequences. Statement of clinical significance: Deeper knowledge about the innervation of the soft tissue in the human hip joint will enhance study and understanding of the best surgical procedures to follow during hip arthroplasty to reduce post-operative pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Fede
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Porzionato
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lucia Petrelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Chenglei Fan
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carmelo Pirri
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Biz
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Orthopedic Clinic, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Caro
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carla Stecco
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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69
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Xu M, Liu J, Sun J, Xu X, Hu Y, Liu B. Optical Microscopy and Electron Microscopy for the Morphological Evaluation of Tendons: A Mini Review. Orthop Surg 2020; 12:366-371. [PMID: 32096911 PMCID: PMC7189050 DOI: 10.1111/os.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphological characteristics of tendons have been thoroughly evaluated via microscopy. Optical microscopy and electron microscopy are the most commonly used techniques for tendon tissue observation. According to the principles of both microscopy types, preparation and evaluation methods vary. Simple optical microscopy is commonly used in the observation of cells and extracellular matrix, and many stains, including hematoxylin–eosin, Van Gieson, Prussian blue, Alcian blue, and toluidine blue, are used for evaluating cells, collagen fiber arrangement, and noncollagenous proteins. Histological scoring systems have been used in many studies for semi‐quantification. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are the most commonly used electron microscopy types, and special consideration is needed for the fixation and embedding protocols. Glutaraldehyde followed by osmium is most commonly used in the chemical fixation of tendon tissue, followed by epoxy resin embedment. Longitudinal sections captured in SEM images show the arrangement of collagen fibrils and the cells and lipid drops among them, while cross sections captured in TEM images show the diameter and distribution of collagen fibrils. SEM and TEM are used together for comprehensive evaluations. This mini review is focused on the preparation methodology and related evaluation indexes for the morphological evaluation of tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyou Xu
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiayi Sun
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation NMPA, Beijing, China
| | - Xinrong Xu
- Analytical and Testing Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongcheng Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation NMPA, Beijing, China
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70
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Microstructural modeling of Achilles Tendon biomechanics focusing on bone insertion site. Med Eng Phys 2020; 78:48-54. [PMID: 32033875 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The interface between the Achilles Tendon (AT) and calcaneus comprises soft and hard connective tissues. Such interfaces are vulnerable to mechanical damage. Tendon to Bone Insertion Region (TBIR) has unique microstructural characteristics for reinforcement. This region constitutes almost 10% of the AT's distal end. The rest of the tendon (tendon proper) has longitudinal fiber orientation with no mineral content. Although, the TBIR lacks longitudinally organized fibers and at the same time, incorporates mineral molecules. In this study, a 3D computational model of the TBIR proposed to underline several reinforcement mechanisms. The obtained results showed that off-axis alignment of fibers, when coupled with the mineral deposition, shifts the stress concentration region to the tendon proper. In the case of altering each parameter individually, probable failure observed in the bone interface, which causes complications in surgical procedure or during healing. A gradual increase of mineral compensates for the stiffness mismatch between the AT and calcaneus. The proposed computational framework illustrated the complementary roles of fiber orientation and mineral molecules: nearly transverse orientation of fibers alleviated the stress concentration locally, while mineral deposition directly enhanced the TBIR stiffness.
