51
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Yue S, Wu L, Wang J, Tang Y, Qu C, Shi X, Zhang P, Ge Y, Cao Y, Pang H, Shan C, Cui X, Qian L, Duan JA. Metabolic profile of anhydrosafflor yellow B in rats by ultra-fast liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1014:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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52
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Alternative matrices for therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressive agents using LC-MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2016; 7:1037-58. [PMID: 25966013 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressive drugs used in solid organ transplants typically have narrow therapeutic windows and high intra- and intersubject variability. To ensure satisfactory exposure, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) plays a pivotal role in any successful posttransplant maintenance therapy. Currently, recommendations for optimum immunosuppressant concentrations are based on blood/plasma measurements. However, they introduce many disadvantages, including poor prediction of allograft survival and toxicity, a weak correlation with drug concentrations at the site of action and the invasive nature of the sample collection. Thus, alternative matrices have been investigated. This paper reviews tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods used for the quantification of immunosuppressant drugs utilizing nonconventional matrices, namely oral fluids, fingerprick blood and intracellular and intratissue sampling. The advantages, disadvantages and clinical application of such alternative mediums are discussed. Additionally, sample extraction techniques and basic chromatography information regarding these methods are presented in tabulated form.
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53
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Zhang F, La M, Gong X, Gao S, Wu Z, Sun L, Tao X, Chen W. Metabolite identification and pharmacokinetic study of Lamiophlomis rotata in rats. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25264d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry technique and a subsequent LC-MS/MS method were developed for metabolite profile study of Lamiophlomis rotata extract after its oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy
- Changzheng Hospital
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200003
- P. R. China
| | - Mingping La
- Department of Pharmacy
- Changzheng Hospital
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200003
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaobin Gong
- Department of Pharmacy
- Changzheng Hospital
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200003
- P. R. China
| | - Shouhong Gao
- Department of Pharmacy
- Changzheng Hospital
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200003
- P. R. China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- Department of Pharmacy
- Changzheng Hospital
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200003
- P. R. China
| | - Lianna Sun
- Department of Identification of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Xia Tao
- Department of Pharmacy
- Changzheng Hospital
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200003
- P. R. China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy
- Changzheng Hospital
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200003
- P. R. China
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54
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Wong MR, Reggio MJ, Morocho FR, Holloway MM, Garcia-Blanco JC, Jenkins C, Johnson AD. Effects of intraosseous epinephrine in a cardiac arrest swine model. J Surg Res 2015; 201:327-33. [PMID: 27020815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interruptions in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to obtain vascular access reduces blood flow to vital organs. Tibial intraosseous (TIO) access may be a faster alternative to intravenous (IV) access for delivery of vasoactive medications. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of TIO- and IV-delivered epinephrine. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective, between subjects, experimental design comparing Cmax, Tmax, return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), and time to ROSC. Adult male swine were divided into three equal groups (n = 7) all received CPR and defibrillation: the second group received IV epinephrine and the third group received tibial intraosseous epinephrine. Swine were placed in cardiac arrest for 2 min before CPR was initiated. After 2 min of CPR, epinephrine was delivered by IV or TIO, and serial blood samples were collected over 4 min. RESULTS There were no significant differences between IV versus TIO epinephrine in achieving ROSC, time to ROSC, and Cmax. A one-way analysis of variance demonstrated a significant difference between the IV and TIO groups in Tmax (P = 0.025). A Fisher exact test demonstrated a significant difference between IV epinephrine versus CPR/Defib only (P = 0.035) and TIO epinephrine versus CPR/Defib only (P = 0.010) in achieving ROSC. A multivariate analysis of variance showed significant differences in IV versus intraosseous epinephrine concentration at specific time intervals: 60 (P = 0.023), 90 (P = 0.001), and 120 (P < 0.000) sec. CONCLUSIONS In the context of ROSC, epinephrine delivered via TIO route is a clinically relevant alternative to IV administration. When IV access cannot be immediately obtained in cardiac arrest patients, TIO access should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Wong
- US Army Medical Department Center and School, Health Readiness Center of Excellence, Graduate school-US Army Graduate Program in Nursing Anesthesia, JBSA-FSH, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Matt J Reggio
- US Army Medical Department Center and School, Health Readiness Center of Excellence, Graduate school-US Army Graduate Program in Nursing Anesthesia, JBSA-FSH, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Freddy R Morocho
- US Army Medical Department Center and School, Health Readiness Center of Excellence, Graduate school-US Army Graduate Program in Nursing Anesthesia, JBSA-FSH, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Monica M Holloway
- US Army Medical Department Center and School, Health Readiness Center of Excellence, Graduate school-US Army Graduate Program in Nursing Anesthesia, JBSA-FSH, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Jose C Garcia-Blanco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Constance Jenkins
- US Army Medical Department Center and School, Health Readiness Center of Excellence, Graduate school-US Army Graduate Program in Nursing Anesthesia, JBSA-FSH, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Arthur D Johnson
- US Army Medical Department Center and School, Health Readiness Center of Excellence, Graduate school-US Army Graduate Program in Nursing Anesthesia, JBSA-FSH, San Antonio, Texas.
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55
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Liu XW, Zhang F, Gao SH, Jiang B, Chen WS. Metabolite profiling of Zi-Shen pill in rat biological specimens by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Chin J Nat Med 2015; 13:145-60. [PMID: 25769898 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(15)60019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to profile the chemical constituents of Zi-Shen pill (ZSP) and its metabolites in plasma, urine, and prostate tissue, after administration into rats. Based on the chromatographic retention behavior, fragmentation patterns of chemical components, published literatures, and literature databases, an UPLC-Q-TOF/MS (LC-TOF/MS) method was established to identify the components of ZSP and its metabolites in biological samples. A total of 101 compounds were identified and tentatively characterized from the ZSP, including alkaloids, xanthones, and timosaponins. Except for 33 prototype components, 22 metabolites were detected in the plasma, urine, and prostate, and mainly came from Phellodendri Amurensis Cortex and Anemarrhenae Rhizoma. It was found that glucuronidation and sulfation were the major metabolic processes of xanthones, while oxidation, demethylation, and glucuronidation were the major metabolic pathways of alkaloids. In summary, the present study provided important chemical information on the metabolism of ZSP, indicating that alkaloids might be able to be absorbed into the prostate. The results provided a basis for further studies of the mechanisms of action for ZSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Shou-Hong Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Wan-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
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56
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Chemical fingerprint and metabolic profile analysis of ethyl acetate fraction of Gastrodia elata by ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1011:233-9. [PMID: 26621783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The chemical fingerprint and metabolic profile of traditional Chinese medicine is very complicated and has been a great challenge. In the present study, chemical fingerprint of ethyl acetate fraction of Gastrodia elata (EtAcGE) and metabolic profile of rat plasma sample after intragastric administration of EtAcGE (2.5g/kg) were investigated using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF MS). A total of 38 chemical constituents of EtAcGE were identified by comparing their retention time, accurate molecular mass and characteristic fragment ions with those of references, or tentatively characterized by comparing molecular formula, fragment ions with that of known compound or information available in literature. And 40 compounds were detected in dosed rat plasma sample, including 16 prototypes and 24 metabolites underwent metabolic process of glucuronidation, glucosylation, sulfation, methylation, hydroxylation, dehydrogenation or mixed modes. The metabolic "soft spots" was hydroxyl or carboxy group. This is the first research for chemical fingerprint and metabolic profile of EtAcGE, which lay a foundation for the further investigation of EtAcGE.
