51
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Andruska A, Ali MK, Spiekerkoetter E. Targeting BMPR2 Trafficking with Chaperones: An Important Step toward Precision Medicine in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 63:137-138. [PMID: 32339467 PMCID: PMC7397766 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0130ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Andruska
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical CareStanford Medical SchoolStanford, Californiaand.,Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular DiseaseStanford UniversityStanford, California
| | - Mohammed Khadem Ali
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical CareStanford Medical SchoolStanford, Californiaand.,Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular DiseaseStanford UniversityStanford, California
| | - Edda Spiekerkoetter
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical CareStanford Medical SchoolStanford, Californiaand.,Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular DiseaseStanford UniversityStanford, California
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Csósza G, Karlócai K, Losonczy G, Müller V, Lázár Z. Growth factors in pulmonary arterial hypertension: Focus on preserving right ventricular function. Physiol Int 2020; 107:177-194. [PMID: 32692713 DOI: 10.1556/2060.2020.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare and progressive disease, characterized by increased vascular resistance leading to right ventricle (RV) failure. The extent of right ventricular dysfunction crucially influences disease prognosis; however, currently no therapies have specific cardioprotective effects. Besides discussing the pathophysiology of right ventricular adaptation in PAH, this review focuses on the roles of growth factors (GFs) in disease pathomechanism. We also summarize the involvement of GFs in the preservation of cardiomyocyte function, to evaluate their potential as cardioprotective biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Csósza
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - K Karlócai
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - G Losonczy
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - V Müller
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Z Lázár
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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The BMP Receptor 2 in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: When and Where the Animal Model Matches the Patient. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061422. [PMID: 32521690 PMCID: PMC7348993 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mutations in bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPR2) are leading to the development of hereditary pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). In non-hereditary forms of PAH, perturbations in the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/BMP-axis are believed to cause deficient BMPR2 signaling by changes in receptor expression, the activity of the receptor and/or downstream signaling. To date, BMPR2 expression and its activity in the lungs of patients with non-hereditary PAH is poorly characterized. In recent decades, different animal models have been used to understand the role of BMPR2 signaling in PAH pathophysiology. Specifically, the monocrotaline (MCT) and Sugen-Hypoxia (SuHx) models are extensively used in interventional studies to examine if restoring BMPR2 signaling results in PAH disease reversal. While PAH is assumed to develop in patients over months or years, pulmonary hypertension in experimental animal models develops in days or weeks. It is therefore likely that modifications in BMP and TGF-β signaling in these models do not fully recapitulate those in patients. In order to determine the translational potential of the MCT and SuHx models, we analyzed the BMPR2 expression and activity in the lungs of rats with experimentally induced PAH and compared this to the BMPR2 expression and activity in the lungs of PAH patients. Methods: the BMPR2 expression was analyzed by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy to determine the quantity and localization of the receptor in the lung tissue from normal control subjects and patients with hereditary or idiopathic PAH, as well as in the lungs of control rats and rats with MCT or SuHx-induced PAH. The activation of the BMP pathway was analyzed by determining the level and localization of phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 (pSmad 1/5/8), a downstream mediator of canonical BMPR2 signaling. Results: While BMPR2 and pSmad 1/5/8 expression levels were unaltered in whole lung lysates/homogenates from patients with hereditary and idiopathic PAH, IF analysis showed that BMPR2 and pSmad 1/5/8 levels were markedly decreased in the pulmonary vessels of both PAH patient groups. Whole lung BMPR2 expression was variable in the two PAH rat models, while in both experimental models the expression of BMPR2 in the lung vasculature was increased. However, in the human PAH lungs, the expression of pSmad 1/5/8 was downregulated in the lung vasculature of both experimental models. Conclusion: BMPR2 receptor expression and downstream signaling is reduced in the lung vasculature of patients with idiopathic and hereditary PAH, which cannot be appreciated when using human whole lung lysates. Despite increased BMPR2 expression in the lung vasculature, the MCT and SuHx rat models did develop PAH and impaired downstream BMPR2-Smad signaling similar to our findings in the human lung.