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71
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Taye N, Karoulias SZ, Hubmacher D. The "other" 15-40%: The Role of Non-Collagenous Extracellular Matrix Proteins and Minor Collagens in Tendon. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:23-35. [PMID: 31410892 PMCID: PMC6917864 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) determines the physiological function of all tissues, including musculoskeletal tissues. In tendon, ECM provides overall tissue architecture, which is tailored to match the biomechanical requirements of their physiological function, that is, force transmission from muscle to bone. Tendon ECM also constitutes the microenvironment that allows tendon-resident cells to maintain their phenotype and that transmits biomechanical forces from the macro-level to the micro-level. The structure and function of adult tendons is largely determined by the hierarchical organization of collagen type I fibrils. However, non-collagenous ECM proteins such as small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs), ADAMTS proteases, and cross-linking enzymes play critical roles in collagen fibrillogenesis and guide the hierarchical bundling of collagen fibrils into tendon fascicles. Other non-collagenous ECM proteins such as the less abundant collagens, fibrillins, or elastin, contribute to tendon formation or determine some of their biomechanical properties. The interfascicular matrix or endotenon and the outer layer of tendons, the epi- and paratenon, includes collagens and non-collagenous ECM proteins, but their function is less well understood. The ECM proteins in the epi- and paratenon may provide the appropriate microenvironment to maintain the identity of distinct tendon cell populations that are thought to play a role during repair processes after injury. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the role of non-collagenous ECM proteins and less abundant collagens in tendon development and homeostasis. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:23-35, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandaraj Taye
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Research LaboratoriesIcahn School of Medicine at Mt. SinaiNew York New York 10029
| | - Stylianos Z. Karoulias
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Research LaboratoriesIcahn School of Medicine at Mt. SinaiNew York New York 10029
| | - Dirk Hubmacher
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Research LaboratoriesIcahn School of Medicine at Mt. SinaiNew York New York 10029
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72
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Li J, Cai Q, Ge H, Xue C, Fu Q, Cheng B. WITHDRAWN: RNA binding protein QKI5 accelerates tenogenic differentiation and promotes tendon healing through AKT-mTOR signalling by stabilizing MALAT1. Life Sci 2019:117236. [PMID: 31887297 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the authors. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Qiuchen Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Heng'an Ge
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Chao Xue
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China.
| | - Biao Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China.
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73
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Zhang C, Zhu J, Zhou Y, Thampatty BP, Wang JHC. Tendon Stem/Progenitor Cells and Their Interactions with Extracellular Matrix and Mechanical Loading. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:3674647. [PMID: 31737075 PMCID: PMC6815631 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3674647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendons are unique connective tissues in the sense that their biological properties are largely determined by their tendon-specific stem cells, extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding the stem cells, mechanical loading conditions placed on the tendon, and the complex interactions among them. This review is aimed at providing an overview of recent advances in the identification and characterization of tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) and their interactions with ECM and mechanical loading. In addition, the effects of such interactions on the maintenance of tendon homeostasis and the initiation of tendon pathological conditions are discussed. Moreover, the challenges in further investigations of TSPC mechanobiology in vitro and in vivo are outlined. Finally, future research efforts are suggested, which include using specific gene knockout models and single-cell transcription profiling to enable a broad and deep understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxin Zhang
- Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine Department, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine Department, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqin Zhou
- Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine Department, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bhavani P. Thampatty
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bioengineering, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James H-C. Wang
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bioengineering, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Nash A, Notou M, Lopez-Clavijo AF, Bozec L, de Leeuw NH, Birch HL. Glucosepane is associated with changes to structural and physical properties of collagen fibrils. Matrix Biol Plus 2019; 4:100013. [PMID: 33543010 PMCID: PMC7852203 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2019.100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen glycation, and in particular the formation of advanced glycation end-product (AGE) crosslinks, plays a central role in the ageing process and in many of the long-term complications of diabetes. Glucosepane, the most abundant and relevant AGE crosslink, has been suggested to increase the stiffness of tissue and reduce its solubility, although no evidence is available concerning the mechanisms. We have used a combination of computational and experimental techniques to study a collagen-rich tissue with a relatively simple organisation to further our understanding of the impact of glucosepane on the structural and physical properties of collagen fibrils. Our work shows that glucosepane levels increase dramatically in aged tendon tissue and are associated with the reduced density of collagen packing and increased porosity to water molecules. Our studies provide the basis to understand many of the tissue dysfunctions associated with ageing and diabetes across a range of different tissues types. Levels of the advanced glycation end-product glucosepane increase in human tendon with increasing chronological age. Glucosepane results in a less tightly held helical structure in the collagen molecule and increased porosity to water. Water content is higher in Achilles and anterior tibialis tendon tissue from older individuals compared to young people. The denaturation temperature of collagen increases in the older age group suggesting a more highly cross-linked structure. The enthalpy of collagen denaturation decreases in older donors suggesting molecules are less confined within the fibril.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Nash
- University College London, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Stanmore Campus, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Maria Notou
- University College London, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Stanmore Campus, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Andrea F Lopez-Clavijo
- University College London, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Stanmore Campus, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Laurent Bozec
- University College London, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Stanmore Campus, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Nora H de Leeuw
- University College London, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Stanmore Campus, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Helen L Birch
- University College London, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Stanmore Campus, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore HA7 4LP, UK
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75
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Tendinopathy: Pathophysiology, Therapeutic Options, and Role of Nutraceutics. A Narrative Literature Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55080447. [PMID: 31394838 PMCID: PMC6723894 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55080447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tendinopathies are very common in general population and a huge number of tendon-related procedures take place annually worldwide, with significant socio-economic repercussions. Numerous treatment options are commonly used for tendon disorders. Besides pharmacological and physical therapy, nutrition could represent an additional tool for preventing and treating this complex pathology that deserve a multidisciplinary approach. In recent years, nutraceutical products are growing up in popularity since these seem to favor the prevention and the healing processes of tendon injuries. This narrative literature review aims to summarize current understanding and the areas of ongoing research about the management of tendinopathies with the help of oral supplementation.