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57
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Kolrep F, Hessel S, These A, Ehlers A, Rein K, Lampen A. Differences in metabolism of the marine biotoxin okadaic acid by human and rat cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:2025-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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58
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Friedecký D, Mičová K, Faber E, Hrdá M, Široká J, Adam T. Detailed study of imatinib metabolization using high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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59
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Kwok WH, Leung GNW, Wan TSM, Curl P, Schiff PJ. Metabolic study of androsta-1,4,6-triene-3,17-dione in horses using liquid chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 152:142-54. [PMID: 26031748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Androsta-1,4,6-triene-3,17-dione (ATD) is an irreversible steroidal aromatase inhibitor and is marketed as a supplement. It has been reported to effectively reduce estrogen biosynthesis and significantly increase the levels of endogenous steroids such as dihydrotestosterone and testosterone in human. ATD abuses have been reported in human sports. Its metabolism in human has been studied, and the in vitro metabolic study of ATD in horses has been reported, however, little is known about its biotransformation and elimination in horses. This paper describes the in vitro and in vivo metabolism studies of ATD in horses, with an objective of identifying the target metabolites with the longest detection time for controlling ATD abuse. In vitro metabolism studies of ATD were performed using homogenized horse liver. ATD was found to be extensively metabolized, and its metabolites could not be easily characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) due to insufficient sensitivity. Liquid chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS) was therefore employed for the identification of in vitro metabolites. The major biotransformations observed were combinations of reduction of the olefin groups and/or the keto group at either C3 or C17 position. In addition, mono-hydroxylation in the D-ring was observed along with reduction of the olefin groups and/or the keto group at C17 position. Fourteen in vitro metabolites, including two epimers of androsta-1,4,6-trien-17-ol-3-one (M1a, M1b), androsta-4,6-diene-3,17-dione (M2), boldione (M3), androsta-4,6-diene-17β-ol-3-one (M4), androsta-4,6-diene-3-ol-17-one (M5), boldenone and epi-boldenone (M6a, M6b), four stereoisomers of hydroxylated androsta-1,4,6-trien-17-ol-3-one (M7a to M7d), and two epimers of androsta-1,4-diene-16α,17-diol (M8a, M8b), were identified. The identities of all metabolites, except M1a, M5, M7a to M7d, were confirmed by matching with authentic reference standards using LC/HRMS. For the in vivo metabolism studies, two thoroughbred geldings were each administered with 800 mg of ATD by stomach tubing. ATD, and twelve out of the fourteen in vitro metabolites, including M1a, M1b, M2, M4, M5, M6, M7a to M7d, M8a and M8b, were detected in post-administration urine. Two additional urinary metabolites, namely stereoisomers of hydroxylated androsta-4,6-dien-17-ol-3-one (M9a, M9b), were tentatively identified by mass spectral interpretation. Elevated level of testosterone was also observed. In post-administration blood samples, only the parent drug, M1b and M2 were identified. This study showed that the detection of ATD administration would be best achieved by either monitoring the metabolites M1b (androsta-1,4,6-trien-17β-ol-3-one) or M4 (both excreted as sulfate conjugates) in urine, which could be detected for up to a maximum of 77 h post-administration. The analyte of choice for plasma is M1b, which could be detected for up to 28 h post administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Him Kwok
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
| | - Gary N W Leung
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Terence S M Wan
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Peter Curl
- Department of Veterinary Regulation & International Liaison, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Peter J Schiff
- Department of Veterinary Regulation & International Liaison, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
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Han SY, You BH, Kim YC, Chin YW, Choi YH. Dose-Independent ADME Properties and Tentative Identification of Metabolites of α-Mangostin from Garcinia mangostana in Mice by Automated Microsampling and UPLC-MS/MS Methods. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131587. [PMID: 26176540 PMCID: PMC4503439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The information about a marker compound's pharmacokinetics in herbal products including the characteristics of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) is closely related to the efficacy/toxicity. Also dose range and administration route are critical factors to determine the ADME profiles. Since the supply of a sufficient amount of a marker compound in in vivo study is still difficult, pharmacokinetic investigations which overcome the limit of blood collection in mice are desirable. Thus, we have attempted to investigate concurrently the ADME and proposed metabolite identification of α-mangostin, a major constituent of mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L, in mice with a wide dose range using an in vitro as well as in vivo automated micro-sampling system together. α-mangostin showed dose-proportional pharmacokinetics at intravenous doses of 5–20 mg/kg and oral doses of 10–100 mg/kg. The gastrointestinal absorption of α-mangostin was poor and the distribution of α-mangostin was relatively high in the liver, intestine, kidney, fat, and lung. α-mangostin was extensively metabolized in the liver and intestine. With regards to the formation of metabolites, the glucuronidated, bis-glucuronidated, dehydrogenated, hydrogenated, oxidized, and methylated α-mangostins were tentatively identified. We suggest that these dose-independent pharmacokinetic characteristics of α-mangostin in mice provide an important basis for preclinical applications of α-mangostin as well as mangosteen. In addition, these experimental methods can be applied to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of natural products in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Yon Han
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 PLUS R-FIND Team, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 410-820, South Korea
| | - Byoung Hoon You
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 PLUS R-FIND Team, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 410-820, South Korea
| | - Yu Chul Kim
- Discovery Research Center, C&C Research Laboratories, 2066 Seobu-lo, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, South Korea
| | - Young-Won Chin
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 PLUS R-FIND Team, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 410-820, South Korea
| | - Young Hee Choi
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 PLUS R-FIND Team, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 410-820, South Korea
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61
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Lubin A, Cabooter D, Augustijns P, Cuyckens F. One drop chemical derivatization--DESI-MS analysis for metabolite structure identification. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:871-8. [PMID: 26349641 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Structural elucidation of metabolites is an important part during the discovery and development process of new pharmaceutical drugs. Liquid Chromatography (LC) in combination with Mass Spectrometry (MS) is usually the technique of choice for structural identification but cannot always provide precise structural identification of the studied metabolite (e.g. site of hydroxylation and site of glucuronidation). In order to identify those metabolites, different approaches are used combined with MS data including nuclear magnetic resonance, hydrogen/deuterium exchange and chemical derivatization followed by LC-MS. Those techniques are often time-consuming and/or require extra sample pre-treatment. In this paper, a fast and easy to set up tool using desorption electrospray ionization-MS for metabolite identification is presented. In the developed method, analytes in solution are simply dried on a glass plate with printed Teflon spots and then a single drop of derivatization mixture is added. Once the spot is dried, the derivatized compound is analyzed. Six classic chemical derivatizations were adjusted to work as a one drop reaction and applied on a list of compounds with relevant functional groups. Subsequently, two successive reactions on a single spot of amoxicillin were tested and the methodology described was successfully applied on an in vitro incubated alprazolam metabolite. All reactions and analyses were performed within an hour and gave useful structural information by derivatizing functional groups, making the method a time-saving and efficient tool for metabolite identification if used in addition or in some cases as an alternative to common methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Lubin
