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Szczupak D, Iack PM, Liu C, Tovar-Moll F, Lent R, Silva AC. Direct Interhemispheric Cortical Communication via Thalamic Commissures: A New White-Matter Pathway in the Rodent Brain. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:4642-4651. [PMID: 33999140 PMCID: PMC8408456 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC), the anterior (AC), and the posterior (PC) commissures are the principal axonal fiber bundle pathways that allow bidirectional communication between the brain hemispheres. Here, we used the Allen mouse brain connectivity atlas and high-resolution diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) to investigate interhemispheric fiber bundles in C57bl6/J mice, the most commonly used wild-type mouse model in biomedical research. We identified 1) commissural projections from the primary motor area through the AC to the contralateral hemisphere; and 2) intrathalamic interhemispheric fiber bundles from multiple regions in the frontal cortex to the contralateral thalamus. This is the first description of direct interhemispheric corticothalamic connectivity from the orbital cortex. We named these newly identified crossing points thalamic commissures. We also analyzed interhemispheric connectivity in the Balb/c mouse model of dysgenesis of the corpus callosum (CCD). Relative to C57bl6/J, Balb/c presented an atypical and smaller AC and weaker interhemispheric corticothalamic communication. These results redefine our understanding of interhemispheric brain communication. Specifically, they establish the thalamus as a regular hub for interhemispheric connectivity and encourage us to reinterpret brain plasticity in CCD as an altered balance between axonal reinforcement and pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Szczupak
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Cerebral Microcirculation Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pamela Meneses Iack
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Cirong Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Cerebral Microcirculation Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - IRC5 Consortium
- Researchers of the International Research Consortium for the Corpus Callosum and Cerebral Connectivity (IRC5), Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | - Roberto Lent
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
- D’Or Institute of Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Afonso C Silva
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Cerebral Microcirculation Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Najt P, Richards HL, Fortune DG. Brain imaging in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 16:100290. [PMID: 34230916 PMCID: PMC8249107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is increasing evidence that SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) not only affects the respiratory tract but also influence the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in neurological symptoms such as loss of smell and taste. Growing literature indicates largely distributed brain alterations encompassing subcortical micro- and macro-bleeds, cerebral swelling and haemorrhage in gray and white matter tissue. A systematic review was performed to synthesise the potential evidence of the brain correlates of SARS-CoV-2. Methods A literature search was conducted using electronic databases for studies reporting neuroimaging abnormalities in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. Identified case series, cohort studies, and case control studies on SARS-CoV-2 effects on the brain were critically appraised for methodological quality. A narrative synthesis of the findings from the included studies is presented. Results Twenty-seven studies were included in the review, including 5 case series, 8 cohort studies and 14 case control studies. The findings revealed predominant involvement of the olfactory system with disruptions across four olfactory structures. Abnormalities also extended to the corpus callosum, cingulate cortex, and insula, jointly implicating the olfactory brain network. Conclusion Alterations in olfactory areas, along with neighbouring brain regions, including prefrontal and limbic regions were associated to contraction of SARS-CoV-2. Viral infection could either trigger systemic reactions, or use the olfactory's unique anatomical organisation as an environmental entry zone to directly impact on the CNS. A spectrum of brain changes particularly at advanced stage relates to SARS-CoV-2 Across severity phases SARS-CoV-2 affects olfactory structures Emerging abnormalities in COVID-19 is associated with the olfactory brain network
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Najt
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Helen L Richards
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
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Mahallati H, Sotiriadis A, Celestin C, Millischer AE, Sonigo P, Grevent D, O'Gorman N, Bahi-Buisson N, Attié-Bitach T, Ville Y, Salomon LJ. Heterogeneity in defining fetal corpus callosal pathology: systematic review. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2021; 58:11-18. [PMID: 32798278 DOI: 10.1002/uog.22179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fetal anomalies of the corpus callosum (CC) have been reported in the prenatal imaging literature since 1985, and, especially when isolated, pose challenges for both the patient and fetal medicine specialist. The purpose of this study was to review systematically the literature on prenatally diagnosed abnormalities of the CC, focusing on the terminology used to describe abnormalities other than complete agenesis of the CC, and to assess the heterogeneity of the nomenclature and definitions used. METHODS This study was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews. A literature search was performed to identify prospective or retrospective case series or cohort studies, published in English, French, Italian, German or Spanish, reporting fetal imaging findings and describing anomalies of the CC. Quality and risk of bias of the studies were evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale and a modification of the scale developed by Conde-Agudelo et al. for other fetal imaging studies. The data extracted included the number of patients, the number of different anomalies identified, the descriptive names of the anomalies, and, where applicable, the definitions of the anomalies, the number of cases of each type of anomaly and the biometric charts used. Secondary tests used to confirm the diagnosis, as well as the postnatal or post-termination tests used to ascertain the diagnosis, were also recorded. RESULTS The search identified 998 records, and, after review of titles and abstracts and full review of 45 papers, 27 studies were included initially in the review, of which 24 were included in the final analysis. These 24 studies had a broad range of quality and risk of bias and represented 1135 cases of CC anomalies, of which 49% were complete agenesis and the remainder were described using the term partial agenesis or nine other terms, of which five had more than one definition. CONCLUSIONS In comparison to the postnatal literature, in the prenatal literature there is much greater heterogeneity in the nomenclature and definition of CC anomalies other than complete agenesis. This heterogeneity and lack of standard definitions in the prenatal literature make it difficult to develop large multicenter pooled cohorts of patients who can be followed in order to develop a better understanding of the genetic associations and neurodevelopmental and psychological outcomes of patients with CC anomalies. As this information is important to improve counseling of these patients, a good first step towards this goal would be to develop a simpler categorization of prenatal CC anomalies that matches better the postnatal literature. © 2020 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mahallati
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Fetus & LUMIERE team, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - A Sotiriadis
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - C Celestin
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - A E Millischer
- Fetus & LUMIERE team, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Service de Radiologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - P Sonigo
- Fetus & LUMIERE team, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Service de Radiologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - D Grevent
- Fetus & LUMIERE team, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Service de Radiologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - N O'Gorman
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - N Bahi-Buisson
- Fetus & LUMIERE team, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - T Attié-Bitach
- Fetus & LUMIERE team, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Université Paris Descartes et Inserm U781, Imagine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Y Ville
- Fetus & LUMIERE team, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - L J Salomon
- Fetus & LUMIERE team, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Birnbaum R, Barzilay R, Brusilov M, Wolman I, Malinger G. Normal cavum veli interpositi at 14-17 gestational weeks: three-dimensional and Doppler transvaginal neurosonographic study. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2021; 58:19-25. [PMID: 32798260 DOI: 10.1002/uog.22176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide evidence to support the hypothesis that the midline cyst-like fluid collection that is frequently observed on fetal brain ultrasound (US) imaging during the early second trimester represents a normal transient cavum veli interpositi (CVI). METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of 89 three-dimensional normal fetal brain volumes, acquired by transvaginal US imaging in 87 pregnant women between 14 and 17 gestational weeks. The midsagittal view was studied using multiplanar imaging, and the maximum length of the fluid collection located over (dorsal to) the tela choroidea of the third ventricle was measured. We calculated the correlation of the transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD) and of the maximum length of the fluid collection with gestational age according to last menstrual period. Color Doppler images were analyzed to determine the location of the internal cerebral veins with respect to the location of the fluid collection. Reports of the second-trimester anatomy scan at 22-24 weeks were also reviewed. RESULTS Interhemispheric fluid collections of various sizes were found in 55% (49/89) of the volumes (mean length, 5 (range, 3.0-7.8) mm). There was a strong correlation between TCD and gestational age (Pearson's correlation, 0.862; P < 0.001). There was no correlation between maximum fluid length and gestational age (Pearson's correlation, -0.442; P = 0.773). Color Doppler images were retrieved in 32 of the 49 fetuses; in 100% of these, the internal cerebral veins coursed within the echogenic roof of the third ventricle. The midline structures were normal at the 22-24-week scan in all cases. CONCLUSIONS In approximately half of normal fetuses, during the evolution of the midline structures of the brain, various degrees of fluid accumulate transiently in the velum interpositum, giving rise to a physiologic CVI. Patients should be reassured that this is a normal phenomenon in the early second trimester that, if an isolated finding, has no influence on fetal brain development. © 2020 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Birnbaum
- Ob-Gyn Ultrasound Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - R Barzilay
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Brusilov
- Ob-Gyn Ultrasound Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - I Wolman
- Ob-Gyn Ultrasound Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - G Malinger
- Ob-Gyn Ultrasound Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Interhemispheric co-alteration of brain homotopic regions. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2181-2204. [PMID: 34170391 PMCID: PMC8354999 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02318-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetries in gray matter alterations raise important issues regarding the pathological co-alteration between hemispheres. Since homotopic areas are the most functionally connected sites between hemispheres and gray matter co-alterations depend on connectivity patterns, it is likely that this relationship might be mirrored in homologous interhemispheric co-altered areas. To explore this issue, we analyzed data of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depressive disorder from the BrainMap voxel-based morphometry database. We calculated a map showing the pathological homotopic anatomical co-alteration between homologous brain areas. This map was compared with the meta-analytic homotopic connectivity map obtained from the BrainMap functional database, so as to have a meta-analytic connectivity modeling map between homologous areas. We applied an empirical Bayesian technique so as to determine a directional pathological co-alteration on the basis of the possible tendencies in the conditional probability of being co-altered of homologous brain areas. Our analysis provides evidence that: the hemispheric homologous areas appear to be anatomically co-altered; this pathological co-alteration is similar to the pattern of connectivity exhibited by the couples of homologues; the probability to find alterations in the areas of the left hemisphere seems to be greater when their right homologues are also altered than vice versa, an intriguing asymmetry that deserves to be further investigated and explained.