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76
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Extracellular matrix composition of connective tissues: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10542. [PMID: 31332239 PMCID: PMC6646303 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of connective tissues depends on the physical and biochemical properties of their extracellular matrix (ECM), which are in turn dictated by ECM protein composition. With the primary objective of obtaining quantitative estimates for absolute and relative amounts of ECM proteins, we performed a systematic review of papers reporting protein composition of human connective tissues. Articles were included in meta-analysis if they contained absolute or relative quantification of proteins found in the ECM of human bone, adipose tissue, tendon, ligament, cartilage and skeletal muscle. We generated absolute quantitative estimates for collagen in articular cartilage, intervertebral disk (IVD), skeletal muscle, tendon, and adipose tissue. In addition, sulfated glycosaminoglycans were quantified in articular cartilage, tendon and skeletal muscle; total proteoglycans in IVD and articular cartilage, fibronectin in tendon, ligament and articular cartilage, and elastin in tendon and IVD cartilage. We identified significant increases in collagen content in the annulus fibrosus of degenerating IVD and osteoarthritic articular cartilage, and in elastin content in degenerating disc. In contrast, collagen content was decreased in the scoliotic IVD. Finally, we built quantitative whole-tissue component breakdowns. Quantitative estimates improve our understanding of composition of human connective tissues, providing insights into their function in physiology and pathology.
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77
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Nichols AEC, Best KT, Loiselle AE. The cellular basis of fibrotic tendon healing: challenges and opportunities. Transl Res 2019; 209:156-168. [PMID: 30776336 PMCID: PMC6545261 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tendon injuries are common and can dramatically impair patient mobility and productivity, resulting in a significant socioeconomic burden and reduced quality of life. Because the tendon healing process results in the formation of a fibrotic scar, injured tendons never regain the mechanical strength of the uninjured tendon, leading to frequent reinjury. Many tendons are also prone to the development of peritendinous adhesions and excess scar formation, which further reduce tendon function and lead to chronic complications. Despite this, there are currently no treatments that adequately improve the tendon healing process due in part to a lack of information regarding the contributions of various cell types to tendon healing and how their activity may be modulated for therapeutic value. In this review, we summarize recent efforts to identify and characterize the distinct cell populations involved at each stage of tendon healing. In addition, we examine the mechanisms through which different cell populations contribute to the fibrotic response to tendon injury, and how these responses can be affected by systemic factors and comorbidities. We then discuss gaps in our current understanding of tendon fibrosis and highlight how new technologies and research areas are shedding light on this clinically important and intractable challenge. A better understanding of the complex cellular environment during tendon healing is crucial to the development of new therapies to prevent fibrosis and promote tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E C Nichols
- Department of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Katherine T Best
- Department of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Alayna E Loiselle
- Department of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.
