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Yang ZH, Xing Y, Ma JG, Li YM, Yang XQ, Wang XB. Epichloë Fungal Endophytes Have More Host-Dependent Effects on the Soil Microenvironment than on the Initial Litter Quality. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:237. [PMID: 35330239 PMCID: PMC8953515 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal endophytes have been extensively found in most terrestrial plants. This type of plant-microorganism symbiosis generates many benefits for plant growth by promoting nutrient availability, uptake, and resistance to environmental disease or stress. Recent studies have reported that fungal endophytes have a potential impact on plant litter decomposition, but the mechanisms behind its effect are not well understood. We proposed a hypothesis that the impacts of fungal endophytes on litter decomposition are not only due to a shift in the symbiont-induced litter quality but a shift in soil microenvironment. To test this hypothesis, we set-up a field trial by planting three locally dominant grass species (wild barley, drunken horse grass, and perennial ryegrass) with Epichloë endophyte-infected (E+) and -free (E-) status, respectively. The aboveground litter and bulk soil from each plant species were collected. The litter quality and the soil biotic and abiotic parameters were analyzed to identify their changes across E+ and E- status and plant species. While Epichloë endophyte status mainly caused a significant shift in soil microenvironment, plant species had a dominant effect on litter quality. Available nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) as well as soil organic carbon and microbial biomass in most soils with planting E+ plants increased by 17.19%, 14.28%, 23.82%, and 11.54%, respectively, in comparison to soils with planting E- plants. Our results confirm that fungal endophytes have more of an influence on the soil microenvironment than the aboveground litter quality, providing a partial explanation of the home-field advantage of litter decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.-H.Y.); (Y.X.); (J.-G.M.); (Y.-M.L.); (X.-Q.Y.)
| | - Ying Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.-H.Y.); (Y.X.); (J.-G.M.); (Y.-M.L.); (X.-Q.Y.)
| | - Jian-Guo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.-H.Y.); (Y.X.); (J.-G.M.); (Y.-M.L.); (X.-Q.Y.)
| | - Yu-Man Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.-H.Y.); (Y.X.); (J.-G.M.); (Y.-M.L.); (X.-Q.Y.)
| | - Xiao-Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.-H.Y.); (Y.X.); (J.-G.M.); (Y.-M.L.); (X.-Q.Y.)
| | - Xiao-Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.-H.Y.); (Y.X.); (J.-G.M.); (Y.-M.L.); (X.-Q.Y.)
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
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Olfactometer Responses of Convergent Lady Beetles Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to Odor Cues from Aphid-Infested Cotton Plants Treated with Plant-Associated Fungi. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020157. [PMID: 35206730 PMCID: PMC8876858 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The cotton aphid Aphis gossypii is a serious agricultural pest. Microbes associated with plants can affect the behavior and performance of insect herbivores and their natural enemies. Phialemonium inflatum and Chaetomium globosum fungi can reduce cotton aphid reproduction when applied as a seed treatment to cotton. We evaluated whether these fungi might affect the interaction between cotton aphids and a natural enemy, the convergent lady beetle Hippodamia convergens. We used dual-choice olfactometer experiments to assess lady beetle behavioral responses to cues from fungal-treated cotton plants in the presence or absence of aphid infestations. In the absence of fungal treatments, males preferred odors from aphid-infested relative to non-infested plants, and females spent more time associated with olfactory stimuli from aphid-infested versus non-infested plants. When cues from fungal-treated plants infested with aphids were assessed, there were no differences in lady beetle responses. The only fungal treatment-related effects involved plants without aphids. In the absence of aphids, males responded slower to P. inflatum-treated plants compared to control, and females preferred P. inflatum-treated plants. Treating cotton with these potentially beneficial fungi had minor effects on lady beetle behavioral responses and would not be expected to disrupt this predator–prey–plant interaction as part of an integrated pest management strategy. Abstract Microbes have the potential to affect multitrophic plant–insect–predator interactions. We examined whether cotton plants treated with potentially beneficial fungi affect interactions between cotton aphids Aphis gossypii and predatory lady beetles Hippodamia convergens. We used Y-tube olfactometer assays to test lady beetle behavioral responses to stimuli emitted by aphid-infested and non-infested cotton plants grown from seeds treated with either Phialemonium inflatum (TAMU490) or Chaetomium globosum (TAMU520) versus untreated control plants. We tested a total of 960 lady beetles (480 males and 480 females) that had been deprived of food for approximately 24 h. In the absence of any fungal treatments, males preferred stimuli from aphid-infested plants, and females spent more time associated with stimuli from aphid-infested versus non-infested plants. When fungal treatments were added, we observed that lady beetles preferred non-aphid-infested P. inflatum plants, and males responded slower to plants treated with P. inflatum in the absence of aphids. We found some evidence to suggest that lady beetle behavioral responses to plants might vary according to the fungal treatment but not strongly impact their use as part of an insect pest management strategy.
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Sharma A, Sagar A, Rana J, Rani R. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its antibacterial activity using fungus Talaromyces purpureogenus isolated from Taxus baccata Linn. MICRO AND NANO SYSTEMS LETTERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s40486-022-00144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe present study is focused on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing endophytic fungus Talaromyces purpureogenus, isolated from Taxus baccata Linn. Extracellular extract of Talaromyces purpureogenus has shown occurrence of secondary metabolites viz. terpenoids and phenols. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis showed the presence of 16 compounds. Techniques like Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, field emission gun scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were employed to characterize the synthesized AgNPs. UV–Vis spectroscopy showed sharp peaks at 380–470 nm which indicates the presence of metallic silver. FTIR analysis showed the presence of various functional groups like phenols, hydroxyl groups, and primary amines. In DLS, Z-average size and PdI of synthesized AgNPs were 240.2 r.nm and 0.720 respectively, with zeta potential − 19.6 mV. In FEG-SEM and HRTEM the spherical AgNPs showed diameter in the range of 30–60 nm. In EDS analysis the weight percent of Ag is 67.26% and atomic percent is 43.13%. From XRD analysis the size of AgNPs was found to be 49.3 nm with face-centered cubic crystalline nature of fungal synthesized AgNPs. These nanoparticles have shown significant antibacterial activity against tested strains viz. Listeria monocytogenes (13 ± 0.29 mm), Escherichia coli (17 ± 0.14 mm), Shigella dysenteriae (18 ± 0.21 mm) and Salmonella typhi (14 ± 0.13 mm). These synthesized AgNPs have shown effective free radical scavenging activity against 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. The present study showed that the endophytic fungus Talaromyces purpureogenus can be used as a prominent source to synthesize AgNPs by using biological, ecofriendly, and in a non-toxic way accompanied by antibacterial and antioxidant properties which further can reduce the harvesting pressure faced by Taxus baccata.
Graphical Abstract
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He C, Liu C, Liu H, Wang W, Hou J, Li X. Dual inoculation of dark septate endophytes and Trichoderma viride drives plant performance and rhizosphere microbiome adaptations of Astragalus mongholicus to drought. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:324-340. [PMID: 35001476 PMCID: PMC9306861 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Rhizosphere microbiome adapts their structural compositions to water scarcity and have the potential to mitigate drought stress of plants. To unlock this potential, it is crucial to understand community responses to drought in the interplay between soil properties, water management and exogenous microbes interference. Inoculation with dark septate endophytes (DSE) (Acrocalymma vagum, Paraboeremia putaminum) and Trichoderma viride on Astragalus mongholicus grown in the non-sterile soil was exposed to drought. Rhizosphere microbiome were assessed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S and ITS2 rRNA genes. Inoculation positively affected plant growth depending on DSE species and water regime. Ascomycota, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla. The effects of dual inoculation on bacterial community were greater than those on fungal community, and combination of P. putaminum and T. viride exerted a stronger impact on the microbiome under drought stress. The observed changes in soil factors caused by inoculation could be explained by the variations in microbiome composition. Rhizosphere microbiome mediated by inoculation exhibited distinct preferences for various growth parameters. These findings suggest that dual inoculation of DSE and T. viride enriched beneficial microbiota, altered soil nutrient status and might contribute to enhance the cultivation of medicinal plants in dryland agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- Institute of Medicinal Plant DevelopmentChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100193China
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant DevelopmentChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100193China
| | - Haifan Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant DevelopmentChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100193China
| | - Wenquan Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant DevelopmentChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100193China
- School of Chinese PharmacyBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing100029China
| | - Junling Hou
- School of Chinese PharmacyBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing100029China
| | - Xianen Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant DevelopmentChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100193China
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Potentials of Endophytic Fungi in the Biosynthesis of Versatile Secondary Metabolites and Enzymes. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12121784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
World population growth and modernization have engendered multiple environmental problems: the propagation of humans and crop diseases and the development of multi-drug-resistant fungi, bacteria and viruses. Thus, a considerable shift towards eco-friendly products has been seen in medicine, pharmacy, agriculture and several other vital sectors. Nowadays, studies on endophytic fungi and their biotechnological potentials are in high demand due to their substantial, cost-effective and eco-friendly contributions in the discovery of an array of secondary metabolites. For this review, we provide a brief overview of plant–endophytic fungi interactions and we also state the history of the discovery of the untapped potentialities of fungal secondary metabolites. Then, we highlight the huge importance of the discovered metabolites and their versatile applications in several vital fields including medicine, pharmacy, agriculture, industry and bioremediation. We then focus on the challenges and on the possible methods and techniques that can be used to help in the discovery of novel secondary metabolites. The latter range from endophytic selection and culture media optimization to more in-depth strategies such as omics, ribosome engineering and epigenetic remodeling.