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Pashaj S, Merz E. 3-Dimensional Ultrasound: How can the Fetal Corpus Callosum Be Demonstrated Correctly? ULTRASCHALL IN DER MEDIZIN (STUTTGART, GERMANY : 1980) 2021; 42:278-284. [PMID: 33618381 DOI: 10.1055/a-1365-8611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to outline the correct demonstration of the fetal corpus callosum with 3D ultrasound between 18 and 40 weeks of gestation. An abdominal or transvaginal 3D transducer can be used for acquisition of the fetal brain depending on the position of the fetus. The best demonstration of the corpus callosum can be achieved, when the volume with the corpus callosum is acquired from a sagittal or parasagittal sectional plane of the brain. Once the volume is stored in the memory, the multiplanar mode allows manipulation in all three dimensions until the exact median plane is seen, showing the corpus callosum as a hypo- or anechoic curved structure. Volume acquisition of the brain from an axial plane of the fetal head - typically used for biometrical measurements of the head diameters - is not recommended for clinical evaluation of the corpus callosum because the reconstructed median plane does not reveal the margins and the structure of the corpus callosum precisely. Other display modes such as volume contrast imaging (VCI), OmniView-VCI, and tomographic display may also be used for demonstration of the corpus callosum. However, these display modes only provide the operator with good image quality of the corpus callosum if the fetal brain was acquired from a sagittal and not from an axial plane. CONCLUSION: 3D ultrasound is an excellent clinical tool for the exact presentation of the fetal corpus callosum because it allows volume manipulation of the fetal head in all three dimensions with precise demonstration of the median plane of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonila Pashaj
- Center for Ultrasound and Prenatal Medicine Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eberhard Merz
- Center for Ultrasound and Prenatal Medicine Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Morihara K, Kakinuma K, Kobayashi E, Kawakami N, Narita W, Kanno S, Tanaka F, Suzuki K. Improvement in callosal disconnection syndrome with recovery of callosal connectivity. Neurocase 2021; 27:323-331. [PMID: 34365896 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2021.1959935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in radiological techniques have enabled the observation of the topographic distribution of the human corpus callosum. However, its functional connectivity remains to be elucidated. The symptoms of callosal disconnection syndrome (CDS) can potentially reveal the functional connections between the cerebral hemispheres. Herein, we report a patient with CDS, whose callosal lesion was restricted to the posterior midbody, isthmus, and an anterior part of the dorsal splenium. A 53-year-old right-handed woman demonstrated CDS following cerebral infarction associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage. She exhibited CDS including ideomotor apraxia, and tactile anomia with the left hand, cross-replication of hand postures, cross-localization of the fingers, and constructional impairment with the right hand. Six months after onset, the left-handed ideomotor apraxia on imitation improved, but that to command did not, which indicated the difference in the nature of the transcallosal connections between ideomotor apraxia on imitation and ideomotor apraxia to command. Longitudinal CDS observation and corpus callosum tractography will prove useful in expanding our understanding of the nature of the organization of interhemispheric information transference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Morihara
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kakinuma
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Erena Kobayashi
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nobuko Kawakami
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Wataru Narita
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shigenori Kanno
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Tanaka
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kyoko Suzuki
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Izzo G, Toto V, Doneda C, Parazzini C, Lanna M, Bulfamante G, Righini A. Fetal thick corpus callosum: new insights from neuroimaging and neuropathology in two cases and literature review. Neuroradiology 2021; 63:2139-2148. [PMID: 34021362 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-021-02699-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the correlation between fetal imaging (in vivo and ex vivo) and neuropathology in two fetuses at early gestational age (GA) with isolated thick corpus callosum (CC), a rare finding whose pathological significance and neuropathology data are scarce. METHODS Two fetuses at 21-week GA underwent fetal MRI (fMRI) for suspected callosal anomalies at ultrasound (US). After fMRI results, termination of pregnancy (TOP) was carried out and post-mortem MRI (pmMRI) was performed. Neuropathology correlation consisted in macro and microscopic evaluation with sections prepared for hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemistry staining. RESULTS Fetal imaging confirmed in both cases the presence of a shorter and thicker CC with respect to the reference standard at the same GA, without a clear distinction between its different parts. Moreover, on pmMRI, an abnormal slightly T2-weighted hyperintense layer along the superior and inferior surface of CC was noted in both cases. At histopathology, these findings corresponded to an increased amount of white matter tracts but also to an abnormal representation of embryological structures that contribute to CC development, naming induseum griseum (IG) and the glioepithelial layer (GL) of the "callosal sling." After reviewing the literature data, we confirmed the recent embryological theory regarding the CC development and provide new insights into the pathophysiology of the abnormal cases. CONCLUSIONS An abnormally thick CC at the early fetal period could be associated to an abnormal representation of the midline glia structures, so to result in potential disturbance of the axon guidance mechanism of callosal formation and eventually in CC dysgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giana Izzo
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Children's Hospital V. Buzzi , Via Castelvetro, 32 20154, Milan, Italy.
| | - Valentina Toto
- Department of Health Sciences, Pathology Division, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Doneda
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Children's Hospital V. Buzzi , Via Castelvetro, 32 20154, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Parazzini
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Children's Hospital V. Buzzi , Via Castelvetro, 32 20154, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariano Lanna
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Children's Hospital V. Buzzi - ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaetano Bulfamante
- Department of Health Sciences, Pathology Division, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Righini
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Children's Hospital V. Buzzi , Via Castelvetro, 32 20154, Milan, Italy
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Mirone G, Vitulli F, Nastro A, Bernardo P, Ruggiero A, Spennato P, Cinalli G. Neuroendoscopic treatment of symptomatic cyst of the septum pellucidum in children: A case series. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2021; 207:106671. [PMID: 34098238 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symptomatic cysts of the septum pellucidum (CSP) are extremely rare in children and surgical indications are not well defined. A very careful clinical and neuroradiologic evaluation is necessary to consider a patient for surgical indication. METHODS We present a surgical series of 7 pediatric patients. Clinical and radiological features of the patients, including clinical presentation, previous treatment, pre, and post-operative MRI, immediate postoperative, neuropsychiatric assessment, and outcomes were reviewed. RESULTS There were 5 males and 2 females (mean age 8 yrs). Five patients presented a history of severe intermittent headaches, two of them were admitted with acute symptoms of raised intracranial pressure. One patient presented Epilepsy and ADHD and one patient had severe psychosis. Overall, psychiatric disorders were diagnosed in six patients, three patients had Intellectual Disability (ID). In all cases, the cyst presented a ballooning feature, with a mean volume of 18,36 cm3 (range 10,62-28,5) and significant lateral bulging of both layers. All were operated on endoscopically without complications. After surgery, a very significant decrease in cyst volume was observed (mean volume 5,68 cm3; range 3,18-10,1) with complete disappearance of the ballooning aspect. Headaches resolved in all patients. In two patients operated in emergency papilloedema and vision improved in the first week after surgery. No recurrence of the cysts was noted during follow-up in all patients. CONCLUSIONS CSP may be associated with behavioral or psychiatric problems also in children. Neuroendoscopic surgery is a safe and effective therapeutic modality to treat CSP presenting with symptoms and signs of intracranial hypertension with good clinical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mirone
- Pediatric Neurosurgery Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesca Vitulli
- Pediatric Neurosurgery Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Nastro
- Pediatric Neuroradiology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Pia Bernardo
- Department of Neuroscience, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ruggiero
- Department of Neuroscience, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Spennato
- Pediatric Neurosurgery Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cinalli
- Pediatric Neurosurgery Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy
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Fenlon LR, Suarez R, Lynton Z, Richards LJ. The evolution, formation and connectivity of the anterior commissure. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 118:50-59. [PMID: 33958283 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The anterior commissure is the most ancient of the forebrain interhemispheric connections among all vertebrates. Indeed, it is the predominant pallial commissure in all non-eutherian vertebrates, universally subserving basic functions related to olfaction and survival. A key feature of the anterior commissure is its ability to convey connections from diverse brain areas, such as most of the neocortex in non-eutherian mammals, thereby mediating the bilateral integration of diverse functions. Shared developmental mechanisms between the anterior commissure and more evolutionarily recent commissures, such as the corpus callosum in eutherians, have led to the hypothesis that the former may have been a precursor for additional expansion of commissural circuits. However, differences between the formation of the anterior commissure and other telencephalic commissures suggest that independent developmental mechanisms underlie the emergence of these connections in extant species. Here, we review the developmental mechanisms and connectivity of the anterior commissure across evolutionarily distant species, and highlight its potential functional importance in humans, both in the course of normal neurodevelopment, and as a site of plastic axonal rerouting in the absence or damage of other connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Fenlon
- The University of Queensland, The Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Rodrigo Suarez
- The University of Queensland, The Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zorana Lynton
- The University of Queensland, The Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia; The Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Linda J Richards
- The University of Queensland, The Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia; The School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, Australia.