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Deirdre Cabooter
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Cuyckens
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
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62
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Tang C, Wang L, Li J, Liu X, Cheng M, Xiao H. Analysis of the metabolic profile of parishin by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29:1913-20. [PMID: 26010793 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Parishin is a dominant active ingredient originating from Gastrodia elata Blume, and has good neuroprotective effects against brain disorders. In the present study, the metabolic profile of parishin by in vitro and in vivo experiments was investigated using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/Q-TOF MS) combined with an automated MS(E) technique. By comparison with reference compounds, accurate mass measurement, the characteristic fragmentation patterns of the parent drug parishin and gastrodin and relevant bio-transformation knowledge, 14 metabolites (seven hydrolyzates and seven derivatives of gastrodin) were detected and identified in rat plasma and urine after intragastric administration of parishin, including processes of hydrolyzation, oxidation, sulfation and glucuronidation. According to the proposed metabolic pathways of parishin, in vitro hydrolytic experiments and metabolic study of gastrodin in rat plasma, it can be inferred that parishin mainly functions as a prodrug and undergoes hydrolysis before being absorbed into the blood. The hydrolyzate, mainly gastrodin, was involved in further metabolism, which was responsible for pharmacological activities of parishin. In conclusion, this work provides valuable information on parishin metabolism using a rapid and reliable UHPLC/Q-TOF MS method, which could be widely used for the metabolic investigation of natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jiejiang Li
- Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Mengchun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hongbin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
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Stuchlíková L, Lecová L, Jirásko R, Lamka J, Vokřál I, Szotáková B, Holčapek M, Skálová L. Comparison of biotransformation and efficacy of aminoacetonitrile anthelmintics in vitro. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:214-20. [PMID: 25922167 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present in vitro study was designed to test and compare anthelmintic activity, hepatotoxicity, and biotransformation of four selected aminoacetonitrile derivatives (AADs): monepantel (MOP, anthelmintic approved for the treatment), AAD-970, AAD-1154, and AAD-1336. Micro-agar larval development test, MTT test of cytotoxicity, and biotransformation study coupled with Ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) technique were used for this purpose. Larvae of two Haemonchus contortus strains (drug susceptible and multi-drug resistant) and primary cultures of rat and ovine hepatocytes served as model systems. All AADs (including MOP) exhibited significant larvicidal effect in H. contortus susceptible as well as multi-resistant strains, much higher than those of reference anthelmintics thiabendazole and flubendazole. AAD-1154 provides the best results for most tested parameters among all AADs in this study. The cytotoxicity test showed that all AADs can be considered as nontoxic for hepatocytes. In the biotransformation study, Phase I and Phase II metabolites of AADs were identified and schemes of possible metabolic pathways in ovine hepatocytes were proposed. Biotransformation of MOP was much more extensive than biotransformation of other AADs. Based on obtained results, AAD-1154 and AAD-1336 can be considered as promising candidates for further in vivo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Stuchlíková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Lecová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Jirásko
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Lamka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Vokřál
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Szotáková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Holčapek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Hu L, Lv Z, Li G, Xu X, Zhang C, Cao P, Huang J, Si L. Study of the in vitro metabolism of TJ0711 using ultra high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight and ultra fast liquid chromatography with quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:1837-49. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hu
- Department of pharmaceutics; School of pharmacy, Tongji medical college
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Novel Drug Delivery Systems; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Zhenhua Lv
- Department of pharmaceutics; School of pharmacy, Tongji medical college
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Novel Drug Delivery Systems; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Gao Li
- Department of pharmaceutics; School of pharmacy, Tongji medical college
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Novel Drug Delivery Systems; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- Department of pharmaceutics; School of pharmacy, Tongji medical college
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Novel Drug Delivery Systems; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Chenghao Zhang
- Department of pharmaceutics; School of pharmacy, Tongji medical college
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Novel Drug Delivery Systems; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of pharmaceutics; School of pharmacy, Tongji medical college
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Novel Drug Delivery Systems; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Jiangeng Huang
- Department of pharmaceutics; School of pharmacy, Tongji medical college
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Novel Drug Delivery Systems; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Luqin Si
- Department of pharmaceutics; School of pharmacy, Tongji medical college
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Novel Drug Delivery Systems; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
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Leeming MG, Isaac AP, Pope BJ, Cranswick N, Wright CE, Ziogas J, O'Hair RAJ, Donald WA. High-resolution twin-ion metabolite extraction (HiTIME) mass spectrometry: nontargeted detection of unknown drug metabolites by isotope labeling, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and automated high-performance computing. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4104-9. [PMID: 25818563 DOI: 10.1021/ac504767d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic fate of a compound can often determine the success of a new drug lead. Thus, significant effort is directed toward identifying the metabolites formed from a given molecule. Here, an automated and nontargeted procedure is introduced for detecting drug metabolites without authentic metabolite standards via the use of stable isotope labeling, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS), and high-performance computing. LC/MS of blood plasma extracts from rats that were administered a 1:1 mixture of acetaminophen (APAP) and (13)C6-APAP resulted in mass spectra that contained "twin" ions for drug metabolites that were not detected in control spectra (i.e., no APAP administered). Because of the development of a program (high-resolution twin-ion metabolite extraction; HiTIME) that can identify twin-ions in high-resolution mass spectra without centroiding (i.e., reduction of mass spectral peaks to single data points), 9 doublets corresponding to APAP metabolites were identified. This is nearly twice that obtained by use of existing programs that make use of centroiding to reduce computational cost under these conditions with a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. By a manual search for all reported APAP metabolite ions, no additional twin-ion signals were assigned. These data indicate that all the major metabolites of APAP and multiple low-abundance metabolites (e.g., acetaminophen hydroxy- and methoxysulfate) that are rarely reported were detected. This methodology can be used to detect drug metabolites without prior knowledge of their identity. HiTIME is freely available from https://github.com/bjpop/HiTIME .