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Kang F, Lu X, Zhang S, Chen D, Kuang M, Peng W, Tan J, Xu K, Zou Z, Tan H. Diaportones A-C: Three New Metabolites From Endophytic Fungus Diaporthe foeniculina BZM-15. Front Chem 2021; 9:755351. [PMID: 34869205 PMCID: PMC8640094 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.755351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of Diaporthe foeniculina BZM-15 led to one new γ-butyrolactone derivative, diaportone A (1), one cyclopentenone derivative, diaportone B (3), and one monoterpene derivative, diaportone C (5), along with six known compounds (2, 4, and 6–9). Their structures as well as the absolute configurations were characterized by means of NMR, HRESIMS, and ECD spectroscopy and quantum chemistry calculation, respectively. Furthermore, all compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity and antibacterial activity, and compounds 7 and 8 displayed significant antiproliferative effects on three human cancer cell lines (SF-268, MCF-7, and HepG2) with IC50 values ranging from 3.6 to 15.8 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Kang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiuxiang Lu
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sha Zhang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dekun Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Kuang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weiwei Peng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianbing Tan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kangping Xu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenxing Zou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haibo Tan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China.,South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Morales-Quintana L, Barrera A, Hereme R, Jara K, Rivera-Mora C, Valenzuela-Riffo F, Gundel PE, Pollmann S, Ramos P. Molecular and structural characterization of expansins modulated by fungal endophytes in the Antarctic Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. Exposed to drought stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 168:465-476. [PMID: 34717178 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Expansins are proteins involved in cell wall metabolism that play an important role in plant growth, development, fruit ripening and abiotic stress tolerance. In the present study, we analyzed putative expansins that respond to drought stress. Five expansin genes were identified in cDNA libraries isolated from Colobanthus quitensis gown either with or without endophytic fungi under hydric stress. A differential transcript abundance was observed by qPCR analysis upon drought stress. To compare these expansin genes, and to suggest a possible mechanism of action at the molecular level, the structural model of the deduced proteins was obtained by comparative modeling methodology. The structures showed two domains and an open groove on the surface of the proteins was observed in the five structural models. The proteins were evaluated in terms of their protein-ligand interactions using four different ligands. The results suggested differences in their mode of protein-ligand interaction, in particular concerning the residues involved in the protein-ligand interaction. The presented evidence supports the participation of some members of the expansin multiprotein family in the response to drought stress in C. quitensis and suggest that the response is modulated by endophytic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Morales-Quintana
- Multidisciplinary Agroindustry Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédica, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, 3467987, Chile
| | - Andrea Barrera
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Rasme Hereme
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Karla Jara
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | | | | | - Pedro E Gundel
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; IFEVA (Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET), Argentina
| | - Stephan Pollmann
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Patricio Ramos
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile; Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales (CenBio), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.
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Impact of Plant-Associated Bacteria on the In Vitro Growth and Pathogenic Resistance against Phellinus tremulae of Different Aspen ( Populus) Genotypes. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091901. [PMID: 34576797 PMCID: PMC8468027 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspens (Populus tremula and its hybrids), economically and ecologically important fast-growing trees, are often damaged by Phellinus tremulae, a rot-causing fungus. Plant-associated bacteria can be used to increase plant growth and resistance; however, no systematic studies relating the activity of symbiotic bacteria to aspen resistance against Phellinus tremulae have been conducted so far. The present pioneer study investigated the responses of two Populus tremula and two P. tremula × P. tremuloides genotypes to in vitro inoculations with, first, either Pseudomonas sp. or Paenibacillus sp. bacteria (isolated originally from hybrid aspen tissue cultures and being most closely related to Pseudomonas oryzihabitans and Paenibacillus tundrae, respectively) and, in the subsequent stage, with Phellinus tremulae. Both morphological parameters of in vitro-grown plants and biochemical content of their leaves, including photosynthesis pigments and secondary metabolites, were analyzed. It was found that both Populus tremula × P. tremuloides genotypes, whose development in vitro was significantly damaged by Phellinus tremulae, were characterized by certain responses to the studied bacteria: decreased shoot development by both Paenibacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. and increased phenol content by Pseudomonas sp. In turn, these responses were lacking in both Populus tremula genotypes that showed in vitro resistance to the fungus. Moreover, these genotypes showed positive long-term growth responses to bacterial inoculation, even synergistic with the subsequent fungal inoculation. Hence, the studied bacteria were demonstrated as a potential tool for the improved in vitro propagation of fungus-resistant aspen genotypes.
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Re-vitalizing of endophytic microbes for soil health management and plant protection. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:399. [PMID: 34422540 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02931-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil health management and increase crop productivity are challenging issues for researchers and scientists. Many research publications have given multiple technological solutions for improving soil health and crop productivity but main problem is sustainability of those technologies under field condition and different agro-climatic zone. Due to the random industrialization, deforestation, mining and other environmental factor reduce soil fertility and human health. Many alternative options e.g., crop rotation, green manuring, integrated farming, biofertilizer (plant-growth-promoting microorganism, microbial consortium of rhizosphere soils), and vermicomposting are available for adapting and improving the soil heath and crop productivity by farmers. Recent trends of new research dimension for sustainable agriculture, endophytic microbes and its consortium is one of the better alternative for increasing crop productivity, soil health and fertility management. However, current trends are focuses on the endophytic microbes, which are present mostly in all plant species. Endophytic microbes are isolated from plant parts-root, shoot, leaf, flower and seeds which have very potential ability of plant growth promotion and bio-controlling agent for enhancing plant growth and development. Mostly plant endophytes showed multi-dimensional (synergistic, mutualistic, symbiotic etc.) interactions within the host plants. It promotes the plant growth, protects from pathogen, and induces resistance against biotic and abiotic environmental stresses, and improves the soil fertility. Till date, most of the scientific research has been done on assuming that interaction of plant endophytes with the host is similar like the plant-growth-promoting microorganism (PGPM). It would be very interesting to explore the functional properties of plant endophytes to modulate the essential gene expression during biotic and abiotic stresses. Endophytes have the ability to induce the soil fertility by improving soil essential nutrient, enzymatic activity and influence the other physiochemical property. In this study, we have discussed details about functional properties of plant endophytes and their mechanism for enhancing plant productivity and soil health and fertility management under climate-resilient agricultural practices. Our main objective is to promote and explore the beneficial plant endophytes for enhancing sustainable agricultural productivity.
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Su Z, Zeng Y, Li X, Perumal AB, Zhu J, Lu X, Dai M, Liu X, Lin F. The Endophytic Fungus Piriformospora Indica-Assisted Alleviation of Cadmium in Tobacco. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080675. [PMID: 34436214 PMCID: PMC8398633 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica helps plants overcome various abiotic stresses, especially heavy metals. However, the mechanism of heavy metal tolerance has not yet been elucidated. Here, the role of P. indica in alleviating cadmium (Cd) toxicities in tobacco was investigated. It was found that P. indica improved Cd tolerance to tobacco, increasing Cd accumulation in roots but decreasing Cd accumulation in leaves. The colonization of P. indica altered the subcellular repartition of Cd, increasing the Cd proportion in cell walls while reducing the Cd proportion in membrane/organelle and soluble fractions. During Cd stress, P. indica significantly enhanced the peroxidase (POD) activity and glutathione (GSH) content in tobacco. The spatial distribution of GSH was further visualized by Raman spectroscopy, showing that GSH was distributed in the cortex of P. indica-inoculated roots while in the epidermis of the control roots. A LC-MS/MS-based label-free quantitative technique evaluated the differential proteomics of P. indica treatment vs. control plants under Cd stress. The expressions of peroxidase, glutathione synthase, and photosynthesis-related proteins were significantly upregulated. This study provided extensive evidence for how P. indica enhances Cd tolerance in tobacco at physiological, cytological, and protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhu Su
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Yulan Zeng
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaoli Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.L.); (A.B.P.)
| | - Anand Babu Perumal
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.L.); (A.B.P.)