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61
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Li D, Tang W, Yan T, Zhang N, Xiang J, Niu Y, Wang B. Abnormalities in hemispheric lateralization of intra- and inter-hemispheric white matter connections in schizophrenia. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:819-832. [PMID: 32767209 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hemispheric lateralization is a prominent feature of the human brain and is grounded into intra- and inter-hemispheric white matter (WM) connections. However, disruptions in hemispheric lateralization involving both intra- and inter-hemispheric WM connections in schizophrenia is still unclear. Hence, a quantitative measure of the hemispheric lateralization of intra- and inter-hemispheric WM connections could provide new insights into schizophrenia. This work performed diffusion tensor imaging on 50 patients and 58 matched healthy controls. Using graph theory, the global and nodal efficiencies were computed for both intra- and inter-hemispheric networks. We found that patients with schizophrenia showed significantly decrease in both global and nodal efficiency of hemispheric networks relative to healthy controls. Specially, deficits in intra-hemispheric integration and inter-hemispheric communication were revealed in frontal and temporal regions for schizophrenia. We also found disrupted hemispheric asymmetries in brain regions associated with emotion, memory, and visual processes for schizophrenia. Moreover, abnormal hemispheric asymmetry of nodal efficiency was significantly correlated with the symptom of the patients. Our finding indicated that the hemispheric WM lateralization of intra- and inter-hemispheric connections could serve as a potential imaging biomarker for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Shanxi, China
| | - Wenjing Tang
- School of Mechanical, Electrical and Information Engineering, Shandong University at Weihai, Shandong, China
| | - Ting Yan
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Shanxi, China
| | - Jie Xiang
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Shanxi, China
| | - Yan Niu
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Shanxi, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Shanxi, China.
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China.
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Schwartz E, Diogo MC, Glatter S, Seidl R, Brugger PC, Gruber GM, Kiss H, Nenning KH, Langs G, Prayer D, Kasprian G. The Prenatal Morphomechanic Impact of Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum on Human Brain Structure and Asymmetry. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:4024-4037. [PMID: 33872347 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic, molecular, and physical forces together impact brain morphogenesis. The early impact of deficient midline crossing in agenesis of the Corpus Callosum (ACC) on prenatal human brain development and architecture is widely unknown. Here we analyze the changes of brain structure in 46 fetuses with ACC in vivo to identify their deviations from normal development. Cases of complete ACC show an increase in the thickness of the cerebral wall in the frontomedial regions and a reduction in the temporal, insular, medial occipital and lateral parietal regions, already present at midgestation. ACC is associated with a more symmetric configuration of the temporal lobes and increased frequency of atypical asymmetry patterns, indicating an early morphomechanic effect of callosal growth on human brain development affecting the thickness of the pallium along a ventro-dorsal gradient. Altered prenatal brain architecture in ACC emphasizes the importance of conformational forces introduced by emerging interhemispheric connectivity on the establishment of polygenically determined brain asymmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Sarah Glatter
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer Seidl
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter C Brugger
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerlinde M Gruber
- Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Herbert Kiss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl-Heinz Nenning
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Georg Langs
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Prayer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Kasprian
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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63
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Bartholmot C, Cabet S, Massoud M, Massardier J, Fichez A, Des Portes V, Guibaud L. Prenatal Imaging Features and Postnatal Outcome of Short Corpus Callosum: A Series of 42 Cases. Fetal Diagn Ther 2021; 48:217-226. [PMID: 33684914 DOI: 10.1159/000512953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our goal was to provide a better understanding of isolated short corpus callosum (SCC) regarding prenatal diagnosis and postnatal outcome. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed prenatal and postnatal imaging, clinical, and biological data from 42 cases with isolated SCC. RESULTS Prenatal imaging showed SCC in all cases (n = 42). SCC was limited to rostrum and/or genu and/or splenium in 21 cases, involved body in 16 cases, and was more extensive in 5 cases. Indirect imaging features included typical buffalo horn ventricles (n = 14), septal dysmorphism (n = 14), parallel lateral ventricles (n = 12), and ventriculomegaly (n = 4), as well as atypical features in 5 cases. SCC was associated with interhemispheric cysts and pericallosal lipomas in 3 and 6 cases, respectively. Aneuploidy was found in 2 cases. Normal psychomotor development, mild developmental disorders, and global developmental delay were found in 70, 15, and 15% of our cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS SCC should be investigated to look for pericallosal lipoma and typical versus atypical indirect features of corpus callosum agenesis (CCA). Prenatal counselling should be guided by imaging as well as clinical and genetic context. Outcome of patients with SCC was similar to the one presenting with complete CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bartholmot
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire de Diagnostic Prénatal, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon-Bron, France.,Centre Pluridisciplinaire de Diagnostic Prénatal, Montpellier, France
| | - Sara Cabet
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire de Diagnostic Prénatal, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon-Bron, France.,Imagerie pédiatrique et fœtale, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon-Bron, France
| | - Mona Massoud
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire de Diagnostic Prénatal, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon-Bron, France
| | - Jérôme Massardier
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire de Diagnostic Prénatal, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon-Bron, France
| | - Axel Fichez
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire de Diagnostic Prénatal, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Des Portes
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon-Bron, France
| | - Laurent Guibaud
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire de Diagnostic Prénatal, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon-Bron, France, .,Imagerie pédiatrique et fœtale, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon-Bron, France,
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64
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Kunpalin Y, Richter J, Mufti N, Bosteels J, Ourselin S, De Coppi P, Thompson D, David AL, Deprest J. Cranial findings detected by second-trimester ultrasound in fetuses with myelomeningocele: a systematic review. BJOG 2021; 128:366-374. [PMID: 32926566 PMCID: PMC8436766 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.16496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Abnormal intracranial findings are often detected at mid‐trimester ultrasound (US) in fetuses with myelomeningocele (MMC). It is unclear whether these findings constitute a spectrum of the disease or are an independent finding, which should contraindicate fetal surgery. Objective To ascertain the spectrum and frequency of US‐detected cranial findings in fetuses with MMC. Search strategy MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and CENTRAL were searched from January 2000 to June 2020. Selection criteria Study reporting incidence of cranial US findings in consecutive cases of second‐trimester fetuses with MMC. Data collection and analysis Publication quality was assessed by Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) and modified NOS. Meta‐analysis could not be performed as a result of high clinical diversity and study heterogeneity. Main results Fourteen cranial US findings were reported in 15 studies. Findings in classic Chiari II malformation (CIIM) spectrum included posterior fossa funnelling (96%), small transcerebellar diameter (82–96%), ‘banana’ sign (50–100%), beaked tectum (65%) and ‘lemon’ sign (53–100%). Additional cranial findings were small biparietal diameter (BPD) and head circumference (HC) (<5th centile; 53 and 71%, respectively), ventriculomegaly (45–89%), abnormal pointed shape of the occipital horn (77–78%), thinning of the posterior cerebrum, perinodular heterotopia (11%), abnormal gyration (3%), corpus callosum disorders (60%) and midline interhemispheric cyst (42%). Conclusions We identified 14 cranial findings by second‐trimester US in fetuses with MMC. The relatively high incidence of these findings and their unclear prognostic significance might not contraindicate fetal surgery in the case of normal fetal genetic testing. Some cranial findings may independently affect postnatal outcome, however. Long‐term detailed follow‐up is required to investigate this. Tweetable abstract A high rate of cranial abnormalities found on second‐trimester ultrasound in fetuses with myelomeningocele. A high rate of cranial abnormalities found on second‐trimester ultrasound in fetuses with myelomeningocele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kunpalin
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Development and Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Richter
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - N Mufti
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - J Bosteels
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Cochrane Belgium, Belgian Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (Cebam), Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Ourselin
- School of Biomedical Engineering & imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P De Coppi
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of General Paediatric Surgery, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - D Thompson
- Department of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - A L David
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Development and Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Deprest
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Development and Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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65
