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Michalko R, Košulič O, Martinek P, Birkhofer K. Disturbance by invasive pathogenic fungus alters arthropod predator-prey food-webs in ash plantations. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:2213-2226. [PMID: 34013522 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
According to the disturbance-succession theory, natural disturbances support biodiversity and are expected to increase the complexity of food-webs in forest ecosystems by opening canopies and creating a heterogeneous environment. However, a limited number of studies have investigated the impact of disturbance by invasive pathogenic species and succession on arthropod predator-prey food-webs in forest ecosystems. Hymenoscyphus fraxineus is a pathogenic fungus of ash trees that is invasive in Europe and causes massive dieback, mainly of the common ash Fraxinus excelsior across its native range. Here we investigated how this pathogenic fungus affects food-webs of web-building spiders and their prey in understorey vegetation of ash plantations. In 23 young and middle-aged ash plantations that were distributed along a gradient of infestation by H. fraxineus (29%-86% infestation), we measured the vegetation structure (canopy openness, shrub coverage, herb/grass coverage), the trait composition of local spider communities (web type, body size), the prey availability and the prey intercepted by spider webs. We then evaluated the multivariate prey composition (prey type, body size) and network properties. Hymenoscyphus fraxineus opened the ash tree canopy, which resulted in denser shrub coverage. The dense shrub vegetation changed the composition of web types in local spider communities and increasing fungus infestation resulted in reduced mean body size of spiders. Infestation by H. fraxineus reduced the availability of predaceous Coleoptera and increased the availability of herbivorous Coleoptera as potential prey. The mean body size of captured prey and the per capita capture rates of most prey groups decreased with increasing fungus infestation. Hymenoscyphus fraxineus infestation indirectly reduced the complexity in bipartite networks and the trophic functional complementarity in local web-building spider communities. The plantation age affected the vegetation structure but did not affect the studied food-webs. Forest disturbance by the invasive pathogen affected four trophic levels (plant-herbivore-coleopteran intermediate predator-top predator web-building spiders) and, contrary to the disturbance-succession theory, disturbance by the fungus simplified the web-building spider-prey food-webs. The results support the view that H. fraxineus represents a threat to the biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in the simplified ecosystems of ash plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Michalko
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Košulič
- Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Martinek
- Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klaus Birkhofer
- Department of Ecology, Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus, Germany
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van Doan C, Pfander M, Guyer AS, Zhang X, Maurer C, Robert CA. Natural enemies of herbivores maintain their biological control potential under short-term exposure to future CO 2, temperature, and precipitation patterns. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:4182-4192. [PMID: 33976802 PMCID: PMC8093683 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change will profoundly alter the physiology and ecology of plants, insect herbivores, and their natural enemies, resulting in strong effects on multitrophic interactions. Yet, manipulative studies that investigate the direct combined impacts of changes in CO2, temperature, and precipitation on the third trophic level remain rare. Here, we assessed how exposure to elevated CO2, increased temperature, and decreased precipitation directly affect the performance and predation success of species from four major groups of herbivore natural enemies: an entomopathogenic nematode, a wolf spider, a ladybug, and a parasitoid wasp. A four-day exposure to future climatic conditions (RCP 8.5), entailing a 28% decrease in precipitation, a 3.4°C raise in temperature, and a 400 ppm increase in CO2 levels, slightly reduced the survival of entomopathogenic nematodes, but had no effect on the survival of other species. Predation success was not negatively affected in any of the tested species, but it was even increased for wolf spiders and entomopathogenic nematodes. Factorial manipulation of climate variables revealed a positive effect of reduced soil moisture on nematode infectivity, but not of increased temperature or elevated CO2. These results suggest that natural enemies of herbivores may be well adapted to short-term changes in climatic conditions. These findings provide mechanistic insights that will inform future efforts to disentangle the complex interplay of biotic and abiotic factors that drive climate-dependent changes in multitrophic interaction networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong van Doan
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR)University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Marc Pfander
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Anouk S. Guyer
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Present address:
AgroscopeWädenswilSwitzerland
| | - Xi Zhang
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Present address:
Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologyState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Corina Maurer
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Present address:
Agroecology and EnvironmentAgroscopeZürichSwitzerland
| | - Christelle A.M. Robert
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR)University of BernBernSwitzerland
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Li F, Lv Y, Wen Z, Bian C, Zhang X, Guo S, Shi Q, Li D. The complete mitochondrial genome of the intertidal spider (Desis jiaxiangi) provides novel insights into the adaptive evolution of the mitogenome and the evolution of spiders. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:72. [PMID: 33931054 PMCID: PMC8086345 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01803-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although almost all extant spider species live in terrestrial environments, a few species live fully submerged in freshwater or seawater. The intertidal spiders (genus Desis) built silk nests within coral crevices can survive submerged in high tides. The diving bell spider, Argyroneta aquatica, resides in a similar dynamic environment but exclusively in freshwater. Given the pivotal role played by mitochondria in supplying most energy for physiological activity via oxidative phosphorylation and the environment, herein we sequenced the complete mitogenome of Desis jiaxiangi to investigate the adaptive evolution of the aquatic spider mitogenomes and the evolution of spiders. RESULTS We assembled a complete mitogenome of the intertidal spider Desis jiaxiangi and performed comparative mitochondrial analyses of data set comprising of Desis jiaxiangi and other 45 previously published spider mitogenome sequences, including that of Argyroneta aquatica. We found a unique transposition of trnL2 and trnN genes in Desis jiaxiangi. Our robust phylogenetic topology clearly deciphered the evolutionary relationships between Desis jiaxiangi and Argyroneta aquatica as well as other spiders. We dated the divergence of Desis jiaxiangi and Argyroneta aquatica to the late Cretaceous at ~ 98 Ma. Our selection analyses detected a positive selection signal in the nd4 gene of the aquatic branch comprising both Desis jiaxiangi and Argyroneta aquatica. Surprisingly, Pirata subpiraticus, Hypochilus thorelli, and Argyroneta aquatica each had a higher Ka/Ks value in the 13 PCGs dataset among 46 taxa with complete mitogenomes, and these three species also showed positive selection signal in the nd6 gene. CONCLUSIONS Our finding of the unique transposition of trnL2 and trnN genes indicates that these genes may have experienced rearrangements in the history of intertidal spider evolution. The positive selection signals in the nd4 and nd6 genes might enable a better understanding of the spider metabolic adaptations in relation to different environments. Our construction of a novel mitogenome for the intertidal spider thus sheds light on the evolutionary history of spiders and their mitogenomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, 518083 China
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 Hubei China
| | - Yunyun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Fishes Conservation and Utilization in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, 641100 China
| | - Zhengyong Wen
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Chao Bian
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Xinhui Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Shengtao Guo
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Qiong Shi
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Daiqin Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543 Singapore
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Stork R, Smith P, Aaen C, Cooper S. Field Observations of Body Temperature for the Wolf Spider, Rabidosa rabida (Araneae: Lycosidae), Differ From Reported Laboratory Temperature Preference Suggesting Thermoconforming Behavior. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:405-409. [PMID: 33439991 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Temperature affects all aspects of ectotherm ecology, behavior, and physiology. Descriptions of thermal ecology are important for understanding ecology in changing thermal environments. Both laboratory and field estimates are important for understanding thermal ecology. Rabidosa rabida (Walckenaer 1837) (Araneae: Lycosidae) is a large wolf spider with some natural history, including laboratory estimates of thermal preference, tolerance, and performance, reported in the scientific literature. Laboratory tests suggest the active choice of temperature environment. To test published estimates of thermal ecology from the laboratory, we took body temperature measurements of mature spiders in the field nocturnally and diurnally using a FLIR camera in July 2019. We made comparisons between sexes and activity periods using field observations. We compared these measurements with the published values for thermal preferences and thermal maximum and with mean weather station data. Observed field temperatures differed significantly from published preference, but not from mean temperature from a local weather station. This suggests that this species is thermoconforming rather than actively thermoregulating. Reported thermal preference fell between the diurnal and nocturnal mean measurements closer to the diurnal than nocturnal temperatures. These field observations show how important it is to make field observations for physiology and thermal ecology. Maximum observed diurnal temperatures closely approached the published critical thermal maximum. We observed spiders performing behaviors such as hunting and feeding in conditions well above published thermal preference and near-critical high temperature. These observations suggest that R. rabida is thermoconforming in this limited period but does not rule out that they might thermoregulate in certain situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Stork
- Department of Biology, Harding University, Box Searcy, AR
| | - Payton Smith
- Department of Biology, Harding University, Box Searcy, AR
| | - Corbin Aaen
- Department of Biology, Harding University, Box Searcy, AR
| | - Steve Cooper
- Department of Biology, Harding University, Box Searcy, AR
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55
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Junggebauer A, Hartke TR, Ramos D, Schaefer I, Buchori D, Hidayat P, Scheu S, Drescher J. Changes in diversity and community assembly of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) after rainforest conversion to rubber and oil palm plantations. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11012. [PMID: 33717710 PMCID: PMC7937343 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rainforest conversion into monoculture plantations results in species loss and community shifts across animal taxa. The effect of such conversion on the role of ecophysiological properties influencing communities, and conversion effects on phylogenetic diversity and community assembly mechanisms, however, are rarely studied in the same context. Here, we compare salticid spider (Araneae: Salticidae) communities between canopies of lowland rainforest, rubber agroforest (“jungle rubber”) and monoculture plantations of rubber or oil palm, sampled in a replicated plot design in Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Overall, we collected 912 salticid spider individuals and sorted them to 70 morphospecies from 21 genera. Salticid richness was highest in jungle rubber, followed by rainforest, oil palm and rubber, but abundance of salticids did not differ between land-use systems. Community composition was similar in jungle rubber and rainforest but different from oil palm and rubber, which in turn were different from each other. The four investigated land-use systems differed in aboveground plant biomass, canopy openness and land use intensity, which explained 12% of the observed variation in canopy salticid communities. Phylogenetic diversity based on ~850 bp 28S rDNA fragments showed similar patterns as richness, that is, highest in jungle rubber, intermediate in rainforest, and lowest in the two monoculture plantations. Additionally, we found evidence for phylogenetic clustering of salticids in oil palm, suggesting that habitat filtering is an important factor shaping salticid spider communities in monoculture plantations. Overall, our study offers a comprehensive insight into the mechanisms shaping communities of arthropod top predators in canopies of tropical forest ecosystems and plantations, combining community ecology, environmental variables and phylogenetics across a land-use gradient in tropical Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Junggebauer
