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NADPH oxidases and oxidase crosstalk in cardiovascular diseases: novel therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cardiol 2019; 17:170-194. [PMID: 31591535 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent production of ROS underlies sustained oxidative stress, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, aortic aneurysm, hypercholesterolaemia, atherosclerosis, diabetic vascular complications, cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias. Interactions between different oxidases or oxidase systems have been intensively investigated for their roles in inducing sustained oxidative stress. In this Review, we discuss the latest data on the pathobiology of each oxidase component, the complex crosstalk between different oxidase components and the consequences of this crosstalk in mediating cardiovascular disease processes, focusing on the central role of particular NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoforms that are activated in specific cardiovascular diseases. An improved understanding of these mechanisms might facilitate the development of novel therapeutic agents targeting these oxidase systems and their interactions, which could be effective in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disorders.
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Chiang KM, Tsay YC, Vincent Ng TC, Yang HC, Huang YT, Chen CH, Pan WH. Is Hyperuricemia, an Early-Onset Metabolic Disorder, Causally Associated with Cardiovascular Disease Events in Han Chinese? J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8081202. [PMID: 31408958 PMCID: PMC6723695 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8081202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum uric acid (SUA) has gradually been recognized as a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, whether the relationship is causal remains controversial. METHODS We employed two methods to demonstrate the importance of SUA in CVD development. First, we examined the onset sequence of hyperuricemia in relation to five cardiometabolic (CM) diseases. Second, we conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) study to causally infer the relationship between SUA and CVD. The information collected from the Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Two-Township Study (CVDFACTS) and Taiwan Biobank was used, respectively. RESULTS The onset sequence study showed that hyperuricemia and hypo-alpha-lipoproteinemia (low HDL-C) have earlier ages of onset than other CM diseases. For the MR analysis, the high weighted genetic risk score (WGRS) group had a significantly increased cumulative lifetime risk of CVD compared with the low WGRS group (OR = 1.62, (1.17-2.23), P = 0.003). Sensitivity analysis using the WGRS derived from other populations' SUA-influential SNPs revealed similar results. CONCLUSIONS We showed that hyperuricemia is an earlier-onset metabolic disorder than hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and diabetes mellitus, indicating that high SUA plays an upstream role in CM development. Moreover, our MR study results support the idea that hyperuricemia may play a causal role in CVD development. Further validation studies in more populations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Mao Chiang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Chyuan Tsay
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | | | - Hsin-Chou Yang
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Tsung Huang
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsin Chen
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Harn Pan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan.
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NADPH Oxidase Hyperactivity Contributes to Cardiac Dysfunction and Apoptosis in Rats with Severe Experimental Pancreatitis through ROS-Mediated MAPK Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:4578175. [PMID: 31210840 PMCID: PMC6532283 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4578175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (Nox) is considered a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the heart in normal and pathological conditions. However, the role of Nox in severe acute pancreatitis- (SAP-) associated cardiac injury remains unclear. Therefore, we aim to investigate the contribution of Nox to SAP-associated cardiac injury and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Apocynin, a Nox inhibitor, was given at 20 mg/kg for 30 min before SAP induction by a retrograde pancreatic duct injection of 5% sodium taurocholate. Histopathological staining, Nox activity and protein expression, oxidative stress markers, apoptosis and associated proteins, cardiac-related enzyme indexes, and cardiac function were assessed in the myocardium in SAP rats. The redox-sensitive MAPK signaling molecules were also examined by western blotting. SAP rats exhibited significant cardiac impairment along with increased Nox activity and protein expression, ROS production, cell apoptosis, and proapoptotic Bax and cleaved caspase-3 protein levels. Notably, Nox inhibition with apocynin prevented SAP-associated cardiac injury evidenced by a decreased histopathologic score, cardiac-related enzymes, and cardiac function through the reduction of ROS production and cell apoptosis. This protective role was further confirmed by a simulation experiment in vitro. Moreover, we found that SAP-induced activation in MAPK signaling molecules in cardiomyocytes was significantly attenuated by Nox inhibition. Our data provide the first evidence that Nox hyperactivation acts as the main source of ROS production in the myocardium, increases oxidative stress, and promotes cell apoptosis via activating the MAPK pathway, which ultimately results in cardiac injury in SAP.