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78
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Sensini A, Gualandi C, Focarete ML, Belcari J, Zucchelli A, Boyle L, Reilly GC, Kao AP, Tozzi G, Cristofolini L. Multiscale hierarchical bioresorbable scaffolds for the regeneration of tendons and ligaments. Biofabrication 2019; 11:035026. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab20ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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79
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Li Y, Dai G, Shi L, Lin Y, Chen M, Li G, Rui Y. The Potential Roles of Tendon Stem/Progenitor Cells in Tendon Aging. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 14:34-42. [PMID: 30332976 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x13666181017112233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a key dangerous factor for the occurrence and severity of tendon injury, but the exact cognition of the relationship is elusive at present. More previous studies suggest age-related changes occur at tendon mechanical properties, structure and composition, but the pathological alternations may be overlooked, which might be a cause for the structure and function variations, and even speed up the progress of age-related disorders. Recently, the presence of tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) would provide new insights for the pathogenesis of tendon aging. In this review, the tendon mechanical properties, structure and composition are presented in brief, then, the pathological changes of the aging tendon are described firstly, and the latest researches on alterations of TSPCs in the pathogenesis of tendon aging have also been analyzed. At a cellular level, the hypothetical model of altered TSPCs fate for tendon aging is also proposed. Moreover, the regulation of TSPCs as a potential way of the therapies for age-related tendon diseases is discussed. Therefore, reversing the impaired function of TSPCs and promoting the tenogenic differentiation of TSPCs could become hot spots for further study and give the opportunity to establish new treatment strategies for age-related tendon injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjuan Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing 210009, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, N0.87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing 210009, China.,China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Guangchun Dai
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, N0.87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, NO.87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.,Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.,Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Liu Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, NO.87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.,Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.,Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Program of Stem Cell and Regeneration, School of Biomedical Science, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yucheng Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, NO.87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.,Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.,Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Minhao Chen
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, N0.87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, NO.87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.,Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.,Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Program of Stem Cell and Regeneration, School of Biomedical Science, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yunfeng Rui
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, N0.87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing 210009, China.,China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, NO.87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.,Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.,Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
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80
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Hayes A, Easton K, Devanaboyina PT, Wu JP, Kirk TB, Lloyd D. A review of methods to measure tendon dimensions. J Orthop Surg Res 2019; 14:18. [PMID: 30636623 PMCID: PMC6330756 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-018-1056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendons are soft tissues of the musculoskeletal system that are designed to facilitate joint movement. Tendons exhibit a wide range of mechanical properties matched to their functions and, as a result, have been of interest to researchers for many decades. Dimensions are an important aspect of tendon properties. Change in the dimensions of tissues is often seen as a sign of injury and degeneration, as it may suggest inflammation or general disorder of the tissue. Dimensions are also important for determining the mechanical properties and behaviours of materials, particularly the stress, strain, and elastic modulus. This makes the dimensions significant in the context of a mechanical study of degenerated tendons. Additionally, tendon dimensions are useful in planning harvesting for tendon transfer and joint reconstruction purposes. Historically, many methods have been used in an attempt to accurately measure the dimensions of soft tissue, since improper measurement can lead to large errors in the calculated properties. These methods can be categorised as destructive (by approximation), contact, and non-contact and can be considered in terms of in vivo and ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Hayes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. .,Medical Engineering and Physics, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | | | - Pavan Teja Devanaboyina
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jian-Ping Wu
- Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and the Department of Biomedical Engineering of Southern University of Science and Technology, No 1088, Xueyaun Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen City, 518055, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Thomas Brett Kirk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Lloyd