- Department of Animal Ecology, J-F. Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tamara R Hartke
- Department of Animal Ecology, J-F. Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Ramos
- Department of Animal Ecology, J-F. Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ina Schaefer
- Department of Animal Ecology, J-F. Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Damayanti Buchori
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia.,Center for Transdisciplinary and Sustainability Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Purnama Hidayat
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Stefan Scheu
- Department of Animal Ecology, J-F. Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen Drescher
- Department of Animal Ecology, J-F. Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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56
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57
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Wolff JO, Michalik P, Ravelo AM, Herberstein ME, Ramírez MJ. Evolution of silk anchor structure as the joint effect of spinning behavior and spinneret morphology. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1411-1431. [PMID: 33616646 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spider web anchors are attachment structures composed of the bi-phasic glue-fiber secretion from the piriform silk glands. The mechanical performance of the anchors strongly correlates with the structural assembly of the silk lines, which makes spider silk anchors an ideal system to study the biomechanical function of extended phenotypes and its evolution. It was proposed that silk anchor function guided the evolution of spider web architectures, but its fine-structural variation and whether its evolution was rather determined by changes of the shape of the spinneret tip or in the innate spinning choreography remained unresolved. Here, we comparatively studied the micro-structure of silk anchors across the spider tree of life, and set it in relation to spinneret morphology, spinning behavior and the ecology of the spider. We identified a number of apomorphies in the structure of silk anchors that may positively affect anchor function: 1. bundled dragline, 2. dragline envelope, and 3. dragline suspension ('bridge'). All these characters were apomorphic and evolved repeatedly in multiple lineages, supporting the notion that they are adaptive. The occurrence of these structural features can be explained with changes in the shape and mobility of the spinneret tip, the spinning behavior or both. Spinneret shapes generally varied less than their fine-tuned movements, indicating that changes in construction behavior play a more important role in the evolution of silk anchor assembly. However, the morphology of the spinning apparatus is also a major constraint to the evolution of the spinning choreography. These results highlight changes in behavior as the proximate and in morphology as the ultimate causes of extended phenotype evolution. Further, this research provides a roadmap for future bioprospecting research to design high-performance instant line anchors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas O Wolff
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Peter Michalik
- Zoologisches Institut und Museum, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Loitzer Str. 26, Greifswald, 17489, Germany
| | - Alexandra M Ravelo
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, Buenos Aires, C1405DJR, Argentina
| | | | - Martín J Ramírez
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, Buenos Aires, C1405DJR, Argentina
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58
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Narimanov N, Kempel A, van Kleunen M, Entling MH. Unexpected sensitivity of the highly invasive spider Mermessus trilobatus to soil disturbance in grasslands. Biol Invasions 2021; 23:1-6. [PMID: 33488272 PMCID: PMC7801346 DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02348-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The dwarf spider Mermessus trilobatus (Araneae: Linyphiidae), native to North America, has expanded its range over large parts of Europe within less than fifty years. It is notable for occurring in a wide range of mostly agricultural habitats, while most other invasive spiders in Europe are associated with human buildings. As in other invasive invertebrates and plants, the tremendous colonisation success of Mermessus trilobatus might be related to anthropogenic habitat disturbance. Here we aim to test if the invasion success of Mermessus trilobatus in Europe is associated with high tolerance towards soil disturbance. We sampled spiders from eight grasslands experimentally disturbed with superficial soil tillage and eight undisturbed grasslands without tillage. Opposite to our expectation, Mermessus trilobatus densities decrease sharply with soil disturbance. This is in contrast to several native species such as Oedothorax apicatus, which becomes more abundant in the fields after superficial soil tillage. Our study suggests that invasion success of Mermessus trilobatus is not connected to a ruderal strategy. The ecological and evolutionary processes behind colonisation success of Mermessus trilobatus need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nijat Narimanov
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, University of Koblenz-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Anne Kempel
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Community Ecology, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mark van Kleunen
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000 China
| | - Martin H Entling
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, University of Koblenz-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Community Ecology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Abstract
Spiders (Araneae) make up a remarkably diverse lineage of predators that have successfully colonized most terrestrial ecosystems. All spiders produce silk, and many species use it to build capture webs with an extraordinary diversity of forms. Spider diversity is distributed in a highly uneven fashion across lineages. This strong imbalance in species richness has led to several causal hypotheses, such as codiversification with insects, key innovations in silk structure and web architecture, and loss of foraging webs. Recent advances in spider phylogenetics have allowed testing of some of these hypotheses, but results are often contradictory, highlighting the need to consider additional drivers of spider diversification. The spatial and historical patterns of diversity and diversification remain contentious. Comparative analyses of spider diversification will advance only if we continue to make progress with studies of species diversity, distribution, and phenotypic traits, together with finer-scale phylogenies and genomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar Dimitrov
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Gustavo Hormiga
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA;
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Gomes DGE, Hesselberg T, Barber JR. Phantom river noise alters orb‐weaving spider abundance, web size and prey capture. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G. E. Gomes
- Department of Biological Sciences Boise State University Boise ID USA
| | | | - Jesse R. Barber
- Department of Biological Sciences Boise State University Boise ID USA
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61
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Braschler B, Gilgado JD, Zwahlen V, Rusterholz HP, Buchholz S, Baur B. Ground-dwelling invertebrate diversity in domestic gardens along a rural-urban gradient: Landscape characteristics are more important than garden characteristics. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240061. [PMID: 33007013 PMCID: PMC7531831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Urbanisation is increasing worldwide and is regarded a major driver of environmental change altering local species assemblages. Private domestic gardens contribute a significant share of total green area in cities, but their biodiversity has received relatively little attention. Previous studies mainly considered plants, flying invertebrates such as bees and butterflies, and birds. By using a multi-taxa approach focused on less mobile, ground-dwelling invertebrates, we examined the influence of local garden characteristics and landscape characteristics on species richness and abundance of gastropods, spiders, millipedes, woodlice, ants, ground beetles and rove beetles. We assume that most of the species of these groups are able to complete their entire life cycle within a single garden. We conducted field surveys in thirty-five domestic gardens along a rural-urban gradient in Basel, Switzerland. Considered together, the gardens examined harboured an impressive species richness, with a mean share of species of the corresponding groups known for Switzerland of 13.9%, ranging from 4.7% in ground beetles to 23.3% in woodlice. The overall high biodiversity is a result of complementary contributions of gardens harbouring distinct species assemblages. Indeed, at the garden level, species richness of different taxonomical groups were typically not inter-correlated. The exception was ant species richness, which was correlated with those of gastropods and spiders. Generalised linear models revealed that distance to the city centre is an important driver of species richness, abundance and composition of several groups, resulting in an altered species composition in gardens in the centre of the city. Local garden characteristics were important drivers of gastropod and ant species richness, and the abundance of spiders, millipedes and rove beetles. Our study shows that domestic gardens make a valuable contribution to regional biodiversity. Thus, domestic urban gardens constitute an important part of green infrastructure, which should be considered by urban planners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Braschler
- Section of Conservation Biology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - José D. Gilgado
- Section of Conservation Biology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valerie Zwahlen
- Section of Conservation Biology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Rusterholz
- Section of Conservation Biology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sascha Buchholz
- Department of Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruno Baur
- Section of Conservation Biology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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62
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Peng MH, Hung YC, Liu KL, Neoh KB. Landscape configuration and habitat complexity shape arthropod assemblage in urban parks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16043. [PMID: 32994537 PMCID: PMC7525568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The urbanization process systematically leads to the loss of biodiversity. Only certain arthropods are resilient to the urbanization process and can thrive in the novel conditions of urbanized landscapes. However, the degree to which arthropod communities survive in urban habitats depends on landscape and local effects and biological interactions (e.g., trophic interactions). In the present study, we examined the relative importance of various factors at landscape (isolation, edge density and area of surrounding greenery) and local (size of park, canopy cover, understory vegetation cover, defoliation depth, weight of dried leaves, soil temperature, soil moisture, and soil pH) spatial scales on the diversity of ants, beetles and spiders in urban parks. Our results indicated that park edge density was negatively correlated with diversity metrics in ants, beetles, and spiders in urban parks relative to the degree of proximity with the peri-urban forest. In other words, parks that located adjacent to the peri-urban forest may not necessarily have high biodiversity. The results suggested that man-made structures have been effective dispersal barriers that limit the spillover effects of ants and spiders but not the spillover of comparatively strong fliers, such as beetles. However, the area of surrounding greenery may have facilitated the colonization of forest-dependent taxa in distant parks. Large parks with reduced edge density supported a higher arthropod diversity because of the minimal edge effect and increased habitat heterogeneity. Vegetation structure consistently explained the variability of ants, beetles, and spiders, indicating that understory plant litter is crucial for providing shelters and hibernation, oviposition, and foraging sites for the major taxa in urban parks. Therefore, efforts should focus on the local management of ground features to maximize the conservation of biological control in urban landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsiao Peng
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, 145, Xingda Rd. South District, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuan-Chen Hung
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, 145, Xingda Rd. South District, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuan-Ling Liu
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, 145, Xingda Rd. South District, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kok-Boon Neoh
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, 145, Xingda Rd. South District, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC.
