51
|
Vinken M. In vitro prediction of drug-induced cholestatic liver injury: a challenge for the toxicologist. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1909-1912. [PMID: 29574564 PMCID: PMC6084771 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Chen C, Soto-Gutierrez A, Baptista PM, Spee B. Biotechnology Challenges to In Vitro Maturation of Hepatic Stem Cells. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:1258-1272. [PMID: 29428334 PMCID: PMC6237283 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of liver disease is increasing globally. The only curative therapy for severe end-stage liver disease, liver transplantation, is limited by the shortage of organ donors. In vitro models of liver physiology have been developed and new technologies and approaches are progressing rapidly. Stem cells might be used as a source of liver tissue for development of models, therapies, and tissue-engineering applications. However, we have been unable to generate and maintain stable and mature adult liver cells ex vivo. We review factors that promote hepatocyte differentiation and maturation, including growth factors, transcription factors, microRNAs, small molecules, and the microenvironment. We discuss how the hepatic circulation, microbiome, and nutrition affect liver function, and the criteria for considering cells derived from stem cells to be fully mature hepatocytes. We explain the challenges to cell transplantation and consider future technologies for use in hepatic stem cell maturation, including 3-dimensional biofabrication and genome modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Hubrecht Institute and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pedro M Baptista
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas, Madrid, Spain; Fundación Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigación y el Desarrollo, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) provide a defined and renewable source of cells for drug screening, toxicology and regenerative medicine. We previously reprogrammed human fetal foreskin fibroblast cells (HFF1) into iPSCs employing an episomal plasmid-based integration-free approach, this iPSC-line and the hESC lines H1 and H9 were used to model hepatogenesis in vitro. Biochemical characterisation confirmed glycogen storage, ICG uptake and release, urea and bile acid production, as well as CYP3A4 activity. Microarray-based transcriptome analyses was carried out using RNA isolated from the undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells and subsequent differentiation stages- definitive endoderm (DE) hepatic endoderm (HE) and HLCs. K-means identified 100 distinct clusters, for example, POU5F1/OCT4 marking the undifferentiated stage, SOX17 the DE stage, HNF4α the HE stage, and ALB specific to HLCs, fetal liver and primary human hepatocytes (PHH). This data descriptor describes these datasets which should be useful for gaining new insights into the molecular basis of hepatogenesis and associated gene regulatory networks.
Collapse
|
54
|
Smith AK, Xu Y, Ropella GEP, Hunt CA. A Model Mechanism-Based Explanation of an In Vitro-In Vivo Disconnect for Improving Extrapolation and Translation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:127-138. [PMID: 29434053 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.245019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An improved understanding of in vivo-to-in vitro hepatocyte changes is crucial to interpreting in vitro data correctly and further improving hepatocyte-based in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolations to human targets. We demonstrate using virtual experiments as a means of helping to untangle plausible causes of inaccurate extrapolations. We start with virtual mice that use biomimetic software livers. Previously, using these mice, we discovered model mechanisms that enabled achieving quantitative validation targets while also providing plausible causal explanations for temporal characteristics of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. We isolated virtual hepatocytes, created a virtual culture, and then conducted dose-response experiments in both culture and mice. We expected to see differences between the two dose-response curves but were somewhat surprised that they crossed because it evidenced that simulated acetaminophen metabolism and toxicity are different for virtual culture and mouse contexts even though individual hepatocyte mechanisms were unchanged. Differences in dose-response curves provide a virtual example of an in vivo-to-in vitro disconnect. We use detailed results of experiments to explain this disconnect. Individual hepatocytes contribute differently to system-level phenomena. In liver, hepatocytes are exposed to acetaminophen sequentially. Relative production of the reactive acetaminophen metabolite is largest (smallest) in pericentral (periportal) hepatocytes. Because that sequential exposure is absent in culture, hepatocytes from different lobular locations do not respond the same. A virtual culture-to-mouse translation can stand as a scientifically challengeable hypothesis explaining an in vivo-to-in vitro disconnect. It provides a framework to develop more reliable interpretations of in vitro observations, which then may be used to improve extrapolations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Smith
- Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California (A.K.S., Y.X., C.A.H.); and Tempus Dictum, Inc., Milwaukie, Oregon (G.E.P.R.)
| | - Yanli Xu
- Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California (A.K.S., Y.X., C.A.H.); and Tempus Dictum, Inc., Milwaukie, Oregon (G.E.P.R.)
| | - Glen E P Ropella
- Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California (A.K.S., Y.X., C.A.H.); and Tempus Dictum, Inc., Milwaukie, Oregon (G.E.P.R.)
| | - C Anthony Hunt
- Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California (A.K.S., Y.X., C.A.H.); and Tempus Dictum, Inc., Milwaukie, Oregon (G.E.P.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Robertson MJ, Soibam B, O’Leary JG, Sampaio LC, Taylor DA. Recellularization of rat liver: An in vitro model for assessing human drug metabolism and liver biology. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191892. [PMID: 29377912 PMCID: PMC5788381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver-like organoids that recapitulate the complex functions of the whole liver by combining cells, scaffolds, and mechanical or chemical cues are becoming important models for studying liver biology and drug metabolism. The advantages of growing cells in three-dimensional constructs include enhanced cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions and preserved cellular phenotype including, prevention of de-differentiation. In the current study, biomimetic liver constructs were made via perfusion decellularization of rat liver, with the goal of maintaining the native composition and structure of the extracellular matrix. We optimized our decellularization process to produce liver scaffolds in which immunogenic residual DNA was removed but glycosaminoglycans were maintained. When the constructs were recellularized with rat or human liver cells, the cells remained viable, capable of proliferation, and functional for 28 days. Specifically, the cells continued to express cytochrome P450 genes and maintained their ability to metabolize a model drug, midazolam. Microarray analysis showed an upregulation of genes involved in liver regeneration and fibrosis. In conclusion, these liver constructs have the potential to be used as test beds for studying liver biology and drug metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Robertson
- Scientific Stem Cell, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Soibam
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering Technology, University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline G. O’Leary
- Annette C. & Harold C. Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Luiz C. Sampaio
- Regenerative Medicine Research Laboratories, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Doris A. Taylor
- Regenerative Medicine Research Laboratories, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Transcriptomic characterization of bovine primary cultured hepatocytes; a cross-comparison with a bovine liver and the Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells. Res Vet Sci 2017; 113:40-49. [PMID: 28863307 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bovine primary cultured hepatocytes (CHs) are widely used in vitro models for liver toxicity testing. However, little is known about their whole-transcriptome profile and its resemblance to the normal liver tissue. In the present study, we profiled - by microarray - the whole-transcriptome of bovine CHs (n=4) and compared it with the transcriptomic landscape of control liver samples (n=8), as well the Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells (n=4). Compared with liver tissue, the bovine CHs relatively expressed (fold change >2, P<0.05) about 2155 and 2073 transcripts at a lower and higher abundance, respectively. Of those expressed at a lower abundance, many were drug biotransformation enzyme-coding genes, such as the cytochrome P450 family (CYPs), sulfotransferases, methyltransferases, and glutathione S-transferases. Also, several drug transporters and solute carriers were expressed at a lower abundance in bovine CHs. 'Drug metabolism', 'PPAR signaling', and 'metabolism of xenobiotics by CYPs' were among the most negatively-enriched pathways in bovine CHs compared with liver. A qPCR cross-validation using 8 selected genes evidenced a high correlation (r=0.95, P=0.001) with the corresponding microarray results. Although from a kidney origin, and albeit to a lower extent compared to bovine CHs, the MDBK cells showed a basal expression of many CYP-coding genes. Our study provides a whole-transcriptome-based evidence for the bovine CHs and hepatic tissue resemblance. Overall, the bovine CHs' transcriptomic profile might render it unreliable as an in vitro model to study drug metabolism.
