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Stochastic simulations of nanoparticle internalization through transferrin receptor dependent clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2104-2111. [PMID: 29959983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptor dependent clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is one of the most important endocytic pathways for the internalization of bioparticles into cells. During CME, the ligand-receptor interactions, development of clathrin-coated pit (CCP) and membrane evolution all act together to drive the internalization of bioparticles. In this work, we develop a stochastic computational model to investigate the CME based on the Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations. METHODS The model is based on the combination of a stochastic particle binding model with a membrane model. The energetic costs of membrane bending, CCP formation and ligand-receptor interactions are systematically linked together. RESULTS We implement our model to investigate the effects of particle size, ligand density and membrane stiffness on the overall process of CME from the drug delivery perspectives. Consistent with some experiments, our results show that the intermediate particle size and ligand density favor the particle internalization. Moreover, our results show that it is easier for a particle to enter a cell with softer membrane. CONCLUSIONS The model presented here is able to provide mechanistic insights into CME and can be readily modified to include other important factors, such as actins. The predictions from the model will aid in the therapeutic design of intracellular/transcellular drug delivery and antiviral interventions.
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Bond MJ, Bleiler M, Harrison LE, Scocchera EW, Nakanishi M, G-Dayanan N, Keshipeddy S, Rosenberg DW, Wright DL, Giardina C. Spindle Assembly Disruption and Cancer Cell Apoptosis with a CLTC-Binding Compound. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1361-1372. [PMID: 29769406 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AK3 compounds are mitotic arrest agents that induce high levels of γH2AX during mitosis and apoptosis following release from arrest. We synthesized a potent AK3 derivative, AK306, that induced arrest and apoptosis of the HCT116 colon cancer cell line with an EC50 of approximately 50 nmol/L. AK306 was active on a broad spectrum of cancer cell lines with total growth inhibition values ranging from approximately 25 nmol/L to 25 μmol/L. Using biotin and BODIPY-linked derivatives of AK306, binding to clathrin heavy chain (CLTC/CHC) was observed, a protein with roles in endocytosis and mitosis. AK306 inhibited mitosis and endocytosis, while disrupting CHC cellular localization. Cells arrested in mitosis by AK306 showed the formation of multiple microtubule-organizing centers consisting of pericentrin, γ-tubulin, and Aurora A foci, without apparent centrosome amplification. Cells released from AK306 arrest were unable to form bipolar spindles, unlike nocodazole-released cells that reformed spindles and completed division. Like AK306, CHC siRNA knockdown disrupted spindle formation and activated p53. A short-term (3-day) treatment of tumor-bearing APC-mutant mice with AK306 increased apoptosis in tumors, but not normal mucosa. These findings indicate that targeting the mitotic CHC complex can selectively induce apoptosis and may have therapeutic value.Implication: Disruption of clathrin with a small-molecule inhibitor, AK306, selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells by disrupting bipolar spindle formation. Mol Cancer Res; 16(9); 1361-72. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Bond
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Marina Bleiler
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Lauren E Harrison
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Eric W Scocchera
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Masako Nakanishi
- Center for Molecular Oncology, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Narendran G-Dayanan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Santosh Keshipeddy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | | | - Dennis L Wright
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Charles Giardina
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.
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Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is the major endocytic pathway in mammalian cells. It is responsible for the uptake of transmembrane receptors and transporters, for remodeling plasma membrane composition in response to environmental changes, and for regulating cell surface signaling. CME occurs via the assembly and maturation of clathrin-coated pits that concentrate cargo as they invaginate and pinch off to form clathrin-coated vesicles. In addition to the major coat proteins, clathrin triskelia and adaptor protein complexes, CME requires a myriad of endocytic accessory proteins and phosphatidylinositol lipids. CME is regulated at multiple steps-initiation, cargo selection, maturation, and fission-and is monitored by an endocytic checkpoint that induces disassembly of defective pits. Regulation occurs via posttranslational modifications, allosteric conformational changes, and isoform and splice-variant differences among components of the CME machinery, including the GTPase dynamin. This review summarizes recent findings on the regulation of CME and the evolution of this complex process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Mettlen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA; , , , ,
| | - Ping-Hung Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA; , , , ,
| | - Saipraveen Srinivasan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA; , , , ,
| | - Gaudenz Danuser
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA; , , , , .,Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235, USA
| | - Sandra L Schmid
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA; , , , ,
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de Almeida CJG. Caveolin-1 and Caveolin-2 Can Be Antagonistic Partners in Inflammation and Beyond. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1530. [PMID: 29250058 PMCID: PMC5715436 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolins, encoded by the CAV gene family, are the main protein components of caveolae. In most tissues, caveolin-1 (Cav-1) and caveolin-2 (Cav-2) are co-expressed, and Cav-2 targeting to caveolae depends on the formation of heterooligomers with Cav-1. Notwithstanding, Cav-2 has unpredictable activities, opposing Cav-1 in the regulation of some cellular processes. While the major roles of Cav-1 as a modulator of cell signaling in inflammatory processes and in immune responses have been extensively discussed elsewhere, the aim of this review is to focus on data revealing the distinct activity of Cav-1 and Cav-2, which suggest that these proteins act antagonistically to fine-tune a variety of cellular processes relevant to inflammation.
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Ovarian expression and localization of clathrin (Cltc) components in cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki: Evidence for Cltc involvement in endocytosis of vitellogenin during oocyte growth. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 212:24-34. [PMID: 28687414 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate potential involvement of clathrin in endocytosis of vitellogenin (Vtg) by teleost oocytes, cDNAs encoding clathrin heavy chain (cltc) were cloned from ovaries of cutthroat trout. Quantitative PCR revealed three types of cltc (cltc-a1, cltc-a2, cltc-b) to be expressed in 10 different tissues including the ovary. The cltc-a1 alone exhibited a significant decrease in ovarian expression during vitellogenesis; this was correlated with a corresponding decrease in transcripts encoding the major Vtg receptor (Vtgr). No development-related changes in ovarian cltc-a2 or cltc-b transcript levels were observed. In situ hybridization revealed a strong ctlc signal in pre-vitellogenic oocytes, but not in vitellogenic oocytes. Western blotting using a rabbit antiserum (a-Cltc) raised against a recombinant Cltc preparation detected a polypeptide band with an apparent mass of ~170kDa in vitellogenic ovary extracts. Immunohistochemistry using a-Cltc revealed Cltc to be uniformly distributed throughout the ooplasm of perinucleolus stage oocytes, translocated to the periphery of lipid droplet stage oocytes, and localized to the oolemma during vitellogenesis. These patterns of cltc/Cltc distribution and abundance during oogenesis, which are identical to those previously reported for vtgr/Vtgr in this species, constitute the first empirical evidence that cltc-a1/Cltc-a1 is involved in Vtg endocytosis via the Vtgr in teleost fish.