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54
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Chang Z, Wang JL, Jing ZC, Ma P, Xu QB, Na JR, Tian J, Ma X, Zhou W, Zhou R. Protective effects of isorhamnetin on pulmonary arterial hypertension: in vivo and in vitro studies. Phytother Res 2020; 34:2730-2744. [PMID: 32452118 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a malignant disease with high mortality and closely involves the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway. Mutations in BMPR2 caused proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) leading to PAH. Isorhamnetin, one of the main naturally occurring flavonoids extracted from Hippophae rhamnoides L, shows antiinflammatory and anti-proliferative properties. Nevertheless, the effects of isorhamnetin on PAH remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether isorhamnetin has protective effects against PAH and explore possible mechanisms. An in vivo model of PAH induced by monocrotaline (MCT) was employed, and sildenafil and isorhamnetin were orally administered for 21 consecutive days. An in vitro model induced by TNF-α was employed, and cell proliferation of HPASMCs was detected. Results indicated that isorhamnetin significantly improved hemodynamic, histopathological, and echocardiographic changes in MCT-induced PAH in rats. In vitro, isorhamnetin suppressed TNF-α-induced HPASMCs proliferation. Furthermore, isorhamnetin improved protein expression of BMPR2 and suppressed protein expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in rat lungs. Isorhamnetin improved protein expression of BMPR2 and p-smad1/5 and mRNA expression of Id1 and Id3 in HPASMCs. Isorhamnetin ameliorated MCT-induced PAH in rats and inhibited TNF-α-induced HPASMCs proliferation by a mechanism likely involving the regulation of the BMP signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jia-Ling Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Jing
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Key Lab of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Qing-Bing Xu
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jian-Rong Na
- Respiratory and critical care medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Respiratory and critical care medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xuan Ma
- Respiratory and critical care medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Respiratory and critical care medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ru Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Ningxia Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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55
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Olguntürk FR. An update on the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric pulmonary hypertension. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:1253-1268. [PMID: 32401622 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1757071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a heterogeneous disease that mainly affects the pulmonary arterioles, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Pulmonary hypertension in children from birth to adolescence presents important differences from that of adults. The majority of pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) cases are idiopathic or associated with congenital heart disease. However, the management of pediatric PAH mainly depends on the results of evidence-based adult studies and the clinical experiences of pediatric experts. AREAS COVERED This article briefly reviews the recent updates on the definition, classification, and diagnostic evaluation of pediatric PAH and their impact on treatment strategies. The main purpose of this review is to discuss the current pediatric therapies, as well as the prospective therapies, in terms of therapeutic targets, actions, side effects, and dosages. EXPERT OPINION Although there is no cure for PAH, recent advances in the form of new treatment options have improved the quality of life and survival rates of PAH patients. PAH-targeted drugs and treatment strategies for adult PAH have not been sufficiently studied in children. However, the growing scientific activity in that field will surely change the treatment option recommendations in pediatric PH from experience-based to evidence-based in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rana Olguntürk
- Professor of Pediatrics and Pediatric Cardiology, PhD in medical physiology, Former Head of Pediatrics and Pediatric Cardiology in Gazi University Faculty of Medicine. Founder of Pediatric Cardiology and PAH center in Gazi University. Former President of Turkish Association of Pediatric Cardiology and Surgery, Gazi University , Ankara, Turkiye
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56
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Mammoto A, Hendee K, Muyleart M, Mammoto T. Endothelial Twist1-PDGFB signaling mediates hypoxia-induced proliferation and migration of αSMA-positive cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7563. [PMID: 32371931 PMCID: PMC7200682 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Remodeling of distal pulmonary arterioles (PAs) associated with marked accumulation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) represents one of the major pathologic features of pulmonary hypertension (PH). We have reported that the transcription factor Twist1 mediates hypoxia-induced PH. However, the mechanism by which endothelial Twist1 stimulates SMC accumulation to distal PAs in PH remains unclear. Here, we have demonstrated that Twist1 overexpression increases the expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGFB) in human pulmonary arterial endothelial (HPAE) cells. Hypoxia upregulates the levels of Twist1 and PDGFB in HPAE cells. When we implant hydrogel supplemented with endothelial cells (ECs) on the mouse lung, these ECs form vascular lumen structures and hypoxia upregulates PDGFB expression and stimulates accumulation of αSMA–positive cells in the gel, while knockdown of endothelial Twist1 suppresses the effects. The levels of Twist1 and PDGFB are higher in PAE cells isolated from idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) patients compared to those from healthy controls. IPAH patient-derived PAE cells stimulate accumulation of αSMA–positive cells in the implanted gel, while Twist1 knockdown in PAE cells inhibits the effects. Endothelial Twist1-PDGFB signaling plays a key role in αSMA–positive cell proliferation and migration in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Mammoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, United States. .,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, United States.
| | - Kathryn Hendee
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, United States
| | - Megan Muyleart
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, United States
| | - Tadanori Mammoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, United States.