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Koludarova EM, Tuchik ES, Zorikov OV. [Postmortem diagnostic of diffuse axonal injury considering histoarchitectonic of the corpus callosum]. Sud Med Ekspert 2021; 64:18-20. [PMID: 33511828 DOI: 10.17116/sudmed20216401118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The results of studying the morphological signs of diffuse axonal injury (DAI) postmortem diagnosis in the brain are presented. It was investigated the histoarchitectonics of the corpus callosum in various types of non-violent and violent death. In the indusium griseum of the corpus callosum, neurons were identified; the features of the morphology and the interposition of the neurons processes, glia and vessels in various parts of the corpus callosum were studied. Taking into account the revealed architectonics of the corpus callosum, changes in DAI were determined. It was found that the main diagnostically significant morphological sign of DAI is hemorrhages localized in the trunk and indusium griseum on sagittal corpus callosum sections, which may be important in solving expert questions about the morphogenesis of hemorrhages in the corpus callosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Koludarova
- Russian center of forensic medical examination, Moscow, Russia
| | - E S Tuchik
- Russian center of forensic medical examination, Moscow, Russia
| | - O V Zorikov
- Russian center of forensic medical examination, Moscow, Russia
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66
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Neuroanatomy for the Neuroradiologist. Clin Neuroradiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-61423-6_18-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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67
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Corpus Callosum and Cerebellum Anomaly in a Puppy. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2020-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This paper is aimed to present a corpus callosum and cerebellar anomaly with pathological findings in a 40-day-old, male, Golden Retriever puppy. It was stated that the dog rapidly deteriorated and died. On necropsy, after opening the skull, it was observed that the brain and cerebellum hemispheres were separated. In the detailed macroscopic examination, it was observed that the corpus callosum, interthalamic connections, which connect the brain hemispheres, were completely separated from each other. It was observed that the corpus callosum was more prominent in the right hemisphere but the anatomical structures of the left hemisphere were not evident. It was also observed that the hemispheres of the cerebellum were almost completely separated from the vermis region. It has been observed that brain connections can be achieved only by attachment between the midbrain and pons and continuing with the pons. Microscopic examination revealed no inflammatory reactions in the brain and cerebellum. Corpus callosum and cerebellar vermis anomalies in dogs have been reported before. However, split brain syndrome characterized by the loss of almost all connections of the brain and cerebellum in such severity that was observed in this case has not been previously reported.
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68
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Ku RY, Torii M. New Molecular Players in the Development of Callosal Projections. Cells 2020; 10:cells10010029. [PMID: 33375263 PMCID: PMC7824101 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical development in humans is a long and ongoing process that continuously modifies the neural circuitry into adolescence. This is well represented by the dynamic maturation of the corpus callosum, the largest white matter tract in the brain. Callosal projection neurons whose long-range axons form the main component of the corpus callosum are evolved relatively recently with a substantial, disproportionate increase in numbers in humans. Though the anatomy of the corpus callosum and cellular processes in its development have been intensively studied by experts in a variety of fields over several decades, the whole picture of its development, in particular, the molecular controls over the development of callosal projections, still has many missing pieces. This review highlights the most recent progress on the understanding of corpus callosum formation with a special emphasis on the novel molecular players in the development of axonal projections in the corpus callosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Yueh Ku
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Masaaki Torii
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Correspondence:
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69
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Çavdar S, Aydın AE, Algın O, Aydın S. The Complex Structure of the Anterior White Commissure of the Human Brain: Fiber Dissection and Tractography Study. World Neurosurg 2020; 147:e111-e117. [PMID: 33290898 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.11.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Commissural fibers are necessary for bilateral integration, body coordination, and complex cognitive information flow between the hemispheres. The anterior commissure (AC) has a complex architecture interconnecting areas of the frontal, temporal and occipital lobes. The present study aims to demonstrate the connections and the course of the anterior (ACa) and posterior (ACp) limb of the AC using fiber dissection and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the human brain. METHODS Fiber dissection was performed in a stepwise manner from lateral to medial on 6 left hemispheres. The gray matter was decorticated and the ACa-ACp was exposed. The ACa and ACp tracts were demonstrated using a high-spatial-resolution DTI with a 3T magnetic resonance unit in 13 cases. RESULTS Using both techniques showed that the AC has complex interconnections with large areas of the frontal (olfactory tubercles, anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory bulb, and the orbital gyri), temporal (amygdaloidal nuclei, temporal and perirhinal cortex), and occipital (visual cortex) lobes. The ACp makes up the major component of the AC and is composed of temporal and occipital fibers. We observed that these fibers do not make a distinct bundle; the temporal fibers joined the uncinate fasciculus and the occipital fibers joined the sagittal striatum to reach their targets. CONCLUSIONS Being aware of the course of the AC is important during transcallosal and interforniceal approaches to the third ventricle tumors and temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. The intermingling fibers of the AC can provide a better understanding of the unexplained deficit that may occur during regional surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiye Çavdar
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ayşegül Esen Aydın
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oktay Algın
- Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Radiology Department, City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey; National MR Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seçkin Aydın
- Department of Neurosurgery, Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
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70
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Evaluation of Ideal Extent of Corpus Callosotomy Based on the Location of Intracallosal Motor Fibers. World Neurosurg 2020; 144:e568-e575. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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71
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De León Reyes NS, Bragg-Gonzalo L, Nieto M. Development and plasticity of the corpus callosum. Development 2020; 147:147/18/dev189738. [PMID: 32988974 DOI: 10.1242/dev.189738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC) connects the cerebral hemispheres and is the major mammalian commissural tract. It facilitates bilateral sensory integration and higher cognitive functions, and is often affected in neurodevelopmental diseases. Here, we review the mechanisms that contribute to the development of CC circuits in animal models and humans. These species comparisons reveal several commonalities. First, there is an early period of massive axonal projection. Second, there is a postnatal temporal window, varying between species, in which early callosal projections are selectively refined. Third, sensory-derived activity influences axonal refinement. We also discuss how defects in CC formation can lead to mild or severe CC congenital malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia S De León Reyes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, (CNB-CSIC) Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Bragg-Gonzalo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, (CNB-CSIC) Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Nieto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, (CNB-CSIC) Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Scoping Review of the Prenatal Diagnosis of Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2020; 49:423-436. [PMID: 32687791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To map and summarize the literature related to the prenatal diagnosis of agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) to inform nursing practice. DATA SOURCES We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, PyscINFO, and Academic Search Complete with the use of strings of curated terms to cover the broad ACC nomenclature. Documents were published in English between 2009 and June 1, 2020. We also hand searched the reference lists of included documents. STUDY SELECTION We screened 582 abstracts and retrieved the full texts of primary research articles, reviews, discussion papers, and peer-reviewed book chapters if the abstracts specifically mentioned ACC and the prenatal period. We excluded case reports, conference and poster abstracts, papers on broader anomalies, and animal studies. We reviewed 84 full-text documents and identified 61 for inclusion. DATA EXTRACTION We charted the data through an iterative process under headings for location, article type, study design, participant age, ACC type, recruitment, method, tools/assessments, results, key recommendations, gestational age at diagnosis, termination of pregnancy rate, the definition of isolated ACC, and our notes of critique of the document. DATA SYNTHESIS We constructed a narrative synthesis from thematically arranged data. In the included documents, ACC was diagnosed between 17 and 38 weeks gestation and was frequently described as heterogeneous because of different causes, presentations, and outcomes. Whether the ACC was isolated as the only anomaly or present with other anomalies was considered the key factor for prenatal counseling. However, the definition of isolated ACC was inconsistent. CONCLUSION The inconsistent nomenclature and definitions of an isolated presentation of ACC increase the ambiguity in the prenatal diagnosis and must be considered when the outcome and diagnostic efficacy studies are interpreted. There is an absence of research on parents' experiences of prenatal diagnoses of ACC to inform holistic nursing interventions and the provision of psychosocial support.