| | - Jianan Zhu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Xuanjun Lu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Mengdi Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Fucheng Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-8640-4007
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Kumari P, Kumar V, Kumar R, Pahuja SK. Sorghum polyphenols: plant stress, human health benefits, and industrial applications. PLANTA 2021; 254:47. [PMID: 34374841 PMCID: PMC8353607 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03697-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Various phenolic compounds of sorghum are effective in the management of abiotic stress (salt, nutrients) and biotic stress (caused by birds, fungi and aphids). The health and industrial application of phenolics is mainly contributed by inherent antioxidant and nutraceutical potential. In a natural environment, plant growth is affected by various biotic and abiotic stresses. In every ecosystem, the presence of a wide range of harmful biological agents (bacteria, fungi, nematodes, mites, and insects) and undesirable environmental factors (drought, salinity, heat, excessive or low rainfall, etc.) may cause a heavy loss in crop productivity. Being sessile during evolution, plants have evolved multiple defense mechanisms against various types of microbial pathogens and environmental stresses. A plant's natural defense system produces some compounds named secondary metabolites, which include phenolics, terpenes, and nitrogen. The phenolic profile of grain sorghum, the least utilized staple crop, is unique, more diverse, and more abundant than in any other common cereal grain. It mainly contains phenolic acids, 3-deoxyanthocyanidins and condensed tannins. Sorghum polyphenols play a major role in plant defense against biotic and abiotic stresses and have many additional health benefits along with various industrial applications. The objective of this review is to discuss the phenolic compounds derived from grain sorghum and describe their role in plant defense, human health, and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pummy Kumari
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, COA, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, COBS&H, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, COBS&H, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Surender Kumar Pahuja
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, COA, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
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62
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Leroy C, Maes AQ, Louisanna E, Schimann H, Séjalon-Delmas N. Taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity of root-associated fungi in bromeliads: effects of host identity, life forms and nutritional modes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1195-1209. [PMID: 33605460 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bromeliads represent a major component of neotropical forests and encompass a considerable diversity of life forms and nutritional modes. Bromeliads explore highly stressful habitats and root-associated fungi may play a crucial role in this, but the driving factors and variations in root-associated fungi remain largely unknown. We explored root-associated fungal communities in 17 bromeliad species and their variations linked to host identity, life forms and nutritional modes by using ITS1 gene-based high-throughput sequencing and by characterizing fungal functional guilds. We found a dual association of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal fungi. The different species, life forms and nutritional modes among bromeliad hosts had fungal communities that differ in their taxonomic and functional composition. Specifically, roots of epiphytic bromeliads had more endophytic fungi and dark septate endophytes and fewer mycorrhizal fungi than terrestrial bromeliads and lithophytes. Our results contribute to a fundamental knowledge base on different fungal groups in previously undescribed Bromeliaceae. The diverse root-associated fungal communities in bromeliads may enhance plant fitness in both stressful and nutrient-poor environments and may give more flexibility to the plants to adapt to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Leroy
- AMAP, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, 34000, France
- UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, CIRAD, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, 97310, France
| | | | - Eliane Louisanna
- UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, CIRAD, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, 97310, France
| | - Heidy Schimann
- UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, CIRAD, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, 97310, France
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63
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Pei D, Zhang Q, Zhu X, Han S. Endophytic Bacillus subtilis P10 from Prunus cerasifera as a biocontrol agent against tomato Verticillium wilt. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e244261. [PMID: 34287505 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.244261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic bacteria serve key roles in the maintenance of plant health and growth. Few studies to date, however, have explored the antagonistic and plant growth-promoting (PGP) properties of Prunus cerasifera endophytes. To that end, we isolated endophytic bacteria from P. cerasifera tissue samples and used a dual culture plate assay to screen these microbes for antagonistic activity against Verticillium dahliae, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Fusarium oxysporum, F. graminearum, and F. moniliforme. Of the 36 strains of isolated bacteria, four (strains P1, P10, P16, and P20) exhibited antagonistic effects against all five model pathogens, and the P10 strain exhibited the strongest antagonistic to five pathogens. This P10 strain was then characterized in-depth via phenotypic assessments, physiological analyses, and 16s rDNA sequencing, revealing it to be a strain of Bacillus subtilis. Application of a P10 cell suspension (1×108 CFU/mL) significantly enhanced the seed germination and seedling growth of tomato in a greenhouse setting. This P10 strain further significantly suppressed tomato Verticillium wilt with much lower disease incidence and disease index scores being observed following P10 treatment relative to untreated plants in pot-based experiments. Tomato plants that had been treated with strain P10 also enhanced defense-related enzymes, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activity upon V. dahliae challenge relative to plants that had not been treated with this endophytic bacterium. The results revealed that the P10 bacterial strain has potential value as a biocontrol agent for use in the prevention of tomato Verticillium wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pei
- Shangqiu Normal University, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Development and Appllication of Characteristic Microorganism Resources, College of Biology and Food, Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Shangqiu, China
| | - Q Zhang
- Shangqiu Normal University, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Development and Appllication of Characteristic Microorganism Resources, College of Biology and Food, Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Shangqiu, China
| | - X Zhu
- Shangqiu Normal University, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Development and Appllication of Characteristic Microorganism Resources, College of Biology and Food, Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Shangqiu, China
| | - S Han
- Shangqiu Normal University, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Development and Appllication of Characteristic Microorganism Resources, College of Biology and Food, Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Shangqiu, China
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64
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Zhang D, Xu H, Gao J, Portieles R, Du L, Gao X, Borroto Nordelo C, Borrás-Hidalgo O. Endophytic Bacillus altitudinis Strain Uses Different Novelty Molecular Pathways to Enhance Plant Growth. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:692313. [PMID: 34248918 PMCID: PMC8268155 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.692313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification and use of endophytic bacteria capable of triggering plant growth is an important aim in sustainable agriculture. In nature, plants live in alliance with multiple plant growth-promoting endophytic microorganisms. In the current study, we isolated and identified a new endophytic bacterium from a wild plant species Glyceria chinensis (Keng). The bacterium was designated as a Bacillus altitudinis strain using 16S rDNA sequencing. The endophytic B. altitudinis had a notable influence on plant growth. The results of our assays revealed that the endophytic B. altitudinis raised the growth of different plant species. Remarkably, we found transcriptional changes in plants treated with the bacterium. Genes such as maturase K, tetratricopeptide repeat-like superfamily protein, LOB domain-containing protein, and BTB/POZ/TAZ domain-containing protein were highly expressed. In addition, we identified for the first time an induction in the endophytic bacterium of the major facilitator superfamily transporter and DNA gyrase subunit B genes during interaction with the plant. These new findings show that endophytic B. altitudinis could be used as a favourable candidate source to enhance plant growth in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dening Zhang
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, Retda, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., Rizhao, China
| | - Hongli Xu
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, Retda, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., Rizhao, China
| | - Jingyao Gao
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, Retda, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., Rizhao, China
| | - Roxana Portieles
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, Retda, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., Rizhao, China
| | - Lihua Du
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, Retda, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., Rizhao, China
| | - Xiangyou Gao
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, Retda, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., Rizhao, China
| | | | - Orlando Borrás-Hidalgo
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, Retda, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., Rizhao, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan, China
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65
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Bolivar-Anillo HJ, González-Rodríguez VE, Cantoral JM, García-Sánchez D, Collado IG, Garrido C. Endophytic Bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Isolated from Zea mays, as Potential Biocontrol Agent against Botrytis cinerea. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060492. [PMID: 34205845 PMCID: PMC8229056 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Plant–microorganism associations date back more than 400 million years. Plants host microorganisms that establish many different relationships with them, some negative and others very positive for both organisms. A type of this relationship is established with microorganisms that live inside them, known as endophytic microorganisms; they can include bacteria, yeasts, and fungi. In this study, we isolate endophytic bacteria from maize plants, and we characterize them in order to check their potential for being used as biocontrol agents against Botrytis cinerea, one of the most important phytopathogenic fungi in the world. The endophytic bacteria showed this antagonistic effect during in vitro assay and also during in vivo assay in Phaseolus vulgaris. At the same time, they showed the capacity for promoting growth in Zea mays plants. Abstract Plant diseases are one of the main factors responsible for food loss in the world, and 20–40% of such loss is caused by pathogenic infections. Botrytis cinerea is the most widely studied necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungus. It is responsible for incalculable economic losses due to the large number of host plants affected. Today, B. cinerea is controlled mainly by synthetic fungicides whose frequent application increases risk of resistance, thus making them unsustainable in terms of the environment and human health. In the search for new alternatives for the biocontrol of this pathogen, the use of endophytic microorganisms and their metabolites has gained momentum in recent years. In this work, we isolated endophytic bacteria from Zea mays cultivated in Colombia. Several strains of Bacillus subtilis, isolated and characterized in this work, exhibited growth inhibition against B. cinerea of more than 40% in in vitro cultures. These strains were characterized by studying several of their biochemical properties, such as production of lipopeptides, potassium solubilization, proteolytic and amylolytic capacity, production of siderophores, biofilm assays, and so on. We also analyzed: (i) its capacity to promote maize growth (Zea mays) in vivo, and (ii) its capacity to biocontrol B. cinerea during in vivo infection in plants (Phaseolus vulgaris).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernando José Bolivar-Anillo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, Torre sur, 4 planta, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain;
- Programa de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | - Victoria E. González-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (V.E.G.-R.); (J.M.C.); (D.G.-S.)
| | - Jesús M. Cantoral
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (V.E.G.-R.); (J.M.C.); (D.G.-S.)
| | - Darío García-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (V.E.G.-R.); (J.M.C.); (D.G.-S.)
| | - Isidro G. Collado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, Torre sur, 4 planta, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain;
- Correspondence: (I.G.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Carlos Garrido
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (V.E.G.-R.); (J.M.C.); (D.G.-S.)
- Correspondence: (I.G.C.); (C.G.)