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Leeming
- †School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew P Isaac
- ‡Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, University of Melbourne, 187 Grattan Street, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Bernard J Pope
- ‡Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, University of Melbourne, 187 Grattan Street, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia.,§Department of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Noel Cranswick
- ∥Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,¶Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, 50 Flemington Road, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christine E Wright
- ∥Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,⊥ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - James Ziogas
- ∥Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,⊥ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Richard A J O'Hair
- †School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,⊥ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - William A Donald
- #School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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66
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Abdallah BG, Roy-Chowdhury S, Coe J, Fromme P, Ros A. High throughput protein nanocrystal fractionation in a microfluidic sorter. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4159-67. [PMID: 25794348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein crystallography is transitioning into a new generation with the introduction of the X-ray free electron laser, which can be used to solve the structures of complex proteins via serial femtosecond crystallography. Sample characteristics play a critical role in successful implementation of this new technology, whereby a small, narrow protein crystal size distribution is desired to provide high quality diffraction data. To provide such a sample, we developed a microfluidic device that facilitates dielectrophoretic sorting of heterogeneous particle mixtures into various size fractions. The first generation device demonstrated great potential and success toward this endeavor; thus, in this work, we present a comprehensive optimization study to improve throughput and control over sorting outcomes. First, device geometry was designed considering a variety of criteria, and applied potentials were modeled to determine the scheme achieving the largest sorting efficiency for isolating nanoparticles from microparticles. Further, to investigate sorting efficiency within the nanoparticle regime, critical geometrical dimensions and input parameters were optimized to achieve high sorting efficiencies. Experiments revealed fractionation of nanobeads from microbeads in the optimized device with high sorting efficiencies, and protein crystals were sorted into submicrometer size fractions as desired for future serial femtosecond crystallography experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahige G Abdallah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Shatabdi Roy-Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Jesse Coe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Petra Fromme
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Alexandra Ros
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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67
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Liu W, Shi X, Yang Y, Cheng X, Liu Q, Han H, Yang B, He C, Wang Y, Jiang B, Wang Z, Wang C. In vitro and in vivo metabolism and inhibitory activities of vasicine, a potent acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122366. [PMID: 25849329 PMCID: PMC4388757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasicine (VAS), a potential natural cholinesterase inhibitor, exhibited promising anticholinesterase activity in preclinical models and has been in development for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. This study systematically investigated the in vitro and in vivo metabolism of VAS in rat using ultra performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A total of 72 metabolites were found based on a detailed analysis of their 1H- NMR and 13C NMR data. Six key metabolites were isolated from rat urine and elucidated as vasicinone, vasicinol, vasicinolone, 1,2,3,9-tetrahydropyrrolo [2,1-b] quinazolin-3-yl hydrogen sulfate, 9-oxo-1,2,3,9-tetrahydropyrrolo [2,1-b] quinazolin-3-yl hydrogen sulfate, and 1,2,3,9-tetrahydropyrrolo [2,1-b] quinazolin-3-β-D-glucuronide. The metabolic pathway of VAS in vivo and in vitro mainly involved monohydroxylation, dihydroxylation, trihydroxylation, oxidation, desaturation, sulfation, and glucuronidation. The main metabolic soft spots in the chemical structure of VAS were the 3-hydroxyl group and the C-9 site. All 72 metabolites were found in the urine sample, and 15, 25, 45, 18, and 11 metabolites were identified from rat feces, plasma, bile, rat liver microsomes, and rat primary hepatocyte incubations, respectively. Results indicated that renal clearance was the major excretion pathway of VAS. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities of VAS and its main metabolites were also evaluated. The results indicated that although most metabolites maintained potential inhibitory activity against AChE and BChE, but weaker than that of VAS. VAS undergoes metabolic inactivation process in vivo in respect to cholinesterase inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Shi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yadi Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemei Cheng
- Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Han
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baohua Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyong He
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongli Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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68
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Gao D, Chen X, Yang X, Wu Q, Jin F, Wen H, Jiang Y, Liu H. Stable isotope labeling strategy for curcumin metabolite study in human liver microsomes by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:686-694. [PMID: 25592681 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-1064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The identification of drug metabolites is very important in drug development. Nowadays, the most widely used methods are isotopes and mass spectrometry. However, the commercial isotopic labeled reagents are usually very expensive, and the rapid and convenient identification of metabolites is still difficult. In this paper, an (18)O isotope labeling strategy was developed and the isotopes were used as a tool to identify drug metabolites using mass spectrometry. Curcumin was selected as a model drug to evaluate the established method, and the (18)O labeled curcumin was successfully synthesized. The non-labeled and (18)O labeled curcumin were simultaneously metabolized in human liver microsomes (HLMs) and analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The two groups of chromatograms obtained from metabolic reaction mixture with and without cofactors were compared and analyzed using Metabolynx software (Waters Corp., Milford, MA, USA). The mass spectra of the newly appearing chromatographic peaks in the experimental sample were further analyzed to find the metabolite candidates. Their chemical structures were confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry. Three metabolites, including two reduction products and a glucuronide conjugate, were successfully detected under their specific HLMs metabolic conditions, which were in accordance with the literature reported results. The results demonstrated that the developed isotope labeling method, together with post-acquisition data processing using Metabolynx software, could be used for fast identification of new drug metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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69
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Sánchez-González M, Lozano-Mena G, Parra A, Juan ME, Planas JM. Identification in Rat Plasma and Urine by Linear Trap Quadrupole-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry of the Metabolites of Maslinic Acid, a Triterpene from Olives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:1126-1132. [PMID: 25575098 DOI: 10.1021/jf505379g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Maslinic acid is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid widely distributed in edible and medicinal plants with health-promoting activities. The identification and quantification of its metabolites is a requirement for a better understanding of the biological effects of this triterpene. Therefore, maslinic acid was orally administered to Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight. Blood and urine were withdrawn at 45 min. Samples were extracted with ethyl acetate prior to liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-linear trap quadrupole-Orbitrap (LC-APCI-LTQ-Orbitrap) analysis. Screening of plasma yielded four monohydroxylated derivatives (M1-M4), one monohydroxylated and dehydrogenated metabolite (M5), and two dihydroxylated and dehydrogenated compounds (M6 and M7). In urine, M1, M4, M5, and M6 were detected. Quantification by LC-APCI-mass spectrometry (MS) revealed maslinic acid as the prevalent compound in both plasma (81.8%) and urine (73.9%), which indicates that metabolism is low and mainly attributable to phase I reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sánchez-González
- Departament de Fisiologia and Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , Avinguda Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Glòria Lozano-Mena
- Departament de Fisiologia and Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , Avinguda Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Parra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada , 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - M Emília Juan
- Departament de Fisiologia and Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , Avinguda Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joana M Planas
- Departament de Fisiologia and Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , Avinguda Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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70
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Evgenidou EN, Konstantinou IK, Lambropoulou DA. Occurrence and removal of transformation products of PPCPs and illicit drugs in wastewaters: a review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:905-26. [PMID: 25461093 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) along with illicit drugs (IDs) are newly recognized classes of environmental pollutants and are receiving considerable attention because of their environmental impacts: frequent occurrence, persistence and risk to aquatic life and humans. However, relatively little information is often available with regard to their possible biotic and abiotic transformation products (TPs). This lack of knowledge has resulted in a substantial amount of ongoing effort to develop methods and approaches that would assess their occurrence, degradability potential elimination mechanisms and efficiencies in sewage treatment plants as well as environmental and human health risks. In this article, an extensive literature survey was performed in order to present the current stage of knowledge and progress made in the occurrence of TPs of PPCPs and IDs in raw and treated wastewaters. Apart from the TPs resulting from structural transformations of the parent compound in the aquatic environment or in technological treatment facilities (e.g. sewage and drinking water treatment plants), free metabolites and drug conjugates formed during human metabolism have also been included in this review as they are also released into the aquatic environment through wastewaters. Their concentration levels were reported in influents and effluents of WWTPs, hospital effluents and their removals in the treatment plants were discussed. Finally, information on the toxicity of TPs has been compiled when available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni N Evgenidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Ioannis K Konstantinou