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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81
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Kharaz YA, Canty-Laird EG, Tew SR, Comerford EJ. Variations in internal structure, composition and protein distribution between intra- and extra-articular knee ligaments and tendons. J Anat 2018; 232:943-955. [PMID: 29498035 PMCID: PMC5978954 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendons and ligaments play key roles in the musculoskeletal system in both man and animals. Both tissues can undergo traumatic injury, age‐related degeneration and chronic disease, causing discomfort, pain and increased susceptibility to wider degenerative joint disease. To date, tendon and ligament ultrastructural biology is relatively under‐studied in healthy, non‐diseased tissues. This information is essential to understand the pathology of these tissues with regard to function‐related injury and to assist with the future development of tissue‐engineered tendon and ligament structures. This study investigated the morphological, compositional and extracellular matrix protein distribution differences between tendons and ligaments around the non‐diseased canine stifle joint. The morphological, structural characteristics of different regions of the periarticular tendons and ligaments (the intra‐articular anterior cruciate ligament, the extra‐articular medial collateral ligament, the positional long digital extensor tendon and energy‐storing superficial digital flexor tendons) were identified using a novel semi‐objective histological scoring analysis and by determining their biochemical composition. Protein distribution of extracellular matrix collagens, proteoglycans and elastic fibre proteins in anterior cruciate ligament and long digital extensor tendon were also determined using immunostaining techniques. The anterior cruciate ligament was found to have significant morphological differences in comparison with the other three tissues, including less compact collagen architecture, differences in cell nuclei phenotype and increased glycosaminoglycan and elastin content. Intra‐ and interobserver differences of histology scoring resulted in an average score 0.7, indicative of good agreement between observers. Statistically significant differences were also found in the extracellular matrix composition in terms of glycosaminoglycan and elastin content, being more prominent in the anterior cruciate ligament than in the other three tissues. A different distribution of several extracellular matrix proteins was also found between long digital extensor tendon and anterior cruciate ligament, with a significantly increased immunostaining of aggrecan and versican in the anterior cruciate ligament. These findings directly relate to the different functions of tendon and ligament and indicate that the intra‐articular anterior cruciate ligament is subjected to more compressive forces, reflecting an adaptive response to normal or increased loads and resulting in different extracellular matrix composition and arrangement to protect the tissue from damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda A Kharaz
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Elizabeth G Canty-Laird
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,The MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Liverpool, UK
| | - Simon R Tew
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,The MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Liverpool, UK
| | - Eithne J Comerford
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,The MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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82
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Thampatty BP, Wang JHC. Mechanobiology of young and aging tendons: In vivo studies with treadmill running. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:557-565. [PMID: 28976604 PMCID: PMC5839954 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tendons are unique in the sense that they are constantly subjected to large mechanical loads and that they contain tendon-specific cells, including tenocytes and tendon stem/progenitor cells. The responses of these cells to mechanical loads can be anabolic or catabolic and as a result, change the biological properties of the tendon itself that may be beneficial or detrimental. On the other hand, aging also induces aberrant changes in cellular expression of various genes and production of various types of matrix proteins in the tendon, and consequently lead to tendon degeneration and impaired healing in aging tendons; both could be improved by moderate physiological mechanical loading such as treadmill running. This article gives an overview on the mechanobiology research of young and aging animal tendons using treadmill running model. The challenges in such treadmill running studies are also discussed. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:557-565, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavani P. Thampatty
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 210 Lothrop street, BST, E1640, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - James H-C. Wang
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 210 Lothrop street, BST, E1640, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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83
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Abstract
The tendons that cross the ankle are complex and sophisticated structures that enable standing and forward propulsion and the ability to accommodate uneven ground. Understanding the biomechanics and local anatomy of these tendons is essential to the treatment of disorders of the foot and ankle, whether it be in formulating an appropriate physical therapy regimen or planning a reconstructive surgical procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Chiodo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 1153 Centre Street, Boston, MA 02181, USA.