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Walker R, Wilder SM, González AL. Temperature dependency of predation: Increased killing rates and prey mass consumption by predators with warming. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:9696-9706. [PMID: 33005340 PMCID: PMC7520176 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature dependency of consumer-resource interactions is fundamentally important for understanding and predicting the responses of food webs to climate change. Previous studies have shown temperature-driven shifts in herbivore consumption rates and resource preference, but these effects remain poorly understood for predatory arthropods. Here, we investigate how predator killing rates, prey mass consumption, and macronutrient intake respond to increased temperatures using a laboratory and a field reciprocal transplant experiment. Ectothermic predators, wolf spiders (Pardosa sp.), in the lab experiment, were exposed to increased temperatures and different prey macronutrient content (high lipid/low protein and low lipid/high protein) to assess changes in their killing rates and nutritional demands. Additionally, we investigate prey mass and lipid consumption by spiders under contrasting temperatures, along an elevation gradient. We used a field reciprocal transplant experiment between low (420 masl; 26°C) and high (2,100 masl; 15°C) elevations in the Ecuadorian Andes, using wild populations of two common orb-weaver spider species (Leucauge sp. and Cyclosa sp.) present along the elevation gradient. We found that killing rates of wolf spiders increased with warmer temperatures but were not significantly affected by prey macronutrient content, although spiders consumed significantly more lipids from lipid-rich prey. The field reciprocal transplant experiment showed no consistent predator responses to changes in temperature along the elevational gradient. Transplanting Cyclosa sp. spiders to low- or high-elevation sites did not affect their prey mass or lipid consumption rate, whereas Leucauge sp. individuals increased prey mass consumption when transplanted from the high to the low warm elevation. Our findings show that increases in temperature intensify predator killing rates, prey consumption, and lipid intake, but the responses to temperature vary between species, which may be a result of species-specific differences in their hunting behavior and sensitivity to temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Walker
- Department of BiologyRutgers UniversityCamdenNJUSA
| | - Shawn M. Wilder
- Department of Integrative BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOKUSA
| | - Angélica L. González
- Department of BiologyRutgers UniversityCamdenNJUSA
- Center for Computational and Integrative BiologyRutgers UniversityCamdenNJUSA
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Chari L, Richoux N, Moyo S, Villet M. Dietary fatty acids of spiders reveal spatial and temporal variations in aquatic-terrestrial linkages. FOOD WEBS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2020.e00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Mammola S, Nanni V, Pantini P, Isaia M. Media framing of spiders may exacerbate arachnophobic sentiments. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mammola
- Molecular Ecology Group (MEG) Water Research InstituteNational Research Council of Italy (CNR‐IRSA) Verbania Pallanza Italy
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe) Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS) University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Veronica Nanni
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Science (DISTAV) University of Genoa Genova Italy
| | - Paolo Pantini
- Museo civico di Scienze Naturali “E. Caffi” Bergamo Italy
| | - Marco Isaia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Turin Torino Italy
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Hopfe C, Ospina-Jara B, Scheibel T, Cabra-García J. Ocrepeira klamt sp. n. (Araneae: Araneidae), a novel spider species from an Andean páramo in Colombia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237499. [PMID: 32833963 PMCID: PMC7446859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we describe Ocrepeira klamt sp. n. (Araneae: Araneidae), a new orb-weaving spider species from a Colombian páramo, which was formerly inaccessible for scientific studies due to decades long armed conflicts. Both, phenotypic and molecular data are used to confirm genus affiliation, and the new species is placed into phylogenetic context with other araneid spiders. Morphological characteristics and ecological notes of Ocrepeira klamt sp. n. are reported together with the sequence of the barcoding region of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) to provide a comprehensive description of the spider, facilitating future identification beyond taxonomic experts. With this study we contribute to the taxonomic knowledge that is required to inventory the hyper diverse yet threatened ecosystem of the Colombian páramos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Hopfe
- Department of Biomaterials, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bryan Ospina-Jara
- Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- Department of Biomaterials, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Forschungszentrum für Bio-Makromoleküle, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuther Materialzentrum, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayrisches Polymerinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jimmy Cabra-García
- Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
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de Pedro L, Ortín-Angulo MC, Miñano J, López-Gallego E, Sanchez JA. Structure of the Assemblages of Spiders in Mediterranean Pear Orchards and the Effect of Intensity of Spraying. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11090553. [PMID: 32825234 PMCID: PMC7564418 DOI: 10.3390/insects11090553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spiders are key predatory arthropods that are negatively affected by spraying pesticides in orchards. The aim of this research was to determine the structure of the community of spiders in pear orchards and the impact of the intensity of spraying. The study was carried out over three years in four pear orchards in southern Spain; two of them were conducted by ourselves with no or low-intensity spraying of insecticides, and two under the criteria of technicians (conventional). Spiders were sampled on pear trees by the beating method. The orchards hosted a rich community of spiders belonging to 13 different families and 51 genera. However, the genera Philodromus, Oxyopes, Cheiracanthium, Icius, and Neoscona accounted for 72% of the captures. Spiders were more abundant and had a higher richness of genera in the low-intensity spraying than in conventional orchards. Philodromidae, Salticidae, and Cheiracanthiidae experienced a significant population reduction in conventional orchards, while Araneidae, Linyphiidae, and Thomisidae were not significantly affected by the intensity of spraying. The wandering hunting mode could explain the negative impact on Philodromidae, Salticidae, and Cheiracanthiidae but does not explain the lack of effect on Oxyopidae and Thomisidae. No significant effect was found on any family of web builders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis de Pedro
- Department of Crop Protection, Biological Control and Ecosystem Services Laboratory, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario, C/ Mayor s/n, La Alberca, 30150 Murcia, Spain; (L.d.P.); (M.C.O.-A.); (E.L.-G.)
| | - María Carmen Ortín-Angulo
- Department of Crop Protection, Biological Control and Ecosystem Services Laboratory, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario, C/ Mayor s/n, La Alberca, 30150 Murcia, Spain; (L.d.P.); (M.C.O.-A.); (E.L.-G.)
| | - Jesús Miñano
- Department of Ecology and Hidrology, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Elena López-Gallego
- Department of Crop Protection, Biological Control and Ecosystem Services Laboratory, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario, C/ Mayor s/n, La Alberca, 30150 Murcia, Spain; (L.d.P.); (M.C.O.-A.); (E.L.-G.)
| | - Juan Antonio Sanchez
- Department of Crop Protection, Biological Control and Ecosystem Services Laboratory, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario, C/ Mayor s/n, La Alberca, 30150 Murcia, Spain; (L.d.P.); (M.C.O.-A.); (E.L.-G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-968-362-787
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Campuzano EF, Ibarra-Núñez G, Machkour-M Rabet S, Morón-Ríos A, Jiménez ML. Diversity and seasonal variation of ground and understory spiders from a tropical mountain cloud forest. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:826-844. [PMID: 31112329 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We made intensive samplings to study the seasonal response of spiders across different forest strata (ground and understory) in a tropical mountain cloud forest from Mexico. We sampled spiders from ten plots in six sampling events during the dry and rainy season, to analyze their abundance, structure (distribution of abundance among species), diversity and the response of the five dominant species at each stratum. Results demonstrated that seasonal patterns of spider communities differed among strata, revealing a complex spatiotemporal dynamic. Abundance, structure, diversity of ground spiders, as well as the responses of four dominant species at this stratum, showed low seasonal variations. In contrast, a strong seasonal variation was observed for the understory assemblage, with lowest abundance and highest diversity in the rainy season, and different assemblage structures for each season. Seasonal patterns of each assemblage seem linked to the responses of their dominant species. We found high co-occurrence among most of the ground dominant species with similar habitat use and with multivoltine patterns, contrasting with low co-occurrence among most of the understory dominant species with similar habitat use and univoltine patterns. Our results showed that the spiders' assemblages of tropical mountain cloud forest (opposed to what is found in temperate and boreal forests) increase their species richness with the height, and that their responses to seasonal change differ between strata. Management programs of these habitats should consider the spatial and temporal variations found here, as a better understanding of their ecological dynamics is required to support their sustainable management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel F Campuzano
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Unidad Tapachula, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | | | | | | | - María Luisa Jiménez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
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Mezőfi L, Markó G, Nagy C, Korányi D, Markó V. Beyond polyphagy and opportunism: natural prey of hunting spiders in the canopy of apple trees. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9334. [PMID: 32596048 PMCID: PMC7307562 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiders (Araneae) form abundant and diverse assemblages in agroecosystems such as fruit orchards, and thus might have an important role as natural enemies of orchard pests. Although spiders are polyphagous and opportunistic predators in general, limited information exists on their natural prey at both species and community levels. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the natural prey (realized trophic niche) of arboreal hunting spiders, their role in trophic webs and their biological control potential with direct observation of predation events in apple orchards. Hunting spiders with prey in their chelicerae were collected in the canopy of apple trees in organic apple orchards in Hungary during the growing seasons between 2013 and 2019 and both spiders and their prey were identified and measured. Among others, the composition of the actual (captured by spiders) and the potential (available in the canopy) prey was compared, trophic niche and food web metrics were calculated, and some morphological, dimensional data of the spider-prey pairs were analyzed. Species-specific differences in prey composition or pest control ability were also discussed. By analyzing a total of 878 prey items captured by spiders, we concluded that arboreal hunting spiders forage selectively and consume a large number of apple pests; however, spiders’ beneficial effects are greatly reduced by their high levels of intraguild predation and by a propensity to switch from pests to alternative prey. In this study, arboreal hunting spiders showed negative selectivity for pests, no selectivity for natural enemies and positive selectivity for neutral species. In the trophic web, the dominant hunting spider taxa/groups (Carrhotus xanthogramma, Philodromus cespitum, Clubiona spp., Ebrechtella tricuspidata, Xysticus spp. and ‘Other salticids’) exhibit different levels of predation on different prey groups and the trophic web’s structure changes depending on the time of year. Hunting spiders show a high functional redundancy in their predation, but contrary to their polyphagous nature, the examined spider taxa showed differences in their natural diet, exhibited a certain degree of prey specialization and selected prey by size and taxonomic identity. Guilds (such as stalkers, ambushers and foliage runners) did not consistently predict either prey composition or predation selectivity of arboreal hunting spider species. From the economic standpoint, Ph. cespitum and Clubiona spp. were found to be the most effective natural enemies of apple pests, especially of aphids. Finally, the trophic niche width of C. xanthogramma and Ph. cespitum increased during ontogeny, resulting in a shift in their predation. These results demonstrate how specific generalist predators can differ from each other in aspects of their predation ecology even within a relatively narrow taxonomic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Mezőfi
- Department of Entomology, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Markó
- Department of Plant Pathology, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary.,Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Nagy
- Research Institute for Fruitgrowing and Ornamentals, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Újfehértó, Hungary