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Ma J, Sanchez-Duffhues G, Goumans MJ, ten Dijke P. TGF-β-Induced Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Disease and Tissue Engineering. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:260. [PMID: 32373613 PMCID: PMC7187792 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is a complex biological process that gives rise to cells with multipotent potential. EndMT is essential for the formation of the cardiovascular system during embryonic development. Emerging results link EndMT to the postnatal onset and progression of fibrotic diseases and cancer. Moreover, recent reports have emphasized the potential for EndMT in tissue engineering and regenerative applications by regulating the differentiation status of cells. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) engages in many important physiological processes and is a potent inducer of EndMT. In this review, we first summarize the mechanisms of the TGF-β signaling pathway as it relates to EndMT. Thereafter, we discuss the pivotal role of TGF-β-induced EndMT in the development of cardiovascular diseases, fibrosis, and cancer, as well as the potential application of TGF-β-induced EndMT in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ma
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Marie-José Goumans
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Peter ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Yu M, Peng L, Liu P, Yang M, Zhou H, Ding Y, Wang J, Huang W, Tan Q, Wang Y, Xie W, Kong H, Wang H. Paeoniflorin Ameliorates Chronic Hypoxia/SU5416-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension by Inhibiting Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:1191-1202. [PMID: 32256050 PMCID: PMC7090222 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s235207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Endothelial cells dysfunction is one of the hallmark pathogenic features of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Paeoniflorin (PF) is a monoterpene glycoside with endothelial protection, vasodilation, antifibrotic, anti–inflammatory and antioxidative properties. However, the effects of PF on PAH remain unknown. Methods Here, we investigated the efficacy of PF in the SU5416/hypoxia (SuHx) rat model of PAH. Human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (HPAECs) were exposed to 1% O2 with or without PF treatment. Results Hemodynamics analysis showed that prophylactic treatment with PF (300 mg/kg i.g. daily for 21 days) significantly inhibited chronic hypoxia/SU5416-induced elevations of right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and right ventricular hypertrophy index in rats. Meanwhile, PF significantly reduced pulmonary vascular remodeling, as well as alleviated collagen deposition in lungs and right ventricles in SuHx rats. Additionally, PF inhibited SuHx–induced down-regulation of endothelial marker (vascular endothelial cadherin) and up-regulation of mesenchymal markers (fibronectin and vimentin) in lung, suggesting that PF could inhibit SuHx–induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in lung. Further in vitro studies confirmed that PF treatment suppressed hypoxia-induced EndMT in HPAECs, which was abolished by the knockdown of bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) in HPAECs. Conclusion Taken together, our findings suggest that PF ameliorates BMPR2 down-regulation-mediated EndMT and thereafter alleviates SuHx–induced PAH in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyao Peng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxia Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213003, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yirui Ding
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Tan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Kong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China
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Ge X, Zhu T, Zhang X, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang W. Gender differences in pulmonary arterial hypertension patients with BMPR2 mutation: a meta-analysis. Respir Res 2020; 21:44. [PMID: 32028950 PMCID: PMC7006426 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-1309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the differences in the proportions of BMPR2 mutations in familial hereditary pulmonary arterial hypertension (HPAH) and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) between males and females and the relationship between BMPR2 mutation and PAH severity. METHODS A computer was used to search the electronic Cochrane Library, PubMed/MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases for clinical trials containing information on the relationship between PAH prognosis and BMPR2 mutations through March 2019. After obtaining the data, a meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager Version 5.3 and Stata. RESULTS A meta-analysis was performed on 17 clinical trials (2198 total patients: 644 male, 1554 female). The results showed that among patients with HPAH and IPAH, the BMPR2 mutation rate is higher in male than in female patients [male group (224/644, 34.78%), female group (457/1554, 29.41%), OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.06~1.60, P = 0.01, I2 = 10%]. Furthermore, haemodynamic and functional parameters were more severe in IPAH and HPAH patients with BMPR2 mutations than in those without, and those with BMPR2 mutation were diagnosed at a younger age. The risk of death or transplantation was higher in PAH patients with BMPR2 mutations than in those without (OR = 2.51, 95% CI: 1.29~3.57, P = 0.003, I2 = 24%). Furthermore, the difference was significant only in male patients (OR = 5.58, 95% CI: 2.16~14.39, P = 0.0004, I2 = 0%) and not in female patients (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 0.75~2.67, P = 0.29, I2 = 0%). CONCLUSION Among patients with HPAH and IPAH, men are more likely to have BMPR2 mutations, which may predict more severe PAH indications and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Ge
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Tiantian Zhu
- Teaching and Research Office of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yonglong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Weifang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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Napoli C, Benincasa G, Loscalzo J. Epigenetic Inheritance Underlying Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 39:653-664. [PMID: 30727752 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.312262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), the Warburg effect (glycolytic shift) and mitochondrial fission are determinants of phenotype alterations characteristic of the disease, such as proliferation, apoptosis resistance, migration, endothelial-mesenchymal transition, and extracellular matrix stiffness. Current therapies, focusing largely on vasodilation and antithrombotic protection, do not restore these aberrant phenotypes suggesting that additional pathways need be targeted. The multifactorial nature of PAH suggests epigenetic changes as potential determinants of vascular remodeling. Transgenerational epigenetic changes induced by hypoxia can result in permanent changes early in fetal development increasing PAH risk in adulthood. Unlike genetic mutations, epigenetic changes are pharmacologically reversible, making them an attractive target as therapeutic strategies for PAH. This review offers a landscape of the most current clinical, epigenetic-sensitive changes contributing to PAH vascular remodeling both in early and later life, with a focus on a network medicine strategy. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of the application (from morphogenesis to disease onset) of molecular network-based algorithms to dissect PAH molecular pathobiology. Additionally, we suggest an integrated network-based program for clinical disease gene discovery that may reveal novel biomarkers and novel disease targets, thus offering a truly innovative path toward redefining and treating PAH, as well as facilitating the trajectory of a comprehensive precision medicine approach to PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Napoli
- From the Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic, and Geriatric Sciences (C.N., G.B.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistic Units AOU (C.N., G.B.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuditta Benincasa
- From the Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic, and Geriatric Sciences (C.N., G.B.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistic Units AOU (C.N., G.B.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.L.)