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56
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Bridgewater RE, Streuli CH, Caswell PT. Extracellular matrix promotes clathrin-dependent endocytosis of prolactin and STAT5 activation in differentiating mammary epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4572. [PMID: 28676702 PMCID: PMC5496899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04783-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The hormone prolactin promotes lactational differentiation of mammary epithelial cells (MECs) via its cognate receptor and the downstream JAK2-STAT5a signalling pathway. In turn this regulates transcription of milk protein genes. Prolactin signalling depends on a cross-talk with basement membrane extracellular matrix (ECM) via β1 integrins which activate both ILK and Rac1 and are required for STAT5a activation and lactational differentiation. Endocytosis is an important regulator of signalling. It can both enhance and suppress cytokine signalling, although the role of endocytosis for prolactin signalling is not known. Here we show that clathrin-mediated endocytosis is required for ECM-dependent STAT5 activation. In the presence of ECM, prolactin is internalised via a clathrin-dependent, but caveolin-independent, route. This occurs independently from JAK2 and Rac signalling, but is required for full phosphorylation and activation of STAT5. Prolactin is internalised into early endosomes, where the master early endosome regulator Rab5b promotes STAT5 phosphorylation. These data reveal a novel role for ECM-driven endocytosis in the positive regulation of cytokine signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Bridgewater
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Charles H Streuli
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Patrick T Caswell
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
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Giani M, den Otter WK, Briels WJ. Clathrin Assembly Regulated by Adaptor Proteins in Coarse-Grained Models. Biophys J 2017; 111:222-35. [PMID: 27410749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of clathrin triskelia into polyhedral cages during endocytosis is regulated by adaptor proteins (APs). We explore how APs achieve this by developing coarse-grained models for clathrin and AP2, employing a Monte Carlo click interaction, to simulate their collective aggregation behavior. The phase diagrams indicate that a crucial role is played by the mechanical properties of the disordered linker segment of AP. We also present a statistical-mechanical theory for the assembly behavior of clathrin, yielding good agreement with our simulations and experimental data from the literature. Adaptor proteins are found to regulate the formation of clathrin coats under certain conditions, but can also suppress the formation of cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Giani
- Multi Scale Mechanics, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; Computational BioPhysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter K den Otter
- Multi Scale Mechanics, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; Computational BioPhysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim J Briels
- Computational BioPhysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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58
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Houssin NS, Bharathan NK, Turner SD, Dickinson AJG. Role of JNK during buccopharyngeal membrane perforation, the last step of embryonic mouth formation. Dev Dyn 2016; 246:100-115. [PMID: 28032936 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The buccopharyngeal membrane is a thin layer of cells covering the embryonic mouth. The perforation of this structure creates an opening connecting the external and the digestive tube which is essential for oral cavity formation. In humans, persistence of the buccopharyngeal membrane can lead to orofacial defects such as choanal atresia, oral synechiaes, and cleft palate. Little is known about the causes of a persistent buccopharyngeal membrane and, importantly, how this structure ruptures. RESULTS We have determined, using antisense and pharmacological approaches, that Xenopus embryos deficient c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling have a persistent buccopharyngeal membrane. JNK deficient embryos have decreased cell division and increased cellular stress and apoptosis. However, altering these processes independently of JNK did not affect buccopharyngeal membrane perforation. JNK deficient embryos also have increased intercellular adhesion and defects in e-cadherin localization. Conversely, embryos with overactive JNK have epidermal fragility, increased E-cadherin internalization, and increased membrane localized clathrin. In the buccopharyngeal membrane, clathrin is colocalized with active JNK. Furthermore, inhibition of endocytosis results in a persistent buccopharyngeal membrane, mimicking the JNK deficient phenotype. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that JNK has a role in the disassembly adherens junctions by means of endocytosis that is required during buccopharyngeal membrane perforation. Developmental Dynamics 246:100-115, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie S Houssin
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | | | - Stephen D Turner
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Zhang S, Zang J, Wang W, Chen H, Zhang X, Wang F, Wang H, Zhao G. Conversion of the Native 24-mer Ferritin Nanocage into Its Non-Native 16-mer Analogue by Insertion of Extra Amino Acid Residues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Jiachen Zang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Wenming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science; Shanxi University; Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Hai Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Fudi Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Hongfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science; Shanxi University; Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Guanghua Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education; Beijing 100083 China
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60
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Zhang S, Zang J, Wang W, Chen H, Zhang X, Wang F, Wang H, Zhao G. Conversion of the Native 24-mer Ferritin Nanocage into Its Non-Native 16-mer Analogue by Insertion of Extra Amino Acid Residues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:16064-16070. [PMID: 27885765 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Protein assemblies with high symmetry are widely distributed in nature. Most efforts so far have focused on repurposing these protein assemblies, a strategy that is ultimately limited by the structures available. To overcome this limitation, methods for fabricating novel self-assembling proteins have received intensive interest. Herein, by reengineering the key subunit interfaces of native 24-mer protein cage with octahedral symmetry through amino acid residues insertion, we fabricated a 16-mer lenticular nanocage whose structure is unique among all known protein cages. This newly non-native protein can be used for encapsulation of bioactive compounds and exhibits high uptake efficiency by cancer cells. More importantly, the above strategy could be applied to other naturally occurring protein assemblies with high symmetry, leading to the generation of new proteins with unexplored functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiachen Zang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wenming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Hai Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fudi Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hongfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Guanghua Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100083, China
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61
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Zhang S, Zang J, Zhang X, Chen H, Mikami B, Zhao G. "Silent" Amino Acid Residues at Key Subunit Interfaces Regulate the Geometry of Protein Nanocages. ACS NANO 2016; 10:10382-10388. [PMID: 27934076 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Rendering the geometry of protein-based assemblies controllable remains challenging. Protein shell-like nanocages represent particularly interesting targets for designed assembly. Here, we introduce an engineering strategy-key subunit interface redesign (KSIR)-that alters a natural subunit-subunit interface by selective deletion of a small number of "silent" amino acid residues (no participation in interfacial interactions) into one that triggers the generation of a non-native protein cage. We have applied KSIR to construct a non-native 48-mer nanocage from its native 24-mer recombinant human H-chain ferritin (rHuHF). This protein is a heteropolymer composed of equal numbers of two different subunits which are derived from one polypeptide. This strategy has allowed the study of conversion between protein nanocages with different geometries by re-engineering key subunit interfaces and the demonstration of the important role of the above-mentioned specific residues in providing geometric specificity for protein assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University , Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiachen Zang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University , Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
- Laboratory of Applied Structural Biology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University , Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hai Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University , Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bunzo Mikami
- Laboratory of Applied Structural Biology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Guanghua Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University , Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