Collapse
|
57
|
Footprint-free human fetal foreskin derived iPSCs: A tool for modeling hepatogenesis associated gene regulatory networks. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6294. [PMID: 28740077 PMCID: PMC5524812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06546-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are similar to embryonic stem cells and can be generated from somatic cells. We have generated episomal plasmid-based and integration-free iPSCs (E-iPSCs) from human fetal foreskin fibroblast cells (HFF1). We used an E-iPSC-line to model hepatogenesis in vitro. The HLCs were characterized biochemically, i.e. glycogen storage, ICG uptake and release, UREA and bile acid production, as well as CYP3A4 activity. Ultra-structure analysis by electron microscopy revealed the presence of lipid and glycogen storage, tight junctions and bile canaliculi- all typical features of hepatocytes. Furthermore, the transcriptome of undifferentiated E-iPSC, DE, HE and HLCs were compared to that of fetal liver and primary human hepatocytes (PHH). K-means clustering identified 100 clusters which include developmental stage-specific groups of genes, e.g. OCT4 expression at the undifferentiated stage, SOX17 marking the DE stage, DLK and HNF6 the HE stage, HNF4α and Albumin is specific to HLCs, fetal liver and adult liver (PHH) stage. We use E-iPSCs for modeling gene regulatory networks associated with human hepatogenesis and gastrulation in general.
Collapse
|
58
|
Kruitwagen HS, Oosterhoff LA, Vernooij IGWH, Schrall IM, van Wolferen ME, Bannink F, Roesch C, van Uden L, Molenaar MR, Helms JB, Grinwis GCM, Verstegen MMA, van der Laan LJW, Huch M, Geijsen N, Vries RG, Clevers H, Rothuizen J, Schotanus BA, Penning LC, Spee B. Long-Term Adult Feline Liver Organoid Cultures for Disease Modeling of Hepatic Steatosis. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:822-830. [PMID: 28344000 PMCID: PMC5390114 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis is a highly prevalent liver disease, yet research is hampered by the lack of tractable cellular and animal models. Steatosis also occurs in cats, where it can cause severe hepatic failure. Previous studies demonstrate the potential of liver organoids for modeling genetic diseases. To examine the possibility of using organoids to model steatosis, we established a long-term feline liver organoid culture with adult liver stem cell characteristics and differentiation potential toward hepatocyte-like cells. Next, organoids from mouse, human, dog, and cat liver were provided with fatty acids. Lipid accumulation was observed in all organoids and interestingly, feline liver organoids accumulated more lipid droplets than human organoids. Finally, we demonstrate effects of interference with β-oxidation on lipid accumulation in feline liver organoids. In conclusion, feline liver organoids can be successfully cultured and display a predisposition for lipid accumulation, making them an interesting model in hepatic steatosis research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig S Kruitwagen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Loes A Oosterhoff
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid G W H Vernooij
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M Schrall
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Monique E van Wolferen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Farah Bannink
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Camille Roesch
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa van Uden
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn R Molenaar
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J Bernd Helms
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Guy C M Grinwis
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Monique M A Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Meritxell Huch
- Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Centre, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Niels Geijsen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands; Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Centre, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert G Vries
- Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Centre, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Centre, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Rothuizen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Baukje A Schotanus
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Louis C Penning
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Human stem cell-derived hepatocytes as a model for hepatitis B virus infection, spreading and virus-host interactions. J Hepatol 2017; 66:494-503. [PMID: 27746336 PMCID: PMC5316493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS One major obstacle of hepatitis B virus (HBV) research is the lack of efficient cell culture system permissive for viral infection and replication. The aim of our study was to establish a robust HBV infection model by using hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells. METHODS HLCs were differentiated from human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. Maturation of hepatocyte functions was determined. After HBV infection, total viral DNA, cccDNA, total viral RNA, pgRNA, HBeAg and HBsAg were measured. RESULTS More than 90% of the HLCs expressed strong signals of human hepatocyte markers, like albumin, as well as known host factors required for HBV infection, suggesting that these cells possessed key features of mature hepatocytes. Notably, HLCs expressed the viral receptor sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide more stably than primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). HLCs supported robust infection and some spreading of HBV. Finally, by using this model, we identified two host-targeting agents, genistin and PA452, as novel antivirals. CONCLUSIONS Stem cell-derived HLCs fully support HBV infection. This novel HLC HBV infection model offers a unique opportunity to advance our understanding of the molecular details of the HBV life cycle; to further characterize virus-host interactions and to define new targets for HBV curative treatment. LAY SUMMARY Our study used human pluripotent stem cells to develop hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) capable of expressing hepatocyte markers and host factors important for HBV infection. These cells fully support HBV infection and virus-host interactions, allowing for the identification of two novel antiviral agents. Thus, stem cell-derived HLCs provide a highly physiologically relevant system to advance our understanding of viral life cycle and provide a new tool for antiviral drug screening and development.