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66
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Sharma H, Rai AK, Dahiya D, Chettri R, Nigam PS. Exploring endophytes for in vitro synthesis of bioactive compounds similar to metabolites produced in vivo by host plants. AIMS Microbiol 2021; 7:175-199. [PMID: 34250374 PMCID: PMC8255908 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2021012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytes represent microorganisms residing within plant tissues without typically causing any adverse effect to the plants for considerable part of their life cycle and are primarily known for their beneficial role to their host-plant. These microorganisms can in vitro synthesize secondary metabolites similar to metabolites produced in vivo by their host plants. If microorganisms are isolated from certain plants, there is undoubtedly a strong possibility of obtaining beneficial endophytes strains producing host-specific secondary metabolites for their potential applications in sustainable agriculture, pharmaceuticals and other industrial sectors. Few products derived from endophytes are being used for cultivating resilient crops and developing non-toxic feeds for livestock. Our better understanding of the complex relationship between endophytes and their host will immensely improve the possibility to explore their unlimited functionalities. Successful production of host-secondary metabolites by endophytes at commercial scale might progressively eliminate our direct dependence on high-valued vulnerable plants, thus paving a viable way for utilizing plant resources in a sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Sharma
- Department of Botany, Sikkim University, 6th Mile Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
| | - Arun Kumar Rai
- Department of Botany, Sikkim University, 6th Mile Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
| | - Divakar Dahiya
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, Holloway Road, London, UK
| | - Rajen Chettri
- Department of Botany, Sikkim Government Science College, Chakung, Sikkim, India
| | - Poonam Singh Nigam
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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67
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Zhang S, Wang W, Tan J, Kang F, Chen D, Xu K, Zou Z. Rhytidhyesters A - D, 4 New Chlorinated Cyclopentene Derivatives from the Endophytic Fungus Rhytidhysteron sp. BZM-9. PLANTA MEDICA 2021; 87:489-497. [PMID: 33757146 DOI: 10.1055/a-1429-3396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Four new chlorinated cyclopentene derivatives, rhytidhyesters A - D (1: - 4: ), were isolated from Rhytidhysteron sp. BZM-9, an endophytic fungus from Leptospermum brachyandrum. The planar structures of compounds 1: - 4: were mainly elucidated by 1D, 2D NMR, and HRESIMS data. Their absolute configurations were established by X-ray crystallographic analysis, quantum chemical 13C NMR, and electronic circular dichroism calculations. Compounds 1: and 2: are a pair of epimers. Moreover, all the isolated compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic activities against 3 human colon cancer cell lines (SW620, HT29, SW480) and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. All compounds exhibited weak to moderate antiproliferative activities with IC50 values ranging from 15.4 to 37.7 µM but were inactive against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Zhang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenxuan Wang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianbin Tan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fenghua Kang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dekun Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kangping Xu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenxing Zou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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68
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Ruprecht U, Socher SA, Dötterl S. Unexpected Occurrence of Cladosporium spp. on the Inner Surface of the Spathe of the Titan Arum, Amorphophallus titanum. ACTA MYCOLOGICA 2021. [DOI: 10.5586/am.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The air-borne distributed genus
Cladosporium
Link is globally one of the most common fungal genera. By sequencing the barcode marker ITS, here, we document two taxa belonging to this genus –
C.
cf.
dominicanum
Zalar, de Hoog & Gunde-Cimerman and
C. halotolerans
Zalar, de Hoog & Gunde-Cimerman (
C. sphaerospermum
Penz complex) – which were detected on the inner surface of the spathe of the titan arum,
Amorphophallus titanum
(Becc.) Becc. (Araceae). Titan arum holds the record for the largest unbranched inflorescence in the plant kingdom, with a height reaching up to 3 meters. The two identified
Cladosporium
species are part of a clearly defined fungal layer inside the proximal region of the spathe, surrounding the flower-containing region of the spadix. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first record of a macroscopically visible layer of
Cladosporium
on a living plant material. Furthermore, this study also discusses why this layer occurs only in a spatially restricted region of the spathe, and the possible consequences that the occurrence of these fungi might have on the development and reproduction of the plant.
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69
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Dang H, Zhang T, Wang Z, Li G, Zhao W, Lv X, Zhuang L. Succession of endophytic fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with the growth of plant and their correlation with secondary metabolites in the roots of plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:165. [PMID: 33820543 PMCID: PMC8022407 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02942-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To decipher the root and microbial interaction, secondary metabolite accumulation in roots and the microbial community's succession model during the plant's growth period demands an in-depth investigation. However, till now, no comprehensive study is available on the succession of endophytic fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with roots of medicinal licorice plants and the effects of endophytic fungi and AMF on the secondary metabolite accumulation in licorice plant's root. RESULTS In the current study, interaction between root and microbes in 1-3 years old medicinal licorice plant's root and rhizospheric soil was investigated. Secondary metabolites content in licorice root was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The composition and diversity of endophytic and AMF in the root and soil were deciphered using high-throughput sequencing technology. During the plant's growth period, as compared to AMF, time and species significantly affected the diversity and richness of endophytic fungi, such as Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Fusarium, Cladosporium, Sarocladium. The growth period also influenced the AMF diversity, evident by the significant increase in the relative abundance of Glomus and the significant decrease in the relative abundance of Diversispora. It indicated a different succession pattern between the endophytic fungal and AMF communities. Meanwhile, distance-based redundancy analysis and Mantel tests revealed root's water content and secondary metabolites (glycyrrhizic acid, liquiritin, and total flavonoids), which conferred endophytic fungi and AMF diversity. Additionally, plant growth significantly altered soil's physicochemical properties, which influenced the distribution of endophytic fungal and AMF communities. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated a different succession pattern between the endophytic fungal and AMF communities. During the plant's growth period, the contents of three secondary metabolites in roots increased per year, which contributed to the overall differences in composition and distribution of endophytic fungal and AMF communities. The endophytic fungal communities were more sensitive to secondary metabolites than AMF communities. The current study provides novel insights into the interaction between rhizospheric microbes and root exudates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanli Dang
- College of life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhongke Wang
- College of life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Guifang Li
- College of life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wenqin Zhao
- College of life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xinhua Lv
- College of life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Li Zhuang
- College of life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, 832003, Xinjiang, China.
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70
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Boyle JA, Simonsen AK, Frederickson ME, Stinchcombe JR. Priority effects alter interaction outcomes in a legume-rhizobium mutualism. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202753. [PMID: 33715440 PMCID: PMC7944086 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Priority effects occur when the order of species arrival affects the final community structure. Mutualists often interact with multiple partners in different orders, but if or how priority effects alter interaction outcomes is an open question. In the field, we paired the legume Medicago lupulina with two nodulating strains of Ensifer bacteria that vary in nitrogen-fixing ability. We inoculated plants with strains in different orders and measured interaction outcomes. The first strain to arrive primarily determined plant performance and final relative abundances of rhizobia on roots. Plants that received effective microbes first and ineffective microbes second grew larger than plants inoculated with the same microbes in the opposite order. Our results show that mutualism outcomes can be influenced not just by partner identity, but by the interaction order. Furthermore, hosts receiving high-quality mutualists early can better tolerate low-quality symbionts later, indicating that priority effects may help explain the persistence of ineffective symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Boyle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S3B2
| | - Anna K Simonsen
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Megan E Frederickson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S3B2
| | - John R Stinchcombe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S3B2.,Koffler Scientific Reserve, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S3B2
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71
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Latz MAC, Kerrn MH, Sørensen H, Collinge DB, Jensen B, Brown JKM, Madsen AM, Jørgensen HJL. Succession of the fungal endophytic microbiome of wheat is dependent on tissue-specific interactions between host genotype and environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 759:143804. [PMID: 33340856 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fungi living inside plants affect many aspects of plant health, but little is known about how plant genotype influences the fungal endophytic microbiome. However, a deeper understanding of interactions between plant genotype and biotic and abiotic environment in shaping the plant microbiome is of significance for modern agriculture, with implications for disease management, breeding and the development of biocontrol agents. For this purpose, we analysed the fungal wheat microbiome from seed to plant to seeds and studied how different potential sources of inoculum contributed to shaping of the microbiome. We conducted a large-scale pot experiment with related wheat cultivars over one growth-season in two environments (indoors and outdoors) to disentangle the effects of host genotype, abiotic environment (temperature, humidity, precipitation) and fungi present in the seed stock, air and soil on the succession of the endophytic fungal communities in roots, flag leaves and seeds at harvest. The communities were studied with ITS1 metabarcoding and environmental climate factors were monitored during the experimental period. Host genotype, tissue type and abiotic factors influenced fungal communities significantly. The effect of host genotype was mostly limited to leaves and roots, and was location-independent. While there was a clear effect of plant genotype, the relatedness between cultivars was not reflected in the microbiome. For the phyllosphere microbiome, location-dependent weather conditions factors largely explained differences in abundance, diversity, and presence of genera containing pathogens, whereas the root communities were less affected by abiotic factors. Our findings suggest that airborne fungi are the primary inoculum source for fungal communities in aerial plant parts whereas vertical transmission is likely to be insignificant. In summary, our study demonstrates that host genotype, environment and presence of fungi in the environment shape the endophytic fungal community in wheat over a growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike A C Latz
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Mads Herbert Kerrn
- Data Science Lab, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Helle Sørensen
- Data Science Lab, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - David B Collinge
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Birgit Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - James K M Brown
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Anne Mette Madsen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Hans Jørgen Lyngs Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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72