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Rao SR, Flores-Rodriguez N, Page SL, Wong C, Robinson PJ, Chircop M. The Clathrin-dependent Spindle Proteome. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:2537-53. [PMID: 27174698 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.054809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitotic spindle is required for chromosome congression and subsequent equal segregation of sister chromatids. These processes involve a complex network of signaling molecules located at the spindle. The endocytic protein, clathrin, has a "moonlighting" role during mitosis, whereby it stabilizes the mitotic spindle. The signaling pathways that clathrin participates in to achieve mitotic spindle stability are unknown. Here, we assessed the mitotic spindle proteome and phosphoproteome in clathrin-depleted cells using quantitative MS/MS (data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001603). We report a spindle proteome that consists of 3046 proteins and a spindle phosphoproteome consisting of 5157 phosphosites in 1641 phosphoproteins. Of these, 2908 (95.4%) proteins and 1636 (99.7%) phosphoproteins are known or predicted spindle-associated proteins. Clathrin-depletion from spindles resulted in dysregulation of 121 proteins and perturbed signaling to 47 phosphosites. The majority of these proteins increased in mitotic spindle abundance and six of these were validated by immunofluorescence microscopy. Functional pathway analysis confirmed the reported role of clathrin in mitotic spindle stabilization for chromosome alignment and highlighted possible new mechanisms of clathrin action. The data also revealed a novel second mitotic role for clathrin in bipolar spindle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma R Rao
- From the ‡Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Neftali Flores-Rodriguez
- From the ‡Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott L Page
- From the ‡Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Chin Wong
- From the ‡Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Phillip J Robinson
- From the ‡Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Megan Chircop
- From the ‡Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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63
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Eno C, Solanki B, Pelegri F. aura (mid1ip1l) regulates the cytoskeleton at the zebrafish egg-to-embryo transition. Development 2016; 143:1585-99. [PMID: 26965374 PMCID: PMC4986165 DOI: 10.1242/dev.130591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Embryos from females homozygous for a recessive maternal-effect mutation in the gene aura exhibit defects including reduced cortical integrity, defective cortical granule (CG) release upon egg activation, failure to complete cytokinesis, and abnormal cell wound healing. We show that the cytokinesis defects are associated with aberrant cytoskeletal reorganization during furrow maturation, including abnormal F-actin enrichment and microtubule reorganization. Cortical F-actin prior to furrow formation fails to exhibit a normal transition into F-actin-rich arcs, and drug inhibition is consistent with aura function promoting F-actin polymerization and/or stabilization. In mutants, components of exocytic and endocytic vesicles, such as Vamp2, Clathrin and Dynamin, are sequestered in unreleased CGs, indicating a need for CG recycling in the normal redistribution of these factors. However, the exocytic targeting factor Rab11 is recruited to the furrow plane normally at the tip of bundling microtubules, suggesting an alternative anchoring mechanism independent of membrane recycling. A positional cloning approach indicates that the mutation in aura is associated with a truncation of Mid1 interacting protein 1 like (Mid1ip1l), previously identified as an interactor of the X-linked Opitz G/BBB syndrome gene product Mid1. A Cas9/CRISPR-induced mutant allele in mid1ip1l fails to complement the originally isolated aura maternal-effect mutation, confirming gene assignment. Mid1ip1l protein localizes to cortical F-actin aggregates, consistent with a direct role in cytoskeletal regulation. Our studies indicate that maternally provided aura (mid1ip1l) acts during the reorganization of the cytoskeleton at the egg-to-embryo transition and highlight the importance of cytoskeletal dynamics and membrane recycling during this developmental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Eno
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 425-G Henry Mall, Room 2455 Genetics, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Bharti Solanki
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 425-G Henry Mall, Room 2455 Genetics, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Francisco Pelegri
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 425-G Henry Mall, Room 2455 Genetics, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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64
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Endocytic pathways and endosomal trafficking: a primer. Wien Med Wochenschr 2016; 166:196-204. [PMID: 26861668 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-016-0432-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This brief overview of endocytic trafficking is written in honor of Renate Fuchs, who retires this year. In the mid-1980s, Renate pioneered studies on the ion-conducting properties of the recently discovered early and late endosomes and the mechanisms governing endosomal acidification. As described in this review, after uptake through one of many mechanistically distinct endocytic pathways, internalized proteins merge into a common early/sorting endosome. From there they again diverge along distinct sorting pathways, back to the cell surface, on to the trans-Golgi network or across polarized cells. Other transmembrane receptors are packaged into intraluminal vesicles of late endosomes/multivesicular bodies that eventually fuse with and deliver their content to lysosomes for degradation. Endosomal acidification, in part, determines sorting along this pathway. We describe other sorting machinery and mechanisms, as well as the rab proteins and phosphatidylinositol lipids that serve to dynamically define membrane compartments along the endocytic pathway.
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Nahorski MS, Chen YC, Woods CG. New Mendelian Disorders of Painlessness. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:712-724. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Pneumococcal vaccines: understanding centers for disease control and prevention recommendations. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2015; 11:980-5. [PMID: 25032872 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201401-042cme] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae infection is a common and serious health problem that is best prevented by the pneumococcal vaccine. The first vaccine approved by the U.S. Federal Drug Administration in 1977 contained 14 polysaccharide antigens. An improved vaccine introduced in 1983 included 23 polysaccharide antigens. Both vaccines were effective for immunocompetent adults; however, young children and immunocompromised adults remained susceptible. A pediatric vaccine was developed consisting of the capsular antigens of seven pneumococcal serotypes commonly found in children. The antigens in this preparation are covalently conjugated to diphtheria protein to make them more antigenic. The conjugate vaccine was expanded to include 13 serotypes by 2010. Although more immunogenic, the conjugate vaccine has fewer serotypes than the older 23-valent vaccine. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that children at risk for pneumococcal pneumonia as defined by the presence of chronic disease should receive the 13-valent conjugated vaccine. Adults at risk for pneumococcal pneumonia, which includes those over 65 years of age and those who have a chronic disease, should receive the 23-polysaccharide vaccine. Immunosuppressed patients of any age should receive both vaccines. Adults should be revaccinated once at age 65 years or older with the 23-polysaccharide vaccine provided that at least 5 years have elapsed since the previous vaccination.
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Wu K, Hoy MA. Clathrin heavy chain is important for viability, oviposition, embryogenesis and, possibly, systemic RNAi response in the predatory mite Metaseiulus occidentalis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110874. [PMID: 25329675 PMCID: PMC4203830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin heavy chain has been shown to be important for viability, embryogenesis, and RNA interference (RNAi) in arthropods such as Drosophila melanogaster. However, the functional roles of clathrin heavy chain in chelicerate arthropods, such as the predatory mite Metaseiulus occidentalis, remain unknown. We previously showed that dsRNA ingestion, followed by feeding on spider mites, induced systemic and robust RNAi in M. occidentalis females. In the current study, we performed a loss-of-function analysis of the clathrin heavy chain gene in M. occidentalis using RNAi. We showed that ingestion of clathrin heavy chain dsRNA by M. occidentalis females resulted in gene knockdown and reduced longevity. In addition, clathrin heavy chain dsRNA treatment almost completely abolished oviposition by M. occidentalis females and the few eggs produced did not hatch. Finally, we demonstrated that clathrin heavy chain gene knockdown in M. occidentalis females significantly reduced a subsequent RNAi response induced by ingestion of cathepsin L dsRNA. The last finding suggests that clathrin heavy chain may be involved in systemic RNAi responses mediated by orally delivered dsRNAs in M. occidentalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Marjorie A. Hoy
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Hood FE, Royle SJ. Pulling it together: The mitotic function of TACC3. BIOARCHITECTURE 2014; 1:105-109. [PMID: 21922039 DOI: 10.4161/bioa.1.3.16518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Transforming acidic coiled coil 3 (TACC3) is a non-motor microtubule-associated protein (MAP) that is important for mitotic spindle stability and organization. The exact mechanism by which TACC3 acts at microtubules to stabilize the spindle has been unclear. However, several recent studies identified that the TACC3 complex at microtubules contains clathrin in addition to its previously identified binding partner, colonic and hepatic tumor overexpressed gene (ch-TOG). In this complex, phosphorylated TACC3 interacts directly with both ch-TOG and clathrin heavy chain, promoting accumulation of all complex members at the mitotic spindle. This complex stabilizes kinetochore fibers within the spindle by forming cross-bridges that link adjacent microtubules in these bundles. So, TACC3 is an adaptor that recruits ch-TOG and clathrin to mitotic microtubules, in an Aurora A kinase-regulated manner. In this mini-review we will describe the recent advances in the understanding of TACC 3 function and present a model that pulls together these new data with previous observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona E Hood
- The Physiological Laboratory; University of Liverpool; Liverpool, UK
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69
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Ilie IM, den Otter WK, Briels WJ. Rotational Brownian Dynamics simulations of clathrin cage formation. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:065101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4891306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ioana M. Ilie