Collapse
|
60
|
Henriksson I, Gatenholm P, Hägg DA. Increased lipid accumulation and adipogenic gene expression of adipocytes in 3D bioprinted nanocellulose scaffolds. Biofabrication 2017; 9:015022. [PMID: 28140346 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa5c1c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Compared to standard 2D culture systems, new methods for 3D cell culture of adipocytes could provide more physiologically accurate data and a deeper understanding of metabolic diseases such as diabetes. By resuspending living cells in a bioink of nanocellulose and hyaluronic acid, we were able to print 3D scaffolds with uniform cell distribution. After one week in culture, cell viability was 95%, and after two weeks the cells displayed a more mature phenotype with larger lipid droplets than standard 2D cultured cells. Unlike cells in 2D culture, the 3D bioprinted cells did not detach upon lipid accumulation. After two weeks, the gene expression of the adipogenic marker genes PPARγ and FABP4 was increased 2.0- and 2.2-fold, respectively, for cells in 3D bioprinted constructs compared with 2D cultured cells. Our 3D bioprinted culture system produces better adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and a more mature cell phenotype than conventional 2D culture systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Henriksson
- 3D Bioprinting Center, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden. Cellink, 470 Ramona Street, Palo Alto 94391, CA, United States of America
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Moreno D, Neri L, Vicente E, Vales A, Aldabe R. Use of Thymidine Kinase Recombinant Adenovirus and Ganciclovir Mediated Mouse Liver Preconditioning for Hepatocyte Xenotransplantation. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1506:179-192. [PMID: 27830553 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6506-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte transplantation is the best approach to maintain and propagate differentiated hepatocytes from different species. Host liver has to be adapted for transplanted hepatocytes productive engraftment and proliferation being required a chronic liver injury to eliminate host hepatocytes and provide a proliferative advantage to the transplanted hepatocytes. Most valuable mouse models for xenograft hepatocyte transplantation are based on genetically modified animals to cause a chronic liver damage and to limit host hepatocyte regeneration potential. We present a methodology that generates a chronic liver damage and can be applied to any host mouse strain and animal species based on the inoculation of a recombinant adenovirus to express herpes simplex thymidine kinase in host hepatocytes sensitizing them to ganciclovir treatment. This causes a prolonged liver damage that allows hepatocyte transplantation and generation of regenerative nodules in recipient mouse liver integrated by transplanted cells and host sinusoidal. Obtained chimeric animals maintain functional chimeric nodules for several weeks, ready to be used in any study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moreno
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
- Institute of Health Research of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leire Neri
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
- Institute of Health Research of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eva Vicente
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
- Institute of Health Research of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Africa Vales
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
- Institute of Health Research of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rafael Aldabe
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain.
- Institute of Health Research of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Vinken M, Blaauboer BJ. In vitro testing of basal cytotoxicity: Establishment of an adverse outcome pathway from chemical insult to cell death. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 39:104-110. [PMID: 27939612 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, an in vitro basal cytotoxicity testing strategy is described for new chemical entities that lack any pre-existing information on potential toxicity. Special attention is paid to the selection of the cellular system, cytotoxicity assay and exposure conditions. This approach is based on a newly proposed generic adverse outcome pathway from chemical insult to cell death that consists of 3 steps, including initial cell injury, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell demise. The suggested strategy to consider in vitro basal cytotoxicity as a first step in evaluating the toxicity of new chemical entities can be placed in a tiered strategy that could be continued by evaluating more specific types of toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Bas J Blaauboer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Toxicology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.177, 3508, TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Weerasinghe SVW, Park MJ, Portney DA, Omary MB. Mouse genetic background contributes to hepatocyte susceptibility to Fas-mediated apoptosis. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:3005-3012. [PMID: 27535425 PMCID: PMC5063609 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-06-0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disease progression is modulated by genetic modifiers in mouse strains and across human races and ethnicities. We hypothesized that hepatocyte culture duration and genetic background regulate hepatocyte susceptibility to apoptosis. Hepatocytes were isolated from FVB/N, C57BL/6, and C3H/He mice and cultured or treated with Fas ligand or acetaminophen after different culture times. Protein and mRNA expressions of Fas receptor, caspases-3/7/8, and Bak/Bax/Bid proteins were determined. FVB/N hepatocytes manifested rapid decreases of caspases-3/7 but not caspase-8 as culture time increased, which paralleled decreased susceptibility to apoptosis. Some changes were also found in Fas-receptor and Bak, Bax, and Bid proteins; caspase mRNA decreases were also noted. Caspase protein degradation was partially reversed by lysosomal protease but not proteasome or autophagy inhibitors. C57BL/6 and FVB/N hepatocytes behaved similarly in their limited susceptibility to apoptosis, whereas C3H/He hepatocytes show limited alterations in caspases, with consequent increased susceptibility to apoptosis. Similarly, C3H/He mice were more susceptible than C57BL/6 and FVB/N mice to Fas-mediated liver injury. Therefore there are significant mouse strain-dependent differences in susceptibility to apoptosis and selective loss of caspases upon short-term hepatocyte culture, with consequent decrease in susceptibility to apoptosis. These differences likely reflect genetic modifiers that provide resistance or predisposition to hepatocyte death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujith V W Weerasinghe
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Min-Jung Park
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Daniel A Portney
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - M Bishr Omary
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Xiao W, Perry G, Komori K, Sakai Y. New physiologically-relevant liver tissue model based on hierarchically cocultured primary rat hepatocytes with liver endothelial cells. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 7:1412-22. [PMID: 26304784 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00170f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To develop an in vitro liver tissue equivalent, hepatocytes should be cocultured with liver non-parenchymal cells to mimic the in vivo physiological microenvironments. In this work, we describe a physiologically-relevant liver tissue model by hierarchically organizing layers of primary rat hepatocytes and human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (TMNK-1) on an oxygen-permeable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane, which facilitates direct oxygenation by diffusion through the membrane. This in vivo-mimicking hierarchical coculture was obtained by simply proceeding the overlay of TMNK-1 cells on the hepatocyte layer re-formed on the collagen immobilized PDMS membranes. The comparison of hepatic functionalities was achieved between coculture and sandwich culture with Matrigel, in the presence and absence of direct oxygenation. A complete double-layered structure of functional liver cells with vertical contact between hepatocytes and TMNK-1 was successfully constructed in the coculture with direct oxygen supply and was well-maintained for 14 days. The hepatocytes in this hierarchical culture exhibited improved survival, functional bile canaliculi formation, cellular level polarization and maintenance of metabolic activities including Cyp1A1/2 activity and albumin production. By contrast, the two cell populations formed discontinuous monolayers on the same surfaces in the non-oxygen-permeable cultures. These results demonstrate that (i) the direct oxygenation through the PDMS membranes enables very simple formation of a hierarchical structure consisting of a hepatocyte layer and a layer of TMNK-1 and (ii) we may include other non-parenchymal cells in this format easily, which can be widely applicable to other epithelial organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Xiao
- Fe505, Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Guillaume Perry
- Fe505, Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan. and LIMMS CNRS/IIS, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kikuo Komori