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Yao H, Zou Y, Yang K, Yin L, Liu Y, Li R. TGFβ1 induces bone formation from BMP9-activated Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells, with possible involvement of non-canonical pathways. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:1692-1703. [PMID: 32714072 PMCID: PMC7378670 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.45786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstruction of bone defects is one of the most substantial and difficult clinical challenges in orthopedics. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) might play an important role in stimulating osteogenic differentiation of bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9)-induced C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells. In our current study, we examined the potential synergy between TGFβ1 and BMP9 in promoting the osteogenesis of C3H10T1/2 cells, and whether such effects could contribute to bone formation in vivo. Our experiment data indicated that TGFβ1 could increase the expression of osteogenic markers and the formation of mineralized calcium nodules in, while suppressing the proliferation of, BMP9-induced C3H10T1/2 cells. Furthermore, mice intramuscularly injected with BMP9/TGFβ1-transduced C3H10T1/2 cells into the gastrocnemius muscle on their tibiae developed ectopic bone masses with more mature osteoid structures, compared to those grafted with cells expressing BMP9/RFP. Subsequent mechanistic studies found that TGFβ1-induced enhancement of osteogenesis in BMP9-overexpressing C3H10T1/2 cells was accompanied by augmented expression of heat shock protein 47 (HSP47), a collagen-specific molecular chaperone essential for collagen biosynthesis, and can be attenuated by pirfenidone, a known anti-fibrotic inhibitor. Interestingly, protein microarray analysis suggested that TGFβ1/BMP9-dependent osteogenesis of C3H10T1/2 cells seemed to involve several non-canonical signaling pathways such as Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription, phosphoinositide-3-kinase-protein kinase B, and mitogen-activated protein kinase. These results provided further evidence that TGFβ1 could promote bone formation from BMP9-induced C3H10T1/2 cells and shed important light on the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yulong Zou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Yang
- The Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangjun Yin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruidong Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Peng CW, Yue LX, Zhou YQ, Tang S, Kan C, Xia LM, Yang F, Wang SY. miR-100-3p inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in human gastric cancer through targeting to BMPR2. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:354. [PMID: 31889906 PMCID: PMC6935118 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-1060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background miR-100 has been reported to closely associate with gastric cancer (GC) initiation and progression. However, the underlying mechanism of miR-100-3p in GC is still largely unclear. In this study, we intend to study how miR-100-3p regulates GC malignancy. Methods The expression levels of miR-100-3p in vitro (GES-1 and GC cell lines) and in vivo (cancerous and normal gastric tissues) were examined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). MTT and PE/Annexin V analyses were responsible for measurement of the effects of miR-100-3p on GC cell proliferation and apoptosis. Transwell assay with or without matrigel was used to examine the capacity of migration and invasion in GC cells. The interaction of miR-100-3p with bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) was confirmed through transcriptomics analysis and luciferase reporter assay. qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses were applied to determine the expression of ERK/AKT and Bax/Bcl2/Caspase3, which were responsible for the dysfunction of miR-100-3p. Results miR-100-3p was down-regulated in GC cell lines and cancerous tissues, and was negatively correlated with BMPR2. Loss of miR-100-3p promoted tumor growth and BMPR2 expression. Consistently, the effects of miR-100-3p inhibition on GC cells were partially neutralized by knockdown of BMPR2. Over-expression of miR-100-3p simultaneously inhibited tumor growth and down-regulated BMPR2 expression. Consistently, over-expression of BMPR2 partially neutralized the effects of miR-100-3p over-expression. Further study demonstrated that BMPR2 mediated the effects downstream of miR-100-3p, which might indirectly regulate ERK/AKT and Bax/Bcl2/Caspase3 signaling pathways. Conclusion miR-100-3p acted as a tumor-suppressor miRNA that down-regulated BMPR2, which consequently inhibited the ERK/AKT signaling and activated Bax/Bcl2/Caspase3 signaling. This finding provided novel insights into GC and could contribute to identify a new diagnostic and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Peng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 MeiShan Road, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Ling-Xiao Yue
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 MeiShan Road, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Yuan-Qin Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 MeiShan Road, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Sai Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 MeiShan Road, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Chen Kan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 MeiShan Road, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Lei-Ming Xia
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 MeiShan Road, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 MeiShan Road, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Si-Ying Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 MeiShan Road, Hefei, 230032 China
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63
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Guo L, Wang R, Zhang K, Yuan J, Wang J, Wang X, Ma J, Wu C. A PINCH-1-Smurf1 signaling axis mediates mechano-regulation of BMPR2 and stem cell differentiation. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3773-3794. [PMID: 31578224 PMCID: PMC6829670 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201902022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical cues from extracellular matrix exert strong effects on stem cell differentiation. This study finds that a signaling axis consisting of PINCH-1, Smurf1, and BMPR2 senses mechanical signals from extracellular matrix and regulates BMP signaling and mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Mechano-environment plays multiple critical roles in the control of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) fate decision, but the underlying signaling mechanisms remain undefined. We report here a signaling axis consisting of PINCH-1, SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (Smurf1), and bone morphogenetic protein type 2 receptor (BMPR2) that links mechano-environment to MSC fate decision. PINCH-1 interacts with Smurf1, which inhibits the latter from interacting with BMPR2 and consequently suppresses BMPR2 degradation, resulting in augmented BMP signaling and MSC osteogenic differentiation (OD). Extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffening increases PINCH-1 level and consequently activates this signaling axis. Depletion of PINCH-1 blocks stiff ECM-induced BMP signaling and OD, whereas overexpression of PINCH-1 overrides signals from soft ECM and promotes OD. Finally, perturbation of either Smurf1 or BMPR2 expression is sufficient to block the effects of PINCH-1 on BMP signaling and MSC fate decision. Our findings delineate a key signaling mechanism through which mechano-environment controls BMPR2 level and MSC fate decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jifan Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianfei Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuanyue Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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64