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Raimi A, Adeleke R. Bioprospecting of endophytic microorganisms for bioactive compounds of therapeutic importance. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:1917-1942. [PMID: 33677637 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Presently, several drug discovery investigations on therapeutic management of human health are aimed at bioprospecting for microorganisms, especially endophytic microbes of biotechnological importance. This review investigates the benefits of endophytes, especially in producing bioactive compounds useful in modern medicine by systematically reviewing published data from 12 databases. Only experimental studies investigating either or both bacterial and fungal endophytes and within the scope of this review were selected. The published data from the last 2 decades (2000-2019) revealed diverse endophytes associated with different plants produce a broad spectrum of bioactive compounds with therapeutic benefits. Notably, antibacterial, followed by anticancer and antifungal activities, were mostly reported. Only three studies investigated the anti-plasmodial activity. The variation observed in the synthesis of bioactive compounds amongst endophytes varied with host type, endophyte species, and cultivation medium. Fungal endophytes were more investigated than bacterial endophytes, with both endophytes having species diversity amongst literature. The endophytes were predominantly from medicinal plants and belonged to either Ascomycota (fungi) or Proteobacteria and Firmicutes (bacteria). This review presents excellent prospects of harnessing endophytes and their unique bioactive compounds in developing novel and effective compounds of medicinal importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adekunle Raimi
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Rasheed Adeleke
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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73
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Burragoni SG, Jeon J. Applications of endophytic microbes in agriculture, biotechnology, medicine, and beyond. Microbiol Res 2021; 245:126691. [PMID: 33508761 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Endophytes are emerging as integral components of plant microbiomes. Some of them play pivotal roles in plant development and plant responses to pathogens and abiotic stresses, whereas others produce useful and/or interesting secondary metabolites. The appreciation of their abilities to affect plant phenotypes and produce useful compounds via genetic and molecular interactions has paved the way for these abilities to be exploited for health and welfare of plants, humans and ecosystems. Here we comprehensively review current and potential applications of endophytes in the agricultural, pharmaceutical, and industrial sectors. In addition, we briefly discuss the research objectives that should be focused upon in the coming years in order for endophytes and their metabolites to be fully harnessed for potential use in diverse areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravanthi Goud Burragoni
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junhyun Jeon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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74
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75
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Plant Growth-Promoting Endophytic Fungi from Different Habitats and Their Potential Applications in Agriculture. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60659-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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76
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Andrade PAMD, de Souza AJ, Lira SP, Assis MA, Berlinck RGS, Andreote FD. The bacterial and fungal communities associated with Anthurium ssp. leaves: Insights into plant endemism and microbe association. Microbiol Res 2020; 244:126667. [PMID: 33338969 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is known that different plant species select specific microbes to live inside their tissues in a process determined by the host genotype, phenotype and geographic location, which can introduce discussion on plant endemism and the assembly of specific microbial communities. Herein, we report the results of an investigation relating the geographic distribution of plant species and the composition of microbial communities associated with plant hosts. The bacterial and fungal community associated with Anthurium plant leaves was mapped to assess the diversity and ecology of the endophytic community associated with Anthurium spp. collected on islands and on the Brazilian mainland. Twenty-six Anthurium specimens were surveyed, distributed throughout the São Paulo state coastline, including Alcatrazes Island, some coastal islands and distinct mainland environments. Bacterial and fungal endophytes were obtained from the leaves of A. alcatrazense, A. loefgrenii, A. penthaphyllum, A. urvellianum and A. intermedium and subjected to massive bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal ITS sequencing. The results indicated that A. alcatrazense, endemic to Alcatrazes Island, hosted a specific bacterial community structure, while its fungal community was similar to that of Anthurium species from other locations. Betaproteobacteria showed a high differential occurrence in A. alcatrazense. Some groups of fungi were found mainly inhabiting A. loefgrenii plants. While Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Sordariomycetes, Dothiodeomycetes and Tremellomycetes composed the core microbial community among Anthurium plants. The results suggest crucial role for the bacterial communities to endemic plants, while endophytic fungal diversity is less specifically distributed among endemic and nonendemic plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Avelino Maia de Andrade
- Department of Soil Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" Superior College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adijailton José de Souza
- Department of Soil Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" Superior College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone Possedente Lira
- Department of Exact Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" Superior College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Assis
- Department of Botany, São Paulo State University, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto G S Berlinck
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Dini Andreote
- Department of Soil Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" Superior College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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77
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Biocontrol arsenals of bacterial endophyte: An imminent triumph against clubroot disease. Microbiol Res 2020; 241:126565. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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78
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16S rRNA Gene Diversity of Bacterial Endophytes in Parasitic Cuscuta campestris and Its Helianthus annuus Host. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/43/e00968-20. [PMID: 33093045 PMCID: PMC7585843 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00968-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the results of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of bacterial endophytes from parasitized and unparasitized samples of the common sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and samples of its associated plant parasite field dodder (Cuscuta campestris), collected from one location in Fresno County, California (August 2017). Here, we report the results of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of bacterial endophytes from parasitized and unparasitized samples of the common sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and samples of its associated plant parasite field dodder (Cuscuta campestris), collected from one location in Fresno County, California (August 2017).
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79
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Farooq S, Qayum A, Nalli Y, Lauro G, Chini MG, Bifulco G, Chaubey A, Singh SK, Riyaz-Ul-Hassan S, Ali A. Discovery of a Secalonic Acid Derivative from Aspergillus aculeatus, an Endophyte of Rosa damascena Mill., Triggers Apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:24296-24310. [PMID: 33015446 PMCID: PMC7528173 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A new secalonic acid derivative, F-7 (1), was isolated from the endophytic Aspergillus aculeatus MBT 102, associated with Rosa damascena. The planar structure of 1 was established on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR and ESI-TOF-MS spectra. The relative configuration of 1 was determined applying a combined quantum mechanical/NMR approach and, afterward, the comparison of calculated and experimental electronic circular dichroism spectra determined the assignment of its absolute configuration. The compound possesses strong cytotoxic activity against triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. It was found to induce apoptosis, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy and phase contrast microscopy. Furthermore, flow cytometry analyses demonstrated that 1 induced mitochondrial damage and reactive oxygen species mediated apoptosis, arresting the G1 phase of the cells in a dose-dependent manner. Also, the compound causes significant microtubule disruption in TNBC cells. Subsequently, 1 restricted the cell migration leading to the concomitant increase in expression of cleaved caspase and PARP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaqat Farooq
- Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar 190 005, India
- Academy of Scientific
and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Arem Qayum
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180 001, India
- Academy of Scientific
and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Yedukondalu Nalli
- Natural Product Division, CSIR-Indian Institute
of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180 001, India
| | - Gianluigi Lauro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Chini
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, Pesche, Isernia I-86090, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084, Italy
| | - Asha Chaubey
- Fermentation Division, CSIR-Indian
Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180 001, India
- Academy of Scientific
and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shashank K. Singh
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180 001, India
- Academy of Scientific
and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- . Phone: +91-11-47011291, +91-11-2569222
| | - Syed Riyaz-Ul-Hassan
- Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar 190 005, India
- Academy of Scientific
and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Asif Ali
- Natural Product Division, CSIR-Indian Institute
of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180 001, India
- Academy of Scientific
and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- ,
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80
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Dang H, Zhang T, Li G, Mu Y, Lv X, Wang Z, Zhuang L. Root-associated endophytic bacterial community composition and structure of three medicinal licorices and their changes with the growing year. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:291. [PMID: 32957914 PMCID: PMC7507641 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01977-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dried roots and rhizomes of medicinal licorices are widely used worldwide as a traditional medicinal herb, which are mainly attributed to a variety of bioactive compounds that can be extracted from licorice root. Endophytes and plants form a symbiotic relationship, which is an important source of host secondary metabolites. RESULTS In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing technology and high-performance liquid chromatography to explore the composition and structure of the endophytic bacterial community and the content of bioactive compounds (glycyrrhizic acid, liquiritin and total flavonoids) in different species of medicinal licorices (Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Glycyrrhiza inflata) and in different planting years (1-3 years). Our results showed that the contents of the bioactive compounds in the roots of medicinal licorices were not affected by the species, but were significantly affected by the main effect growing year (1-3) (P < 0.05), and with a trend of stable increase in the contents observed with each growing year. In 27 samples, a total of 1,979,531 effective sequences were obtained after quality control, and 2432 effective operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained at 97% identity. The phylum Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, and the genera unified-Rhizobiaceae, Pseudomonas, Novosphingobium, and Pantoea were significantly dominant in the 27 samples. Distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA) showed that the content of total flavonoids explained the differences in composition and distribution of endophytic bacterial communities in roots of cultivated medicinal liquorices to the greatest extent. Total soil salt was the most important factor that significantly affected the endophytic bacterial community in soil factors, followed by ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. Among the leaf nutrition factors, leaf water content had the most significant effect on the endophytic bacterial community, followed by total phosphorus and total potassium. CONCLUSIONS This study not only provides information on the composition and distribution of endophytic bacteria in the roots of medicinal licorices, but also reveals the influence of abiotic factors on the community of endophytic bacteria and bioactive compounds, which provides a reference for improving the quality of licorice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanli Dang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Guifang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yudi Mu
- 1300 UNIVERSITY Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Xinhua Lv
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhongke Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Li Zhuang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China.