- Fe505, Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- Fe505, Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Schepers A, Li C, Chhabra A, Seney BT, Bhatia S. Engineering a perfusable 3D human liver platform from iPS cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2644-53. [PMID: 27296616 PMCID: PMC5318999 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00598e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In vitro models of human tissue are crucial to our ability to study human disease as well as develop safe and effective drug therapies. Models of single organs in static and microfluidic culture have been established and shown utility for modeling some aspects of health and disease; however, these systems lack multi-organ interactions that are critical to some aspects of drug metabolism and toxicity. Thus, as part of a consortium of researchers, we have developed a liver chip that meets the following criteria: (1) employs human iPS cells from a patient of interest, (2) cultures cells in perfusable 3D organoids, and (3) is robust to variations in perfusion rate so as to be compatible in series with other specialized tissue chips (e.g. heart, lung). In order to achieve this, we describe methods to form hepatocyte aggregates from primary and iPS-derived cells, alone and in co-culture with support cells. This necessitated a novel culture protocol for the interrupted differentiation of iPS cells that permits their removal from a plated surface and aggregation while maintaining phenotypic hepatic functions. In order to incorporate these 3D aggregates in a perfusable platform, we next encapsulated the cells in a PEG hydrogel to prevent aggregation and overgrowth once on chip. We adapted a C-trap chip architecture from the literature that enabled robust loading with encapsulated organoids and culture over a range of flow rates. Finally, we characterize the liver functions of this iHep organoid chip under perfusion and demonstrate a lifetime of at least 28 days. We envision that such this strategy can be generalized to other microfluidic tissue models and provides an opportunity to query patient-specific liver responses in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnout Schepers
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. and Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Cheri Li
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. and Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Arnav Chhabra
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. and Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Benjamin Tschudy Seney
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. and Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sangeeta Bhatia
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. and Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Hindley CJ, Cordero-Espinoza L, Huch M. Organoids from adult liver and pancreas: Stem cell biology and biomedical utility. Dev Biol 2016; 420:251-261. [PMID: 27364469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The liver and pancreas are critical organs maintaining whole body metabolism. Historically, the expansion of adult-derived cells from these organs in vitro has proven challenging and this in turn has hampered studies of liver and pancreas stem cell biology, as well as being a roadblock to disease modelling and cell replacement therapies for pathologies in these organs. Recently, defined culture conditions have been described which allow the in vitro culture and manipulation of adult-derived liver and pancreatic material. Here we review these systems and assess their physiological relevance, as well as their potential utility in biomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Hindley
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; The Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Lucía Cordero-Espinoza
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Meritxell Huch
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Vatakuti S, Olinga P, Pennings JLA, Groothuis GMM. Validation of precision-cut liver slices to study drug-induced cholestasis: a transcriptomics approach. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1401-1412. [PMID: 27344345 PMCID: PMC5316400 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatotoxicity is one of the major reasons for withdrawal of drugs from the market. Therefore, there is a need to screen new drugs for hepatotoxicity in humans at an earlier stage. The aim of this study was to validate human precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) as an ex vivo model to predict drug-induced cholestasis and identify the possible mechanisms of cholestasis-induced toxicity using gene expression profiles. Five hepatotoxicants, which are known to induce cholestasis (alpha-naphthyl isothiocyanate, chlorpromazine, cyclosporine, ethinyl estradiol and methyl testosterone) were used at concentrations inducing low (<30 %) and medium (30-50 %) toxicity, based on ATP content. Human PCLS were incubated with the drugs in the presence of a non-toxic concentration (60 µM) of a bile acid mixture (portal vein concentration and composition) as model for bile acid-induced cholestasis. Regulated genes include bile acid transporters and cholesterol transporters. Pathway analysis revealed that hepatic cholestasis was among the top ten regulated pathways, and signaling pathways such as farnesoid X receptor- and liver X receptor-mediated responses, which are known to play a role in cholestasis, were significantly affected by all cholestatic compounds. Other significantly affected pathways include unfolded protein response and protein ubiquitination implicating the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress. This study shows that human PCLS incubated in the presence of a physiological bile acid mixture correctly reflect the pathways affected in drug-induced cholestasis in the human liver. In the future, this human PCLS model can be used to identify cholestatic adverse drug reactions of new chemical entities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Vatakuti
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Heslop JA, Rowe C, Walsh J, Sison-Young R, Jenkins R, Kamalian L, Kia R, Hay D, Jones RP, Malik HZ, Fenwick S, Chadwick AE, Mills J, Kitteringham NR, Goldring CEP, Kevin Park B. Mechanistic evaluation of primary human hepatocyte culture using global proteomic analysis reveals a selective dedifferentiation profile. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:439-452. [PMID: 27039104 PMCID: PMC5225178 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1694-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The application of primary human hepatocytes following isolation from human tissue is well accepted to be compromised by the process of dedifferentiation. This phenomenon reduces many unique hepatocyte functions, limiting their use in drug disposition and toxicity assessment. The aetiology of dedifferentiation has not been well defined, and further understanding of the process would allow the development of novel strategies for sustaining the hepatocyte phenotype in culture or for improving protocols for maturation of hepatocytes generated from stem cells. We have therefore carried out the first proteomic comparison of primary human hepatocyte differentiation. Cells were cultured for 0, 24, 72 and 168 h as a monolayer in order to permit unrestricted hepatocyte dedifferentiation, so as to reveal the causative signalling pathways and factors in this process, by pathway analysis. A total of 3430 proteins were identified with a false detection rate of <1 %, of which 1117 were quantified at every time point. Increasing numbers of significantly differentially expressed proteins compared with the freshly isolated cells were observed at 24 h (40 proteins), 72 h (118 proteins) and 168 h (272 proteins) (p < 0.05). In particular, cytochromes P450 and mitochondrial proteins underwent major changes, confirmed by functional studies and investigated by pathway analysis. We report the key factors and pathways which underlie the loss of hepatic phenotype in vitro, particularly those driving the large-scale and selective remodelling of the mitochondrial and metabolic proteomes. In summary, these findings expand the current understanding of dedifferentiation should facilitate further development of simple and complex hepatic culture systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A Heslop
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Cliff Rowe
- CN Bio, Centre for Innovation and Enterprise, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, OX5 1PF, UK
| | - Joanne Walsh
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Rowena Sison-Young
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Roz Jenkins
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Laleh Kamalian
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Richard Kia
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - David Hay
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Robert P Jones
- University Hospital Aintree, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool, L9 7AL, UK
| | - Hassan Z Malik
- University Hospital Aintree, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool, L9 7AL, UK
| | - Stephen Fenwick
- University Hospital Aintree, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool, L9 7AL, UK
| | - Amy E Chadwick
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - John Mills
- AstraZeneca, Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, Alderley Park, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Neil R Kitteringham
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Chris E P Goldring
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.