| | - Dávid Korányi
- Institute of Ecology and Botany, "Lendület" Landscape and Conservation Ecology, Centre for Ecological Research, Vácrátót, Hungary.,GINOP Sustainable Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Viktor Markó
- Department of Entomology, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
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70
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Ingle K, Kaur H, Gallé-Szpisjak N, Bürgés J, Szabó Á, Gallé R. Winter-Active Spider Fauna is Affected by Plantation Forest Type. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:601-606. [PMID: 32159751 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plantations of non-native trees for commercial use are common practice in Europe. They are known to have severe ecological impacts on arthropod fauna by altering microclimatic conditions and reducing microhabitat diversity. However, the effect of plantation tree species on winter-active fauna is relatively unknown. Spiders are a diverse predatory arthropod taxon with strong effect on their prey populations. The composition of spider communities sensitively indicates changes in habitat structure. We established 40 sampling sites in five non-native pine and five native poplar plantations and collected spiders with pitfall traps for two winters in the Southern part of Hungary. We assessed the average height of vegetation and percentage cover of leaf litter, mosses, herbaceous vegetation, and shrubs to characterize habitat structure. We found species richness and activity density of spiders in the non-native compared to the native plantations, presumably due to the more temperate microclimate in pine than in poplar plantations. However, there was no significant effect of habitat structure and its interaction with forest type on species richness and activity density of spiders. Species composition of non-native and native plantation forests differed significantly. Furthermore, we identified six characteristic spider species of non-native plantations with preference for relatively moist habitat conditions. The single characteristic species, (Agroeca cuprea Menge, 1873) for the native plantations preferred dry and partly shaded habitats. We conclude that the effect of microclimatic differences and prey availability presumably overrides the effect of habitat structure on winter-active spiders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapilkumar Ingle
- Department of Ecology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Hardeep Kaur
- Department of Ecology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, 'Lendület' Landscape and Conservation Ecology, Alkotmány u. 2-4, 2163 Vácrátót, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Gallé-Szpisjak
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, 'Lendület' Landscape and Conservation Ecology, Alkotmány u. 2-4, 2163 Vácrátót, Hungary
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, GINOP Sustainable Ecosystems Group, Klebelsberg Kuno utca 3, ihany, Hungary
| | - József Bürgés
- Department of Ecology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Áron Szabó
- Department of Ecology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Róbert Gallé
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, 'Lendület' Landscape and Conservation Ecology, Alkotmány u. 2-4, 2163 Vácrátót, Hungary
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Estimation of trophic niches in myrmecophagous spider predators. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8683. [PMID: 32457437 PMCID: PMC7250852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65623-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Among spiders, taxonomically the most diversified group of terrestrial predators, only a few species are stenophagous and feed on ants. The levels of stenophagy and ant-specialisation vary among such species. To investigate whether stenophagy is only a result of a local specialisation both fundamental and realised trophic niches need to be estimated. Here we investigated trophic niches in three closely-related spider species from the family Gnaphosidae (Callilepis nocturna, C. schuszteri, Nomisia exornata) with different levels of myrmecophagy. Acceptance experiments were used to estimate fundamental trophic niches and molecular methods to estimate realised trophic niches. For the latter two PCR primer sets were used as these can affect the niche breadth estimates. The general invertebrate ZBJ primers were not appropriate for detecting ant DNA as they revealed very few prey types, therefore ant-specific primers were used. The cut-off threshold for erroneous MOTUs was identified as 0.005% of the total number of valid sequences, at individual predator level it was 0.05%. The fundamental trophic niche of Callilepis species included mainly ants, while that of N. exornata included many different prey types. The realised trophic niche in Callilepis species was similar to its fundamental niche but in N. exornata the fundamental niche was wider than realised niche. The results show that Callilepis species are ant-eating (specialised) stenophagous predators, catching mainly Formicinae ants, while N. exornata is an ant-eating euryphagous predator catching mainly Myrmicinae ants.
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Machałowski T, Wysokowski M, Petrenko I, Fursov A, Rahimi-Nasrabadi M, Amro MM, Meissner H, Joseph Y, Fazilov B, Ehrlich H, Jesionowski T. Naturally pre-designed biomaterials: Spider molting cuticle as a functional crude oil sorbent. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 261:110218. [PMID: 32148288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diverse fields of modern environmental technology are nowadays focused on the discovery and development of new sources for oil spill removal. An especially interesting type of sorbents is those of natural origin-biosorbents-as ready-to-use constructs with biodegradable, nontoxic, renewable and cost-efficient properties. Moreover, the growing problem of microplastic-related contamination in the oceans further encourages the use of biosorbents. Here, for the first time, naturally pre-designed molting cuticles of the Theraphosidae spider Avicularia sp. "Peru purple", as part of constituting a large-scale spider origin waste material, were used for efficient sorption of crude oil. Compared with currently used materials, the proposed biosorbent of spider cuticular origin demonstrates excellent ability to remain on the water surface for a long time. In this study the morphology and hydrophobic features of Theraphosidae cuticle are investigated for the first time. The unique surface morphology and very low surface free energy (4.47 ± 0.08 mN/m) give the cuticle-based, tube-like, porous biosorbent excellent oleophilic-hydrophobic properties. The crude oil sorption capacities of A. sp. "Peru purple" molt structures in sea water, distilled water and fresh water were measured at 12.6 g/g, 15.8 g/g and 16.6 g/g respectively. These results indicate that this biomaterial is more efficient than such currently used fibrous sorbents as human hairs or chicken feathers. Four cycles of desorption were performed and confirmed the reusability of the proposed biosorbent. We suggest that the oil adsorption mechanism is related to the brush-like and microporous structure of the tubular spider molting cuticles and may also involve interaction between the cuticular wax layers and crude oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Machałowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965, Poznan, Poland; Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav Zeuner Str. 3, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Marcin Wysokowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965, Poznan, Poland; Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav Zeuner Str. 3, 09599, Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Iaroslav Petrenko
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav Zeuner Str. 3, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Andriy Fursov
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav Zeuner Str. 3, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Mehdi Rahimi-Nasrabadi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, P94V+47, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, P94R+9X, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moh'd M Amro
- Institute of Drilling Technology and Fluid Mining, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Agricolastraße 22, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Heike Meissner
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yvonne Joseph
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav Zeuner Str. 3, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | | | - Hermann Ehrlich
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav Zeuner Str. 3, 09599, Freiberg, Germany; Wielkopolska Center for Advanced Technologies (WCAT), Poznan, Poland
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965, Poznan, Poland.
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Ledesma E, Jiménez-Valverde A, Baquero E, Jordana R, de Castro A, Ortuño VM. Arthropod biodiversity patterns point to the Mesovoid Shallow Substratum (MSS) as a climate refugium. ZOOLOGY 2020; 141:125771. [PMID: 32464515 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2020.125771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The determinants of biodiversity patterns in the subterranean habitat called Mesovoid Shallow Substratum (MSS) are not well-understood. In this study, thirty-three scree slopes at high altitudes were selected across the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park in central Spain to investigate the effect of ten environmental variables on the abundance and species diversity of the spider and springtail assemblages from the colluvial MSS. In each locality, a multiperforated PVC tube with a pitfall trap inside was buried up to 1 m deep, and generalized linear models and Mantel tests were used to analyze the effect of mainly climate- and habitat-related variables on the diversity patterns of both taxa. A total of 1143 individual spiders belonging to 54 species and 40 811 springtail individuals belonging to 62 species were collected. The analyses indicated that cold temperatures and the presence of forest cover on the surface significantly enhance richness and abundance in the two taxa. Environmental similarity also had a small positive effect on faunistic similarity. However, the effects of temperature and habitat detected on spider richness and abundance were stronger than on springtails, whereas the reverse was found regarding faunistic similarity. These results indicate that subterranean dwellers respond differently to the same environmental factors, which in turn, points to a different degree of affinity for the MSS. The MSS plays an important role in the survival of high mountain arthropod species, acting as a climate refuge, so the protection of this habitat should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Ledesma
- Research Team on Soil Biology and Subterranean Ecosystems, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, University Campus, University of Alcalá, A.P. 20, E-28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Jiménez-Valverde
- Research Team on Soil Biology and Subterranean Ecosystems, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, University Campus, University of Alcalá, A.P. 20, E-28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Enrique Baquero
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Environmental Biology, University Campus, University of Navarra, Calle Irunlarrea 1, E-31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rafael Jordana
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Environmental Biology, University Campus, University of Navarra, Calle Irunlarrea 1, E-31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alberto de Castro
- Entomology Department, Aranzadi Science Society, Zorroagagaina Kalea, 11, E-20014, Donostia - San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Vicente M Ortuño
- Research Team on Soil Biology and Subterranean Ecosystems, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, University Campus, University of Alcalá, A.P. 20, E-28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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74
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Nyffeler M, Bonte D. Where Have All the Spiders Gone? Observations of a Dramatic Population Density Decline in the Once Very Abundant Garden Spider, Araneus diadematus (Araneae: Araneidae), in the Swiss Midland. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11040248. [PMID: 32326490 PMCID: PMC7240396 DOI: 10.3390/insects11040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Aerial web-spinning spiders (including large orb-weavers), as a group, depend almost entirely on flying insects as a food source. The recent widespread loss of flying insects across large parts of western Europe, in terms of both diversity and biomass, can therefore be anticipated to have a drastic negative impact on the survival and abundance of this type of spider. To test the putative importance of such a hitherto neglected trophic cascade, a survey of population densities of the European garden spider Araneus diadematus—a large orb-weaving species—was conducted in the late summer of 2019 at twenty sites in the Swiss midland. The data from this survey were compared with published population densities for this species from the previous century. The study verified the above-mentioned hypothesis that this spider’s present-day overall mean population density has declined alarmingly to densities much lower than can be expected from normal population fluctuations (0.7% of the historical values). Review of other available records suggested that this pattern is widespread and not restricted to this region. In conclusion, the decline of this once so abundant spider in the Swiss midland is evidently revealing a bottom-up trophic cascade in response to the widespread loss of flying insect prey in recent decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Nyffeler
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Section of Conservation Biology, University of Basel, CH–4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - Dries Bonte
- Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
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75