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Seferi 2, GR 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Dimitra A Lambropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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71
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Wang X, Qiu J, Xu P, Zhang P, Wang Y, Zhou Z, Zhu W. Rapid metabolite discovery, identification, and accurate comparison of the stereoselective metabolism of metalaxyl in rat hepatic microsomes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:754-760. [PMID: 25581548 DOI: 10.1021/jf5025104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Metabolite identification and quantitation impose great challenges on risk assessment of agrochemicals, as many metabolite standards are generally unavailable. In this study, metalaxyl metabolites were identified by time-of-flight mass spectrometry and semiquantified by triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry with self-prepared (13)C-labeled metalaxyl metabolites as internal standards. Such methodology was employed to characterize the stereoselective metabolism of metalaxyl in rat hepatic microsomes successfully. Metabolites derived from hydroxylation, demethylation, and didemethylation were identified and semiquantified. The results indicated that (+)-S-metalaxyl eliminated preferentially as the enantiomer fraction was 0.32 after 60 min incubation. The amounts of hydroxymetalaxyl and demethylmetalaxyl derived from (-)-R-metalaxyl were 1.76 and 1.82 times higher than that of (+)-S-metalaxyl, whereas didemethylmetalaxyl derived from (+)-S-metalaxyl was 1.44 times larger than that from (-)-R-metalaxyl. This study highlights a new quantitation approach for stereoselective metabolism of chiral agrochemicals and provides more knowledge on metalaxyl risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, China
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72
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Zhang J, Cai W, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Wu X, Li Y, Lu J, Qiao Y. Profiling and identification of the metabolites of baicalin and study on their tissue distribution in rats by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 985:91-102. [PMID: 25661005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Baicalin (baicalein 7-O-glucuronide), which is one of the major bioactive constituents isolated from Scutellariae Radix, possesses many biological activities, such as antiallergic, antioxidation, and anti-inflammatory activities. In the present study, an efficient strategy was established using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometer (UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS) to profile the in vivo metabolic fate of baicalin in rat plasma, urine, and various tissues. A combination of post-acquisition mining methods including extracted ion chromatogram (EIC) and multiple mass defect filters (MMDF) was adopted to identify the common and uncommon baicalin metabolites from the full mass scan data sets. Their structures were elucidated based on the accurate mass measurement, relevant drug biotransformation knowledge, the characteristic collision induced fragmentation pattern of baicalin metabolites, and bibliography data. Based on the proposed strategy, a total of 32 metabolites were observed and characterized. The corresponding reactions in vivo such as methylation, hydrolysis, hydroxylation, methoxylation, glucuronide conjugation, sulfate conjugation, and their composite reactions, were all discovered in the study. The results demonstrated that the rat liver and kidney are the most important organs for the baicalin metabolites presence. Six metabolites might play an important role in exerting pharmacological effects of baicalin in vivo. The newly discovered baicalin metabolites significantly expanded our understanding on its pharmacological effects, and could be targets for future studies on the important chemical constituents from herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zhang
- Center of Scientific Experiment, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Cai
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Center of Scientific Experiment, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaodan Wu
- Department of Herbal Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yun Li
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Jianqiu Lu
- Center of Scientific Experiment, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yanjiang Qiao
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
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73
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High-resolution mass spectrometry provides novel insights into products of human metabolism of organophosphate and brominated flame retardants. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:1871-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8466-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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74
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Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Study of Metabolism of 5-Methylpyranopelargonidin. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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75
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Hug C, Krauss M, Nüsser L, Hollert H, Brack W. Metabolic transformation as a diagnostic tool for the selection of candidate promutagens in effect-directed analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 196:114-124. [PMID: 25463704 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To implement metabolic activation by S9 rat liver homogenate in the selection of candidate promutagens in effect-directed analysis, we critically assessed the capability of LC-HRMS measurements to detect depletion and formation of metabolites by S9 exposure. The exposure of a reference mixture to S9 led to a depletion by >70% for most compounds. Other processes than metabolism were excluded as significant contribution to compound depletion. Metabolites formed by S9 exposure were identified and S9 metabolism was incorporated in the identification of candidate promutagens in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent with mutagenic activity only after metabolic activation by S9. The metabolism by S9 in the WWTP effluent was confirmed. Based on a candidate exclusion of all peaks not depleted, thus not activated by the S9 mix, the number of candidate promutagens was reduced by 40%. Selected remaining candidates were evaluated and identified, but could not be confirmed as promutagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hug
- Department Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research e UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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76
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Li S, Zhang M, Hou P, Zhang R, Hou C, Bi K, Chen X. Identification of the toxic components in Semen Strychni and their metabolites in rat serum by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a Q Exactive high-resolution benchtop quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometer. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14678j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Scheme of the identification of components in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Li
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Meiyu Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Material Medica
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- China
| | | | - Ruowen Zhang
- Stem Cell Institute
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics
- University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Birmingham
- USA
| | - Chenzhi Hou
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Kaishun Bi
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- China
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77
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Chemical fingerprint and metabolic profile analysis of Citrus reticulate ‘Chachi’ decoction by HPLC-PDA-IT-MSn and HPLC-Quadrupole-Orbitrap-MS method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 970:108-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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78
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Chodkowski A, Wróbel MZ, Turło J, Kleps J, Siwek A, Nowak G, Belka M, Bączek T, Mazurek AP, Herold F. Novel 4-aryl-pyrido[1,2-c]pyrimidines with dual SSRI and 5-HT1A activity. Part 4. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 90:21-32. [PMID: 25461308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This project describes the synthesis, pharmacological and pharmacodynamic tests on two series of novel derivatives of 2H-pyrido[1,2-c]pyrimidine with potential binary binding to 5-HT1A receptors and SSRI + serotonin transporters. The influence of piperidinyl-indole (8.1-8.7) and tetrahydropyridinyl-indole (8.8-8.32) residues and indole 5-position substituents (R3 = Br, Cl, F) present in the pharmacophore element of ligands on their binding to both molecular targets was tested. A considerable impact of piperidinyl-indole residue on binding to both targets was confirmed and compounds with a high binding affinity were identified: Ki 5-HT1A = 12.4 nM; Ki SERT = 15.6 nM 8.1; Ki 5-HT1A = 5.6 nM; Ki SERT = 20.7 nM 8.7, while the presence of a tetrahydropyridinyl-indole residue was found to reduce the affinity of ligands to 5-HT1AR. The presence of chlorine (R3) in this series resulted in a notable reduction in binding to both targets (5-HT1A and SERT). Selected compounds had their metabolic stability in a first-pass test (human liver microsomes, NADPH) determined in vitro, and R1 and R2 substituents present on the terminal residue of pyrido[1,2-c]pyrimidine were recognized as having an impact on stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Chodkowski
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Martyna Z Wróbel
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Jadwiga Turło
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jerzy Kleps
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Agata Siwek
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Gabriel Nowak
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Mariusz Belka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 107 Al. Gen. J. Hallera Street, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 107 Al. Gen. J. Hallera Street, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksander P Mazurek
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland; National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chełmska Street, 00-725 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Franciszek Herold
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland.
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Abstract
Monepantel (MOP), a new anthelmintic drug from a group of amino-acetonitrile derivatives, has been intensively studied during last years. Many authors examined this new drug from different perspectives, e.g. efficacy against different species and stages of parasites, mode of action, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, resistance, ecotoxicity, etc. MOP is an anthelmintic for livestock (currently only sheep and goats), with molecular mode of action which is different to all other anthelmintics. MOP has a broad-spectrum of activity against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep, including adults and L4 larvae of the most important species. The key feature of MOP is its full effectiveness against strains of nematodes resistant to benzimidazoles, levamisole, macrocyclic lactones and closantel. After oral administration, MOP is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream and quickly metabolized to MOP sulfone that has a similar efficacy as the parent molecule. Several other MOP metabolites formed in ovine hepatocytes were described. MOP and its metabolites are considered to be non-toxic to environment and its components, such as soil microflora, aquatic organisms, dung organisms, vegetation, etc. The aim of the presented review was not to collect all reported data but to bring an overview of various approaches in the study of MOP and to evaluate their principal results.