| | - B Kevin Park
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Sutherland JJ, Jolly RA, Goldstein KM, Stevens JL. Assessing Concordance of Drug-Induced Transcriptional Response in Rodent Liver and Cultured Hepatocytes. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004847. [PMID: 27028627 PMCID: PMC4814051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of drugs, disease and other perturbations on mRNA levels are studied using gene expression microarrays or RNA-seq, with the goal of understanding molecular effects arising from the perturbation. Previous comparisons of reproducibility across laboratories have been limited in scale and focused on a single model. The use of model systems, such as cultured primary cells or cancer cell lines, assumes that mechanistic insights derived from the models would have been observed via in vivo studies. We examined the concordance of compound-induced transcriptional changes using data from several sources: rat liver and rat primary hepatocytes (RPH) from Drug Matrix (DM) and open TG-GATEs (TG), human primary hepatocytes (HPH) from TG, and mouse liver / HepG2 results from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository. Gene expression changes for treatments were normalized to controls and analyzed with three methods: 1) gene level for 9071 high expression genes in rat liver, 2) gene set analysis (GSA) using canonical pathways and gene ontology sets, 3) weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Co-expression networks performed better than genes or GSA when comparing treatment effects within rat liver and rat vs. mouse liver. Genes and modules performed similarly at Connectivity Map-style analyses, where success at identifying similar treatments among a collection of reference profiles is the goal. Comparisons between rat liver and RPH, and those between RPH, HPH and HepG2 cells reveal lower concordance for all methods. We observe that the baseline state of untreated cultured cells relative to untreated rat liver shows striking similarity with toxicant-exposed cells in vivo, indicating that gross systems level perturbation in the underlying networks in culture may contribute to the low concordance. Gene expression studies in model systems are widely used for understanding the mechanism of drugs and other perturbations in biological systems. Other researchers have examined the reproducibility of microarray studies between laboratories, or comparing microarrays and/or RNA sequencing. However, no large scale studies have compared results from protocols which differ in minor details, or results generated in vivo vs. in vitro culture systems thought to serve as useful models. The rat liver is by far the most extensively studied model evaluating effects of drugs and other perturbations, and existing data allowed us to assess the level of concordance between rat liver and rat primary hepatocytes cultured in collagen-coated plates (i.e. “flat” culture) for hundreds of drugs. We found that the mouse liver serves as a better model of the rat liver than do rat primary hepatocytes, even after allowing for differences due to pharmacokinetics. The low concordance observed between rat liver and rat hepatocytes suggests that validating the utility of ‘omics data generated on emerging cell culture approaches (e.g. “organ-on-a-chip”, 3D-printed tissues) using rat cells and comparison to the rat liver may be necessary in order to gain confidence these approaches substantially improve on traditional culture models of human cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J. Sutherland
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JJS); (JLS)
| | - Robert A. Jolly
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Keith M. Goldstein
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - James L. Stevens
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JJS); (JLS)
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Generation and characterization of rat liver stem cell lines and their engraftment in a rat model of liver failure. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22154. [PMID: 26915950 PMCID: PMC4768167 DOI: 10.1038/srep22154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The rat is an important model for liver regeneration. However, there is no in vitro culture system that can capture the massive proliferation that can be observed after partial hepatectomy in rats. We here describe the generation of rat liver stem cell lines. Rat liver stem cells, which grow as cystic organoids, were characterized by high expression of the stem cell marker Lgr5, by the expression of liver progenitor and duct markers, and by low expression of hepatocyte markers, oval cell markers, and stellate cell markers. Prolonged cultures of rat liver organoids depended on high levels of WNT-signalling and the inhibition of BMP-signaling. Upon transplantation of clonal lines to a Fah(-/-) Il2rg(-/-) rat model of liver failure, the rat liver stem cells engrafted into the host liver where they differentiated into areas with FAH and Albumin positive hepatocytes. Rat liver stem cell lines hold potential as consistent reliable cell sources for pharmacological, toxicological or metabolic studies. In addition, rat liver stem cell lines may contribute to the development of regenerative medicine in liver disease. To our knowledge, the here described liver stem cell lines represent the first organoid culture system in the rat.