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Zhang Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Fan X, Yang W, Yu B, Kou J, Li F. YiQiFuMai Powder Injection Attenuates Coronary Artery Ligation-Induced Heart Failure Through Improving Mitochondrial Function via Regulating ROS Generation and CaMKII Signaling Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:381. [PMID: 31031629 PMCID: PMC6470332 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The YiQiFuMai powder injection (YQFM), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription re-developed based on Sheng-Mai-San, is widely applied for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, its potential molecular mechanism remains obscure. The present study was designed to observe the effects of YQFM and underlying mechanisms on coronary artery ligation (CAL)-induced heart failure (HF) and cell hypoxia of 24 h oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs). HF was induced by permanent CAL for 2 weeks in ICR mice. The results demonstrated that YQFM significantly attenuated CAL-induced HF via improving the cardiac function, cardiac systolic function, cardiac structure impairment, cardiac histological features and fibrosis. YQFM markedly attenuated mitochondrial dysfunction through improving mitochondrial morphology, increasing mitochondria membrane potential (Δψm), mitochondrial ROS generation and expression of Mitofusin-2 (Mfn2), meanwhile, decreasing phosphorylation of dynamin-related protein 1 (p-Drp1). Mechanistically, YQFM could significantly decrease the expression of isoforms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase subunit NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), p67phox and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), ultimately reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. In addition, YQFM could down-regulate expression of calcium voltage-gated channel subunit α1C (CACNA1C) and phosphorylation of calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (p-CaMKII). These results suggest that YQFM ameliorates mitochondrial function in HF mice, partially through inhibiting ROS generation and CaMKII signaling pathways. Therefore, the present study provided scientific evidence for the underlying mechanism of YQFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Nanjing Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxue Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Boyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junping Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Graton ME, Potje SR, Troiano JA, Vale GT, Perassa LA, Nakamune ACMS, Tirapelli CR, Bendhack LM, Antoniali C. Apocynin alters redox signaling in conductance and resistance vessels of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:53-63. [PMID: 30586635 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Chronic treatment with apocynin reduces blood pressure and prevents endothelial dysfunction development in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Mechanisms underlying apocynin effects on SHR remain unclear. Compared to diapocynin and other drugs, apocynin is a weak antioxidant, which suggests that its effects on SHR are associated with other mechanisms besides its antioxidant capacity. Angiotensin (Ang) II regulates NOX, the major reactive oxygen species (ROS) source in the cardiovascular system. We hypothesized that, by inhibiting NOX, apocynin could alter Ang II pressor and vasoconstrictor effects on SHR. We analyzed how Ang II affects blood pressure and vascular reactivity in aorta and mesenteric resistance arteries and evaluated plasma antioxidant capacity, NOX isoforms and subunits, NOS isoforms, AT1 and AT2 receptors expression, ROS production, and NOS activity in apocynin-treated SHR blood vessels (30 mg/Kg/day, p.o.). In SHR, apocynin reduced Ang II pressor effects, increased plasmatic antioxidant capacity, and blunted aortic and mesenteric NOX-dependent oxidants production and NOX2 and p47phox overexpression, which demonstrated that apocynin inhibits NOX in SHR blood vessels. Moreover, apocynin raised plasmatic and aortic nitrate/nitrite levels, maintained NOS activity and eNOS, p-eNOS, nNOS, iNOS, sGC-α, and sGC-β expression in mesenteric bed, diminished AT1 expression in aorta and mesenteric bed, and elevated AT2 expression in SHR aorta. Apocynin increased Ang II vasoconstriction endothelial modulation in SHR resistance arteries. All these results showed that in vivo treatment with apocynin alters several mechanisms that reduce Ang II pressor and vasoconstrictor effects on SHR. Such apocynin effects involve other mechanisms besides vascular ROS modulation, which improves NO availability in SHR vascular cells. These integrated data could help us to understand the promising apocynin activity as an antihypertensive drug that acts differently from the drugs that are currently being used in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo E Graton
- Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Basic Sciences, Araçatuba, São Paulo 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Simone R Potje
- University of São Paulo (USP), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Jéssica A Troiano
- Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Basic Sciences, Araçatuba, São Paulo 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Gabriel T Vale
- University of São Paulo (USP), College of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Psychiatry Nursing and Human Sciences, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-902, Brazil
| | - Ligia A Perassa
- Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Basic Sciences, Araçatuba, São Paulo 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia M S Nakamune
- Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Basic Sciences, Araçatuba, São Paulo 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Tirapelli
- University of São Paulo (USP), College of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Psychiatry Nursing and Human Sciences, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-902, Brazil
| | - Lusiane M Bendhack
- University of São Paulo (USP), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Cristina Antoniali
- Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Basic Sciences, Araçatuba, São Paulo 16015-050, Brazil.