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Mestre L, Narimanov N, Menzel F, Entling MH. Non‐consumptive effects between predators depend on the foraging mode of intraguild prey. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:1690-1700. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Mestre
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences University of Koblenz‐Landau Landau Germany
| | - Nijat Narimanov
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences University of Koblenz‐Landau Landau Germany
| | - Florian Menzel
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Biocentre I University of Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Martin H. Entling
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences University of Koblenz‐Landau Landau Germany
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76
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Gomes DGE. Orb-weaving spiders are fewer but larger and catch more prey in lit bridge panels from a natural artificial light experiment. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8808. [PMID: 32211243 PMCID: PMC7083158 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial light at night is rapidly changing the sensory world. While evidence is accumulating for how insects are affected, it is not clear how this impacts higher trophic levels that feed on insect communities. Spiders are important insect predators that have recently been shown to have increased abundance in urban areas, but have shown mixed responses to artificial light. On a single bridge with alternating artificially lit and unlit sections, I measured changes in the orb-weaving spider Larinioides sclopetarius (Araneidae) web abundance, web-building behavior, prey-capture, and body condition. In artificially lit conditions, spiders caught more prey with smaller webs, and had higher body conditions. However, there were fewer spiders with active webs in those lit areas. This suggests that either spiders were not taking advantage of an ecological insect trap, perhaps due to an increased risk of becoming prey themselves, or were satiated, and thus not as active within these habitats. The results from this natural experiment may have important consequences for both insects and spiders in urban areas under artificial lighting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G E Gomes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States of America
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77
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Burdfield-Steel ER, Schneider JM, Mappes J, Dobler S. Testing the effectiveness of pyrazine defences against spiders. CHEMOECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-020-00305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractInsects live in a dangerous world and may fall prey to a wide variety of predators, encompassing multiple taxa. As a result, selection may favour defences that are effective against multiple predator types, or target-specific defences that can reduce predation risk from particular groups of predators. Given the variation in sensory systems and hunting tactics, in particular between vertebrate and invertebrate predators, it is not always clear whether defences, such as chemical defences, that are effective against one group will be so against another. Despite this, the majority of research to date has focused on the role of a single predator species when considering the evolution of defended prey. Here we test the effectiveness of the chemical defences of the wood tiger moth, a species previously shown to have defensive chemicals targeted towards ants, against a common invertebrate predator: spiders. We presented both live moths and artificial prey containing their defensive fluids to female Trichonephila senegalensis and recorded their reactions. We found that neither of the moth’s two defensive fluids were able to repel the spiders, and confirmed that methoxypyrazines, a major component of the defences of both the wood tiger moth and many insect species, are ineffective against web-building spiders. Our results highlight the variability between predator taxa in their susceptibility to chemical defences, which can in part explain the vast variation in these chemicals seen in insects, and the existence of multiple defences in a single species.
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78
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Arvidsson F, Addison P, Addison M, Haddad CR, Birkhofer K. Weed species, not mulching, affect web‐building spiders and their prey in organic fruit orchards in South Africa. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. Arvidsson
- Department of Ecology Brandenburg University of Technology Konrad‐Wachsmann‐Allee 6 03046 Cottbus Germany
| | - P. Addison
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Faculty of AgriSciences Stellenbosch University JS Marais Building Victoria Street Stellenbosch 7600 South Africa
| | - M. Addison
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Faculty of AgriSciences Stellenbosch University JS Marais Building Victoria Street Stellenbosch 7600 South Africa
| | - C. R. Haddad
- Department of Zoology and Entomology University of the Free State P.O. Box 339 Bloemfontein 9300 South Africa
| | - K. Birkhofer
- Department of Ecology Brandenburg University of Technology Konrad‐Wachsmann‐Allee 6 03046 Cottbus Germany
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79
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Pechmann M, Stollewerk A. Editorial. Dev Genes Evol 2020; 230:47-48. [PMID: 32124013 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-020-00658-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pechmann
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Angelika Stollewerk
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
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80
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Kennedy SR, Prost S, Overcast I, Rominger AJ, Gillespie RG, Krehenwinkel H. High-throughput sequencing for community analysis: the promise of DNA barcoding to uncover diversity, relatedness, abundances and interactions in spider communities. Dev Genes Evol 2020; 230:185-201. [PMID: 32040713 PMCID: PMC7127999 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-020-00652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale studies on community ecology are highly desirable but often difficult to accomplish due to the considerable investment of time, labor and, money required to characterize richness, abundance, relatedness, and interactions. Nonetheless, such large-scale perspectives are necessary for understanding the composition, dynamics, and resilience of biological communities. Small invertebrates play a central role in ecosystems, occupying critical positions in the food web and performing a broad variety of ecological functions. However, it has been particularly difficult to adequately characterize communities of these animals because of their exceptionally high diversity and abundance. Spiders in particular fulfill key roles as both predator and prey in terrestrial food webs and are hence an important focus of ecological studies. In recent years, large-scale community analyses have benefitted tremendously from advances in DNA barcoding technology. High-throughput sequencing (HTS), particularly DNA metabarcoding, enables community-wide analyses of diversity and interactions at unprecedented scales and at a fraction of the cost that was previously possible. Here, we review the current state of the application of these technologies to the analysis of spider communities. We discuss amplicon-based DNA barcoding and metabarcoding for the analysis of community diversity and molecular gut content analysis for assessing predator-prey relationships. We also highlight applications of the third generation sequencing technology for long read and portable DNA barcoding. We then address the development of theoretical frameworks for community-level studies, and finally highlight critical gaps and future directions for DNA analysis of spider communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Kennedy
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Stefan Prost
- LOEWE-Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt, Germany
- National Zoological Garden, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Isaac Overcast
- Graduate Center of the City University New York, New York, NY, USA
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | | | - Rosemary G Gillespie
- Environmental Sciences Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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81
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Potapov AM, Dupérré N, Jochum M, Dreczko K, Klarner B, Barnes AD, Krashevska V, Rembold K, Kreft H, Brose U, Widyastuti R, Harms D, Scheu S. Functional losses in ground spider communities due to habitat structure degradation under tropical land-use change. Ecology 2020; 101:e02957. [PMID: 31840252 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Deforestation and land-use change in tropical regions result in habitat loss and extinction of species that are unable to adapt to the conditions in agricultural landscapes. If the associated loss of functional diversity is not compensated by species colonizing the converted habitats, extinctions might be followed by a reduction or loss of ecosystem functions including biological control. To date, little is known about how land-use change in the tropics alters the functional diversity of invertebrate predators and which key environmental factors may mitigate the decline in functional diversity and predation in litter and soil communities. We applied litter sieving and heat extraction to study ground spider communities and assessed structural characteristics of vegetation and parameters of litter in rainforest and agricultural land-use systems (jungle rubber, rubber, and oil palm monocultures) in a Southeast Asian hotspot of rainforest conversion: Sumatra, Indonesia. We found that (1) spider density, species richness, functional diversity, and community predation (energy flux to spiders) were reduced by 57-98% from rainforest to oil palm monoculture; (2) jungle rubber and rubber monoculture sustained relatively high diversity and predation in ground spiders, but small cryptic spider species strongly declined; (3) high species turnover compensated losses of some functional trait combinations, but did not compensate for the overall loss of functional diversity and predation per unit area; (4) spider diversity was related to habitat structure such as amount of litter, understory density, and understory height, while spider predation was better explained by plant diversity. Management practices that increase habitat-structural complexity and plant diversity such as mulching, reduced weeding, and intercropping monocultures with other plants may contribute to maintaining functional diversity of and predation services provided by ground invertebrate communities in plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton M Potapov
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadine Dupérré
- Center of Natural History, Zoological Museum, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstraße 52, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malte Jochum
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Pl. 5E, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Dreczko
- Center of Natural History, Zoological Museum, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstraße 52, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Klarner
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrew D Barnes
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Pl. 5E, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,School of Science, the University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, 3240, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Valentyna Krashevska
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katja Rembold
- Botanical Garden of the University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland.,Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, Von-Siebold-Strasse 8, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Pl. 5E, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Dornburger Strasse 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Rahayu Widyastuti
- Department of Soil Sciences and Land Resources, Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB), Jln. Meranti Kampus IPB Darmaga, 16680, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Danilo Harms
- Center of Natural History, Zoological Museum, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstraße 52, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, Von-Siebold-Strasse 8, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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82
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Eötvös CB, Lövei GL, Magura T. Predation Pressure on Sentinel Insect Prey Along a Riverside Urbanization Gradient in Hungary. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11020097. [PMID: 32024206 PMCID: PMC7074073 DOI: 10.3390/insects11020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Urbanization is one of the most important global trends which causes habitat reduction and alteration which are, in turn, the main reasons for the well-documented reduction in structural and functional diversity in urbanized environments. In contrast, effects on ecological mechanisms are less known. Predation is one of the most important ecological functions because of its community-structuring effects. We studied six forest habitats along a riverside urbanization gradient in Szeged, a major city in southern Hungary, crossed by the river Tisza, to describe how extreme events (e.g., floods) as primary selective pressure act on adaptation in riparian habitats. We found a generally decreasing predation pressure from rural to urban habitats as predicted by the increasing disturbance hypothesis (higher predator abundances in rural than in urban habitats). The only predators that reacted differently to urbanization were ground active arthropods, where results conformed to the prediction of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis (higher abundance in moderately disturbed suburban habitats). We did not find any evidence that communities exposed to extreme flood events were preadapted to the effects of urbanization. The probable reason is that changes accompanied by urbanization are much faster than natural landscape change, so the communities cannot adapt to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Béla Eötvös