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80
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Identification of in vitro and in vivo metabolites of 12β-hydroxylveratroylzygadenine associated with neurotoxicity by using HPLC–MS/MS. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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81
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Zhang J, Wang F, Cai W, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Li Y, Liu R, Cao G. Identification of metabolites of gardenin A in rats by combination of high-performance liquid chromatography with linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometer based on multiple data processing techniques. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:379-87. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zhang
- Center of Scientific Experiment; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Beijing 100102 China
| | - Wei Cai
- School of Chinese Pharmacy; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Beijing 100102 China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Ying Liu
- Center of Scientific Experiment; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yun Li
- School of Chinese Pharmacy; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Beijing 100102 China
| | - Rongrong Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Beijing 100102 China
| | - Guangshang Cao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Jinan 250011 China
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82
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Distribution study of atorvastatin and its metabolites in rat tissues using combined information from UHPLC/MS and MALDI-Orbitrap-MS imaging. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:4601-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7880-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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83
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Stuchlíková L, Jirásko R, Vokřál I, Valát M, Lamka J, Szotáková B, Holčapek M, Skálová L. Metabolic pathways of anthelmintic drug monepantel in sheep and in its parasite (Haemonchus contortus). Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:1055-62. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Stuchlíková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové; Charles University in Prague; Heyrovského 1203 500 05 Hradec Králové Czech Republic
| | - Robert Jirásko
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Studentská 573 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Vokřál
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové; Charles University in Prague; Heyrovského 1203 500 05 Hradec Králové Czech Republic
| | - Martin Valát
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové; Charles University in Prague; Heyrovského 1203 500 05 Hradec Králové Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Lamka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové; Charles University in Prague; Heyrovského 1203 500 05 Hradec Králové Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Szotáková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové; Charles University in Prague; Heyrovského 1203 500 05 Hradec Králové Czech Republic
| | - Michal Holčapek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Studentská 573 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové; Charles University in Prague; Heyrovského 1203 500 05 Hradec Králové Czech Republic
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84
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Characterization of metabolites of leonurine (SCM-198) in rats after oral administration by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and NMR spectrometry. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:947946. [PMID: 24772041 PMCID: PMC3956552 DOI: 10.1155/2014/947946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leonurine, a major bioactive component from Herba Leonuri, shows therapeutic potential for cardiovascular disease and stroke prevention in some preclinical experiments. The aim of this study is to characterize metabolites of leonurine in rats using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). The chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 column using a gradient elution with acetonitrile/ammonium acetate buffer (10 mM, pH 4.0) solvent system. An information dependent acquisition (IDA) method was developed for screening and identifying metabolites of leonurine under positive ion mode. Compared with control, the interesting compound in the extracted ion chromatogram (XIC) of the in vivo samples was chosen and further identified by analyzing their retention times, changes in observed mass (Δm/z), and spectral patterns of product ion utilizing advanced software tool. For the first time, a total of three metabolites were identified, including two phase II metabolites generated by glucuronidation (M1) and sulfation (M2) and one phase I metabolite formed by O-demethylation (M3). Finally, the lead metabolite M1 was isolated from urine and its structure was characterized as leonurine-10-O-β-D-glucuronide by NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, HMBC, and HSQC).
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85
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Comparison of (bio-)transformation methods for the generation of metabolite-like compound libraries of p38α MAP kinase inhibitors using high-resolution screening. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 88:235-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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86
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Identification of combined conjugation of nabumetone phase I metabolites with glucuronic acid and glycine in minipig biotransformation using coupling high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 88:221-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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87
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Ying X, Liu M, Liang Q, Jiang M, Wang Y, Huang F, Xie Y, Shao J, Bai G, Luo G. Identification and analysis of absorbed components and their metabolites in rat plasma and tissues after oral administration of 'Ershiwuwei Shanhu' pill extracts by UPLC-DAD/Q-TOF-MS. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:324-338. [PMID: 24012529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE 'Ershiwuwei Shanhu' pill (ESP), a classical and famous prescription of traditional Tibetan medicine, has a long history of empirical clinical use for the treatment of cerebrovascular and neurological diseases, but the absence of scientific evidence for its effect restricted its clinical application and further development. MATERIALS AND METHODS The methodology of plasma pharmacochemistry was adopted to analyze the potentially bioactive components in ESP extracts. A method based on UPLC-DAD/Q-TOF-MS was established to identify herb components in ESP extracts and analyze the absorbed components of ESP and their metabolites in rat plasma, brain, heart, liver and kidney samples after oral administration of ESP extracts. RESULTS A total of 61 herb components were detected and identified in ESP extracts, while 35 absorbed components-including 19 prototype compounds and 16 metabolites-were discovered as potentially bioactive components in rat plasma and tissues by comparative analysis of the UV and MS chromatograms of ESP extracts, blank biosamples and dosed biosamples. CONCLUSIONS The potentially bioactive components of ESP extracts identified from rat plasma and tissues provide useful information for further study of the pharmacology and mechanism of action of ESP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Ying
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China; Analysis Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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88
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Hofman J, Kučera R, Cihalova D, Klimes J, Ceckova M, Staud F. Olomoucine II, but not purvalanol A, is transported by breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) and P-glycoprotein (ABCB1). PLoS One 2013; 8:e75520. [PMID: 24116053 PMCID: PMC3792958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purine cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors have been recognized as promising candidates for the treatment of various cancers; nevertheless, data regarding interaction of these substances with drug efflux transporters is still lacking. Recently, we have demonstrated inhibition of breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) by olomoucine II and purvalanol A and shown that these compounds are able to synergistically potentiate the antiproliferative effect of mitoxantrone, an ABCG2 substrate. In this follow up study, we investigated whether olomoucine II and purvalanol A are transported by ABCG2 and ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein). Using monolayers of MDCKII cells stably expressing human ABCB1 or ABCG2, we demonstrated that olomoucine II, but not purvalanol A, is a dual substrate of both ABCG2 and ABCB1. We, therefore, assume that pharmacokinetics of olomoucine II will be affected by both ABCB1 and ABCG2 transport proteins, which might potentially result in limited accumulation of the compound in tumor tissues or lead to drug-drug interactions. Pharmacokinetic behavior of purvalanol A, on the other hand, does not seem to be affected by either ABCG2 or ABCB1, theoretically favoring this drug in the potential treatment of efflux transporter-based multidrug resistant tumors. In addition, we observed intensive sulfatation of olomoucine II in MDCKII cell lines with subsequent active efflux of the metabolite out of the cells. Therefore, care should be taken when performing pharmacokinetic studies in MDCKII cells, especially if radiolabeled substrates are used; the generated sulfated conjugate may largely contaminate pharmacokinetic analysis and result in misleading interpretation. With regard to chemical structures of olomoucine II and purvalanol A, our data emphasize that even drugs with remarkable structure similarity may show different pharmacokinetic behavior such as interactions with ABC transporters or biotransformation enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Hofman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kučera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Cihalova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Klimes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Ceckova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Staud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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89
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A computational drug metabolite detection using the stable isotopic mass-shift filtering with high resolution mass spectrometry in pioglitazone and flurbiprofen. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:19716-30. [PMID: 24084721 PMCID: PMC3821582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141019716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of metabolites in drug discovery is important. At present, radioisotopes and mass spectrometry are both widely used. However, rapid and comprehensive identification is still laborious and difficult. In this study, we developed new analytical software and employed a stable isotope as a tool to identify drug metabolites using mass spectrometry. A deuterium-labeled compound and non-labeled compound were both metabolized in human liver microsomes and analyzed by liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS). We computationally aligned two different MS data sets and filtered ions having a specific mass-shift equal to masses of labeled isotopes between those data using our own software. For pioglitazone and flurbiprofen, eight and four metabolites, respectively, were identified with calculations of mass and formulas and chemical structural fragmentation analysis. With high resolution MS, the approach became more accurate. The approach detected two unexpected metabolites in pioglitazone, i.e., the hydroxypropanamide form and the aldehyde hydrolysis form, which other approaches such as metabolite-biotransformation list matching and mass defect filtering could not detect. We demonstrated that the approach using computational alignment and stable isotopic mass-shift filtering has the ability to identify drug metabolites and is useful in drug discovery.