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73
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Birnbaum R, Barzilay R, Brusilov M, Wolman I, Malinger G. The early pattern of human corpus callosum development: A transvaginal 3D neurosonographic study. Prenat Diagn 2020; 40:1239-1245. [PMID: 32418226 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide an in-vivo description of early corpus callosum (CC) development. METHODS We reviewed 3D US volumes acquired transvaginally (TVUS) through the anterior fontanelle, between 14 to 17 weeks. The following landmarks were recognized: tela-choroidea (TC), foramina of Moro, early CC and the evolving cavum septi pellucidi. The following measurements were taken: total, anterior and posterior sections, and height of the CC (referenced to the anterior TC border). All measurements were correlated to both the gestational age and the transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD). RESULTS Eighty nine volumes were included in the study (mean 15.1 weeks ± 0.84, TCD range, 13.1-18.4 mm) with high inter and intra observer correlation of the measurements. We found high correlation between CC length and height, and TCD. The anterior segment of the CC appear earlier than the posterior one, and growth continues bi-directionally. Initially, the posterior elongation is significantly larger than the anterior one. Association of all CC measurements with TCD remained significant when co-varying for maternal age and fetal sex. CONCLUSIONS imaging the fetal CC is feasible from 14 weeks by TVUS, by following the suggested insonation approach. The early CC develops bi-directionally, and the posterior elongation is more significant than the anterior one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roee Birnbaum
- OB-GYN Ultrasound Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ran Barzilay
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Brusilov
- OB-GYN Ultrasound Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Igal Wolman
- OB-GYN Ultrasound Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gustavo Malinger
- OB-GYN Ultrasound Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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74
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Ibrahim RSM, Emad-Eldin S. Beyond fetal magnetic resonance diagnosis of corpus callosum agenesis. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43055-020-00182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Corpus callosum agenesis (CCA) is a midline congenital anomaly. Routine prenatal 2D ultrasonography (2D US) can suggest CCA. A definitive diagnosis and identification of more subtle associated neurological or non-neurological abnormalities are difficult to be detected by prenatal 2D US; therefore, a further study by fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is needed. This study highlights the role and evaluates the diagnostic value of fetal MRI in the diagnosis of CCA and identifying the associated anomalies, which is a prognostic of the postnatal developmental outcome.
Results
Out of 27 fetuses that were suspected to have CCA on prenatal US, fetal MRI diagnosed 25/27 fetuses (92.5%) with CCA, while the last 2/27 (7.5%) were ruled out; being false positive (FP) on prenatal US, they had normal corpus callosum (CC). Cases diagnosed as CCA were either complete 77.7% (n = 21) or partial agenesis 14.8% (n = 4). They were classified as followed: Only 5/25 (18.5%) had isolated CCA, while the majority 20/25 (74%) of CCA were complex form associated with other anomalies (most of them 14 cases (70%) associated with other neurological anomalies, while 4 cases (20%) associated with other non-neurological anomalies, and last 2 cases (10%) were having both anomalies). The diagnostic performance of fetal MRI in diagnosis of CCA was as follows: sensitivity 100%, specificity 67%, positive predictive value (PPV) 96%, negative predictive value (NPV) 100%, and accuracy 96.3%. The sensitivity of the detection of associated neurological abnormalities was 100% by fetal MRI for 75% by 2D US.
Conclusion
The prevalence of the complex CCA is higher than the isolated form. Fetal MRI is a valuable adjunctive complementary imaging to prenatal 2D US with high diagnostic performance in the diagnosis of fetuses with CCA. It confirms the diagnosis, assesses the extent of agenesis, and detects coexisting anomalies, which is a prognostic of the postnatal developmental outcome.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the current imaging techniques available for the evaluation of the fetal brain. FINDINGS Ultrasound remains the initial screening modality with routine scanning typically performed at 18-20 weeks gestation. When a central nervous system (CNS) abnormality is noted by ultrasound, MRI is increasingly being used to further clarify findings. Fetal MRI has the unique ability to provide high detailed anatomical information of the entire human fetus with high contrast resolution. This technique has grown due to the development of rapid single shot image acquisition sequences, improvement of motion correction strategies and optimizing shimming techniques. CONCLUSIONS The assessment of fetal CNS anomalies continues to improve. Advanced MRI techniques have allowed for further delineation of CNS anomalies and have become a cornerstone in the assessment of fetal brain well-being. Those interpreting fetal studies need to be familiar with the strengths and limitations of each exam and be sensitive to the impact discussing findings can have regarding perinatal care and delivery planning. Collaboration with neurologists, neurosurgeons, geneticists, counselors, and maternal fetal specialists are key in providing the best care to the families we treat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin M Cardenas
- Department of Radiology, Children's of Alabama University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Matthew T Whitehead
- Department of Radiology, Children's of Alabama University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Dorothy I Bulas
- Department of Radiology, Children's of Alabama University of Alabama at Birmingham; George Washington School of Medicine, Washington, DC.
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Masmejan S, Blaser S, Keunen J, Seaward G, Windrim R, Kelly E, Ryan G, Baud D, Van Mieghem T. Natural History of Ventriculomegaly in Fetal Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2020; 39:483-488. [PMID: 31502300 DOI: 10.1002/jum.15124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the natural evolution of the size of the fetal lateral ventricles throughout pregnancy in fetuses with callosal anomalies. METHODS Cases of fetal callosal anomalies were retrospectively classified as isolated or complex based on the presence of other structural or genetic anomalies. Longitudinal ultrasound studies were reviewed, and postnatal outcomes were retrieved for isolated cases. RESULTS In 135 fetuses, those who first presented after 24 weeks' gestation were more likely to have ventriculomegaly (n = 58 of 68 [85%]) than those who presented before 24 weeks (n = 39 of 67 [58%]; P < .001). In 79 cases that had longitudinal follow-up, the mean increase in ventricular width was 0.6 mm/wk, without a significant difference between isolated and complex cases (mean ± SD, 0.6 ± 1.5 versus 0.6 ± 1.1 mm; P = .45). CONCLUSIONS Callosal anomalies are associated with progressive ventriculomegaly on prenatal ultrasound imaging, without a difference between isolated and complex anomalies. This feature should be considered part of the disease spectrum. The consequence of progressive ventriculomegaly on the long-term neurodevelopmental outcome is still unknown, and further studies should be aimed at obtaining long-term follow-up of these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Masmejan
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Obstetrics Unit, Department of Mother and Child, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Susan Blaser
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Johannes Keunen
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gareth Seaward
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rory Windrim
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edmond Kelly
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg Ryan
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Baud
- Obstetrics Unit, Department of Mother and Child, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tim Van Mieghem
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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77
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Blaauw J, Meiners LC. The splenium of the corpus callosum: embryology, anatomy, function and imaging with pathophysiological hypothesis. Neuroradiology 2020; 62:563-585. [PMID: 32062761 PMCID: PMC7186255 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-019-02357-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The splenium of the corpus callosum is the most posterior part of the corpus callosum. Its embryological development, anatomy, vascularization, function, imaging of pathology, possible pathophysiological mechanisms by which pathology may develop and the clinical consequences are discussed. METHODS A literature-based description is provided on development, anatomy and function. MR and CT images are used to demonstrate pathology. The majority of pathology, known to affect the splenium, and the clinical effects are described in three subsections: (A) limited to the splenium, with elaboration on pathophysiology of reversible splenial lesions, (B) pathology in the cerebral white matter extending into or deriving from the splenium, with special emphasis on tumors, and (C) splenial involvement in generalized conditions affecting the entire brain, with a hypothesis for pathophysiological mechanisms for the different diseases. RESULTS The development of the splenium is preceded by the formation of the hippocampal commissure. It is bordered by the falx and the tentorium and is perfused by the anterior and posterior circulation. It contains different caliber axonal fibers and the most compact area of callosal glial cells. These findings may explain the affinity of specific forms of pathology for this region. The fibers interconnect the temporal and occipital regions of both hemispheres reciprocally and are important in language, visuospatial information transfer and behavior. Acquired pathology may lead to changes in consciousness. CONCLUSION The development, location, fiber composition and vascularization of the splenium make it vulnerable to specific pathological processes. It appears to play an important role in consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Blaauw
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Medical Sciences/Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L C Meiners