- Department of Ecology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Department of Forest Protection, NARIC Forest Research Institute, H-3232 Mátrafüred, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-30-382-0375
| | - Gábor L. Lövei
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg Research Centre, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark;
| | - Tibor Magura
- Department of Ecology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
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83
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Magalhaes ILF, Azevedo GHF, Michalik P, Ramírez MJ. The fossil record of spiders revisited: implications for calibrating trees and evidence for a major faunal turnover since the Mesozoic. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:184-217. [PMID: 31713947 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Studies in evolutionary biology and biogeography increasingly rely on the estimation of dated phylogenetic trees using molecular clocks. In turn, the calibration of such clocks is critically dependent on external evidence (i.e. fossils) anchoring the ages of particular nodes to known absolute ages. In recent years, a plethora of new fossil spiders, especially from the Mesozoic, have been described, while the number of studies presenting dated spider phylogenies based on fossil calibrations increased sharply. We critically evaluate 44 of these studies, which collectively employed 67 unique fossils in 180 calibrations. Approximately 54% of these calibrations are problematic, particularly regarding unsupported assignment of fossils to extant clades (44%) and crown (rather than stem) dating (9%). Most of these cases result from an assumed equivalence between taxonomic placement of fossils and their phylogenetic position. To overcome this limitation, we extensively review the literature on fossil spiders, with a special focus on putative synapomorphies and the phylogenetic placement of fossil species with regard to their importance for calibrating higher taxa (families and above) in the spider tree of life. We provide a curated list including 41 key fossils intended to be a basis for future estimations of dated spider phylogenies. In a second step, we use a revised set of 23 calibrations to estimate a new dated spider tree of life based on transcriptomic data. The revised placement of key fossils and the new calibrated tree are used to resolve a long-standing debate in spider evolution - we tested whether there has been a major turnover in the spider fauna between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. At least 17 (out of 117) extant families have been recorded from the Cretaceous, implying that at least 41 spider lineages in the family level or above crossed the Cretaeous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary. The putative phylogenetic affinities of families known only from the Mesozoic suggest that at least seven Cretaceous families appear to have no close living relatives and might represent extinct lineages. There is no unambiguous fossil evidence of the retrolateral tibial apophysis clade (RTA-clade) in the Mesozoic, although molecular clock analyses estimated the major lineages within this clade to be at least ∼100 million years old. Our review of the fossil record supports a major turnover showing that the spider faunas in the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic are very distinct at high taxonomic levels, with the Mesozoic dominated by Palpimanoidea and Synspermiata, while the Cenozoic is dominated by Araneoidea and RTA-clade spiders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan L F Magalhaes
- División Aracnología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" - CONICET, Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, Buenos Aires, C1405DJR, Argentina
| | - Guilherme H F Azevedo
- División Aracnología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" - CONICET, Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, Buenos Aires, C1405DJR, Argentina
| | - Peter Michalik
- Zoologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Greifswald, Loitzer Straβe 26, Greifswald, D-17489, Germany
| | - Martín J Ramírez
- División Aracnología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" - CONICET, Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, Buenos Aires, C1405DJR, Argentina
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84
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Santos GERD, Solera K, Costa CAD, Marques MI, Brescovit AD, Battirola LD. Ground spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) associated with urban forest fragments in southern Amazon. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2020-1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: Forest fragments in urban areas comprise important habitats for a wide variety of species, however, conservationist policies for their maintenance and conservation are still incipient. This study examined the richness and abundance of the ground-spider assemblage in five forest fragments, with areas ranging between 18.5 and 103.98 ha, in the urban perimeter of Sinop, northern Mato Grosso State, southern Amazon region of Brazil. Sampling was carried out using the mini-Winkler extractor and pitfall traps in the dry (July) and rainy (November) seasons of 2017. All fragments were characterized in relation to the area and the Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI), to assess the effect of these variables on richness and abundance of soil spider assemblage. A total of 653 spiders were sampled, corresponding to 25 families and 52 species. Salticidae, Theridiidae, Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, Oonopidae and Symphytognathidae were the most abundant families (63.3% of the total sample). The assemblage was characterized by the dominance of hunting spiders (393 ind.; 60.2%) over web-building spiders (260 ind.; 39.8%). Greater spider abundance and richness was obtained during the rainy season (517 ind.; 79.2%; 41 spp.) as compared with the dry season (136 ind.; 20.8%; 24 spp.). Only 13 species occurred in dry and rainy season. Two species were recorded for the first time in the Amazon region, namely, Anapistula aquytabueraRheims & Brescovit, 2003 (Symphytognathidae) and Opopaea concolor (Blackwall, 1859) (Oonopidae). Species richness was not affected by IBI and area of fragment. Although the statistical model is not significant, species richness increases slightly with IBI and area of fragment. Similarly, abundance of spiders was not affected by IBI and area of fragment. Regardless of the area size, all evaluated forest fragments showed a low and regular IBI, demonstrating that these habitats have suffered with the pressures inherent from the urban perimeter, including the constant expansion of human occupation as well as misuse by the population. Nonetheless, these same fragments revealed considerable richness of species of ground spiders and can thus be categorized as important habitats for the maintenance of regional biodiversity. Therefore, action strategies must be set out to ensure their conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marinêz I. Marques
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brasil
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85
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Tuma J, Eggleton P, Fayle TM. Ant-termite interactions: an important but under-explored ecological linkage. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 95:555-572. [PMID: 31876057 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Animal interactions play an important role in understanding ecological processes. The nature and intensity of these interactions can shape the impacts of organisms on their environment. Because ants and termites, with their high biomass and range of ecological functions, have considerable effects on their environment, the interaction between them is important for ecosystem processes. Although the manner in which ants and termites interact is becoming increasingly well studied, there has been no synthesis to date of the available literature. Here we review and synthesise all existing literature on ant-termite interactions. We infer that ant predation on termites is the most important, most widespread, and most studied type of interaction. Predatory ant species can regulate termite populations and subsequently slow down the decomposition of wood, litter and soil organic matter. As a consequence they also affect plant growth and distribution, nutrient cycling and nutrient availability. Although some ant species are specialised termite predators, there is probably a high level of opportunistic predation by generalist ant species, and hence their impact on ecosystem processes that termites are known to provide varies at the species level. The most fruitful future research direction will be to evaluate the impact of ant-termite predation on broader ecosystem processes. To do this it will be necessary to quantify the efficacy both of particular ant species and of ant communities as a whole in regulating termite populations in different biomes. We envisage that this work will require a combination of methods, including DNA barcoding of ant gut contents along with field observations and exclusion experiments. Such a combined approach is necessary for assessing how this interaction influences entire ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Tuma
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Soil Biology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Paul Eggleton
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Tom M Fayle
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
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86
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Fülöp D, Szita É, Gerstenbrand R, Tholt G, Samu F. Consuming alternative prey does not influence the DNA detectability half-life of pest prey in spider gut contents. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7680. [PMID: 31660259 PMCID: PMC6814063 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Key natural enemy-pest interactions can be mapped in agricultural food webs by analysing predator gut content for the presence of a focal pest species. For this, PCR-based approaches are the most widely used methods providing the incidence of consumption of a focal pest in field sampled predators. To interpret such data the rate of prey DNA decay in the predators' gut, described by DNA detectability half-life (t 1/2), is needed. DNA decay may depend on the presence of alternative prey in the gut of generalist predators, but this effect has not been investigated in one of the major predatory arthropod groups, spiders. METHODS In a laboratory feeding experiment, we determined t 1/2 of the key cereal pest virus vector leafhopper Psammotettix alienus in the digestive tracts of its natural enemy, the spider Tibellus oblongus. We followed the fate of prey DNA in spiders which received only the focal prey as food, or as an alternative prey treatment they also received a meal of fruit flies after leafhopper consumption. After these feeding treatments, spiders were starved for variable time intervals prior to testing for leafhopper DNA in order to establish t 1/2. RESULTS We created a PCR protocol that detects P. alienus DNA in its spider predator. The protocol was further calibrated to the digestion speed of the spider by establishing DNA decay rate. Detectability limit was reached at 14 days, where c. 10% of the animals tested positive. The calculated t 1/2 = 5 days value of P. alienus DNA did not differ statistically between the treatment groups which received only the leafhopper prey or which also received fruit fly. The PCR protocol was validated in a field with known P. alienus infestation. In this applicability trial, we showed that 12.5% of field collected spiders were positive for the leafhopper DNA. We conclude that in our model system the presence of alternative prey did not influence the t 1/2 estimate of a pest species, which makes laboratory protocols more straightforward for the calibration of future field data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Fülöp
- Department of Zoology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Szita
- Department of Zoology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Regina Gerstenbrand
- Department of Zoology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Tholt
- Department of Zoology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Samu
- Department of Zoology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
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87
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The Spider Anatomy Ontology (SPD)—A Versatile Tool to Link Anatomy with Cross-Disciplinary Data. DIVERSITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/d11100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Spiders are a diverse group with a high eco-morphological diversity, which complicates anatomical descriptions especially with regard to its terminology. New terms are constantly proposed, and definitions and limits of anatomical concepts are regularly updated. Therefore, it is often challenging to find the correct terms, even for trained scientists, especially when the terminology has obstacles such as synonyms, disputed definitions, ambiguities, or homonyms. Here, we present the Spider Anatomy Ontology (SPD), which we developed combining the functionality of a glossary (a controlled defined vocabulary) with a network of formalized relations between terms that can be used to compute inferences. The SPD follows the guidelines of the Open Biomedical Ontologies and is available through the NCBO BioPortal (ver. 1.1). It constitutes of 757 valid terms and definitions, is rooted with the Common Anatomy Reference Ontology (CARO), and has cross references to other ontologies, especially of arthropods. The SPD offers a wealth of anatomical knowledge that can be used as a resource for any scientific study as, for example, to link images to phylogenetic datasets, compute structural complexity over phylogenies, and produce ancestral ontologies. By using a common reference in a standardized way, the SPD will help bridge diverse disciplines, such as genomics, taxonomy, systematics, evolution, ecology, and behavior.