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84
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Ashraf Kharaz Y, Zamboulis D, Sanders K, Comerford E, Clegg P, Peffers M. Comparison between chaotropic and detergent-based sample preparation workflow in tendon for mass spectrometry analysis. Proteomics 2017; 17:1700018. [PMID: 28547889 PMCID: PMC5575552 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the tendon proteome is a challenging but important task for understanding the mechanisms of physiological/pathological processes during ageing and disease and for the development of new treatments. Several extraction methods have been utilised for tendon mass spectrometry, however different extraction methods have not been simultaneously compared. In the present study we compared protein extraction in tendon with two chaotropic agents, guanidine hydrochloride (GnHCl) and urea, a detergent, RapiGest™, and their combinations for shotgun mass spectrometry. An initial proteomic analysis was performed following urea, GnHCl, and RapiGest™ extraction of equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) tissue. Subsequently, another proteomic analysis was performed following extraction with GnHCl, Rapigest™, and their combinations. Between the two chaotropic agents, GnHCl extracted more proteins, whilst a greater number of proteins were solely identified after Rapigest™ extraction. Protein extraction with a combination of GnHCl followed by RapiGest™ on the insoluble pellet demonstrated, after label-free quantification, increased abundance of identified collagen proteins and low sample to sample variability. In contrast, GnHCl extraction on its own showed increased abundance of identified proteoglycans and cellular proteins. Therefore, the selection of protein extraction method for tendon tissue for mass spectrometry analysis should reflect the focus of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Ashraf Kharaz
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Danae Zamboulis
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Karen Sanders
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Eithne Comerford
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Peter Clegg
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- The MRC‐Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA)LiverpoolUK
| | - Mandy Peffers
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- The MRC‐Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA)LiverpoolUK
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85
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Li P, Gao S, Zhou M, Tang H, Mu M, Zhang J, Tang K. [Effects of different mechanical stretch conditions on differentiation of rat tendon stem cells]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2017; 31:481-488. [PMID: 29798616 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201611102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effects of different mechanical stretch conditions on the differentiation of rat tendon stem cells (TSCs), to find the best uniaxial cyclic stretching for TSCs tenogenic differentiation, osteogenic differentiation, and adipogenic differentiation. Methods TSCs were isolated from the Achilles tendons of 8-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats by enzymatic digestion method and cultured. The TSCs at passage 3 were randomly divided into 5 groups: group A (stretch strength of 4% and frequency of 1 Hz), group B (stretch strength of 4% and frequency of 2 Hz), group C (stretch strength of 8% and frequency of 1 Hz), group D (stretch strength of 8% and frequency of 2 Hz), and group E (static culture). At 12, 24, and 48 hours after mechanical stretch, the mRNA expressions of the tenogenic differentiation related genes [Scleraxis (SCX) and Tenascin C (TNC)], the osteogenic differentiation related genes [runt related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and distal-less homeobox 5 (DLX5)], and the adipogenic differentiation related genes [CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein-α (CEBPα) and lipoprteinlipase (LPL)] were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and the protein expressions of TNC, CEBPα, and RUNX2 were detected by Western blot. Results The mRNA expressions of SCX and TNC in group B were significantly higher than those in groups A, C, D, and E at 24 hours after mechanical stretch ( P<0.05). The mRNA expressions of CEBPα and LPL in group D were significantly higher than those in groups A, B, C, and E at 48 hours after mechanical stretch ( P<0.05). The mRNA expressions of RUNX2 and DLX5 in group C were significantly higher than those in groups A, B, D, and E at 24 hours after mechanical stretch ( P<0.05). Western blot detection showed that higher protein expression of TNC in group B than group E at each time point after mechanical stretch ( P<0.05), and the protein expression of CEBPα was significantly inhibited when compared with group E at 24 hours after mechanical stretch ( P<0.05). At 24 hours after mechanical stretch, the protein expression of RUNX2 in group C was significantly higher than that in group E ( P<0.05); and the protein expression of TNC was significantly lower than that in group E at 24 and 48 hours after mechanical stretch ( P<0.05). At 48 hours after mechanical stretch, the protein expression of CEBPα was significantly increased and the protein expression of TNC was significantly decreased in group D when compared with group E ( P<0.05), but no significant difference was found in the protein expression of RUNX2 between groups D and E ( P>0.05). Conclusion The mechanical strain could promote differentiation of TSCs, and different parameter of stretch will lead to different differentiation. The best stretch condition for tenogenic differentiation is 4% strength and 2 Hz frequency for 24 hours; the best stretch condition for osteogenic differentiation is 8% strength and 1 Hz frequency for 24 hours; and the best stretch condition for adipogenic differentiation is 8% strength and 2 Hz frequency for 48 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Center of Chinese PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P.R.China
| | - Shang Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Center of Chinese PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P.R.China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Center of Chinese PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P.R.China
| | - Hong Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Center of Chinese PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P.R.China
| | - Miduo Mu
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Center of Chinese PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P.R.China
| | - Jiqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P.R.China
| | - Kanglai Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Center of Chinese PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038,
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