Collapse
|
71
|
Herzog N, Hansen M, Miethbauer S, Schmidtke KU, Anderer U, Lupp A, Sperling S, Seehofer D, Damm G, Scheibner K, Küpper JH. Primary-like human hepatocytes genetically engineered to obtain proliferation competence display hepatic differentiation characteristics in monolayer and organotypical spheroid cultures. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:341-53. [PMID: 26715207 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Primary human hepatocytes are in great demand during drug development and in hepatology. However, both scarcity of tissue supply and donor variability of primary cells create a need for the development of alternative hepatocyte systems. By using a lentivirus vector system to transfer coding sequences of Upcyte® proliferation genes, we generated non-transformed stable hepatocyte cultures from human liver tissue samples. Here, we show data on newly generated proliferation-competent HepaFH3 cells investigated as conventional two-dimensional monolayer and as organotypical three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture. In monolayer culture, HepaFH3 cells show typical cobblestone-like hepatocyte morphology and anchorage-dependent growth for at least 20 passages. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that characteristic hepatocyte marker proteins cytokeratin 8, human serum albumin, and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 were expressed. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed that expression levels of analyzed phase I CYP enzymes were at similar levels compared to those of cultured primary human hepatocytes and considerably higher than in the liver carcinoma cell line HepG2. Additionally, transcripts for phase II liver enzymes and transporter proteins OATP-C, MRP2, Oct1, and BSEP were present in HepaFH3. The cells produced urea and converted model compounds such as testosterone, diclofenac, and 7-OH-coumarin into phases I and II metabolites. Interestingly, phases I and II enzymes were expressed at about the same levels in convenient monolayer cultures and complex 3D spheroids. In conclusion, HepaFH3 cells and related primary-like hepatocyte lines seem to be promising tools for in vitro research of liver functions and as test system in drug development and toxicology analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Herzog
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Max Hansen
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Miethbauer
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Schmidtke
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Ursula Anderer
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Amelie Lupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Sperling
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Scheibner
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Jan-Heiner Küpper
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Bhise NS, Manoharan V, Massa S, Tamayol A, Ghaderi M, Miscuglio M, Lang Q, Shrike Zhang Y, Shin SR, Calzone G, Annabi N, Shupe TD, Bishop CE, Atala A, Dokmeci MR, Khademhosseini A. A liver-on-a-chip platform with bioprinted hepatic spheroids. Biofabrication 2016; 8:014101. [PMID: 26756674 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/8/1/014101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The inadequacy of animal models in correctly predicting drug and biothreat agent toxicity in humans has resulted in a pressing need for in vitro models that can recreate the in vivo scenario. One of the most important organs in the assessment of drug toxicity is liver. Here, we report the development of a liver-on-a-chip platform for long-term culture of three-dimensional (3D) human HepG2/C3A spheroids for drug toxicity assessment. The bioreactor design allowed for in situ monitoring of the culture environment by enabling direct access to the hepatic construct during the experiment without compromising the platform operation. The engineered bioreactor could be interfaced with a bioprinter to fabricate 3D hepatic constructs of spheroids encapsulated within photocrosslinkable gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel. The engineered hepatic construct remained functional during the 30 days culture period as assessed by monitoring the secretion rates of albumin, alpha-1 antitrypsin, transferrin, and ceruloplasmin, as well as immunostaining for the hepatocyte markers, cytokeratin 18, MRP2 bile canalicular protein and tight junction protein ZO-1. Treatment with 15 mM acetaminophen induced a toxic response in the hepatic construct that was similar to published studies on animal and other in vitro models, thus providing a proof-of-concept demonstration of the utility of this liver-on-a-chip platform for toxicity assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nupura S Bhise
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Maes M, Yanguas SC, Willebrords J, Vinken M. Models and methods for in vitro testing of hepatic gap junctional communication. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 30:569-577. [PMID: 26420514 PMCID: PMC4685743 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inherent to their pivotal roles in controlling all aspects of the liver cell life cycle, hepatocellular gap junctions are frequently disrupted upon impairment of the homeostatic balance, as occurs during liver toxicity. Hepatic gap junctions, which are mainly built up by connexin32, are specifically targeted by tumor promoters and epigenetic carcinogens. This renders inhibition of gap junction functionality a suitable indicator for the in vitro detection of nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogenicity. The establishment of a reliable liver gap junction inhibition assay for routine in vitro testing purposes requires a cellular system in which gap junctions are expressed at an in vivo-like level as well as an appropriate technique to probe gap junction activity. Both these models and methods are discussed in the current paper, thereby focusing on connexin32-based gap junctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sara Crespo Yanguas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joost Willebrords
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
An F, Qu Y, Liu X, Zhong R, Luo Y. Organ-on-a-Chip: New Platform for Biological Analysis. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2015; 10:39-45. [PMID: 26640364 PMCID: PMC4664205 DOI: 10.4137/aci.s28905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Direct detection and analysis of biomolecules and cells in physiological microenvironment is urgently needed for fast evaluation of biology and pharmacy. The past several years have witnessed remarkable development opportunities in vitro organs and tissues models with multiple functions based on microfluidic devices, termed as “organ-on-a-chip”. Briefly speaking, it is a promising technology in rebuilding physiological functions of tissues and organs, featuring mammalian cell co-culture and artificial microenvironment created by microchannel networks. In this review, we summarized the advances in studies of heart-, vessel-, liver-, neuron-, kidney- and Multi-organs-on-a-chip, and discussed some noteworthy potential on-chip detection schemes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan An
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China. ; State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yueyang Qu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China. ; State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xianming Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Runtao Zhong
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Yong Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China. ; State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
High-content screening imaging and real-time cellular impedance monitoring for the assessment of chemical’s bio-activation with regards hepatotoxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1916-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
76
|
Sison-Young RLC, Mitsa D, Jenkins RE, Mottram D, Alexandre E, Richert L, Aerts H, Weaver RJ, Jones RP, Johann E, Hewitt PG, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Goldring CEP, Kitteringham NR, Park BK. Comparative Proteomic Characterization of 4 Human Liver-Derived Single Cell Culture Models Reveals Significant Variation in the Capacity for Drug Disposition, Bioactivation, and Detoxication. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:412-24. [PMID: 26160117 PMCID: PMC4583060 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro preclinical models for the assessment of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) are usually based on cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes (cPHH) or human hepatic tumor-derived cell lines; however, it is unclear how well such cell models reflect the normal function of liver cells. The physiological, pharmacological, and toxicological phenotyping of available cell-based systems is necessary in order to decide the testing purpose for which they are fit. We have therefore undertaken a global proteomic analysis of 3 human-derived hepatic cell lines (HepG2, Upcyte, and HepaRG) in comparison with cPHH with a focus on drug metabolizing enzymes and transport proteins (DMETs), as well as Nrf2-regulated proteins. In total, 4946 proteins were identified, of which 2722 proteins were common across all cell models, including 128 DMETs. Approximately 90% reduction in expression of cytochromes P450 was observed in HepG2 and Upcyte cells, and approximately 60% in HepaRG cells relative to cPHH. Drug transporter expression was also lower compared with cPHH with the exception of MRP3 and P-gp (MDR1) which appeared to be significantly expressed in HepaRG cells. In contrast, a high proportion of Nrf2-regulated proteins were more highly expressed in the cell lines compared with cPHH. The proteomic database derived here will provide a rational basis for the context-specific selection of the most appropriate ‘hepatocyte-like’ cell for the evaluation of particular cellular functions associated with DILI and, at the same time, assist in the construction of a testing paradigm which takes into account the in vivo disposition of a new drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rowena L C Sison-Young