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81
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Vassallo A, Miceli E, Fagorzi C, Castronovo LM, Del Duca S, Chioccioli S, Venditto S, Coppini E, Fibbi D, Fani R. Temporal Evolution of Bacterial Endophytes Associated to the Roots of Phragmites australis Exploited in Phytodepuration of Wastewater. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1652. [PMID: 32903322 PMCID: PMC7380131 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Improvement of industrial productions through more environment-friendly processes is a hot topic. In particular, land and marine environment pollution is a main concern, considering that recalcitrant compounds can be spread and persist for a long time. In this context, an efficient and cost-effective treatment of wastewater derived from industrial applications is crucial. Phytodepuration has been considered as a possible solution and it is based on the use of plants and their associated microorganisms to remove and/or transform pollutants. In this work we investigated the culturable microbiota of Phragmites australis roots, sampled from the constructed wetlands (CWs) pilot plant in the G.I.D.A. SpA wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Calice (Prato, Tuscany, Italy) before and after the CW activation in order to check how the influx of wastewater might affect the resident bacterial community. P. australis specimens were sampled and a panel of 294 culturable bacteria were isolated and characterized. This allowed to identify the dynamics of the microbiota composition triggered by the presence of wastewater. 27 out of 37 bacterial genera detected were exclusively associated to wastewater, and Pseudomonas was constantly the most represented genus. Moreover, isolates were assayed for their resistance against eight different antibiotics and synthetic wastewater (SWW). Data obtained revealed the presence of resistant phenotypes, including multi-drug resistant bacteria, and a general trend regarding the temporal evolution of resistance patterns: indeed, a direct correlation linking the appearance of antibiotic- and SWW-resistance with the time of exposure to wastewater was observed. In particular, nine isolates showed an interesting behavior since their growth was positively affected by the highest concentrations of SWW. Noteworthy, this study is among the few investigating the P. australis microbiota prior to the plant activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Vassallo
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Elisangela Miceli
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Camilla Fagorzi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Sara Del Duca
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sofia Chioccioli
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Silvia Venditto
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | | | - Renato Fani
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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82
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Role of symbiosis in the discovery of novel antibiotics. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2020; 73:490-503. [PMID: 32499556 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-020-0321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has been an ongoing challenge that has emerged almost immediately after the initial discovery of antibiotics and requires the development of innovative new antibiotics and antibiotic combinations that can effectively mitigate the development of resistance. More than 35,000 people die each year from antibiotic resistant infections in just the United States. This signifies the importance of identifying other alternatives to antibiotics for which resistance has developed. Virtually, all currently used antibiotics can trace their genesis to soil derived bacteria and fungi. The bacteria and fungi involved in symbiosis is an area that still remains widely unexplored for the discovery and development of new antibiotics. This brief review focuses on the challenges and opportunities in the application of symbiotic microbes and also provides an interesting platform that links natural product chemistry with evolutionary biology and ecology.
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83
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Huang CL, Sarkar R, Hsu TW, Yang CF, Chien CH, Chang WC, Chiang TY. Endophytic Microbiome of Biofuel Plant Miscanthus sinensis (Poaceae) Interacts with Environmental Gradients. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 80:133-144. [PMID: 31832698 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01467-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Miscanthus in Taiwan occupies a cline along altitude and adapts to diverse environments, e.g., habitats of high salinity and volcanoes. Rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria may help Miscanthus acclimate to those stresses. The relative contributions of rhizosphere vs. endosphere compartments to the adaptation remain unknown. Here, we used targeted metagenomics to compare the microbial communities in the rhizosphere and endosphere among ecotypes of M. sinensis that dwell habitats under different stresses. Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria predominated in the endosphere. Diverse phyla constituted the rhizosphere microbiome, including a core microbiome found consistently across habitats. In endosphere, the predominance of the bacteria colonizing from the surrounding soil suggests that soil recruitment must have subsequently determined the endophytic microbiome in Miscanthus roots. In endosphere, the bacterial diversity decreased with the altitude, likely corresponding to rising limitation to microorganisms according to the species-energy theory. Specific endophytes were associated with different environmental stresses, e.g., Pseudomonas spp. for alpine and Agrobacterium spp. for coastal habitats. This suggests Miscanthus actively recruits an endosphere microbiome from the rhizosphere it influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Li Huang
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Rakesh Sarkar
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Wen Hsu
- Endemic Species Research Institute, Nantou, 55244, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fen Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Chien
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Chang
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Tzen-Yuh Chiang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
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84
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Zhai YJ, Huo GM, Zhang Q, Li D, Wang DC, Qi JZ, Han WB, Gao JM. Phaeosphaones: Tyrosinase Inhibitory Thiodiketopiperazines from an Endophytic Phaeosphaeria fuckelii. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:1592-1597. [PMID: 32342692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phaeosphaeria fuckelii, an endophytic fungus associated with the herbal medicine Phlomis umbrosa, produced four new thiodiketopiperazine alkaloids, phaeosphaones A-D (1-4), featuring an unusual β-(oxy)thiotryptophan motif, along with four known analogues, phaeosphaone E (5), chetoseminudin B (6), polanrazine B (7), and leptosin D (8). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic data analysis, and their absolute configurations were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and ECD calculations. Compounds 4, 6, and 8 were found to display mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 33.2 ± 0.2, 31.7 ± 0.2, and 28.4 ± 0.2 μM, respectively, more potent than that of the positive control, kojic acid (IC50 = 40.4 ± 0.1 μM). A molecular-docking study disclosed the π-π stacking interaction between the indole moiety of 8 and the His243 residue of tyrosinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jie Zhai
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Ming Huo
- Institute of Medicinal Fungi, School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210017, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Cheng Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Zhao Qi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bo Han
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
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85
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Asgher M, Urooj Y, Qamar SA, Khalid N. Improved exopolysaccharide production from Bacillus licheniformis MS3: Optimization and structural/functional characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 151:984-992. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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86
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Ahmad T, Arora P, Nalli Y, Ali A, Riyaz‐Ul‐Hassan S. Antibacterial potential of Juglomycin A isolated from
Streptomyces achromogenes
, an endophyte of
Crocus sativus
Linn. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 128:1366-1377. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Ahmad
- Microbial Biotechnology Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research CSIR‐Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi India
| | - P. Arora
- Microbial Biotechnology Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research CSIR‐Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi India
| | - Y. Nalli
- Natural Products Chemistry Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi India
| | - A. Ali
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research CSIR‐Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi India
- Natural Products Chemistry Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi India
| | - S. Riyaz‐Ul‐Hassan
- Microbial Biotechnology Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research CSIR‐Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi India
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87
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Torres-Mendoza D, Ortega HE, Cubilla-Rios L. Patents on Endophytic Fungi Related to Secondary Metabolites and Biotransformation Applications. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E58. [PMID: 32370098 PMCID: PMC7344749 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi are an important group of microorganisms and one of the least studied. They enhance their host's resistance against abiotic stress, disease, insects, pathogens and mammalian herbivores by producing secondary metabolites with a wide spectrum of biological activity. Therefore, they could be an alternative source of secondary metabolites for applications in medicine, pharmacy and agriculture. In this review, we analyzed patents related to the production of secondary metabolites and biotransformation processes through endophytic fungi and their fields of application. We examined 245 patents (224 related to secondary metabolite production and 21 for biotransformation). The most patented fungi in the development of these applications belong to the Aspergillus, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Penicillium, and Phomopsis genera and cover uses in the biomedicine, agriculture, food, and biotechnology industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Torres-Mendoza
- Laboratory of Tropical Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural, Exact Sciences and Technology, University of Panama, Panama 0824, Panama; (D.T.-M.); (H.E.O.)
- Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, University of Panama, Panama 0824, Panama
| | - Humberto E. Ortega
- Laboratory of Tropical Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural, Exact Sciences and Technology, University of Panama, Panama 0824, Panama; (D.T.-M.); (H.E.O.)
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural, Exact Sciences and Technology, University of Panama, Panama 0824, Panama
| | - Luis Cubilla-Rios
- Laboratory of Tropical Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural, Exact Sciences and Technology, University of Panama, Panama 0824, Panama; (D.T.-M.); (H.E.O.)