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Mercurio V, Bianco A, Campi G, Cuomo A, Diab N, Mancini A, Parrella P, Petretta M, Hassoun PM, Bonaduce D. New Drugs, Therapeutic Strategies, and Future Direction for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:2844-2864. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180201095743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) treatment, this condition is still characterized by an extremely poor prognosis. In this review, we discuss the use of newly-approved drugs for PAH treatment with already known mechanisms of action (macitentan), innovative targets (riociguat and selexipag), and novel therapeutic approaches with initial up-front combination therapy. Secondly, we describe new potential signaling pathways and investigational drugs with promising role in the treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Mercurio
- Federico II University, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Bianco
- Federico II University, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Naples, Italy
| | - Giacomo Campi
- Federico II University, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cuomo
- Federico II University, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Naples, Italy
| | - Nermin Diab
- University of Ottawa, Department of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Angela Mancini
- Federico II University, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Parrella
- Federico II University, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Petretta
- Federico II University, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Naples, Italy
| | - Paul M. Hassoun
- Johns Hopkins University, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Domenico Bonaduce
- Federico II University, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Naples, Italy
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65
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Yang YD, Li MM, Xu G, Zhang EL, Chen J, Sun B, Chen DW, Gao YQ. Targeting mitochondria-associated membranes as a potential therapy against endothelial injury induced by hypoxia. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:18967-18978. [PMID: 31241212 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a principal role in hypoxia-induced endothelial injury, which is involved in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies have identified mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) that modulate mitochondrial function under a variety of pathophysiological conditions such as high-fat diet-mediated insulin resistance, hypoxia reoxygenation-induced myocardial death, and hypoxia-evoked vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. However, the role of MAMs in hypoxia-induced endothelial injury remains unclear. To explore this further, human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human pulmonary artery endothelial cells were exposed to hypoxia (1% O2 ) for 24 hours. An increase in MAM formation was uncovered by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. Then, we performed small interfering RNA transfection targeted to MAM constitutive proteins and explored the biological effects. Knockdown of MAM constitutive proteins attenuated hypoxia-induced elevation of mitochondrial Ca2+ and repressed mitochondrial impairment, leading to an increase in mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production and a decline in reactive oxygen species. Then, we found that MAM disruption mitigated cell apoptosis and promoted cell survival. Next, other protective effects, such as those pertaining to the repression of inflammatory response and the promotion of NO synthesis, were investigated. With the disruption of MAMs under hypoxia, inflammatory molecule expression was repressed, and the eNOS-NO pathway was enhanced. This study demonstrates that the disruption of MAMs might be of therapeutic value for treating endothelial injury under hypoxia, suggesting a novel strategy for preventing hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and ischemic injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Dong Yang
- Institute of Medicine and Hygienic Equipment for High Altitude Region, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - Man-Man Li
- Genetics Laboratory, Hubei Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Institute of Medicine and Hygienic Equipment for High Altitude Region, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - Er-Long Zhang
- Institute of Medicine and Hygienic Equipment for High Altitude Region, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Institute of Medicine and Hygienic Equipment for High Altitude Region, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - Binda Sun
- Institute of Medicine and Hygienic Equipment for High Altitude Region, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - De-Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Chongqing, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Qi Gao
- Institute of Medicine and Hygienic Equipment for High Altitude Region, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Chongqing, China
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66
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Grinnan D, Trankle C, Andruska A, Bloom B, Spiekerkoetter E. Drug repositioning in pulmonary arterial hypertension: challenges and opportunities. Pulm Circ 2019; 9:2045894019832226. [PMID: 30729869 PMCID: PMC6852366 DOI: 10.1177/2045894019832226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite many advances in medical therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) over the past 20 years, long-term survival is still poor. Novel therapies which target the underlying pathology of PAH and which could be added to current vasodilatory therapies to halt disease progression and potentially reverse pulmonary vascular remodeling are highly sought after. Given the high attrition rates, substantial costs, and slow pace of new drug development, repositioning of “old” drugs is increasingly becoming an attractive path to identify novel treatment options, especially for a rare disease such as PAH. We here summarize the limitations of current PAH therapy, the general concept of repurposing and repositioning, success stories of approved repositioned drugs in PAH as well as novel repositioned drugs that show promise in preclinical models of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and are currently tested in clinical trials. We furthermore discuss various data-driven as well as experimental approaches currently used to identify repurposed drug candidates and review challenges for the “repositioning community” with regards to funding and patent and regulatory considerations, and to illustrate opportunities for collaborative solutions for drug repositioning relevant to PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Grinnan