- Computational BioPhysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter K. den Otter
- Computational BioPhysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Multi Scale Mechanics, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J. Briels
- Computational BioPhysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Retzer K, Butt H, Korbei B, Luschnig C. The far side of auxin signaling: fundamental cellular activities and their contribution to a defined growth response in plants. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:731-46. [PMID: 24221297 PMCID: PMC4059964 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have provided us with spectacular insights into the biology of the plant hormone auxin, leaving the impression of a highly versatile molecule involved in virtually every aspect of plant development. A combination of genetics, biochemistry, and cell biology has established auxin signaling pathways, leading to the identification of two distinct modes of auxin perception and downstream regulatory cascades. Major targets of these signaling modules are components of the polar auxin transport machinery, mediating directional distribution of the phytohormone throughout the plant body, and decisively affecting plant development. Alterations in auxin transport, metabolism, or signaling that occur as a result of intrinsic as well as environmental stimuli, control adjustments in morphogenetic programs, giving rise to defined growth responses attributed to the activity of the phytohormone. Some of the results obtained from the analysis of auxin, however, do not fit coherently into a picture of highly specific signaling events, but rather suggest mutual interactions between auxin and fundamental cellular pathways, like the control of intracellular protein sorting or translation. Crosstalk between auxin and these basic determinants of cellular activity and how they might shape auxin effects in the control of morphogenesis are the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Retzer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Wien Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Haroon Butt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Forman Christian College, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, 54600 Pakistan
| | - Barbara Korbei
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Wien Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Christian Luschnig
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Wien Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
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71
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Zhao J, Wang L, Zhou HX, Liu L, Lu A, Li GP, Schatten H, Liang CG. Clathrin heavy chain 1 is required for spindle assembly and chromosome congression in mouse oocytes. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2013; 19:1364-1373. [PMID: 23816345 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927613001943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin heavy chain 1 (CLTC) has been considered a “moonlighting protein” which acts in membrane trafficking during interphase and in stabilizing spindle fibers during mitosis. However, its roles in meiosis, especially in mammalian oocyte maturation, remain unclear. This study investigated CLTC expression and function in spindle formation and chromosome congression during mouse oocyte meiotic maturation. Our results showed that the expression level of CLTC increased after germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and peaked in the M phase. Immunostaining results showed CLTC distribution throughout the cytoplasm in a cell cycle-dependent manner. Appearance and disappearance of CLTC along with β-tubulin (TUBB) could be observed during spindle dynamic changes. To explore the relationship between CLTC and microtubule dynamics, oocytes at metaphase were treated with taxol or nocodazole. CLTC colocalized with TUBB at the enlarged spindle and with cytoplasmic asters after taxol treatment; it disassembled and distributed into the cytoplasm along with TUBB after nocodazole treatment. Disruption of CLTC function using stealth siRNA caused a decreased first polar body extrusion rate and extensive spindle formation and chromosome congression defects. Taken together, these results show that CLTC plays an important role in spindle assembly and chromosome congression through a microtubule correlation mechanism during mouse oocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010070, People's Republic of China
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72
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Sorting nexin 9 recruits clathrin heavy chain to the mitotic spindle for chromosome alignment and segregation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68387. [PMID: 23861900 PMCID: PMC3702553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorting nexin 9 (SNX9) and clathrin heavy chain (CHC) each have roles in mitosis during metaphase. Since the two proteins directly interact for their other cellular function in endocytosis we investigated whether they also interact for metaphase and operate on the same pathway. We report that SNX9 and CHC functionally interact during metaphase in a specific molecular pathway that contributes to stabilization of mitotic spindle kinetochore (K)-fibres for chromosome alignment and segregation. This function is independent of their endocytic role. SNX9 residues in the clathrin-binding low complexity domain are required for CHC association and for targeting both CHC and transforming acidic coiled-coil protein 3 (TACC3) to the mitotic spindle. Mutation of these sites to serine increases the metaphase plate width, indicating inefficient chromosome congression. Therefore SNX9 and CHC function in the same molecular pathway for chromosome alignment and segregation, which is dependent on their direct association.
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73
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Abstract
Clathrin, a protein best known for its role in membrane trafficking, has been recognised for many years as localising to the spindle apparatus during mitosis, but its function at the spindle remained unclear. Recent work has better defined the role of clathrin in the function of the mitotic spindle and proposed that clathrin crosslinks the microtubules (MTs) comprising the kinetochore fibres (K-fibres) in the mitotic spindle. This mitotic function is unrelated to the role of clathrin in membrane trafficking and occurs in partnership with two other spindle proteins: transforming acidic coiled-coil protein 3 (TACC3) and colonic hepatic tumour overexpressed gene (ch-TOG; also known as cytoskeleton-associated protein 5, CKAP5). This review summarises the role of clathrin in mitotic spindle organisation with an emphasis on the recent discovery of the TACC3-ch-TOG-clathrin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Royle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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74
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Gu M, Liu Q, Watanabe S, Sun L, Hollopeter G, Grant BD, Jorgensen EM. AP2 hemicomplexes contribute independently to synaptic vesicle endocytosis. eLife 2013; 2:e00190. [PMID: 23482940 PMCID: PMC3591783 DOI: 10.7554/elife.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The clathrin adaptor complex AP2 is thought to be an obligate heterotetramer. We identify null mutations in the α subunit of AP2 in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. α-adaptin mutants are viable and the remaining μ2/β hemicomplex retains some function. Conversely, in μ2 mutants, the alpha/sigma2 hemicomplex is localized and is partially functional. α-μ2 double mutants disrupt both halves of the complex and are lethal. The lethality can be rescued by expression of AP2 components in the skin, which allowed us to evaluate the requirement for AP2 subunits at synapses. Mutations in either α or μ2 subunits alone reduce the number of synaptic vesicles by about 30%; however, simultaneous loss of both α and μ2 subunits leads to a 70% reduction in synaptic vesicles and the presence of large vacuoles. These data suggest that AP2 may function as two partially independent hemicomplexes. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00190.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Gu
- Department of Biology , Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , United States
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75
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Wang C, Yan X, Chen Q, Jiang N, Fu W, Ma B, Liu J, Li C, Bednarek SY, Pan J. Clathrin light chains regulate clathrin-mediated trafficking, auxin signaling, and development in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:499-516. [PMID: 23424247 PMCID: PMC3608774 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.108373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant clathrin-mediated membrane trafficking is involved in many developmental processes as well as in responses to environmental cues. Previous studies have shown that clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the plasma membrane (PM) auxin transporter PIN-FORMED1 is regulated by the extracellular auxin receptor AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN1 (ABP1). However, the mechanisms by which ABP1 and other factors regulate clathrin-mediated trafficking are poorly understood. Here, we applied a genetic strategy and time-resolved imaging to dissect the role of clathrin light chains (CLCs) and ABP1 in auxin regulation of clathrin-mediated trafficking in Arabidopsis thaliana. Auxin was found to differentially regulate the PM and trans-Golgi network/early endosome (TGN/EE) association of CLCs and heavy chains (CHCs) in an ABP1-dependent but TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE1/AUXIN-BINDING F-BOX PROTEIN (TIR1/AFB)-independent manner. Loss of CLC2 and CLC3 affected CHC membrane association, decreased both internalization and intracellular trafficking of PM proteins, and impaired auxin-regulated endocytosis. Consistent with these results, basipetal auxin transport, auxin sensitivity and distribution, and root gravitropism were also found to be dramatically altered in clc2 clc3 double mutants, resulting in pleiotropic defects in plant development. These results suggest that CLCs are key regulators in clathrin-mediated trafficking downstream of ABP1-mediated signaling and thus play a critical role in membrane trafficking from the TGN/EE and PM during plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Xu Yan
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Wei Fu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Bojun Ma
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Jianzhong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | | | - Jianwei Pan
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang 321004, China
- Address correspondence to