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90
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Hendrikx JJMA, Dubbelman AC, Rosing H, Schinkel AH, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH. Quantification of docetaxel and its metabolites in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1925-1934. [PMID: 23939959 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE During drug development accurate quantification of metabolites in biological samples using mass spectrometry is often hampered by the lack of metabolites of chemically pure quality. However, quantification of metabolites can be useful for assessment and interpretation of (pre)clinical data. We now describe an approach to quantify docetaxel metabolites in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) using docetaxel calibration standards. METHODS Metabolites (M1/M3, M2 and M4) were generated using microsomal incubations. Retention times of docetaxel and its metabolites were assessed using an LC/UV assay and peak identification was performed by LC/MS(n). Samples containing isolated metabolites from human faeces were quantified by LC/UV and used as references for spiking human plasma samples. LC/MS/MS was applied to sensitively quantify docetaxel and its metabolites in human plasma using docetaxel calibration standards in a range of 0.25-500 ng/mL. RESULTS Because ionisation of docetaxel and its metabolites differed, correction factors were established to quantify the metabolites using docetaxel calibration samples. During method validation, accuracy and precision of the metabolites were within ±7.7% and ≤17.6%, respectively, and within ±14.3% and ≤10.1%, respectively, for docetaxel. Metabolites were found to be unstable in human plasma at ambient temperature. After storage up to 1 year at -20 °C, recovered metabolite concentrations were within ±25%. CONCLUSIONS Development and validation of an LC/MS/MS assay for the quantification of docetaxel and its metabolites M1/M3, M2 and M4 using docetaxel calibration standards is described. The same approach may be used for quantification of metabolites of other drugs by LC/MS/MS when chemically pure reference substances are unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J M A Hendrikx
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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91
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A comprehensive workflow of mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics in cancer metabolic biomarker discovery using human plasma and urine. Metabolites 2013; 3:787-819. [PMID: 24958150 PMCID: PMC3901290 DOI: 10.3390/metabo3030787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current available biomarkers lack sensitivity and/or specificity for early detection of cancer. To address this challenge, a robust and complete workflow for metabolic profiling and data mining is described in details. Three independent and complementary analytical techniques for metabolic profiling are applied: hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC-LC), reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC), and gas chromatography (GC). All three techniques are coupled to a mass spectrometer (MS) in the full scan acquisition mode, and both unsupervised and supervised methods are used for data mining. The univariate and multivariate feature selection are used to determine subsets of potentially discriminative predictors. These predictors are further identified by obtaining accurate masses and isotopic ratios using selected ion monitoring (SIM) and data-dependent MS/MS and/or accurate mass MSn ion tree scans utilizing high resolution MS. A list combining all of the identified potential biomarkers generated from different platforms and algorithms is used for pathway analysis. Such a workflow combining comprehensive metabolic profiling and advanced data mining techniques may provide a powerful approach for metabolic pathway analysis and biomarker discovery in cancer research. Two case studies with previous published data are adapted and included in the context to elucidate the application of the workflow.
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92
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Podlipná R, Skálová L, Seidlová H, Szotáková B, Kubíček V, Stuchlíková L, Jirásko R, Vaněk T, Vokřál I. Biotransformation of benzimidazole anthelmintics in reed (Phragmites australis) as a potential tool for their detoxification in environment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 144:216-224. [PMID: 23871923 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.06.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Benzimidazole anthelmintics, the drugs against parasitic worms, are widely used in human as well as veterinary medicine. Following excretion, these substances may persist in the environment and impact non-target organisms. In order to test phytoremediation as a possible tool for detoxification of anthelmintics in environment, the biotransformation pathways of albendazole (ABZ) and flubendazole (FLU) were studied in reed (Phragmites australis) in vitro. Reed cells were able to uptake and biotransform both anthelmintics. Ten ABZ metabolites and five FLU metabolites were found. Some atypical biotransformation reactions (formation of glucosylglucosides, acetylglucosides and xylosylglucosides), which have not been described previously, were identified. Based on the obtained results, the schemes of metabolic pathways of ABZ and FLU in reed were proposed. Most of ABZ and FLU metabolites can be considered as anthelmintically less active; therefore uptake and biotransformation of these anthelmintics by reed could be useful for decrease of their toxicity in environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Podlipná
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha 6, Czech Republic.