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Guadarrama-Ortiz P, Choreño-Parra JA, de la Rosa-Arredondo T. Isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum and normal general intelligence development during postnatal life: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 2020; 14:28. [PMID: 32046774 PMCID: PMC7014647 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-020-2359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Agenesis of the corpus callosum can occur isolated or as part of a complex congenital syndrome. Patients with isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum may present with severe intellectual disability, although a proportion of affected individuals develop normal intelligence. However, even in patients with no apparent deficits, subtle neuropsychological alterations may occur as the cognitive demand increases with age. Hence, patients with this deffect require a strict follow-up during their postnatal life. Thus, physicians require a better knowledge of the cognitive features of agenesis of the corpus callosum to improve their approach to this cerebral malformation. Here, we report an illustrative case of a school-age child with isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum and normal intelligence. We also provide a literature review about the postnatal screening of neurocognitive deficits in patients with agenesis of the corpus callosum. Case presentation An 8-year-old Hispanic boy with total agenesis of the corpus callosum attended for medical follow-up. The defect was identified during the neonatal period by cranial ultrasonography and brain computed tomography scan. However, he did not present any craniofacial or non-cerebral malformation suggestive of a congenital syndrome. Furthermore, he showed no neuropsychiatric disorder or intellectual disability during his early childhood. At the age of 4, he was subjected to a control brain magnetic resonance imaging that showed total agenesis of the corpus callosum and colpocephaly. At his arrival, a neurological examination was normal with no signs of intracranial hypertension. His intelligence quotient was unaltered and he scored normal in the Mini-Mental State Examination test. The literature reviewed here suggested that patients with agenesis of the corpus callosum require a strict neurocognitive follow-up during postnatal life, as they may present neuropsychological deficits during adolescence, when development of the corpus callosum is completed and there is maximum reliance on this structure. Thus, our patient was scheduled for future annual neurocognitive testing. Conclusions Isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum is not innocuous, and patients with this defect require a strict neurocognitive follow-up. We provide an informative reference tool useful for the postnatal neuropsychological screening of patients with isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parménides Guadarrama-Ortiz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centro Especializado en Neurocirugía y Neurociencias México (CENNM), Tlaxcala & Manzanillo, Roma Sur, 06760, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - José Alberto Choreño-Parra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centro Especializado en Neurocirugía y Neurociencias México (CENNM), Tlaxcala & Manzanillo, Roma Sur, 06760, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tania de la Rosa-Arredondo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centro Especializado en Neurocirugía y Neurociencias México (CENNM), Tlaxcala & Manzanillo, Roma Sur, 06760, Mexico City, Mexico
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79
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Sufianov AA, Cossu G, Iakimov IA, Sufianov RA, Markin ES, Stefanov SZ, Zemmoura I, Messerer M, Daniel RT. Endoscopic Interhemispheric Disconnection for Intractable Multifocal Epilepsy: Surgical Technique and Functional Neuroanatomy. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2020; 18:145-157. [PMID: 31140570 DOI: 10.1093/ons/opz121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Callosotomy represents a palliative procedure for intractable multifocal epilepsy. The extent of callosotomy and the benefits of adding anterior and posterior commissurotomy are debated. OBJECTIVE To describe a new technique of a purely endoscopic procedure to disconnect the corpus callosum, the anterior, posterior, and habenular commissures through the use of a single burr hole via a transfrontal transventricular route. METHODS Our surgical series was retrospectively reviewed in terms of seizure control (Engel's class) and complication rate. Five cadaveric specimens were used to demonstrate the surgical anatomy of commissural fibers and third ventricle. RESULTS The procedure may be divided into 3 steps: (1) endoscopic transventricular transforaminal anterior commissure disconnection; (2) disconnection of posterior and habenular commissures; and (3) total callosotomy. Fifty-seven patients were included in the analysis. A favorable outcome in terms of epilepsy control (Engel class 1 to 3) was found in 71.4% of patients undergoing callosotomy coupled with anterior, posterior, and habenular commissure disconnection against 53% of patients with isolated callosotomy (P = .26). Patients with drop attacks had better epilepsy outcome independently from the surgical procedure used. CONCLUSION The full endoscopic callosotomy coupled with disconnection of anterior, posterior and habenular commissures is a safe alternative to treat multifocal refractory epilepsy. A gain in seizure outcome might be present in this cohort of patients treated with total interhemispheric disconnection when compared with isolated callosotomy. Larger studies are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert A Sufianov
- Federal Centre of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Tyumen, Russia.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Giulia Cossu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Iurii A Iakimov
- Federal Centre of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Tyumen, Russia.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rinat A Sufianov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor S Markin
- Federal Centre of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Tyumen, Russia
| | - Stefan Z Stefanov
- Federal Centre of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Tyumen, Russia
| | | | - Mahmoud Messerer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roy T Daniel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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80
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Govaert P, Triulzi F, Dudink J. The developing brain by trimester. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 171:245-289. [PMID: 32736754 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64239-4.00014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Transient anatomical entities play a role in the maturation of brain regions and early functional fetal networks. At the postmenstrual age of 7 weeks, major subdivisions of the brain are visible. At the end of the embryonic period, the cortical plate covers the neopallium. The choroid plexus develops in concert with it, and the dorsal thalamus covers about half the diencephalic third ventricle surface. In addition to the fourth ventricle neuroepithelium the rhombic lips are an active neuroepithelial production site. Early reciprocal connections between the thalamus and cortex are present. The corticospinal tract has reached the pyramidal decussation, and the arteries forming the mature circle of Willis are seen. Moreover, the superior sagittal sinus has formed, and at the rostral neuropore the massa commissuralis is growing. At the viable preterm age of around 24 weeks PMA, white matter tracts are in full development. Asymmetric progenitor division permits production of neurons, subventricular zone precursors, and glial cells. Myelin is present in the ventral spinal quadrant, cuneate fascicle, and spinal motor fibers. The neopallial mantle has been separated into transient layers (stratified transitional fields) between the neuroepithelium and the cortical plate. The subplate plays an important role in organizing the structuring of the cortical plate. Commissural tracts have shaped the corpus callosum, early primary gyri are present, and opercularization has started caudally, forming the lateral fissure. Thalamic and striatal nuclei have formed, although GABAergic neurons continue to migrate into the thalamus from the corpus gangliothalamicum. Near-term PMA cerebral sublobulation is active. Between 24 and 32 weeks, primary sulci develop. Myelin is present in the superior cerebellar peduncle, rubrospinal tract, and inferior olive. Germinal matrix disappears from the telencephalon, except for the GABAergic frontal cortical subventricular neuroepithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Govaert
- Department of Neonatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neonatology, ZNA Middelheim, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy, Gent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Fabio Triulzi
- Department of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jeroen Dudink
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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81
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Anterior and posterior commissures in agenesis of the corpus callosum: Alternative pathways for attention processes? Cortex 2019; 121:454-467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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82
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Joigneau Prieto L, Ruiz Y, Pérez R, De León Luis J. Prenatal diagnosis of pericallosal lipoma: Systematic review. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2019; 23:764-782. [PMID: 31587959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim is to present a systematic review of all the published cases of prenatally diagnosed pericallosal lipomas, their features and associations with other anomalies or syndromes and their post-natal evolution. We performed a Pubmed-based systematic review, including all the published cases of prenatal diagnosis of pericallosal lipoma, written in English, Spanish or French. We analysed gestational age at diagnosis, prenatal ultrasound characteristics of the lipoma, prenatally diagnosed associated anomalies, neonatal findings, outcomes and duration of follow-up. We gathered data from 49 cases of prenatally diagnosed pericallosal lipoma. Mean gestational age at diagnosis was 29.6 weeks. The type of lipoma was: not specified in 8 cases, tubulonodular in 17 cases, curvilinear in 24 cases. Corpus callosum was hypoplastic in 19 cases of curvilinear lipomas (79.2%) and 3 cases of tubulonodular lipomas (17.6%) (p < 0.001). There was agenesis (partial or complete) of corpus callosum in 76.5% of the cases of tubulonodular lipoma and 8.3% of the cases of curvilinear lipoma (p < 0.001). There were three cases of Pai syndrome, and three cases of Goldenhar syndrome. Mean post-natal follow-up was 36.3 months. Neurological evaluation was normal in 92.1% of the cases (75% of the tubulonodular lipoma, 100% of the curvilinear lipoma, p < 0.05). Tubulonodular lipomas present a higher frequency of associated neurological anomalies. A thorough study of the lipoma and a search of associated anomalies is paramount. Parental counselling should take into account this classification and associated findings as the prognosis varies widely. Further studies with longer follow-up are necessary to increase our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Joigneau Prieto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Zava (Health Bridge Limited), London, United Kingdom