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76
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Smith CM, Haucke V, McCluskey A, Robinson PJ, Chircop M. Inhibition of clathrin by pitstop 2 activates the spindle assembly checkpoint and induces cell death in dividing HeLa cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:4. [PMID: 23327284 PMCID: PMC3567983 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During metaphase clathrin stabilises the mitotic spindle kinetochore(K)-fibres. Many anti-mitotic compounds target microtubule dynamics. Pitstop 2™ is the first small molecule inhibitor of clathrin terminal domain and inhibits clathrin-mediated endocytosis. We investigated its effects on a second function for clathrin in mitosis. Results Pitstop 2 did not impair clathrin recruitment to the spindle but disrupted its function once stationed there. Pitstop 2 trapped HeLa cells in metaphase through loss of mitotic spindle integrity and activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint, phenocopying clathrin depletion and aurora A kinase inhibition. Conclusions Pitstop 2 is therefore a new tool for investigating clathrin spindle dynamics. Pitstop 2 reduced viability in dividing HeLa cells, without affecting dividing non-cancerous NIH3T3 cells, suggesting that clathrin is a possible novel anti-mitotic drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Smith
- Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
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FU DAZHI, CHENG YING, HE HUI, LIU HAIYANG, LIU YONGFENG. Recombinant human PDCD5 exhibits an antitumor role in hepatocellular carcinoma cells via clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Mol Med Rep 2012; 12:8135-40. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Menashe I, Figueroa JD, Garcia-Closas M, Chatterjee N, Malats N, Picornell A, Maeder D, Yang Q, Prokunina-Olsson L, Wang Z, Real FX, Jacobs KB, Baris D, Thun M, Albanes D, Purdue MP, Kogevinas M, Hutchinson A, Fu YP, Tang W, Burdette L, Tardón A, Serra C, Carrato A, García-Closas R, Lloreta J, Johnson A, Schwenn M, Schned A, Andriole G, Black A, Jacobs EJ, Diver RW, Gapstur SM, Weinstein SJ, Virtamo J, Caporaso NE, Landi MT, Fraumeni JF, Chanock SJ, Silverman DT, Rothman N. Large-scale pathway-based analysis of bladder cancer genome-wide association data from five studies of European background. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29396. [PMID: 22238607 PMCID: PMC3251580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathway analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) offer a unique opportunity to collectively evaluate genetic variants with effects that are too small to be detected individually. We applied a pathway analysis to a bladder cancer GWAS containing data from 3,532 cases and 5,120 controls of European background (n = 5 studies). Thirteen hundred and ninety-nine pathways were drawn from five publicly available resources (Biocarta, Kegg, NCI-PID, HumanCyc, and Reactome), and we constructed 22 additional candidate pathways previously hypothesized to be related to bladder cancer. In total, 1421 pathways, 5647 genes and ∼90,000 SNPs were included in our study. Logistic regression model adjusting for age, sex, study, DNA source, and smoking status was used to assess the marginal trend effect of SNPs on bladder cancer risk. Two complementary pathway-based methods (gene-set enrichment analysis [GSEA], and adapted rank-truncated product [ARTP]) were used to assess the enrichment of association signals within each pathway. Eighteen pathways were detected by either GSEA or ARTP at P≤0.01. To minimize false positives, we used the I(2) statistic to identify SNPs displaying heterogeneous effects across the five studies. After removing these SNPs, seven pathways ('Aromatic amine metabolism' [P(GSEA) = 0.0100, P(ARTP) = 0.0020], 'NAD biosynthesis' [P(GSEA) = 0.0018, P(ARTP) = 0.0086], 'NAD salvage' [P(ARTP) = 0.0068], 'Clathrin derived vesicle budding' [P(ARTP) = 0.0018], 'Lysosome vesicle biogenesis' [P(GSEA) = 0.0023, P(ARTP)<0.00012], 'Retrograde neurotrophin signaling' [P(GSEA) = 0.00840], and 'Mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition' [P(GSEA) = 0.0040]) remained. These pathways seem to belong to three fundamental cellular processes (metabolic detoxification, mitosis, and clathrin-mediated vesicles). Identification of the aromatic amine metabolism pathway provides support for the ability of this approach to identify pathways with established relevance to bladder carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idan Menashe
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
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79
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Bachran D, Schneider S, Bachran C, Weng A, Melzig MF, Fuchs H. The endocytic uptake pathways of targeted toxins are influenced by synergistically acting Gypsophila saponins. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:2262-72. [PMID: 21981719 DOI: 10.1021/mp200130j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor is upregulated in many human tumors. We developed the targeted toxin SE, consisting of the plant toxin saporin-3 and human EGF. The cytotoxic effect of SE drastically increases in a synergistic manner by a combined treatment with Saponinum album (Spn), a saponin composite from Gypsophila paniculata L. Here we analyzed which endocytic pathways are involved in the uptake of SE and which are mandatory for the Spn-mediated enhancement. We treated HER14 cells (NIH-3T3 cells transfected with human EGF receptor) with either chlorpromazine, dynasore, latrunculin A, chloroquine, bafilomycin A1 or filipin and analyzed the effect on the cytotoxicity of SE alone or in combination with Spn. We demonstrated that SE in combination with Spn enters cells via clathrin- and actin-dependent pathways and the acidification of the endosomes after endocytosis is relevant for the cytotoxicity of SE. Notably, our data suggest that SE without Spn follows a different endocytic uptake pathway. SE cytotoxicity is independent of blocking of clathrin or actin, and the decrease in endosomal pH is irrelevant for SE cytotoxicity. Furthermore, Spn has no influence on the retrograde transport. This work is important for the better understanding of the underlying mechanism of Spn-enhanced cytotoxicity and helps to describe the role of Spn better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bachran
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, D-12200 Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Flat clathrin lattices or 'plaques' are commonly believed to be the precursors to clathrin-coated buds and vesicles. The sequence of steps carrying the flat hexagonal lattice into a highly curved polyhedral cage with exactly 12 pentagons remains elusive, however, and the large numbers of disrupted interclathrin connections in previously proposed conversion pathways make these scenarios rather unlikely. The recent notion that clathrin can make controlled small conformational transitions opens new avenues. Simulations with a self-assembling clathrin model suggest that localized conformational changes in a plaque can create sufficiently strong stresses for a dome-like fragment to break apart. The released fragment, which is strongly curved but still hexagonal, may subsequently grow into a cage by recruiting free triskelia from the cytoplasm, thus building all 12 pentagonal faces without recourse to complex topological changes. The critical assembly concentration in a slightly acidic in vitro solution is used to estimate the binding energy of a cage at 25-40 k(B) T/clathrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter K den Otter
- Computational BioPhysics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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81
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Abstract
In recent years, cell biologists have uncovered a number of new functions for proteins that were previously thought to operate solely in membrane trafficking. These alternative roles, termed moonlighting functions, can occur at distinct intracellular sites or at different stages of the cell cycle. Here, I evaluate the evidence for mitotic moonlighting functions of proteins that have membrane trafficking roles during interphase. The aim is to identify key issues facing the field and to outline important questions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Royle
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
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82
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Fu W, Jiang Q, Zhang C. Novel functions of endocytic player clathrin in mitosis. Cell Res 2011; 21:1655-61. [PMID: 21709692 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2011.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin has been widely recognized as a pivotal player in endocytosis, in which several adaptors and accessory proteins are involved. Recent studies suggested that clathrin is also essential for cell division. Here this review mainly focuses on the clathrin-dependent mechanisms involved in spindle assembly and chromosome alignment. In mitosis, clathrin forms a complex with phosphorylated TACC3 to ensure spindle stability and proper chromosome alignment. The clathrin-regulated mechanism in mitosis requires the crosstalk among clathrin, spindle assembly factors (SAFs), Ran-GTP and mitotic kinases. Meanwhile, a coordinated mechanism is required for role transitions of clathrin during endocytosis and mitosis. Taken together, the findings of the multiple functions of clathrin besides endocytosis have expanded our understanding of the basic cellular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Fu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation and the State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Blixt MKE, Royle SJ. Clathrin heavy chain gene fusions expressed in human cancers: analysis of cellular functions. Traffic 2011; 12:754-61. [PMID: 21362119 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Clathrin is a protein expressed ubiquitously that has important functions in membrane trafficking and mitosis. Two different gene fusions involving clathrin heavy chain (CHC) have been described in human cancers. These involve either anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) or transcription factor binding to IGHM enhancer 3 (TFE3) and raise the possibility that altered clathrin function in cells expressing the fusion proteins could contribute to oncogenesis. In the present study, we tested the functions of CHC-ALK and CHC-TFE3 in endocytosis and mitosis. CHC-ALK is comparable to full-length CHC in both functions indicating that malignant transformation in cells expressing CHC-ALK is not because of any change in clathrin function. CHC-TFE3 is not functional in endocytosis, but can substitute for CHC in mitosis. CHC-TFE3 causes prolonged interphase that is attributed to the TFE3 portion of the protein. We also describe how CHC-TFE3 is a dimer. This suggests that clathrin's proposed role in intermicrotubule bridging can be fulfilled not only by trimers but also by dimers. Finally, this study shows that the membrane trafficking and mitotic functions of clathrin are independent and separable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K E Blixt