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93
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Writer JH, Ferrer I, Barber LB, Thurman EM. Widespread occurrence of neuro-active pharmaceuticals and metabolites in 24 Minnesota rivers and wastewaters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 461-462:519-527. [PMID: 23751335 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 17 neuro-active pharmaceuticals and their major metabolites (bupropion, hydroxy-bupropion, erythro-hydrobupropion, threo-hydrobupropion, carbamazepine, 10,11,-dihydro-10,11,-dihydroxycarbamazepine, 10-hydroxy-carbamazepine, citalopram, N-desmethyl-citalopram, fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, 2-N-glucuronide-lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, venlafaxine and O-desmethyl-venlafaxine), were measured in treated wastewater and receiving surface waters from 24 locations across Minnesota, USA. The analysis of upstream and downstream sampling sites indicated that the wastewater treatment plants were the major source of the neuro-active pharmaceuticals and associated metabolites in surface waters of Minnesota. Concentrations of parent compound and the associated metabolite varied substantially between treatment plants (concentrations±standard deviation of the parent compound relative to its major metabolite) as illustrated by the following examples; bupropion and hydrobupropion 700±1000 ng L(-1), 2100±1700 ng L(-1), carbamazepine and 10-hydroxy-carbamazepine 480±380 ng L(-1), 360±400 ng L(-1), venlafaxine and O-desmethyl-venlafaxine 1400±1300 ng L(-1), 1800±2300 ng L(-1). Metabolites of the neuro-active compounds were commonly found at higher or comparable concentrations to the parent compounds in wastewater effluent and the receiving surface water. Neuro-active pharmaceuticals and associated metabolites were detected only sporadically in samples upstream from the effluent outfall. Metabolite to parent ratios were used to evaluate transformation, and we determined that ratios in wastewater were much lower than those reported in urine, indicating that the metabolites are relatively more labile than the parent compounds in the treatment plants and in receiving waters. The widespread occurrence of neuro-active pharmaceuticals and metabolites in Minnesota effluents and surface waters indicate that this is likely a global environmental issue, and further understanding of the environmental fate and impacts of these compounds is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey H Writer
- University of Colorado, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, 428 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
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94
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Seger C, Sturm S, Stuppner H. Mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy: modern high-end detectors for high resolution separation techniques--state of the art in natural product HPLC-MS, HPLC-NMR, and CE-MS hyphenations. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:970-87. [PMID: 23739842 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70015a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current natural product research is unthinkable without the use of high resolution separation techniques as high performance liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis (HPLC or CE respectively) combined with mass spectrometers (MS) or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers. These hyphenated instrumental analysis platforms (CE-MS, HPLC-MS or HPLC-NMR) are valuable tools for natural product de novo identification, as well as the authentication, distribution, and quantification of constituents in biogenic raw materials, natural medicines and biological materials obtained from model organisms, animals and humans. Moreover, metabolic profiling and metabolic fingerprinting applications can be addressed as well as pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic issues. This review provides an overview of latest technological developments, discusses the assets and drawbacks of the available hyphenation techniques, and describes typical analytical workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Seger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, CCB-Centrum of Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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95
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Tang C, Tang C, Zhan W, Du J, Wang Z, Peng X. Strategies for ascertaining the interference of phase II metabolites co-eluting with parent compounds using LC-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2584-92. [PMID: 23868670 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
LC-MS/MS is currently the most selective and efficient tool for the quantitative analysis of drugs and metabolites in the pharmaceutical industry and in clinical assays. However, phase II metabolites sometimes negatively affect the selectivity and efficiency of the LC-MS/MS method, especially for the metabolites that possess similar physicochemical characteristics and generate the same precursor ions as their parent compounds due to the in-source collision-induced dissociation during the ionization process. This paper proposes some strategies for examining co-eluting metabolites existing in real samples, and further assuring whether these metabolites could affect the selectivity and accuracy of the analytical methods. Strategies using precursor-ion scans and product-ion scans were applied in this study. An example drug, namely, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, which can generate many endogenous phase II metabolites, was selected to conduct this work. These metabolites, generated during the in vivo metabolic processes, can be in-source-dissociated to the precursor ions of their parent compounds. If these metabolites are not separated from their parent compounds, the quantification of the target analytes (parent compounds) would be influenced. Some metabolites were eluted closely to caffeic acid phenethyl ester on LC columns, although long columns and relatively long elution programs were used. The strategies can be utilized in quantitative methodologies that apply LC-MS/MS to assure the performance of selectivity, thus enhancing the reliability of the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiming Tang
- State key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China.
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96
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Structural characterization of electrochemically and in vitro biologically generated oxidation products of atorvastatin using UHPLC/MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7181-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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97
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Sousa-Junior JN, Rocha BA, Assis MD, Peti AP, Moraes LA, Iamamoto Y, Gates PJ, de Oliveira AR, Lopes NP. Biomimetic oxidation studies of monensin A catalyzed by metalloporphyrins: Identification of hydroxyl derivative product by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-695x2013005000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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98
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Niemeyer ED, Brodbelt JS. Regiospecificity of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms in chalcone and flavanone glucuronidation determined by metal complexation and tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:1121-32. [PMID: 23713759 PMCID: PMC3710688 DOI: 10.1021/np400195z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The glucuronidation of a series of chalcones (2'-hydroxychalcone, 2',4'-dihydroxychalcone, 3,2'-dihydroxychalcone, 4,2'-dihydroxychalcone, and cardamonin) and their corresponding cyclized flavanones (7-hydroxyflavanone, 3'-hydroxyflavanone, 4'-hydroxyflavanone, and alpinetin) by eight human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A enzymes was evaluated. A postcolumn metal complexation LC-MS/MS strategy was used successfully to produce characteristic mass spectrometric product ions that were utilized in combination with elution order trends to identify chalcone and flavanone monoglucuronides unambiguously, thus allowing determination of the regioselectivities of the UGT1A isoforms. The presence of hydroxy groups on the A- or B-ring had a significant effect on the glucuronide product yield and the site where glucuronidation occurred. For example, for reaction with UGT1A9, formation of the 2'-O-glucuronide was increased for dihydroxychalcones with A-ring hydroxy substituents. In contrast, although UGT1A8 reacted with 3,2'-dihydroxychalcone and 4,2'-dihydroxychalcone to yield 2'-O-glucuronide products, the presence of a B-ring hydroxy group at the 4' position on cardamonin and 2',4'-dihydroxychalcone quenched the reaction at the OH-2' position. Moreover, the A-ring OH-4 group promoted glucuronidation at the 2' position for the reaction of 4,2'-dihydroxychalcone with UGT1A1 and 1A3. For UGT1A7, hydroxy group substituents on the chalcone A-ring also promoted cyclization and formation of the corresponding flavanone glucuronide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D Niemeyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas 78626, USA.
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99
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Falck D, Kool J, Honing M, Niessen WMA. Tandem mass spectrometry study of p38α kinase inhibitors and related substances. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:718-731. [PMID: 23722963 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase α (p38α) is an important drug target widely investigated for therapy of chronic inflammatory diseases. Its inhibitors are rather lipophilic and as such not very favourable lead compounds in drug discovery. Therefore, we explored various approaches to access new chemical space, create diversity, and generate lead libraries with improved solubility and reduced lipophilicity, based on known p38α inhibitors, e.g., BIRB796 and TAK-715. Compound modification strategies include incubation with human liver microsomes and bacterial cytochrome P450 mutants from Bacillus megaterium and treatment by electrochemical oxidation, H2O2, and intense light irradiation. The MS/MS fragmentation pathways of p38α inhibitors and their conversion products have been studied in an ion-trap-time-of-flight MS(n) instrument. Interpretation of accurate mass MS(n) data for four sets of related compounds revealed unexpected and peculiar fragmentation pathways that are discussed in detail. Emphasis is put on the usefulness of HRMS(n)-based structure elucidation in a screening setting and on peculiarities of the fragmentation with regard to the analytes and the MS instrument. In one example, an intramolecular rearrangement reaction accompanied by the loss of a bulky group is observed. For BIRB796, the double-charge precursor ion is used in MS(2), providing a wider range of fragment ions in our instrument. For TAK-715, a number of related compounds could be produced in a large-scale incubation with a Bacillus megaterium mutant, thus enabling comparison of the structure elucidation by (1)H NMR and MS(n). A surprisingly large number of homolytic cleavages are observed. Competition between two fragmentation pathways involving either the loss of CH3(•) or OH(•) radicals was observed for SB203580 and its conversion products.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Falck
- AIMMS Division of BioMolecular Analysis, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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100
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Kohler I, Schappler J, Rudaz S. Highly sensitive capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for rapid screening and accurate quantitation of drugs of abuse in urine. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 780:101-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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