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88
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Machałowski T, Wysokowski M, Tsurkan MV, Galli R, Schimpf C, Rafaja D, Brendler E, Viehweger C, Żółtowska-Aksamitowska S, Petrenko I, Czaczyk K, Kraft M, Bertau M, Bechmann N, Guan K, Bornstein SR, Voronkina A, Fursov A, Bejger M, Biniek-Antosiak K, Rypniewski W, Figlerowicz M, Pokrovsky O, Jesionowski T, Ehrlich H. Spider Chitin: An Ultrafast Microwave-Assisted Method for Chitin Isolation from Caribena versicolor Spider Molt Cuticle. Molecules 2019; 24:E3736. [PMID: 31623238 PMCID: PMC6833065 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin, as a fundamental polysaccharide in invertebrate skeletons, continues to be actively investigated, especially with respect to new sources and the development of effective methods for its extraction. Recent attention has been focused on marine crustaceans and sponges; however, the potential of spiders (order Araneae) as an alternative source of tubular chitin has been overlooked. In this work, we focused our attention on chitin from up to 12 cm-large Theraphosidae spiders, popularly known as tarantulas or bird-eating spiders. These organisms "lose" large quantities of cuticles during their molting cycle. Here, we present for the first time a highly effective method for the isolation of chitin from Caribena versicolor spider molt cuticle, as well as its identification and characterization using modern analytical methods. We suggest that the tube-like molt cuticle of this spider can serve as a naturally prefabricated and renewable source of tubular chitin with high potential for application in technology and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Machałowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Marcin Wysokowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Mikhail V Tsurkan
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany.
| | - Roberta Galli
- Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Christian Schimpf
- Institute of Materials Science, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - David Rafaja
- Institute of Materials Science, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Erica Brendler
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Christine Viehweger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Sonia Żółtowska-Aksamitowska
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Iaroslav Petrenko
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Katarzyna Czaczyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60637 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Michael Kraft
- Institute of Chemical Technology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Martin Bertau
- Institute of Chemical Technology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Nicole Bechmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Kaomei Guan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Alona Voronkina
- Department of Pharmacy, National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, 21018 Vinnytsia, Ukraine.
| | - Andriy Fursov
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Magdalena Bejger
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61704 Poznan, Poland.
| | | | - Wojciech Rypniewski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61704 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Marek Figlerowicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61704 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Oleg Pokrovsky
- Geoscience and Environment Toulouse, UMR 5563 CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France.
- BIO-GEO-CLIM Laboratory, Tomsk State University, Lenina St. 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russia.
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Hermann Ehrlich
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
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89
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Villanueva-Bonilla GA, Safuan-Naide S, Pires MM, Vasconcellos-Neto J. Niche partitioning and coexistence of two spiders of the genus Peucetia (Araneae, Oxyopidae) inhabiting Trichogoniopsis adenantha plants (Asterales, Asteraceae). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213887. [PMID: 31577810 PMCID: PMC6774474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Niche theory suggests that the coexistence of ecologically similar species in the same site requires some form of resource partitioning that reduces or avoids interspecific competition. Here, from July 2013 to December 2015, we investigated spatial niche differentiation at three different scales of two sympatric congeneric spiders, Peucetia rubrolineata and P. flava, along an altitudinal gradient in shaded and open areas in an Atlantic forest in Serra do Japi, SP, Brazil. These spiders are peculiar in that they present an exclusive association with the plant Trichogoniopsis adenantha (Asteraceae). In theory, the coexistence of two Peucetia species could be explained by: (1) microhabitat segregation with individuals from different species occupying different parts of the same plants; (2) mesohabitat segregation with different species using plant in different environments; (3) macrohabitat segregation, where different species would not co-occur along the altitudinal gradient. With respect to micro-habitat use, in both species, different instars used different plant parts, while the same instars of both species used the same type of substrate. However, the two Peucetia species segregated by meso-habitat type, with P. rubrolineata preferring T. adenantha plants in shaded areas and P. flava preferring those in open areas. Our results support the hypothesis of niche partitioning begetting diversity, and highlight the importance of analyzing habitat use at multiple scales to understand mechanisms related to coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suyen Safuan-Naide
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Campus Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Mathias Mistretta Pires
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - João Vasconcellos-Neto
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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90
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Sewlal JAN, Cutler B, Draney ML. Species composition of the orb-weaving families Araneidae and Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea) in natural habitats in Trinidad, West Indies. J NAT HIST 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1691750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Anne N. Sewlal
- The Caribbean Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, West Indies
| | - Bruce Cutler
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Michael L. Draney
- Department of Natural & Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, WI, USA
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91
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King GF. Tying pest insects in knots: the deployment of spider-venom-derived knottins as bioinsecticides. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:2437-2445. [PMID: 31025461 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Spider venoms are complex chemical arsenals that contain a rich variety of insecticidal toxins. However, the major toxin class in many spider venoms is disulfide-rich peptides known as knottins. The knotted three-dimensional fold of these mini-proteins provides them with exceptional chemical and thermal stability as well as resistance to proteases. In contrast with other bioinsecticides, which are often slow-acting, spider knottins are fast-acting neurotoxins. In addition to being potently insecticidal, some knottins have exceptional taxonomic selectivity, being lethal to key agricultural pests but innocuous to vertebrates and beneficial insects such as bees. The intrinsic oral activity of these peptides, combined with the ability of aerosolized knottins to penetrate insect spiracles, has enabled them to be developed commercially as eco-friendly bioinsecticides. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that spider-knottin transgenes can be used to engineer faster-acting entomopathogens and insect-resistant crops. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn F King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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92
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Ali MP, Bari MN, Haque SS, Kabir MMM, Afrin S, Nowrin F, Islam MS, Landis DA. Establishing next-generation pest control services in rice fields: eco-agriculture. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10180. [PMID: 31308440 PMCID: PMC6629669 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46688-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are commonly used in food crop production systems to control crop pests and diseases and ensure maximum yield with high market value. However, the accumulation of these chemical inputs in crop fields increases risks to biodiversity and human health. In addition, people are increasingly seeking foods in which pesticide residues are low or absent and that have been produced in a sustainable fashion. More than half of the world’s human population is dependent on rice as a staple food and chemical pesticides to control pests is the dominant paradigm in rice production. In contrast, the use of natural enemies to suppress crop pests has the potential to reduce chemical pesticide inputs in rice production systems. Currently, predators and parasitoids often do not persist in rice production landscapes due to the absence of shelter or nutritional sources. In this study, we modified the existing rice landscape through an eco-engineering technique that aims to increase natural biocontrol agents for crop protection. In this system, planting nectar-rich flowering plants on rice bunds provides food and shelter to enhance biocontrol agent activity and reduce pest numbers, while maintaining grain yield. The abundance of predators and parasitoids and parasitism rates increased significantly in the eco-engineering plots compared to the insecticide-treated and control plots. Moreover, a significantly lower number of principal insect pests and damage symptoms were found in treatments where flowering plants were grown on bunds than in plots where such plants were not grown. This study indicates that manipulating habitat for natural enemies in rice landscapes enhances pest suppression and maintains equal yields while reducing the need for insecticide use in crop fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Ali
- Entomology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur, 1701, Bangladesh.
| | - M N Bari
- Entomology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur, 1701, Bangladesh
| | - S S Haque
- Entomology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur, 1701, Bangladesh
| | - M M M Kabir
- Entomology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur, 1701, Bangladesh
| | - S Afrin
- Entomology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur, 1701, Bangladesh
| | - F Nowrin
- Entomology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur, 1701, Bangladesh
| | - M S Islam
- Farm Management Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur, 1701, Bangladesh
| | - D A Landis
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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93
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Chiara V, Ramon Portugal F, Jeanson R. Social intolerance is a consequence, not a cause, of dispersal in spiders. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000319. [PMID: 31265448 PMCID: PMC6605646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
From invertebrates to vertebrates, a wealth of species display transient sociality during their life cycle. Investigating the causes of dispersal in temporary associations is important to better understand population dynamics. It is also essential to identify possible mechanisms involved in the evolutionary transition from transient to stable sociality, which has been documented repeatedly across taxa and typically requires the suppression of dispersal. In many animals, the onset of dispersal during ontogeny coincides with a sharp decline in social tolerance, but the causal relationship still remains poorly understood. Spiders offer relevant models to explore this question, because the adults of the vast majority of species (>48,000) are solitary and aggressive, but juveniles of most (if not all) species are gregarious and display amicable behaviors. We deployed a combination of behavioral, chemical, and modelling approaches in spiderlings of a solitary species to investigate the mechanisms controlling the developmental switch leading to the decline of social cohesion and the loss of tolerance. We show that maturation causes an increase in mobility that is sufficient to elicit dispersal without requiring any change in social behaviors. Our results further demonstrate that social isolation following dispersal triggers aggressiveness in altering the processing of conspecifics’ cues. We thus provide strong evidence that aggression is a consequence, not a cause, of dispersal in spiderlings. Overall, this study highlights the need of extended social interactions to preserve tolerance, which opens new perspectives for understanding the routes to permanent sociality. Behavioral experiments with the spider Agelena labyrinthica, coupled to computational modelling, show that an increase in mobility with age drives dispersal in gregarious spiderlings of a solitary species and that the subsequent social isolation triggers aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violette Chiara
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Felipe Ramon Portugal
- Innovations thérapeutiques et résistances, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, INRA, Toulouse, France
| | - Raphael Jeanson
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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94
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Koemel NA, Barnes CL, Wilder SM. Metabolic and behavioral responses of predators to prey nutrient content. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 116:25-31. [PMID: 31009622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Predators feed on a diversity of prey that can vary widely in nutrient content. While prey nutrient content is known to have important consequences for life history traits, less is known about how it affects physiology and behavior. The purpose of this study was to test how diet affected the physiology and behavior of the wolf spider Hogna carolinensis. We hypothesized that higher protein intake would result in a lower metabolic rate due to less energy intake. Further, we also expected the high protein group to exhibit increased activity levels and aggression in an attempt to increase energy intake. Spiders were maintained on three different treatment diets in order to simulate prey with differing macronutrient composition: high protein, intermediate, and high lipid. Spider respiration was measured to quantify the baseline metabolic rate (SMR), digestive metabolic rate (SDA), and active metabolic rate (AMR). We found no significant effect of diet on metabolic rates. However, the SDA coefficient (i.e. digestive cost relative to prey content) was higher in the high protein group, meaning that this group metabolized a greater portion of their prey during digestion and had a lower net energy intake from prey. In our behavioral assays, spiders in the high protein group were significantly more active and attacked prey more quickly in their first trial. Our results demonstrate that diet had relatively little effect on predator metabolism but more of an effect on behavior. These findings suggest that diet regulation should be analyzed by studying multiple responses together, including metabolism and behavior, to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of diet on organism performance and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Koemel
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Science West, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
| | - Cody L Barnes
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Science West, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
| | - Shawn M Wilder
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Science West, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA.