- Physiological Laboratory and Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
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84
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Endocytosis-independent function of clathrin heavy chain in the control of basal NF-κB activation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17158. [PMID: 21364927 PMCID: PMC3045402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a transcription factor that regulates the transcription of genes involved in a variety of biological processes, including innate and adaptive immunity, stress responses and cell proliferation. Constitutive or excessive NF-κB activity has been associated with inflammatory disorders and higher risk of cancer. In contrast to the mechanisms controlling inducible activation, the regulation of basal NF-κB activation is not well understood. Here we test whether clathrin heavy chain (CHC) contributes to the regulation of basal NF-κB activity in epithelial cells. Methodology Using RNA interference to reduce endogenous CHC expression, we found that CHC is required to prevent constitutive activation of NF-κB and gene expression. Immunofluorescence staining showed constitutive nuclear localization of the NF-κB subunit p65 in absence of stimulation after CHC knockdown. Elevated basal p65 nuclear localization is caused by constitutive phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor of NF-κB alpha (IκBα) through an IκB kinase α (IKKα)-dependent mechanism. The role of CHC in NF-κB signaling is functionally relevant as constitutive expression of the proinflammatory chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8), whose expression is regulated by NF-κB, was found after CHC knockdown. Disruption of clathrin-mediated endocytosis by chemical inhibition or depletion of the μ2-subunit of the endocytosis adaptor protein AP-2, and knockdown of clathrin light chain a (CHLa), failed to induce constitutive NF-κB activation and IL-8 expression, showing that CHC acts on NF-κB independently of endocytosis and CLCa. Conclusions We conclude that CHC functions as a built-in molecular brake that ensures a tight control of basal NF-κB activation and gene expression in unstimulated cells. Furthermore, our data suggest a potential link between a defect in CHC expression and chronic inflammation disorder and cancer.
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85
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den Otter WK, Renes MR, Briels WJ. Asymmetry as the key to clathrin cage assembly. Biophys J 2010; 99:1231-8. [PMID: 20713007 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-assembly of clathrin proteins into polyhedral cages is simulated for the first time (to our knowledge) by introducing a coarse-grain triskelion particle modeled after clathrin's characteristic shape. The simulations indicate that neither this shape, nor the antiparallel binding of four legs along the lattice edges, is sufficient to induce cage formation from a random solution. Asymmetric intersegmental interactions, which probably result from a patchy distribution of interactions along the legs' surfaces, prove to be crucial for the efficient self-assembly of cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter K den Otter
- Computational BioPhysics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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86
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Medendorp K, Vreede L, van Groningen JJM, Hetterschijt L, Brugmans L, Jansen PAM, van den Hurk WH, de Bruijn DRH, van Kessel AG. The mitotic arrest deficient protein MAD2B interacts with the clathrin light chain A during mitosis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15128. [PMID: 21152103 PMCID: PMC2994903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the mitotic arrest deficient protein MAD2B (MAD2L2) is thought to inhibit the anaphase promoting complex (APC) by binding to CDC20 and/or CDH1 (FZR1), its exact role in cell cycle control still remains to be established. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using a yeast two-hybrid interaction trap we identified the human clathrin light chain A (CLTA) as a novel MAD2B binding protein. A direct interaction was established in mammalian cells via GST pull-down and endogenous co-immunoprecipitation during the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Through subsequent confocal laser scanning microscopy we found that MAD2B and CLTA co-localize at the mitotic spindle. Clathrin forms a trimeric structure, i.e., the clathrin triskelion, consisting of three heavy chains (CLTC), each with an associated light chain. This clathrin structure has previously been shown to be required for the function of the mitotic spindle through stabilization of kinetochore fibers. Upon siRNA-mediated MAD2B depletion, we found that CLTA was no longer concentrated at the mitotic spindle but, instead, diffusely distributed throughout the cell. In addition, we found a marked increase in the percentage of misaligned chromosomes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Previously, we identified MAD2B as an interactor of the renal cell carcinoma (RCC)-associated protein PRCC. In addition, we found that fusion of PRCC with the transcription factor TFE3 in t(X;1)(p11;q21)-positive RCCs results in an impairment of this interaction and a concomitant failure to shuttle MAD2B to the nucleus. Our current data show that MAD2B interacts with CLTA during the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and that depletion of MAD2B leads to a marked increase in the percentage of misaligned chromosomes and a redistribution of CLTA during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas Medendorp
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lilian Vreede
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan J. M. van Groningen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette Hetterschijt
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Brugmans
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick A. M. Jansen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelmina H. van den Hurk
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik R. H. de Bruijn
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ad Geurts van Kessel
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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87
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Fukano Y, Usui ML, Underwood RA, Isenhath S, Marshall AJ, Hauch KD, Ratner BD, Olerud JE, Fleckman P. Epidermal and dermal integration into sphere-templated porous poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) implants in mice. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 94:1172-86. [PMID: 20694984 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Percutaneous medical devices remain susceptible to infection and failure. We hypothesize that healing of the skin into the percutaneous device will provide a seal, preventing bacterial attachment, biofilm formation, and subsequent device failure. Porous poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) [poly(HEMA)] with sphere-templated pores (40 microm) and interconnecting throats (16 microm) were implanted in normal C57BL/6 mice for 7, 14, and 28 days. Poly(HEMA) was either untreated, keeping the surface nonadhesive for cells and proteins, or modified with carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) or CDI reacted with laminin 332 to enhance adhesion. No clinical signs of infection were observed. Epidermal and dermal response within the poly(HEMA) pores was evaluated using light and transmission electron microscopy. Cells (keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, inflammatory cells) and basement membrane proteins (laminin 332, beta4 integrin, type VII collagen) could be demonstrated within the poly(HEMA) pores of all implants. Blood vessels and dermal collagen bundles were evident in all of the 14- and 28-day implants. Fibrous capsule formation and permigration were not observed. Sphere-templated polymers with 40 microm pores demonstrate an ability to recapitulate key elements of both the dermal and the epidermal layers of skin. Our morphological findings indicate that the implant model can be used to study the effects of biomaterial pore size, pore interconnect (throat) size, and surface treatments on cutaneous biointegration. Further, this model may be used for bacterial challenge studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fukano
- Department of Medicine (Dermatology), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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88
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Neumann-Staubitz P, Hall SL, Kuo J, Jackson AP. Characterization of a temperature-sensitive vertebrate clathrin heavy chain mutant as a tool to study clathrin-dependent events in vivo. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12017. [PMID: 20700507 PMCID: PMC2917355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin and clathrin-dependent events are evolutionary conserved although it is believed that there are differences in the requirement for clathrin in yeast and higher vertebrates. Clathrin is a long-lived protein and thus, with clathrin knockdowns only long-term consequences of clathrin depletion can be studied. Here, we characterize the first vertebrate temperature-sensitive clathrin heavy chain mutant as a tool to investigate responses to rapid clathrin inactivation in higher eukaryotes. Although we created this mutant using a clathrin cryo-electron microscopy model and a yeast temperature-sensitive mutant as a guide, the resulting temperature-sensitive clathrin showed an altered phenotype compared to the corresponding yeast temperature-sensitive clathrin. First, it seemed to form stable triskelions at the non-permissive temperature although endocytosis was impaired under these conditions. Secondly, as a likely consequence of the stable triskelions at the non-permissive temperature, clathrin also localized correctly to its target membranes. Thirdly, we did not observe missorting of the lysosomal enzyme beta-glucuronidase which could indicate that the temperature-sensitive clathrin is still operating at the non-permissive temperature at the Golgi or, that, like in yeast, more than one TGN trafficking pathway exists. Fourthly, in contrast to yeast, actin does not appear to actively compensate in general endocytosis. Thus, there seem to be differences between vertebrates and yeast which can be studied in further detail with this newly created tool.