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Dimitra Mitsa
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Rosalind E Jenkins
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - David Mottram
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | | | | | - Hélène Aerts
- Biologie Servier, 905 Route de Saran, 45520, Gidy, France
| | | | - Robert P Jones
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Esther Johann
- North Western Hepatobiliary Unit, Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK
| | - Philip G Hewitt
- Merck KGaA, Merck Serono, Non-Clinical Safety, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany; and
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher E P Goldring
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Neil R Kitteringham
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK;
| | - B Kevin Park
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Bolleyn J, Fraczek J, Rogiers V, Vanhaecke T. Epigenetic Modifications as Antidedifferentiation Strategy for Primary Hepatocytes in Culture. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1250:203-211. [PMID: 26272144 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2074-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A well-known problem of cultured primary hepatocytes is their rapid dedifferentiation. During the last years, several strategies to counteract this phenomenon have been developed, of which changing the in vitro environment is the most popular one. However, mimicking the in vivo setting in vitro by adding soluble media additives or the restoration of both cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix contacts is not sufficient and only delays the dedifferentiation process instead of counteracting it. In this chapter, new strategies to prevent the deterioration of the liver-specific phenotype of primary hepatocytes in culture by targeting the (epi)genetic mechanisms that drive hepatocellular gene expression are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Gouliarmou V, Pelkonen O, Coecke S. Differentiation-Promoting Medium Additives for Hepatocyte Cultivation and Cryopreservation. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1250:143-159. [PMID: 26272140 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2074-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Isolated primary hepatocytes are considered as the reference system for in vitro hepatic methods. Following the isolation of primary hepatocytes from liver tissue, an unfavorable process named dedifferentiation is initiated leading to the attenuation of the hepatocellular phenotype both at the morphological and functional level. Freshly isolated hepatocytes can be used immediately or can be cryopreserved for future purposes. Currently, a number of antidedifferentiation strategies exist to extend the life span of isolated hepatocytes. The addition of differentiation-promoting compounds to the hepatocyte culture medium is the oldest and simplest antidedifferentiation approach applied. In the present chapter, the most commonly used medium additives for cultivation and cryopreservation of primary hepatocytes are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Gouliarmou
- EURL ECVAM, Systems Toxicology Unit, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Center, Via Fermi 2749, Ispra, 21027, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Murray JW, Han D, Wolkoff AW. Hepatocytes maintain greater fluorescent bile acid accumulation and greater sensitivity to drug-induced cell death in three-dimensional matrix culture. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/12/e12198. [PMID: 25524275 PMCID: PMC4332201 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary hepatocytes undergo phenotypic dedifferentiation upon isolation from liver that typically includes down regulation of uptake transporters and up regulation of efflux transporters. Culturing cells between layers of collagen in a three‐dimensional (3D) “sandwich” is reported to restore hepatic phenotype. This report examines how 3D culturing affects accumulation of fluorophores, the cytotoxic response to bile acids and drugs, and whether cell to cell differences in fluorescent anion accumulation correlate with differences in cytotoxicity. Hepatocytes were found to accumulate fluorescent bile acid (FBA) at significantly higher levels than the related fluorophores, carboxyfluorescein diacetate, (4.4‐fold), carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (4.8‐fold), and fluorescein (30‐fold). In 2D culture, FBA accumulation decreased to background levels by 32 h, Hoechst nuclear accumulation strongly decreased, and nuclear diameter increased, indicative of an efflux phenotype. In 3D culture, FBA accumulation was maintained through 168 h but at 1/3 the original intensity. Cell to cell differences in accumulated FBA did not correlate with levels of liver zonal markers L‐FBAP (zone 1) or glutamine synthetase (zone 3). Cytotoxic response to hydrophobic bile acids, acetaminophen, and phalloidin was maintained in 3D culture, and cells with higher FBA accumulation showed 12–18% higher toxicity than the total population toward hydrophobic bile acids (P < 0.05). Long‐term imaging showed oscillations in the accumulation of FBA over periods of hours. Overall, the studies suggest that high accumulation of FBA can indicate the sensitivity of cultured hepatocytes to hydrophobic bile acids and other toxins. These studies use automated image analysis and fluorescent dye accumulation to demonstrate that 3D culturing enhances organic anion accumulation and cytotoxic response in long‐term hepatocyte cultures. The level of anion accumulation was found to vary through days in culture and also between single cells, and higher fluorescent bile acid accumulation correlated with higher toxic response to hydrophobic bile acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Dennis Han
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Allan W Wolkoff
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Ghallab A, Bolt HM. In vitro systems: current limitations and future perspectives. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:2085-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
81
|
van Wenum M, Chamuleau RAFM, van Gulik TM, Siliakus A, Seppen J, Hoekstra R. Bioartificial liversin vitroandin vivo: tailoring biocomponents to the expanding variety of applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:1745-60. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.950651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
82
|
Xiao W, Kodama M, Komori K, Sakai Y. Oxygen-permeable membrane-based direct oxygenation remarkably enhances functions and gene expressions of rat hepatocytes in both 3D and sandwich cultures. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
83
|
O'Neill KE, Thowfeequ S, Li WC, Eberhard D, Dutton JR, Tosh D, Slack JMW. Hepatocyte-ductal transdifferentiation is mediated by reciprocal repression of SOX9 and C/EBPα. Cell Reprogram 2014; 16:314-23. [PMID: 25153359 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2014.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary hepatocytes rapidly dedifferentiate when cultured in vitro. We have studied the mechanism of hepatocyte dedifferentiation by using two culture media: one that maintains hepatocytes in a differentiated state and another that allows dedifferentiation. We show that dedifferentiation involves partial transformation of hepatocytes into cells that resemble biliary epithelial cells. Lineage labeling and time-lapse filming confirm that the dedifferentiated cells are derived from hepatocytes and not from contaminating ductal or fibroblastic cells in the original culture. Furthermore, we establish that the conversion of hepatocytes to biliary-like cells is regulated by mutual antagonism of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) and SOX9, which have opposing effects on the expression of hepatocyte and ductal genes. Thus, hepatocyte dedifferentiation induces the biliary gene expression program by alleviating C/EBPα-mediated repression of Sox9. We propose that reciprocal antagonism of C/EBPα and SOX9 also operates in the formation of hepatocytes and biliary ducts from hepatoblasts during normal embryonic development. These data demonstrate that reprogramming of differentiated cells can be used to model the acquisition and maintenance of cell fate in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy E O'Neill