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Cory Trankle
- 2 Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Adam Andruska
- 3 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,4 Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Edda Spiekerkoetter
- 3 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,4 Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford, CA, USA
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67
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Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a pulmonary vasculopathy that causes right ventricular dysfunction and exercise limitation and progresses to death. New findings from translational studies have suggested alternative pathways for treatment. These avenues include sex hormones, genetic abnormalities and DNA damage, elastase inhibition, metabolic dysfunction, cellular therapies, and anti-inflammatory approaches. Both novel and repurposed compounds with rationale from preclinical experimental models and human cells are now in clinical trials in patients with PAH. Findings from these studies will elucidate the pathobiology of PAH and may result in clinically important improvements in outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edda Spiekerkoetter
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; ,
| | - Steven M Kawut
- Department of Medicine and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6021, USA;
| | - Vinicio A de Jesus Perez
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; ,
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68
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Gomez-Puerto MC, Iyengar PV, García de Vinuesa A, Ten Dijke P, Sanchez-Duffhues G. Bone morphogenetic protein receptor signal transduction in human disease. J Pathol 2018; 247:9-20. [PMID: 30246251 PMCID: PMC6587955 DOI: 10.1002/path.5170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are secreted cytokines that were initially discovered on the basis of their ability to induce bone. Several decades of research have now established that these proteins function in a large variety of physiopathological processes. There are about 15 BMP family members, which signal via three transmembrane type II receptors and four transmembrane type I receptors. Mechanistically, BMP binding leads to phosphorylation of the type I receptor by the type II receptor. This activated heteromeric complex triggers intracellular signaling that is initiated by phosphorylation of receptor‐regulated SMAD1, 5, and 8 (also termed R‐SMADs). Activated R‐SMADs form heteromeric complexes with SMAD4, which engage in specific transcriptional responses. There is convergence along the signaling pathway and, besides the canonical SMAD pathway, BMP‐receptor activation can also induce non‐SMAD signaling. Each step in the pathway is fine‐tuned by positive and negative regulation and crosstalk with other signaling pathways. For example, ligand bioavailability for the receptor can be regulated by ligand‐binding proteins that sequester the ligand from interacting with receptors. Accessory co‐receptors, also known as BMP type III receptors, lack intrinsic enzymatic activity but enhance BMP signaling by presenting ligands to receptors. In this review, we discuss the role of BMP receptor signaling and how corruption of this pathway contributes to cardiovascular and musculoskeletal diseases and cancer. We describe pharmacological tools to interrogate the function of BMP receptor signaling in specific biological processes and focus on how these agents can be used as drugs to inhibit or activate the function of the receptor, thereby normalizing dysregulated BMP signaling. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Catalina Gomez-Puerto
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Prasanna Vasudevan Iyengar
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amaya García de Vinuesa
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gonzalo Sanchez-Duffhues
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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69
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Vattulainen-Collanus S, Southwood M, Yang XD, Moore S, Ghatpande P, Morrell NW, Lagna G, Hata A. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling is required for RAD51-mediated maintenance of genome integrity in vascular endothelial cells. Commun Biol 2018; 1:149. [PMID: 30272025 PMCID: PMC6155317 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0152-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of blood vessels is fundamental to vascular homeostasis. Inactivating mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor type II (BMPR2) gene cause hereditary vascular disorders, including pulmonary arterial hypertension and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, suggesting that BMPR2 and its downstream signaling pathway are pivotal to the maintenance of vascular integrity through an unknown molecular mechanism. Here we report that inactivation of BMPR2 in pulmonary vascular endothelial cells results in a deficit of RAD51, an enzyme essential for DNA repair and replication. Loss of RAD51, which causes DNA damage and cell death, is also detected in animal models and human patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Restoration of BMPR2 or activation of the BMP signaling pathway rescues RAD51 and prevents DNA damage. This is an unexpected role of BMP signaling in preventing the accumulation of DNA damage and the concomitant loss of endothelial integrity and vascular remodeling associated with vascular disorders. Sanna Vattulainen-Collanus et al. report that mutations in the BMPR2 gene, which is associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension, result in a deficit of RAD51 and altered DNA repair and replication. They were able to rescue the RAD51-deficient phenotype by restoring BMPR2 activity in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Vattulainen-Collanus
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143, CA, USA
| | - Mark Southwood
- Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everad, Cambridge, CB23 3RE, UK
| | - Xu Dong Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stephen Moore
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Prajakta Ghatpande
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas W Morrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Giorgio Lagna
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143, CA, USA
| | - Akiko Hata
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143, CA, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143, CA, USA.