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89
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Daniel MC, Tsvetkova IB, Quinkert ZT, Murali A, De M, Rotello VM, Kao CC, Dragnea B. Role of surface charge density in nanoparticle-templated assembly of bromovirus protein cages. ACS NANO 2010; 4:3853-60. [PMID: 20575505 PMCID: PMC2937271 DOI: 10.1021/nn1005073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembling icosahedral protein cages have potentially useful physical and chemical characteristics for a variety of nanotechnology applications, ranging from therapeutic or diagnostic vectors to building blocks for hierarchical materials. For application-specific functional control of protein cage assemblies, a deeper understanding of the interaction between the protein cage and its payload is necessary. Protein-cage encapsulated nanoparticles, with their well-defined surface chemistry, allow for systematic control over key parameters of encapsulation such as the surface charge, hydrophobicity, and size. Independent control over these variables allows experimental testing of different assembly mechanism models. Previous studies done with Brome mosaic virus capsids and negatively charged gold nanoparticles indicated that the result of the self-assembly process depends on the diameter of the particle. However, in these experiments, the surface-ligand density was maintained at saturation levels, while the total charge and the radius of curvature remained coupled variables, making the interpretation of the observed dependence on the core size difficult. The current work furnishes evidence of a critical surface charge density for assembly through an analysis aimed at decoupling the surface charge and the core size.
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90
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Lee BY, Jethwaney D, Schilling B, Clemens DL, Gibson BW, Horwitz MA. The Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin phagosome proteome. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:32-53. [PMID: 19815536 PMCID: PMC2808266 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900396-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) alter the maturation of their phagosomes and reside within a compartment that resists acidification and fusion with lysosomes. To define the molecular composition of this compartment, we developed a novel method for obtaining highly purified phagosomes from BCG-infected human macrophages and analyzed the phagosomes by Western immunoblotting and mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Our purification procedure revealed that BCG grown on artificial medium becomes less dense after growth in macrophages. By Western immunoblotting, LAMP-2, Niemann-Pick protein C1, and syntaxin 3 were readily detectable on the BCG phagosome but at levels that were lower than on the latex bead phagosome; flotillin-1 and the vacuolar ATPase were barely detectable on the BCG phagosome but highly enriched on the latex bead phagosome. Immunofluorescence studies confirmed the scarcity of flotillin on BCG phagosomes and demonstrated an inverse correlation between bacterial metabolic activity and flotillin on M. tuberculosis phagosomes. By mass spectrometry, 447 human host proteins were identified on BCG phagosomes, and a partially overlapping set of 289 human proteins on latex bead phagosomes was identified. Interestingly, the majority of the proteins identified consistently on BCG phagosome preparations were also identified on latex bead phagosomes, indicating a high degree of overlap in protein composition of these two compartments. It is likely that many differences in protein composition are quantitative rather than qualitative in nature. Despite the remarkable overlap in protein composition, we consistently identified a number of proteins on the BCG phagosomes that were not identified in any of our latex bead phagosome preparations, including proteins involved in membrane trafficking and signal transduction, such as Ras GTPase-activating-like protein IQGAP1, and proteins of unknown function, such as FAM3C. Our phagosome purification procedure and initial proteomics analyses set the stage for a quantitative comparative analysis of mycobacterial and latex bead phagosome proteomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Yu Lee
- From the ‡Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Health Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1688
| | - Deepa Jethwaney
- §Buck Institute for Age Research, Novato, California 94945, and
| | | | - Daniel L. Clemens
- From the ‡Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Health Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1688
| | - Bradford W. Gibson
- §Buck Institute for Age Research, Novato, California 94945, and
- **Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Marcus A. Horwitz
- From the ‡Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Health Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1688
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91
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Wen Y, Stavrou I, Bersuker K, Brady RJ, De Lozanne A, O'Halloran TJ. AP180-mediated trafficking of Vamp7B limits homotypic fusion of Dictyostelium contractile vacuoles. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:4278-88. [PMID: 19692567 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-03-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-coated vesicles play an established role in endocytosis from the plasma membrane, but they are also found on internal organelles. We examined the composition of clathrin-coated vesicles on an internal organelle responsible for osmoregulation, the Dictyostelium discoideum contractile vacuole. Clathrin puncta on contractile vacuoles contained multiple accessory proteins typical of plasma membrane-coated pits, including AP2, AP180, and epsin, but not Hip1r. To examine how these clathrin accessory proteins influenced the contractile vacuole, we generated cell lines that carried single and double gene knockouts in the same genetic background. Single or double mutants that lacked AP180 or AP2 exhibited abnormally large contractile vacuoles. The enlarged contractile vacuoles in AP180-null mutants formed because of excessive homotypic fusion among contractile vacuoles. The SNARE protein Vamp7B was mislocalized and enriched on the contractile vacuoles of AP180-null mutants. In vitro assays revealed that AP180 interacted with the cytoplasmic domain of Vamp7B. We propose that AP180 directs Vamp7B into clathrin-coated vesicles on contractile vacuoles, creating an efficient mechanism for regulating the internal distribution of fusion-competent SNARE proteins and limiting homotypic fusions among contractile vacuoles. Dictyostelium contractile vacuoles offer a valuable system to study clathrin-coated vesicles on internal organelles within eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Wen
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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92
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Wingen C, Stümpges B, Hoch M, Behr M. Expression and localization of clathrin heavy chain in Drosophila melanogaster. Gene Expr Patterns 2009; 9:549-54. [PMID: 19577664 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Clathrin-coated vesicles mediate cellular endocytosis of nutrients and molecules that are involved in a variety of biological processes. Basic components of the vesicle coat are clathrin heavy chain (Chc) and clathrin light chain molecules. In Drosophila melanogaster the chc gene function has been analyzed in a number of previous studies mainly using genetic approaches. However, the chc mRNA and protein expression patterns have not been studied systematically. We have generated an antibody that specifically recognizes Chc and we have analyzed chc RNA and protein expression patterns throughout embryonic and larval stages. We found that chc mRNA and protein are highly expressed from early stages of embryogenesis onwards, consistent with genetic studies predicting a maternal contribution of the gene function. During subsequent stages mRNA and protein are co-expressed in all embryonic cells; however we found an up-regulation in specific tissues including the gut, the salivary glands, tracheal system and the epidermis. In addition the central nervous system and the nephrocyte-like garland cells show strong Chc expression at late embryogenesis. In larvae Chc is highly expressed in garland cells, imaginal discs, fat body, salivary glands and the ring gland. Subcellularly, we found Chc protein in a vesicle-like pattern within the cytoplasm and at the plasma membrane. Co-labeling studies show that Chc is partially in contact with the trans-Golgi network and co-localizes with markers for early endocytosis. Together, the antibody may serve as a new tool to study the function of Chc in clathrin-dependent cellular processes, such as endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wingen
- Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), Program Unit Development, Genetics & Molecular Physiology, Laboratory for Molecular Developmental Biology, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 169, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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93