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88
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Liu TH, Zhou Y, Tao WC, Liu Y, Zhang XM, Tian SZ. Bacterial Diversity in Roots, Stems, and Leaves of Chinese Medicinal Plant Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. Pol J Microbiol 2020; 69:91-97. [PMID: 32189484 PMCID: PMC7256839 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2020-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The root of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis, a famous and endangered traditional Chinese herb, has a significant medicinal value. The aim of this study was to analyze the composition and functional characteristics of bacterial endophytes in roots, stems, and leaves of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing and functional prediction of bacterial endophytes in roots, stems, and leaves of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis were conducted. The Chao and Shannon indices of the bacteria in roots were significantly higher than those in stems and leaves. The dominant endophyte phyla were Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. The main genera detected in roots were unclassified Cyanobacteria, Rhizobium, Flavobacterium, and Sphingobium; the main genera in stems were norank_c__Cyanobacteria, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas; the main genera in leaves were norank_c__Cyanobacteria and Rhizobium. The microbiota in roots was particularly enriched in functional categories "extracellular structures" and "cytoskeleton" compared with stems and leaves (p < 0.05). Our study reveals the structural and functional characteristics of the endophytic bacteria in roots, stems, and leaves of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis, which aids in the scientific understanding of this plant. The root of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis, a famous and endangered traditional Chinese herb, has a significant medicinal value. The aim of this study was to analyze the composition and functional characteristics of bacterial endophytes in roots, stems, and leaves of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing and functional prediction of bacterial endophytes in roots, stems, and leaves of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis were conducted. The Chao and Shannon indices of the bacteria in roots were significantly higher than those in stems and leaves. The dominant endophyte phyla were Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. The main genera detected in roots were unclassified Cyanobacteria, Rhizobium, Flavobacterium, and Sphingobium; the main genera in stems were norank_c__Cyanobacteria, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas; the main genera in leaves were norank_c__Cyanobacteria and Rhizobium. The microbiota in roots was particularly enriched in functional categories “extracellular structures” and “cytoskeleton” compared with stems and leaves (p < 0.05). Our study reveals the structural and functional characteristics of the endophytic bacteria in roots, stems, and leaves of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis, which aids in the scientific understanding of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Hao Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine , Kunming, Yunnan , China ; College of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong , China
| | - Yin Zhou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine , Kunming, Yunnan , China
| | - Wen-Cong Tao
- College of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong , China
| | - Yang Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine , Kunming, Yunnan , China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine , Kunming, Yunnan , China
| | - Shou-Zheng Tian
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine , Kunming, Yunnan , China
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89
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Hereme R, Morales-Navarro S, Ballesteros G, Barrera A, Ramos P, Gundel PE, Molina-Montenegro MA. Fungal Endophytes Exert Positive Effects on Colobanthus quitensis Under Water Stress but Neutral Under a Projected Climate Change Scenario in Antarctica. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:264. [PMID: 32184767 PMCID: PMC7058981 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional symbiosis is considered one of the successful mechanisms by which plants that inhabit extreme environment improve their ability to tolerate different types of stress. One of the most conspicuous type of symbiosis is the endophyticism. This interaction has been noted to play a role in the adaptation of the native vascular plant Colobanthus quitensis to the stressful environments of Antarctica, characterized by low temperatures and extreme aridity. Projections of climate change for this ecosystem indicate that abiotic conditions will be less limiting due to an increase in temperature and water availability in the soil. Due to this decrease in stress induced by the climate change, it has been suggested that the positive role of fungal endophytes on performance of C. quitensis plants would decrease. In this study, we evaluated the role of endophytic fungi on osmoprotective molecules (sugar production, proline, oxidative stress) and gene expression (CqNCED1, CqABCG25, and CqRD22) as well as physiological traits (stomatal opening, net photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance) in individuals of C. quitensis. Individual plants of C. quitensis with (E+) and without (E-) endophytic fungi were exposed to simulated conditions of increased water availability (W+), having the current limiting water condition (W-) in Antarctica as control. The results reveal an endophyte-mediated lower oxidative stress, higher production of sugars and proline in plants. In addition, E+ plants showed differential expressions in genes related with drought stress response, which was more evident in W- than in W+. These parameters corresponded with increased physiological mechanisms such as higher net photosynthesis, stomatal opening and conductance under presence of endophytes (E+) as well as the projected water condition (W+) for Antarctica. These results suggest that the presence of fungal endophytes plays a positive role in favoring tolerance to drought in C. quitensis. However, this positive role would be diminished if the stress factor is relaxed, suggesting that the role of endophytes could be less important under a future scenario of climate change in Antarctica with higher soil water availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasme Hereme
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | | | | | - Andrea Barrera
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Patricio Ramos
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Núcleo Científico Multidisciplinario-DI, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Pedro E. Gundel
- IFEVA, CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marco A. Molina-Montenegro
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
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90
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Pietro-Souza W, de Campos Pereira F, Mello IS, Stachack FFF, Terezo AJ, Cunha CND, White JF, Li H, Soares MA. Mercury resistance and bioremediation mediated by endophytic fungi. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124874. [PMID: 31546184 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study proposes the use of endophytic fungi for mercury bioremediation in in vitro and host-associated systems. We examined mercury resistance in 32 strains of endophytic fungi grown in culture medium supplemented with toxic metal concentrations. The residual mercury concentrations were quantified after mycelial growth. Aspergillus sp. A31, Curvularia geniculata P1, Lindgomycetaceae P87, and Westerdykella sp. P71 were selected and further tested for mercury bioremediation and bioaccumulation in vitro, as well as for growth promotion of Aeschynomene fluminensis and Zea mays in the presence or absence of the metal. Aspergillus sp. A31, C. geniculata P1, Lindgomycetaceae P87 and Westerdykella sp. P71 removed up to 100% of mercury from the culture medium in a species-dependent manner and they promoted A. fluminensis and Z. mays growth in substrates containing mercury or not (Dunnett's test, p < 0.05). Lindgomycetaceae P87 and C. geniculata P1 are dark septate endophytic fungi that endophytically colonize root cells of their host plants. The increase of host biomass correlated with the reduction of soil mercury concentration due to the metal bioaccumulation in host tissues and its possible volatilization. The soil mercury concentration was decreased by 7.69% and 57.14% in A. fluminensis plants inoculated with Lindgomycetaceae P87 + Aspergillus sp. A31 and Lindgomycetaceae P87, respectively (Dunnet's test, p < 0.05). The resistance mechanisms of mercury volatilization and bioaccumulation in plant tissues mediated by these endophytic fungi can contribute to bioremediation programs. The biochemical and genetic mechanisms involved in bioaccumulation and volatilization need to be elucidated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Pietro-Souza
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso, Lucas Do Rio Verde, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Felipe de Campos Pereira
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Microbial Ecology, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Ivani Souza Mello
- Department of Forest Engineering, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | | | - Ailton Jose Terezo
- Fuel Analysis Centre (CEANC), Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Cátia Nunes da Cunha
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Microbial Ecology, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | | | - Haiyan Li
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Marcos Antônio Soares
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Microbial Ecology, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
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91
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Benucci GMN, Burnard D, Shepherd LD, Bonito G, Munkacsi AB. Evidence for Co-evolutionary History of Early Diverging Lycopodiaceae Plants With Fungi. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2944. [PMID: 32010072 PMCID: PMC6974469 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycopods are tracheophytes in the Kingdom Plantae and represent one of the oldest lineages of living vascular plants. Symbiotic interactions between these plants with fungi and bacteria, including fine root endophytes in Endogonales, have been hypothesized to have helped early diverging plant lineages colonize land. However, attempts to study the lycopod rhizobiome in its natural environment are still limited. In this study, we used Illumina amplicon sequencing to characterize fungal and bacterial diversity in nine Lycopodiaceae (club moss) species collected in New Zealand. This was done with generic fungal ITS rDNA primers, as well as Endogonales- and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-selective primer sets targeting the 18S rDNA, and generic bacterial primers targeting the V4 region of the 16S rDNA. We found that the Lycopodiaceae rhizobiome was comprised of an unexpected high frequency of Basidiomycota and Ascomycota coincident with a low abundance of Endogonales and Glomerales. The distribution and abundance of Endogonales varied with host lycopod, and included a novel taxon as well as a single operational taxonomic unit (OTU) that was detected across all plant species. The Lycopodiaceae species with the greatest number and also most unique OTUs was Phlegmariurus varius, while the plant species that shared the most fungal OTUs were Lycopodiella fastigiatum and Lycopodium scariosum. The bacterial OTU distribution was generally not consistent with fungal OTU distribution. For example, community dissimilarity analysis revealed strong concordance between the evolutionary histories of host plants with the fungal community but not with the bacterial community, indicating that Lycopodiaceae have evolved specific relationships with their fungal symbionts. Notably, nearly 16% of the ITS rDNA fungal diversity detected in the Lycopodiaceae rhizobiome remained poorly classified, indicating there is much plant-associated fungal diversity left to describe in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Maria Niccolò Benucci
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Delaney Burnard
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lara D Shepherd
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Gregory Bonito
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Andrew B Munkacsi
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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92
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Abstract
The ability of endophytes to colonize every plant tissue has led to the opportunity of using the microorganism in a lot of biological applications. Endophytes are beneficial to their host cells as such its application is observed in every aspects of life. This study therefore endeavored to give an analysis of endophytes, what they were and what they had been used for till the present time. Sampling of several literature studies in endophytes was done in this study to enable a complete understanding of the mechanism of application of the actions of endophytes, so as to be able to do a thorough assessment of the current state in the knowledge of the microbes. From the complete analysis of the literature on the application and use of endophytes, in nutrient asquition and increase the stress tolerance in plants. This study provided a platform for further research gaps through the presentation of what endophytes were, what they had been used for till date, the mechanism of operation of the micro-organism and the type of interaction between them and their hosts. There are still ways to improve on the methods of application of endophytes as a type of biological organism. This will be done by adjusting to the current trends in biological studies using molecular mechanization, following an intensive further study on endophyte mechanisms.
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93
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Zhang J, Wang P, Tian H, Tao Z, Guo T. Transcriptome Analysis of Ice Plant Growth-Promoting Endophytic Bacterium Halomonas sp. Strain MC1 to Identify the Genes Involved in Salt Tolerance. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E88. [PMID: 31936448 PMCID: PMC7022971 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt stress is an important adverse condition encountered during plant and microbe growth in terrestrial soil ecosystems. Currently, how ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum) growth-promoting endophytic bacteria (EB) cope with salt stress and regulate growth and the genes responsible for salt tolerance remain unknown. We applied RNA-Seq technology to determine the growth mechanism of the EB Halomonas sp. MC1 strain and the genes involved in salt tolerance. A total of 893 genes were significantly regulated after salt treatment. These genes included 401 upregulated and 492 downregulated genes. Gene Ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed that the most enriched genes included those related to the outer membrane-bounded periplasmic space, ATPase activity, catabolic process, and proton transmembrane transport. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction data were similar to those obtained from RNA-Seq. The MC1 strain maintained survival under salt stress by regulating cellular and metabolic processes and pyruvate metabolism pathways such as organic and carboxylic acid catabolic pathways. We highlighted the response mechanism of Halomonas sp. MC1 to fully understand the dynamics of complex salt-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China (Z.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Ecophysiology of Horticultural Crops, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China (Z.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Ecophysiology of Horticultural Crops, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Hongmei Tian
- Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China (Z.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Ecophysiology of Horticultural Crops, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Zhen Tao
- Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China (Z.T.)
| | - Tingting Guo
- Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China (Z.T.)