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95
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Michalik P, Piorkowski D, Blackledge TA, Ramírez MJ. Functional trade-offs in cribellate silk mediated by spinning behavior. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9092. [PMID: 31235797 PMCID: PMC6591232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45552-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Web-building spiders are an extremely diverse predatory group due to their use of physiologically differentiated silk types in webs. Major shifts in silk functional properties are classically attributed to innovations in silk genes and protein expression. Here, we disentangle the effects of spinning behavior on silk performance of the earliest types of capture threads in spider webs for the first time. Progradungula otwayensis produces two variations of cribellate silk in webs: ladder lines are stereotypically combed with the calamistrum while supporting rail lines contain silk that is naturally uncombed, spun without the intervention of the legs. Combed cribellate silk is highly extensible and adhesive suggesting that the reserve warp and cribellate fibrils brings them into tension only near or after the underlying axial fibers are broken. In contrast, these three fiber components are largely aligned in the uncombed threads and deform as a single composite unit that is 5-10x stronger, but significantly less adhesive, allowing them to act as structural elements in the web. Our study reveals that cribellate silk can occupy a surprisingly diverse performance space, accessible through simple changes in spider behavior, which may have facilitated the impressive diversification of web architectures utilizing this ancient silk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Michalik
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Loitzer Straße 26, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | | | - Todd A Blackledge
- Department of Biology and Integrated Bioscience Program, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Martín J Ramírez
- Division of Arachnology, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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96
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Rosario K, Mettel KA, Greco AM, Breitbart M. Prevalence of a vertically transmitted single-stranded DNA virus in spinybacked orbweavers (Gasteracantha cancriformis) from Florida, USA. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1253-1265. [PMID: 31210632 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spiders (order Araneae, class Arachnida) are an important group of predatory arthropods in terrestrial ecosystems that have been recently identified as an untapped reservoir of single-stranded (ss)DNA viruses. Specifically, spiders harbour a diversity of ssDNA viruses encoding a replication-associated protein (Rep) within a circular genome. However, little is known about the ecology of novel circular Rep-encoding ssDNA (CRESS DNA) viruses. Here we investigated two CRESS DNA viruses recently identified in spinybacked orbweavers (Gasteracantha cancriformis), namely spinybacked orbweaver circular virus (SpOrbCV) 1 and 2. SpOrbCV-1 was detected in the majority (> 65 %) of spider specimens from all life stages, including eggs, spiderlings and adults, demonstrating that this virus is active within spinybacked orbweavers. In contrast, SpOrbCV-2 was only detected in adults at a lower (36 %) prevalence. Since we also detected SpOrbCV-2 in other spider species and this virus has been reported from a dragonfly, we suggest that SpOrbCV-2 is accumulated in these predators through common insect prey. The prevalence of SpOrbCV-1 in collected specimens allowed us to design assays to characterize this virus, which represents a new group of CRESS DNA viruses, the 'circularisviruses'. To our knowledge, SpOrbCV-1 is the first example of a vertically transmitted virus in spiders, which may explain its high prevalence in spinybacked orbweavers. Since vertically transmitted viruses infecting insects (class Insecta) can manipulate their host's behaviour and physiology, future studies should investigate the ecological role of vertically transmitted viruses in spiders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyna Rosario
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Avenue South, Saint Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Kaitlin A Mettel
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Avenue South, Saint Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Anthony M Greco
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Avenue South, Saint Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Mya Breitbart
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Avenue South, Saint Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
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97
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Potapov AM, Klarner B, Sandmann D, Widyastuti R, Scheu S. Linking size spectrum, energy flux and trophic multifunctionality in soil food webs of tropical land-use systems. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1845-1859. [PMID: 31111468 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Many ecosystem functions depend on the structure of food webs, which heavily relies on the body size spectrum of the community. Despite that, little is known on how the size spectrum of soil animals responds to agricultural practices in tropical land-use systems and how these responses affect ecosystem functioning. We studied land-use-induced changes in below-ground communities in tropical lowland ecosystems in Sumatra (Jambi province, Indonesia), a hot spot of tropical rainforest conversion into rubber and oil palm plantations. The study included ca. 30,000 measured individuals from 33 high-order taxa of meso- and macrofauna spanning eight orders of magnitude in body mass. Using individual body masses, we calculated the metabolism of trophic guilds and used food web models to calculate energy fluxes and infer ecosystem functions, such as decomposition, herbivory, primary and intraguild predation. Land-use change was associated with reduced abundance and taxonomic diversity of soil invertebrates, but strong increase in total biomass and moderate changes in total energy flux. These changes were due to increased biomass of large-sized decomposers in soil, in particular earthworms, with their share in community metabolism increasing from 11% in rainforest to 59%-76% in jungle rubber, and rubber and oil palm plantations. Decomposition, that is the energy flux to decomposers, stayed unchanged, but herbivory, primary and intraguild predation decreased by an order of magnitude in plantation systems. Intraguild predation was very important, being responsible for 38% of the energy flux in rainforest according to our model. Conversion of rainforest into monoculture plantations is associated by an uneven loss of size classes and trophic levels of soil invertebrates resulting in sequestration of energy in large-sized primary consumers and restricted flux of energy to higher trophic levels. Pronounced differences between rainforest and jungle rubber reflect sensitivity of rainforest soil animal communities to moderate land-use changes. Soil communities in plantation systems sustained high total energy flux despite reduced biodiversity. The high energy flux into large decomposers but low energy fluxes into other trophic guilds suggests that trophic multifunctionality of below-ground communities is compromised in plantation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton M Potapov
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bernhard Klarner
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Sandmann
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rahayu Widyastuti
- Department of Soil Sciences and Land Resources, Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, Göttingen, Germany
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98
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What do we need to know to recognize a contest? Naturwissenschaften 2019; 106:32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-019-1632-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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99
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Wong MKL, Guénard B, Lewis OT. Trait-based ecology of terrestrial arthropods. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:999-1022. [PMID: 30548743 PMCID: PMC6849530 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In focusing on how organisms' generalizable functional properties (traits) interact mechanistically with environments across spatial scales and levels of biological organization, trait-based approaches provide a powerful framework for attaining synthesis, generality and prediction. Trait-based research has considerably improved understanding of the assembly, structure and functioning of plant communities. Further advances in ecology may be achieved by exploring the trait-environment relationships of non-sessile, heterotrophic organisms such as terrestrial arthropods, which are geographically ubiquitous, ecologically diverse, and often important functional components of ecosystems. Trait-based studies and trait databases have recently been compiled for groups such as ants, bees, beetles, butterflies, spiders and many others; however, the explicit justification, conceptual framework, and primary-evidence base for the burgeoning field of 'terrestrial arthropod trait-based ecology' have not been well established. Consequently, there is some confusion over the scope and relevance of this field, as well as a tendency for studies to overlook important assumptions of the trait-based approach. Here we aim to provide a broad and accessible overview of the trait-based ecology of terrestrial arthropods. We first define and illustrate foundational concepts in trait-based ecology with respect to terrestrial arthropods, and justify the application of trait-based approaches to the study of their ecology. Next, we review studies in community ecology where trait-based approaches have been used to elucidate how assembly processes for terrestrial arthropod communities are influenced by niche filtering along environmental gradients (e.g. climatic, structural, and land-use gradients) and by abiotic and biotic disturbances (e.g. fire, floods, and biological invasions). We also review studies in ecosystem ecology where trait-based approaches have been used to investigate biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships: how the functional diversity of arthropod communities relates to a host of ecosystem functions and services that they mediate, such as decomposition, pollination and predation. We then suggest how future work can address fundamental assumptions and limitations by investigating trait functionality and the effects of intraspecific variation, assessing the potential for sampling methods to bias the traits and trait values observed, and enhancing the quality and consolidation of trait information in databases. A roadmap to guide observational trait-based studies is also presented. Lastly, we highlight new areas where trait-based studies on terrestrial arthropods are well positioned to advance ecological understanding and application. These include examining the roles of competitive, non-competitive and (multi-)trophic interactions in shaping coexistence, and macro-scaling trait-environment relationships to explain and predict patterns in biodiversity and ecosystem functions across space and time. We hope this review will spur and guide future applications of the trait-based framework to advance ecological insights from the most diverse eukaryotic organisms on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K. L. Wong
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxford, OX1 3PSU.K.
| | - Benoit Guénard
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Hong Kong, Kadoorie Biological Sciences BuildingHong KongSARChina
| | - Owen T. Lewis
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxford, OX1 3PSU.K.
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Krehenwinkel H, Kennedy SR, Adams SA, Stephenson GT, Roy K, Gillespie RG. Multiplex
PCR
targeting lineage‐specific
SNP
s: A highly efficient and simple approach to block out predator sequences in molecular gut content analysis. Methods Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Krehenwinkel
- Environmental Sciences Policy and Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley California
- Department of Biogeography University of Trier Trier Germany
| | - Susan R. Kennedy
- Environmental Sciences Policy and Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley California
| | - Seira A. Adams
- Environmental Sciences Policy and Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley California
| | - Gregg T. Stephenson
- Environmental Sciences Policy and Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley California
| | - Kylle Roy
- Tropical Conservation Biology and Environmental Science University of Hawaii Hilo Hawaii
| | - Rosemary G. Gillespie
- Environmental Sciences Policy and Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley California
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