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Gov NS. Physical model for the width distribution of axons. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2009; 29:337-344. [PMID: 19579039 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2009-10476-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of widths of axons was recently investigated, and was found to have a distinct peak at an optimized value. The optimized axon width at the peak may arise from the conflicting demands of minimizing energy consumption and assuring signal transmission reliability. The distribution around this optimized value is found to have a distinct non-Gaussian shape, with an exponential "tail". We propose here a mechanical model whereby this distribution arises from the interplay between the elastic energy of the membrane surrounding the axon core, the osmotic pressure induced by the neurofilaments inside the axon bulk, and active processes that remodel the microtubules and neurofilaments inside the axon. The axon's radius of curvature can be determined by the cell's control of the osmotic pressure difference across the membrane, the membrane tension or by changing the composition of the different components of the membrane. We find that the osmotic pressure, determined by the neurofilaments, seems to be the dominant control parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Gov
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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94
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Hood FE, Royle SJ. Functional equivalence of the clathrin heavy chains CHC17 and CHC22 in endocytosis and mitosis. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:2185-90. [PMID: 19509056 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.046177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin is crucial for endocytosis and plays a recently described role in mitosis. Two clathrin heavy chains (CHCs) are found in humans: the ubiquitous CHC17, and CHC22, a CHC that is enriched in skeletal muscle. Functional differences have been proposed for these clathrins despite high sequence similarity. Here, we compared each paralogue in functional assays of endocytosis and mitosis. We find that CHC17 and CHC22 are functionally equivalent. We also describe how previous work on CHC22 has involved a splice variant that is not usually expressed in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona E Hood
- The Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
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95
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Wang H, Jiang C. Influenza A virus H5N1 entry into host cells is through clathrin-dependent endocytosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 52:464-9. [PMID: 19471869 PMCID: PMC7089391 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-009-0061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus H5N1 presents a major threat to human health. The entry of influenza virus into host cells is believed to be mediated by hemagglutinin (HA), a virus surface glycoprotein that can bind terminal sialic acid residues on host cell glycoproteins and glycolipids. In this study, we elucidated the pathways through which H5N1 enters human lung carcinoma cell line A549. We first proved that H5N1 can enter A549 cells via endocytosis, as lysosomotropic agents, such as bafilomycin A1 and chloroquine, can rescue H5N1-induced A549 cell death. By using specific inhibitors, and siRNAs that target the clathrin pathway, we further found that H5N1 could enter A549 cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, while inhibitors targeting caveolae-mediated endocytosis could not inhibit H5N1 cell entry. These findings expand our understanding of H5N1 pathogenesis and provide new information for anti-viral drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- HongLiang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005 China
| | - ChengYu Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005 China
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96
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Cuerrier CM, Gagner A, Lebel R, Gobeil F, Grandbois M. Effect of thrombin and bradykinin on endothelial cell mechanical properties monitored through membrane deformation. J Mol Recognit 2009; 22:389-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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97
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Proteomic analysis of the anti-cancer effect of 20S-ginsenoside Rg3 in human colon cancer cell lines. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2009; 73:811-6. [PMID: 19352032 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.80637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng is a well known herbal medicine in Asia, and ginsenoside Rg3 has anti-cancer and various pharmacological effects. In particular, 20S-ginsenoside Rg3 may increase the anti-proliferative effects of chemotherapy. The authors investigated the mechanism of the anti-proliferative effect of 20S-Rg3 at the protein level in HT29 colon cancer cells. MTT, caspase-3 assays, and flow cytometry analysis were performed to determine cytotoxicity and apoptosis, and proteomic analysis was performed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF MS, and a database was used to identify protein changes in 20S-Rg3 treated HT29 cells. The proteins identified included down-regulated Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor, up-regulated tropomyosin1, and annexin5 and glutathione s-transferase p1, which are apoptosis associated proteins. The anti-proliferative mechanism of 20S-Rg3 was found to be involved in mitotic inhibition, DNA replication, and repair and growth factor signaling. The findings of this study suggest that the cytotoxicity of 20S-Rg3 in colon cancer is dependent on several mechanisms, including apoptosis.
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98
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Xu Y, Tillman TS, Tang P. Membranes and Drug Action. Pharmacology 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-369521-5.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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99
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Gastaldelli M, Imelli N, Boucke K, Amstutz B, Meier O, Greber UF. Infectious adenovirus type 2 transport through early but not late endosomes. Traffic 2008; 9:2265-78. [PMID: 18980614 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2008.00835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a major gate for pathogens into cells. In this study, we analyzed the trafficking of human adenovirus type 2 and 5 (Ad2/5) and the escape-defective temperature-sensitive Ad2-ts1 mutant in epithelial cancer cells. Ad2/5 and Ad2-ts1 uptake into endosomes containing transferrin, major histocompatibility antigen 1 and the Rab5 effector early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1) involved dynamin, amphiphysin, clathrin and Eps15. Cointernalization experiments showed that most of the Ad2/5 and Ad2-ts1 visited the same EEA1-positive endosomes. In contrast to Ad2/5, Ad2-ts1 required functional Rab5 for endocytosis and lysosomal transport and was sensitive to the phosphatidyl-inositol-3 (PI3)-kinase inhibitor wortmannin or the ubiquitin-binding protein Hrs for sorting from early to late endosomes. Endosomal escape of Ad2 was not affected by incubation at 19 degrees C, which blocked membrane sorting in early endosomes and inhibited Ad2-ts1 transport to lysosomes. Unlike Semliki Forest Virus (SFV), sorting of Ad2-ts1 to late endosomes was independent of Rab7 and Ad2/5 infection independent of EEA1. The data indicate that Ad2/5 and Ad2-ts1 use an invariant machinery for clathrin-mediated uptake to early endosomes. We suggest that the infectious Ad2 particles are either directly released from early endosomes to the cytosol or sorted by a temperature-insensitive and PI3-kinase-independent mechanism to an escape compartment different from late endosomes or lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Gastaldelli
- Institute of Zoology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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100
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Internalization and degradation of the glutamate transporter GLT-1 in response to phorbol ester. Neurochem Int 2007; 52:709-22. [PMID: 17919781 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Revised: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) decreases the activity and cell surface expression of the predominant forebrain glutamate transporter, GLT-1. In the present study, C6 glioma were used as a model system to define the mechanisms that contribute to this decrease in cell surface expression and to determine the fate of internalized transporter. As was previously observed, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) caused a decrease in biotinylated GLT-1. This effect was blocked by sucrose or by co-expression with a dominant-negative variant of dynamin 1, and it was attenuated by co-expression with a dominant-negative variant of the clathrin heavy chain. Depletion of cholesterol with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, co-expression with a dominant-negative caveolin-1 mutant (Cav1/S80E), co-expression with dominant-negative variants of Eps15 (epidermal-growth-factor receptor pathway substrate clone 15), or co-expression with dominant-negative Arf6 (T27N) had no effect on the PMA-induced loss of biotinylated GLT-1. Long-term treatment with PMA caused a time-dependent loss of biotinylated GLT-1 and decreased the levels of GLT-1 protein. Inhibitors of lysosomal degradation (chloroquine or ammonium chloride) or co-expression with a dominant-negative variant of a small GTPase implicated in trafficking to lysosomes (Rab7) prevented the PMA-induced decrease in protein and caused an intracellular accumulation of GLT-1. These results suggest that the PKC-induced redistribution of GLT-1 is dependent upon clathrin-mediated endocytosis. These studies identify a novel mechanism by which the levels of GLT-1 could be rapidly down-regulated via lysosomal degradation. The possibility that this mechanism may contribute to the loss of GLT-1 observed after acute insults to the CNS is discussed.
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