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70
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Willson C, Watanabe M, Tsuji-Hosokawa A, Makino A. Pulmonary vascular dysfunction in metabolic syndrome. J Physiol 2018; 597:1121-1141. [PMID: 30125956 DOI: 10.1113/jp275856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a critically important precursor to the onset of many diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, and cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. The primary risk factors of metabolic syndrome include hyperglycaemia, abdominal obesity, dyslipidaemia, and high blood pressure. It has been well documented that metabolic syndrome alters vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cell functions in the heart, brain, kidney and peripheral vessels. However, there is less information available regarding how metabolic syndrome can affect pulmonary vascular function and ultimately increase an individual's risk of developing various pulmonary vascular diseases, such as pulmonary hypertension. Here, we review in detail how metabolic syndrome affects pulmonary vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Willson
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Makiko Watanabe
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Ayako Makino
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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71
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Consequences of BMPR2 Deficiency in the Pulmonary Vasculature and Beyond: Contributions to Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092499. [PMID: 30149506 PMCID: PMC6165502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its association with familial pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in 2000, Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor II (BMPR2) and its related signaling pathway have become recognized as a key regulator of pulmonary vascular homeostasis. Herein, we define BMPR2 deficiency as either an inactivation of the receptor, decreased receptor expression, or an impairment of the receptor’s downstream signaling pathway. Although traditionally the phenotypic consequences of BMPR2 deficiency in PAH have been thought to be limited to the pulmonary vasculature, there is evidence that abnormalities in BMPR2 signaling may have consequences in many other organ systems and cellular compartments. Revisiting how BMPR2 functions throughout health and disease in cells and organs beyond the lung vasculature may provide insight into the contribution of these organ systems to PAH pathogenesis as well as the potential systemic manifestation of PAH. Here we review our knowledge of the consequences of BMPR2 deficiency across multiple organ systems.
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72
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73
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Hu CJ, Zhang H, Laux A, Pullamsetti SS, Stenmark KR. Mechanisms contributing to persistently activated cell phenotypes in pulmonary hypertension. J Physiol 2018; 597:1103-1119. [PMID: 29920674 PMCID: PMC6375873 DOI: 10.1113/jp275857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by the accumulation of persistently activated cell types in the pulmonary vessel exhibiting aberrant expression of genes involved in apoptosis resistance, proliferation, inflammation and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling. Current therapies for PH, focusing on vasodilatation, do not normalize these activated phenotypes. Furthermore, current approaches to define additional therapeutic targets have focused on determining the initiating signals and their downstream effectors that are important in PH onset and development. Although these approaches have produced a large number of compelling PH treatment targets, many promising human drugs have failed in PH clinical trials. Herein, we propose that one contributing factor to these failures is that processes important in PH development may not be good treatment targets in the established phase of chronic PH. We hypothesize that this is due to alterations of chromatin structure in PH cells, resulting in functional differences between the same factor or pathway in normal or early PH cells versus cells in chronic PH. We propose that the high expression of genes involved in the persistently activated phenotype of PH vascular cells is perpetuated by an open chromatin structure and multiple transcription factors (TFs) via the recruitment of high levels of epigenetic regulators including the histone acetylases P300/CBP, histone acetylation readers including BRDs, the Mediator complex and the positive transcription elongation factor (Abstract figure). Thus, determining how gene expression is controlled by examining chromatin structure, TFs and epigenetic regulators associated with aberrantly expressed genes in pulmonary vascular cells in chronic PH, may uncover new PH therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Jun Hu
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aya Laux
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Soni S Pullamsetti
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the DZL, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kurt R Stenmark
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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74
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MiR-23a regulates the proliferation and migration of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs) through targeting BMPR2/Smad1 signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:1279-1286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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75
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Htet M, Nally JE, Shaw A, Foote BE, Martin PE, Dempsie Y. Connexin 43 Plays a Role in Pulmonary Vascular Reactivity in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1891. [PMID: 29954114 PMCID: PMC6073802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic condition characterized by vascular remodeling and increased vaso-reactivity. PAH is more common in females than in males (~3:1). Connexin (Cx)43 has been shown to be involved in cellular communication within the pulmonary vasculature. Therefore, we investigated the role of Cx43 in pulmonary vascular reactivity using Cx43 heterozygous (Cx43+/−) mice and 37,43Gap27, which is a pharmacological inhibitor of Cx37 and Cx43. Contraction and relaxation responses were studied in intra-lobar pulmonary arteries (IPAs) derived from normoxic mice and hypoxic mice using wire myography. IPAs from male Cx43+/− mice displayed a small but significant increase in the contractile response to endothelin-1 (but not 5-hydroxytryptamine) under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. There was no difference in the contractile response to endothelin-1 (ET-1) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in IPAs derived from female Cx43+/−mice compared to wildtype mice. Relaxation responses to methacholine (MCh) were attenuated in IPAs from male and female Cx43+/− mice or by pre-incubation of IPAs with 37,43Gap27. Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) fully inhibited MCh-induced relaxation. In conclusion, Cx43 is involved in nitric oxide (NO)-induced pulmonary vascular relaxation and plays a gender-specific and agonist-specific role in pulmonary vascular contractility. Therefore, reduced Cx43 signaling may contribute to pulmonary vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myo Htet
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK.
| | - Jane E Nally
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK.
| | - Andrew Shaw
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK.
| | - Bradley E Foote
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK.
| | - Patricia E Martin
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK.
| | - Yvonne Dempsie
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK.