- 1 Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology & Biochemistry University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Legendre A, Jacques S, Dumont F, Cotton J, Paullier P, Fleury MJ, Leclerc E. Investigation of the hepatotoxicity of flutamide: Pro-survival/apoptotic and necrotic switch in primary rat hepatocytes characterized by metabolic and transcriptomic profiles in microfluidic liver biochips. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:1075-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
85
|
Li CY, Stevens KR, Schwartz RE, Alejandro BS, Huang JH, Bhatia SN. Micropatterned cell-cell interactions enable functional encapsulation of primary hepatocytes in hydrogel microtissues. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:2200-12. [PMID: 24498910 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is a major cause of drug development failures and postmarket withdrawals. In vitro models that incorporate primary hepatocytes have been shown to be more predictive than model systems which rely on liver microsomes or hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Methods to phenotypically stabilize primary hepatocytes ex vivo often rely on mimicry of hepatic microenvironmental cues such as cell-cell interactions and cell-matrix interactions. In this work, we sought to incorporate phenotypically stable hepatocytes into three-dimensional (3D) microtissues, which, in turn, could be deployed in drug-screening platforms such as multiwell plates and diverse organ-on-a-chip devices. We first utilize micropatterning on collagen I to specify cell-cell interactions in two-dimensions, followed by collagenase digestion to produce well-controlled aggregates for 3D encapsulation in polyethylene glycol (PEG) diacrylate. Using this approach, we examined the influence of homotypic hepatocyte interactions and composition of the encapsulating hydrogel, and achieved the maintenance of liver-specific function for over 50 days. Optimally preaggregated structures were subsequently encapsulated using a microfluidic droplet-generator to produce 3D microtissues. Interactions of engineered hepatic microtissues with drugs was characterized by flow cytometry, and yielded both induction of P450 enzymes in response to prototypic small molecules and drug-drug interactions that give rise to hepatotoxicity. Collectively, this study establishes a pipeline for the manufacturing of 3D hepatic microtissues that exhibit stabilized liver-specific functions and can be incorporated into a wide array of emerging drug development platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheri Y Li
- 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Gieseck III RL, Hannan NRF, Bort R, Hanley NA, Drake RAL, Cameron GWW, Wynn TA, Vallier L. Maturation of induced pluripotent stem cell derived hepatocytes by 3D-culture. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86372. [PMID: 24466060 PMCID: PMC3899231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell derived hepatocytes (IPSC-Heps) have the potential to reduce the demand for a dwindling number of primary cells used in applications ranging from therapeutic cell infusions to in vitro toxicology studies. However, current differentiation protocols and culture methods produce cells with reduced functionality and fetal-like properties compared to adult hepatocytes. We report a culture method for the maturation of IPSC-Heps using 3-Dimensional (3D) collagen matrices compatible with high throughput screening. This culture method significantly increases functional maturation of IPSC-Heps towards an adult phenotype when compared to conventional 2D systems. Additionally, this approach spontaneously results in the presence of polarized structures necessary for drug metabolism and improves functional longevity to over 75 days. Overall, this research reveals a method to shift the phenotype of existing IPSC-Heps towards primary adult hepatocytes allowing such cells to be a more relevant replacement for the current primary standard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Gieseck III
- Wellcome Trust–Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicholas R. F. Hannan
- Wellcome Trust–Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Roque Bort
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Neil A. Hanley
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Thomas A. Wynn
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome Trust–Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
M. Rodrigues R, De Kock J. Human stem cell-derived hepatocytes: breakthrough of an expedient tool for preclinical assessment of drug-induced liver injury? Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:183-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
88
|
Schotanus BA, Penning LC, Spee B. Potential of regenerative medicine techniques in canine hepatology. Vet Q 2014; 33:207-16. [PMID: 24422896 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2013.875240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cell turnover is very slow, especially compared to intestines and stomach epithelium and hair cells. Since the liver is the main detoxifying organ in the body, it does not come as a surprise that the liver has an unmatched regenerative capacity. After 70% partial hepatectomy, the liver size returns to normal in about two weeks due to replication of differentiated hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Despite this, liver diseases are regularly encountered in the veterinary clinic. Dogs primarily present with parenchymal pathologies such as hepatitis. The estimated frequency of canine hepatitis depends on the investigated population and accounts for 1%-2% of our university clinic referral population, and up to 12% in a general population. In chronic and severe acute liver disease, the regenerative and replicative capacity of the hepatocytes and/or cholangiocytes falls short and the liver is not restored. In this situation, proliferation of hepatic stem cells or hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs), on histology called the ductular reaction, comes into play to replace the damaged hepatocytes or cholangiocytes. For unknown reasons the ductular reaction is often too little and too late, or differentiation into fully differentiated hepatocytes or cholangiocytes is hampered. In this way, HPCs fail to fully regenerate the liver. The presence and potential of HPCs does, however, provide great prospectives for their use in regenerative strategies. This review highlights the regulation of, and the interaction between, HPCs and other liver cell types and discusses potential regenerative medicine-oriented strategies in canine hepatitis, making use of (liver) stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baukje A Schotanus
- a Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
|
90
|
Kolaja K. Stem cell derived tissues and microphysiological systems: a paradigm shifting moment. Vet J 2013; 198:1-2. [PMID: 24129108 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Kolaja
- Cellular Dynamics International, 525 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
McGill MR, Jaeschke H. Metabolism and disposition of acetaminophen: recent advances in relation to hepatotoxicity and diagnosis. Pharm Res 2013; 30:2174-87. [PMID: 23462933 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is one of the most widely used drugs. Though safe at therapeutic doses, overdose causes mitochondrial dysfunction and centrilobular necrosis in the liver. The first studies of APAP metabolism and activation were published more than 40 years ago. Most of the drug is eliminated by glucuronidation and sulfation. These reactions are catalyzed by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT1A1 and 1A6) and sulfotransferases (SULT1A1, 1A3/4, and 1E1), respectively. However, some is converted by CYP2E1 and other cytochrome P450 enzymes to a reactive intermediate that can bind to sulfhydryl groups. The metabolite can deplete liver glutathione (GSH) and modify cellular proteins. GSH binding occurs spontaneously, but may also involve GSH-S-transferases. Protein binding leads to oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. The glucuronide, sulfate, and GSH conjugates are excreted by transporters in the canalicular (Mrp2 and Bcrp) and basolateral (Mrp3 and Mrp4) hepatocyte membranes. Conditions that interfere with metabolism and metabolic activation can alter the hepatotoxicity of the drug. Recent data providing novel insights into these processes, particularly in humans, are reviewed in the context of earlier work, and the effects of altered metabolism and reactive metabolite formation are discussed. Recent advances in the diagnostic use of serum adducts are covered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|