| | - Yolanda Ruiz
- Department of Radiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pérez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan De León Luis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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83
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Mancuso L, Uddin LQ, Nani A, Costa T, Cauda F. Brain functional connectivity in individuals with callosotomy and agenesis of the corpus callosum: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 105:231-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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84
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Al Qattan D, Shatarat A, Alzghoul L, Khaled A, Abdallah A, ELBeltagy M. Gender differences in the rat corpus callosum: An ultrastructure study. Anat Histol Embryol 2019; 48:437-443. [PMID: 31348546 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism exists at all levels of the nervous system, from genetic, anatomical and system levels. The sexual dimorphism in the axonal content of the corpus callosum (CC) has always been controversial; hence, the aim of this study was to analyse the differences in total, myelinated and unmyelinated axons density of various regions of the CC between male and female rats. To assess that, six pairs of adult male and female rats were perfused and the CC was removed and sectioned. Four sections from different subregions of the corpus callosum that represent the genu, anterior body, posterior body, and splenium, were stained, and electron microscopic images were captured using stereological guidelines. Later, the axons density for each subregion was calculated and compared between males and females. The findings of the present study indicated region-specific differences in the myelinated, unmyelinated or the ratio of myelinated/total axons in the CC between male and female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duaa Al Qattan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Amjad Shatarat
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Loai Alzghoul
- Department of Physiology, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Aya Khaled
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ala Abdallah
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Maha ELBeltagy
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.,Menoufi University, Shibin Al Kawm, Egypt
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Ansado J, Blunt A, Chen JK, Koski L, Ptito A. Impact of non-invasive brain stimulation on transcallosal modulation in mild traumatic brain injury: a multimodal pilot investigation. Brain Inj 2019; 33:1021-1031. [DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2019.1605620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennyfer Ansado
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Aaron Blunt
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jen-Kai Chen
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lisa Koski
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Ptito
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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86
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Lavrador JP, Ferreira V, Lourenço M, Alexandre I, Rocha M, Oliveira E, Kailaya-Vasan A, Neto L. White-matter commissures: a clinically focused anatomical review. Surg Radiol Anat 2019; 41:613-624. [DOI: 10.1007/s00276-019-02218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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87
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Meoded A, Huisman TAGM. Diffusion Tensor Imaging of Brain Malformations: Exploring the Internal Architecture. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2019; 29:423-434. [PMID: 31256863 DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an advanced MR imaging technique that provides noninvasive qualitative and quantitative information about the white matter microarchitecture. By measuring the three-dimensional directional characteristics of water molecule diffusion/mobility, DTI generates unique tissue contrasts that are used to study the axonal organization of the central nervous system. Its applications include quantitative evaluation of the brain connectivity, development, and white matter diseases. This article reviews DTI and fiber tractography findings in several brain malformations and highlights the added value of DTI and fiber tractography compared with conventional MR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avner Meoded
- Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, 501 6th Avenue South, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| | - Thierry A G M Huisman
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, 6701 Fannin Street, Suite 470, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
The corpus callosum is the largest of the 3 telencephalic commissures in eutherian (placental) mammals. Although the anterior commissure, and the hippocampal commissure before being pushed dorsally by the expanding frontal lobes, cross through the lamina reuniens (upper part of the lamina terminalis), the callosal fibers need a transient interhemispheric cellular bridge to cross. This review describes the molecular pathways that initiate the specification of the cells comprising this bridge, the specification of the callosal neurons, and the repulsive and attractive guidance molecules that convey the callosal axons toward, across, and away from the midline to connect with their targets.
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89
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Gómez-Gastiasoro A, Zubiaurre-Elorza L, Peña J, Ibarretxe-Bilbao N, Rilo O, Schretlen DJ, Ojeda N. Altered frontal white matter asymmetry and its implications for cognition in schizophrenia: A tractography study. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 22:101781. [PMID: 30991613 PMCID: PMC6449782 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White matter (WM) alterations are well documented in schizophrenia. Abnormalities in interhemispheric fibers appear to account for altered WM asymmetry in the illness. However, the regional specificity (e.g., frontal versus occipital) of these alterations and their potential contribution to cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia remain unknown. METHODS Forty one patients with schizophrenia and 21 healthy controls (HC) underwent diffusion-weighted imaging on a 3 Tesla MRI machine. Tract-based spatial statistic (FSL) was used to assess whole brain differences in WM. Probabilistic tractography was performed in order to separately measure frontal and occipital WM tracts. Participants also completed tests of verbal memory and processing speed. Repeated measures analyses of covariance and Pearson correlation analyses were performed. RESULTS A significant group x cerebral hemisphere interaction was found for fractional anisotropy (FA) (F(1,17) = 7.03; p = .017; ηp2 = 0.29) and radial diffusivity (RD) (F(1,17) = 4.84; p = .042; ηp2 = 0.22) in the frontal tract of patients versus HC. Healthy controls showed higher mean FA and lower mean RD in the left frontal tract compared to patients, who showed the opposite pattern. In patients with schizophrenia, mean FA and RD in the right frontal tract correlated with verbal memory (r = -0.68, p = .046; r = 0.77, p = .015). CONCLUSIONS Asymmetric WM alterations were found in a frontal tract of patients with schizophrenia. Higher mean FA in the right frontal tract correlated with worse verbal memory performance, suggesting a possible contribution these brain changes to cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainara Gómez-Gastiasoro
- Department of Methods and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Avenida de las Universidades, 24, 48007 Bilbao, Biscay, Spain
| | - Leire Zubiaurre-Elorza
- Department of Methods and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Avenida de las Universidades, 24, 48007 Bilbao, Biscay, Spain
| | - Javier Peña
- Department of Methods and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Avenida de las Universidades, 24, 48007 Bilbao, Biscay, Spain.
| | - Naroa Ibarretxe-Bilbao
- Department of Methods and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Avenida de las Universidades, 24, 48007 Bilbao, Biscay, Spain
| | - Oiane Rilo
- Department of Methods and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Avenida de las Universidades, 24, 48007 Bilbao, Biscay, Spain
| | - David J Schretlen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 218, Baltimore, MD 21287-7218. United States
| | - Natalia Ojeda
- Department of Methods and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Avenida de las Universidades, 24, 48007 Bilbao, Biscay, Spain
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90
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Dissecting the neurological phenotype in children with callosal agenesis, interhemispheric cysts and malformations of cortical development. J Neurol 2019; 266:1167-1181. [PMID: 30796522 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09247-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the neurological phenotype of children with prenatal diagnosis of agenesis of corpus callosum (ACC) and interhemispheric cysts associated with malformations of cortical development (MCD). METHODS We reviewed the neuroimaging, neurologic, EEG, and genetic data of 36 patients (21 males, mean age 7 years) with ACC and interhemispheric cysts. Associations were tested with Chi-squared and Fisher exact tests. RESULTS According to the 2001 Barkovich classification, we found 4 type 1c (11.1%), 6 type 2a (16.6%), 18 type 2b (50%, 6/18 girls with Aicardi syndrome), and 9 type 2c cysts (22.2%). EEG showed specific epileptic activity in 27/36 patients (75%). Epilepsy was diagnosed in 16 subjects (16/36, 44.4%), including all Aicardi patients, and was associated with cognitive impairment (p = 0.032). Severe intellectual disability and epilepsy were associated with type 2b cysts, always due to Aicardi patients (p < 0.05). After excluding Aicardi patients, all subjects with type 2b cysts had mild neurological phenotype. Patients with 2a and 2c cysts more frequently had normal cognition (83.3% and 62.5% of cases, respectively). Patients with type 1c cyst mostly had mild/moderate cognitive impairment. Severe neurologic deficits were associated with 1c cysts and 2b cysts with Aicardi syndrome (p < 0.05). Multilobar and/or bilateral MCD were associated with severe neurological and epileptic phenotypes (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Once excluded Aicardi syndrome, most patients with ACC and interhemispheric cysts have a mild clinical phenotype characterized by borderline/normal cognition and minor neurological signs. Despite the high prevalence of EEG epileptic abnormalities, epilepsy in these cases is infrequent and usually responsive to antiepileptic drugs.