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76
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Frump A, Prewitt A, de Caestecker MP. BMPR2 mutations and endothelial dysfunction in pulmonary arterial hypertension (2017 Grover Conference Series). Pulm Circ 2018; 8:2045894018765840. [PMID: 29521190 PMCID: PMC5912278 DOI: 10.1177/2045894018765840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the discovery more than 15 years ago that patients with hereditary pulmonary arterial hypertension (HPAH) inherit BMP type 2 receptor ( BMPR2) mutations, it is still unclear how these mutations cause disease. In part, this is attributable to the rarity of HPAH and difficulty obtaining tissue samples from patients with early disease. However, in addition, limitations to the approaches used to study the effects of BMPR2 mutations on the pulmonary vasculature have restricted our ability to determine how individual mutations give rise to progressive pulmonary vascular pathology in HPAH. The importance of understanding the mechanisms by which BMPR2 mutations cause disease in patients with HPAH is underscored by evidence that there is reduced BMPR2 expression in patients with other, more common, non-hereditary form of PAH, and that restoration of BMPR2 expression reverses established disease in experimental models of pulmonary hypertension. In this paper, we focus on the effects on endothelial function. We discuss some of the controversies and challenges that have faced investigators exploring the role of BMPR2 mutations in HPAH, focusing specifically on the effects different BMPR2 mutation have on endothelial function, and whether there are qualitative differences between different BMPR2 mutations. We discuss evidence that BMPR2 signaling regulates a number of responses that may account for endothelial abnormalities in HPAH and summarize limitations of the models that are used to study these effects. Finally, we discuss evidence that BMPR2-dependent effects on endothelial metabolism provides a unifying explanation for the many of the BMPR2 mutation-dependent effects that have been described in patients with HPAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Frump
- Division
of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University
School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,
USA
| | | | - Mark P. de Caestecker
- Division
of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University
Medical center, Nashville, TN, USA
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77
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de Mendonça L, Felix NS, Blanco NG, Da Silva JS, Ferreira TP, Abreu SC, Cruz FF, Rocha N, Silva PM, Martins V, Capelozzi VL, Zapata-Sudo G, Rocco PRM, Silva PL. Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy reduces lung inflammation and vascular remodeling and improves hemodynamics in experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:220. [PMID: 28974252 PMCID: PMC5627397 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0669-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental research has reported beneficial effects of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapy in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, these studies either were based on prophylactic protocols or assessed basic remodeling features without evaluating possible mechanisms. We analyzed the effects of MSC therapy on lung vascular remodeling and hemodynamics and its possible mechanisms of action in monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH. Methods Twenty-eight Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups. In the PAH group, animals received MCT 60 mg/kg intraperitoneally, while a control group received saline (SAL) instead. On day 14, both groups were further randomized to receive 105 adipose-derived MSCs or SAL intravenously (n = 7/group). On day 28, right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and the gene expression of mediators associated with apoptosis, inflammation, fibrosis, Smad-1 levels, cell proliferation, and endothelial–mesenchymal transition were determined. In addition, lung histology (smooth muscle cell proliferation and plexiform-like injuries), CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages, and plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) were evaluated. Results In the PAH group, adipose-derived MSCs, compared to SAL, reduced mean RVSP (29 ± 1 vs 39 ± 2 mmHg, p < 0.001), lung tissue collagen fiber content, smooth muscle cell proliferation, CD68+ macrophages, interleukin-6 expression, and the antiapoptotic mediators Bcl-2 and survivin. Conversely, expression of the proapoptotic mediator procaspase-3 and plasma VEGF increased, with no changes in PDGF. In the pulmonary artery, MSCs dampened the endothelial–mesenchymal transition. Conclusion In MCT-induced PAH, MSC therapy reduced lung vascular remodeling, thus improving hemodynamics. These beneficial effects were associated with increased levels of proapoptotic markers, mesenchymal-to-endothelial transition, reduced cell proliferation markers, and inflammation due to a shift away from the M1 phenotype. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0669-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas de Mendonça
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nathane S Felix
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Natália G Blanco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline S Da Silva
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana P Ferreira
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute-Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Soraia C Abreu
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Cruz
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nazareth Rocha
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia M Silva
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute-Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Martins
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Laboratory of Histomorphometry and Lung Genomics, University of São Paulo Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vera L Capelozzi
- Laboratory of Histomorphometry and Lung Genomics, University of São Paulo Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gizele Zapata-Sudo
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patricia R M Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pedro L Silva
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil. .,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Chen D, Gao W, Wang S, Ni B, Gao Y. Critical effects of epigenetic regulation in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3789-3808. [PMID: 28573430 PMCID: PMC11107652 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by persistent pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary vascular remodeling. The pathogenic mechanisms of PAH remain to be fully clarified and measures of effective prevention are lacking. Recent studies; however, have indicated that epigenetic processes may exert pivotal influences on PAH pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the latest research findings regarding epigenetic regulation in PAH, focusing on the roles of non-coding RNAs, histone modifications, ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling and DNA methylation, and discuss the potential of epigenetic-based therapies for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewei Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Pathology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine of PLA, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxiang Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Pathology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine of PLA, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouxian Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Pathology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine of PLA, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Ni
- Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Pathology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine of PLA, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuqi Gao
- Institute of Medicine and Hygienic Equipment for High Altitude Region, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine of PLA, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
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