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
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94
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Alishahi F, Alikhani HA, Khoshkholgh-Sima NA, Etesami H. Mining the roots of various species of the halophyte Suaeda for halotolerant nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteria with the potential for promoting plant growth. Int Microbiol 2020; 23:415-427. [PMID: 31898032 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-019-00115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Saline area may tend to be a productive land; however, many of salt-affected soils have nitrogen limitation and depend on plant-associated diazotrophs as their source of 'new' nitrogen. Herein, a total of 316 salinity tolerant nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteria were isolated from roots of the halophyte Suaeda sp. sampled from 22 different areas of Iran to prepare the collection of nitrogen-fixing bacterial endophytes and evaluate the plant growth-promoting effect of effective isolates on growth of the halophyte Suaeda maritima. All of the identified nitrogen-fixing endophytes were classified to Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes phylum while we did not detect common nitrogen-fixing endophyte of glycophytes like Azospirillum. The genera Pseudomonas and Microbacterium were both encountered in high abundance in all samples, indicating that they might play an advanced role in the micro-ecosystem of the halophyte Suaeda. In addition, the results also showed that not only soil salinity can affect halophyte endophytic composition but also other factors such as geographical location, plant species, and other soil properties may be involved. Interestingly, only Zhihengliuella halotolerans and Brachybacterium sp. belonging to Actinobacteria could grow in semi-solid N-free (NFb) medium supplemented with 6% NaCl and highly enhanced growth of S. maritima in vitro. Overall, this study offers useful new resources for nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteria which may be utilized to improve approaches for providing bio-fertilizer useful in saline-based agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frashad Alishahi
- Department of Soil Science, Agriculture & Natural Resources Campus, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, University of Tehran, Daneshkadeh Ave., Karaj, Tehran, 31587-77871, Iran
| | - Hossein Ali Alikhani
- Department of Soil Science, Agriculture & Natural Resources Campus, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, University of Tehran, Daneshkadeh Ave., Karaj, Tehran, 31587-77871, Iran.
| | - Nayer Azam Khoshkholgh-Sima
- Agriculture Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Hassan Etesami
- Department of Soil Science, Agriculture & Natural Resources Campus, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, University of Tehran, Daneshkadeh Ave., Karaj, Tehran, 31587-77871, Iran.
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95
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Dias GM, de Sousa Pires A, Grilo VS, Castro MR, de Figueiredo Vilela L, Neves BC. Comparative genomics of Paraburkholderia kururiensis and its potential in bioremediation, biofertilization, and biocontrol of plant pathogens. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00801. [PMID: 30811107 PMCID: PMC6692535 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia harbors versatile Gram-negative species and is β-Proteobacteria. Recently, it was proposed to split the genus in two main branches: one of animal and plant pathogens and another, Paraburkholderia, harboring environmental and plant-beneficial species. Currently, Paraburkholderia comprises more than 70 species with ability to occupy very diverse environmental niches. Herein, we sequenced and analyzed the genome of Paraburkholderia kururiensis type strain KP23T , and compared to P. kururiensis M130, isolated in Brazil, and P. kururiensis susbp. thiooxydans, from Korea. This study focused on the gene content of the three genomes with special emphasis on their potential of plant-association, biocontrol, and bioremediation. The comparative analyses revealed several genes related to plant benefits, including biosynthesis of IAA, ACC deaminase, multiple efflux pumps, dioxygenases, and degradation of aromatic compounds. Importantly, a range of genes for protein secretion systems (type III, IV, V, and VI) were characterized, potentially involved in P. kururiensis well documented ability to establish endophytic association with plants. These findings shed light onto bacteria-plant interaction mechanisms at molecular level, adding novel information that supports their potential application in bioremediation, biofertilization, and biocontrol of plant pathogens. P. kururiensis emerges as a promising model to investigate adaptation mechanisms in different ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela M. Dias
- Department of BiochemistryChemistry InstituteFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Araceli de Sousa Pires
- Department of BiochemistryChemistry InstituteFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Vinicius S. Grilo
- Department of BiochemistryChemistry InstituteFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Michele R. Castro
- Department of BiochemistryChemistry InstituteFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
- Department of BiologyFederal Institute of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | | | - Bianca C. Neves
- Department of BiochemistryChemistry InstituteFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
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96
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Naranjo‐Ortiz MA, Gabaldón T. Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1443-1476. [PMID: 31021528 PMCID: PMC6850671 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are a highly diverse group of heterotrophic eukaryotes characterized by the absence of phagotrophy and the presence of a chitinous cell wall. While unicellular fungi are far from rare, part of the evolutionary success of the group resides in their ability to grow indefinitely as a cylindrical multinucleated cell (hypha). Armed with these morphological traits and with an extremely high metabolical diversity, fungi have conquered numerous ecological niches and have shaped a whole world of interactions with other living organisms. Herein we survey the main evolutionary and ecological processes that have guided fungal diversity. We will first review the ecology and evolution of the zoosporic lineages and the process of terrestrialization, as one of the major evolutionary transitions in this kingdom. Several plausible scenarios have been proposed for fungal terrestralization and we here propose a new scenario, which considers icy environments as a transitory niche between water and emerged land. We then focus on exploring the main ecological relationships of Fungi with other organisms (other fungi, protozoans, animals and plants), as well as the origin of adaptations to certain specialized ecological niches within the group (lichens, black fungi and yeasts). Throughout this review we use an evolutionary and comparative-genomics perspective to understand fungal ecological diversity. Finally, we highlight the importance of genome-enabled inferences to envision plausible narratives and scenarios for important transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Naranjo‐Ortiz
- Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyDr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona08003Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyDr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona08003Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)08003BarcelonaSpain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 2308010BarcelonaSpain
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97
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Toghueo RMK. Bioprospecting endophytic fungi from Fusarium genus as sources of bioactive metabolites. Mycology 2019; 11:1-21. [PMID: 32128278 PMCID: PMC7033707 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2019.1645053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi became an attractive source for the discovery of new leads, because of the complexity and the structural diversity of their secondary metabolites. The genus Fusarium comprising about 70 species is extremely variable in terms of genetics, biology, ecology, and consequently, secondary metabolism and have been isolated from countless plants genera from diverse habitats. These endophytic microbes may provide protection and survival strategies in their host plants with production of a repertoire of chemically diverse and structurally unprecedented secondary metabolites reported to exhibit an incredible array of biological activities including antimicrobial, anticancer, antiviral, antioxidants, antiparasitics, immunosuppressants, immunomodulatory, antithrombotic, and biocontrol ability against plants pathogens and nematodes. This review comprehensively highlights over the period 1981-2019, the bioactive potential of metabolites produced by endophytes from Fusarium genus. Abbreviations: AIDS: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome; BAPT: C-13 phenylpropanoid side chain-CoA acyltransferase; CaBr2: Calcium bromide; DBAT: 10-deacetylbaccatin III-10-O-acetyl transferase; DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid; EI-MS: Electron ionization mass spectrometer; EN: Enniatin; ERK: Extracellular regulated protein kinase; EtOAc: Ethyl acetate; FDA: Food and Drug Administration; GAE/g: Gallic acid equivalent per gram; GC-MS: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; HA: Hyperactivation; HCV: Hepatitis C Virus; HCVPR: Hepatitis C Virus protease; HeLa: Human cervical cancer cell line; HIV: Human immunodeficiency viruses; HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography; IAA: Indole-3-acetic acid; IARC: International Agency for Research on Cancer; IC50: Half maximal inhibitory concentration; LC50: Concentration of the compound that is lethal for 50% of exposed population; LC-MS: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; MCF-7: Human breast cancer cell line; MDR: Multidrug-resistant; MDRSA: Multidrug-resistant S. aureus; MFC: Minimum fungicidal concentration; MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration; MRSA: Multidrug-resistant S. aureus; MTCC: Microbial type culture collection; PBMCs: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; TB: Tuberculosis; TLC: Thin layer chromatography; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; WHO: World Health Organization http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D0A7B2D8-5952-436D-85C8-C79EAAD1013C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufin Marie Kouipou Toghueo
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit (AmBcAU), Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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98
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Leroy C, Maes AQ, Louisanna E, Séjalon-Delmas N. How significant are endophytic fungi in bromeliad seeds and seedlings? Effects on germination, survival and performance of two epiphytic plant species. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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99
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Kazenel MR, Kivlin SN, Taylor DL, Lynn JS, Rudgers JA. Altitudinal gradients fail to predict fungal symbiont responses to warming. Ecology 2019; 100:e02740. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R. Kazenel
- Department of Biology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Crested Butte Colorado 81224 USA
| | - Stephanie N. Kivlin
- Department of Biology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Crested Butte Colorado 81224 USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology The University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
| | - D. Lee Taylor
- Department of Biology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA
| | - Joshua S. Lynn
- Department of Biology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Crested Butte Colorado 81224 USA
| | - Jennifer A. Rudgers
- Department of Biology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Crested Butte Colorado 81224 USA
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Doni F, Mispan MS, Suhaimi NSM, Ishak N, Uphoff N. Roles of microbes in supporting sustainable rice production using the system of rice intensification. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5131-5142. [PMID: 31101941 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09879-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The system of rice intensification (SRI) is an agroecological approach to rice cultivation that seeks to create optimal conditions for healthy plant growth by minimizing inter-plant competition, transplanting widely spaced young single seedlings, and optimizing favorable soil conditions with organic amendments, increased soil aeration by weeding, and controlled water management. These practices improve rice plant growth with yields up to three times more than with conventional cultivation methods, and increase crop resilience under biotic and abiotic stresses. This review discusses the roles of beneficial microbes in improving rice plant growth, yield, and resilience when SRI practices are used, and how these modifications in plant, soil, water, and nutrient management affect the populations and diversity of soil microorganisms. Mechanisms whereby symbiotic microbes support rice plants' growth and performance are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Febri Doni
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Muhamad Shakirin Mispan
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | | - Nazri Ishak
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norman Uphoff
- SRI International Network and Resources Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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