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91
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Crooks D, Anderson NE, Widdows M, Petseva N, Decety J, Pluto C, Kiehl KA. The relationship between cavum septum pellucidum and psychopathic traits in female offenders. Behav Brain Res 2019; 359:967-972. [PMID: 29940262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cavum Septum Pellucidum (CSP) is a common anatomical variant of the septum pellucidum. CSP is considered a marker for abnormal limbic brain development, but its functional consequences are non-specific. In a recent report (Crooks et al., 2018), CSP size was significantly positively correlated with the affective/interpersonal traits of psychopathy in male offenders (N = 1742). Here we test the hypothesis that CSP is related to psychopathic traits in incarcerated females (N = 355). We examine continuous relationships as well as categorical assignments for CSP size corresponding to a number of prior reports. We also compare female offenders to healthy female controls (N = 385). Consistent with our reported findings in males, a positive association was observed between the interpersonal psychopathic traits and CSP size. In contrast to findings among males, an association between CSP and antisocial psychopathic traits was apparent in females. There was no significant difference in CSP size (in mm) or CSP presence/absence between incarcerated and non-incarcarated groups. However, categorical rates of medium and large CSP were more common in female inmates than in controls. This is the first systematic investigation of these variables in a female inmate sample. In combination with our prior study, these findings demonstrate that limbic abnormalities, as indexed by CSP, are related to psychopathic traits in both female and male inmates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Crooks
- University of New Mexico, Department of Psychology, Albuquerque, NM, United States; The Mind Research Network (MRN) and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, United States.
| | - Nathaniel E Anderson
- University of New Mexico, Department of Psychology, Albuquerque, NM, United States; The Mind Research Network (MRN) and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Matthew Widdows
- The Mind Research Network (MRN) and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Nia Petseva
- University of New Mexico, Department of Psychology, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jean Decety
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Charles Pluto
- The Mind Research Network (MRN) and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Kent A Kiehl
- University of New Mexico, Department of Psychology, Albuquerque, NM, United States; The Mind Research Network (MRN) and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, United States
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92
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Neuroanatomy for the Neuroradiologist. Clin Neuroradiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-68536-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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93
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Barras CD, Yousry TA, Barkhof F. Neuroanatomy for the Neuroradiologist. Clin Neuroradiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-61423-6_18-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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94
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Kontzialis M, Choudhri AF, Huisman TAGM. Brain Developmental Malformations. Clin Neuroradiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-61423-6_29-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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95
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Brain Developmental Malformations. Clin Neuroradiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-68536-6_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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96
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Leombroni M, Khalil A, Liberati M, D'Antonio F. Fetal midline anomalies: Diagnosis and counselling Part 1: Corpus callosum anomalies. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2018; 22:951-962. [PMID: 30448279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Midline anomalies encompasses a heterogeneous group of conditions caused by an abnormal process of ventral induction after the end of primary neurulation. Advances in prenatal imaging techniques have led to an increase in the detection rate of such anomalies since the first trimester of pregnancy although a significant proportion of them remain undiagnosed until birth. Ultrasound is the primary technique in detecting such anomalies while fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly performed to confirm the diagnosis and detect additional anomalies, especially those involving the cortical surface of the brain, which may potentially impact post-natal outcome. Neurodevelopmental outcome of cerebral anomalies involving the midline is directly related to the type of anomaly, cause and presence of associated anomalies. However, even in case of isolated anomalies prenatal counselling is challenging. The aim of this review is to provide an up to date on the diagnosis, counselling and management of the most common supra-tentorial anomalies involving the midline and diagnosed on prenatal ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Leombroni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Asma Khalil
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Division of Developmental Sciences, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Liberati
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco D'Antonio
- Womenś Health and Perinatology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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97
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D'Arco F, Alves CA, Raybaud C, Chong WKK, Ishak GE, Ramji S, Grima M, Barkovich AJ, Ganesan V. Expanding the Distinctive Neuroimaging Phenotype of ACTA2 Mutations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2018; 39:2126-2131. [PMID: 30262641 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Arg179His mutations in ACTA2 are associated with a distinctive neurovascular phenotype characterized by a straight course of intracranial arteries, absent basal Moyamoya collaterals, dilation of the proximal internal carotid arteries, and occlusive disease of the terminal internal carotid arteries. We now add to the distinctive neuroimaging features in these patients by describing their unique constellation of brain malformative findings that could flag the diagnosis in cases in which targeted cerebrovascular imaging has not been performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Neuroimaging studies from 13 patients with heterozygous Arg179His mutations in ACTA2 and 1 patient with pathognomonic clinicoradiologic findings for ACTA2 mutation were retrospectively reviewed. The presence and localization of brain malformations and other abnormal brain MR imaging findings are reported. RESULTS Characteristics bending and hypoplasia of the anterior corpus callosum, apparent absence of the anterior gyrus cinguli, and radial frontal gyration were present in 100% of the patients; flattening of the pons on the midline and multiple indentations in the lateral surface of the pons were demonstrated in 93% of the patients; and apparent "squeezing" of the cerebral peduncles in 85% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS Because α-actin is not expressed in the brain parenchyma, only in vascular tissue, we speculate that rather than a true malformative process, these findings represent a deformation of the brain during development related to the mechanical interaction with rigid arteries during the embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D'Arco
- From the Departments of Radiology (F.D'A., W.K.K.C.)
| | - C A Alves
- Radiology Department (C.A.A.), Hospital Das Clinicas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - C Raybaud
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging (C.R.), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - W K K Chong
- From the Departments of Radiology (F.D'A., W.K.K.C.)
| | - G E Ishak
- Department of Radiology (G.E.I.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - S Ramji
- Department of Radiology (S.R.), Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service Trust, London, UK
| | - M Grima
- Department of Radiology (M.G.), University Hospital of North Staffordshire National Health Service Trust, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - A J Barkovich
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging (A.J.B.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - V Ganesan
- Neurology (V.G.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Neuroscience Unit (V.G.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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98
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Liu Z, Zhang N, Zhang Y, Du Y, Zhang T, Li Z, Wu J, Wang X. Prioritized High-Confidence Risk Genes for Intellectual Disability Reveal Molecular Convergence During Brain Development. Front Genet 2018; 9:349. [PMID: 30279698 PMCID: PMC6153320 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dissecting the genetic susceptibility to intellectual disability (ID) based on de novo mutations (DNMs) will aid our understanding of the neurobiological and genetic basis of ID. In this study, we identify 63 high-confidence ID genes with q-values < 0.1 based on four background DNM rates and coding DNM data sets from multiple sequencing cohorts. Bioinformatic annotations revealed a higher burden of these 63 ID genes in FMRP targets and CHD8 targets, and these genes show evolutionary constraint against functional genetic variation. Moreover, these ID risk genes were preferentially expressed in the cortical regions from the early fetal to late mid-fetal stages. In particular, a genome-wide weighted co-expression network analysis suggested that ID genes tightly converge onto two biological modules (M1 and M2) during human brain development. Functional annotations showed specific enrichment of chromatin modification and transcriptional regulation for M1 and synaptic function for M2, implying the divergent etiology of the two modules. In addition, we curated 12 additional strong ID risk genes whose molecular interconnectivity with known ID genes (q-values < 0.3) was greater than random. These findings further highlight the biological convergence of ID risk genes and help improve our understanding of the genetic architecture of ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Liu
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yaoqiang Du
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhongshan Li
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Wu
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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99
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Marin MA, Carmichael ST. Stroke in CNS white matter: Models and mechanisms. Neurosci Lett 2018; 684:193-199. [PMID: 30098384 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
White matter stroke (WMS) is a debilitating disorder, which is characterized by the formation of ischemic lesions along subcortical white matter tracts of the central nervous system. Initial infarction during the early stages of the disease is often asymptomatic and is thus considered a form of silent stroke. However, over time lesions accumulate, resulting in severe cognitive and motor decline of which there are no known therapies. Functional imaging and post mortem analysis of patients demonstrates a loss of oligodendrocytes and the subsequent damage of myelin as a primary hallmark of WMS lesions. Though the adult mammalian brain maintains the capacity to regenerate adult oligodendrocytes, this process is blocked in the infarcted white matter thereby preventing remyelination. Recent evidence suggests that activation of neural circuits via motor training or direct stimulation drives oligodendrogenesis and de novo myelin synthesis, opening a potential avenue for therapy in WMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Alejandro Marin
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 9009, United States.
| | - S Thomas Carmichael
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 9009, United States.
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100
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Substance P receptor in the rat indusium griseum during postnatal development. Neurosci Res 2018; 130:23-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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