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Sárközy M, Kovács ZZA, Kovács MG, Gáspár R, Szűcs G, Dux L. Mechanisms and Modulation of Oxidative/Nitrative Stress in Type 4 Cardio-Renal Syndrome and Renal Sarcopenia. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1648. [PMID: 30534079 PMCID: PMC6275322 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health problem and a recognized risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). CKD could amplify the progression of chronic heart failure leading to the development of type 4 cardio-renal syndrome (T4CRS). The severity and persistence of heart failure are strongly associated with mortality risk in T4CRS. CKD is also a catabolic state leading to renal sarcopenia which is characterized by the loss of skeletal muscle strength and physical function. Renal sarcopenia also promotes the development of CVD and increases the mortality in CKD patients. In turn, heart failure developed in T4CRS could result in chronic muscle hypoperfusion and metabolic disturbances leading to or aggravating the renal sarcopenia. The interplay of multiple factors (e.g., comorbidities, over-activated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system [RAAS], sympathetic nervous system [SNS], oxidative/nitrative stress, inflammation, etc.) may result in the progression of T4CRS and renal sarcopenia. Among these factors, oxidative/nitrative stress plays a crucial role in the complex pathomechanism and interrelationship between T4CRS and renal sarcopenia. In the heart and skeletal muscle, mitochondria, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases, uncoupled nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and xanthine oxidase are major ROS sources producing superoxide anion (O2·−) and/or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). O2·− reacts with nitric oxide (NO) forming peroxynitrite (ONOO−) which is a highly reactive nitrogen species (RNS). High levels of ROS/RNS cause lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, interacts with both DNA repair enzymes and transcription factors, leads to the oxidation/nitration of key proteins involved in contractility, calcium handling, metabolism, antioxidant defense mechanisms, etc. It also activates the inflammatory response, stress signals inducing cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, or cell death via different mechanisms (e.g., apoptosis, necrosis) and dysregulates autophagy. Therefore, the thorough understanding of the mechanisms which lead to perturbations in oxidative/nitrative metabolism and its relationship with pro-inflammatory, hypertrophic, fibrotic, cell death and other pathways would help to develop strategies to counteract systemic and tissue oxidative/nitrative stress in T4CRS and renal sarcopenia. In this review, we also focus on the effects of some well-known and novel pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and physical exercise on cardiac and skeletal muscle oxidative/nitrative stress in T4CRS and renal sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márta Sárközy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Z A Kovács
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mónika G Kovács
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Renáta Gáspár
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergő Szűcs
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Dux
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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57
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Li W, Li L, Chopp M, Venkat P, Zacharek A, Chen Z, Landschoot-Ward J, Yan T, Chen J. Intracerebral Hemorrhage Induces Cardiac Dysfunction in Mice Without Primary Cardiac Disease. Front Neurol 2018; 9:965. [PMID: 30524357 PMCID: PMC6256175 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a life threatening stroke subtype and a worldwide health problem. In this study, we investigate brain-heart interaction after ICH in mice and test whether ICH induces cardiac dysfunction in the absence of primary cardiac disease. We also investigate underlying mechanisms such as oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in mediating cardiac dysfunction post-ICH in mice. Methods: Male, adult (3–4 m) C57BL/6J mice were subjected to sham surgery or ICH using an autologous blood injection model (n = 16/group). Cardiac function was evaluated at 7 and 28 days after ICH using echocardiography (n = 8/group per time point). Western blot and immunostaining analysis were employed to assess oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in the heart. Results: Mice subjected to ICH exhibited significantly decreased cardiac contractile function measured by left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) at 7 and 28 days after ICH compared to sham-control mice (p < 0.05). ICH induced cardiac dysfunction was significantly worse at 28 days than at 7 days after ICH (p < 0.05). ICH in mice significantly increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis, inflammatory factor expression and inflammatory cell infiltration in heart tissue, and induced cardiac oxidative stress at 7 days post-ICH compared to sham-control mice. Compared to sham-control mice, ICH-mice also exhibited significantly increased (p < 0.05) cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis at 28 days after ICH. Conclusions: ICH induces significant and progressive cardiac dysfunction in mice. ICH increases cardiac oxidative stress and inflammatory factor expression in heart tissue which may play key roles in ICH-induced cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology, Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in CNS, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Linlin Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology, Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in CNS, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Poornima Venkat
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Alex Zacharek
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Zhili Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology, Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in CNS, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | | | - Tao Yan
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology, Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in CNS, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Jieli Chen
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
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Mohamed R, Dayati P, Mehr RN, Kamato D, Seif F, Babaahmadi-Rezaei H, Little PJ. Transforming growth factor-β1 mediated CHST11 and CHSY1 mRNA expression is ROS dependent in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 13:225-233. [PMID: 30417274 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-018-0495-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 mediates glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain hyperelongation on secreted proteoglycans and these modifications are associated with increased lipid binding in the vessel wall and the development of atherosclerosis. In vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), TGF-β1 regulated GAG elongation via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 as well as Smad2 linker region phosphorylation. In this study, our aim was to identify the TGF-β1 mediated signalling pathway involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Smad2 linker region phosphorylation that regulate the mRNA expression of GAG synthesizing enzymes, chondroitin 4-O-sulfotransferase 1 (CHST11) and chondroitin sulfate synthase 1 (CHSY1) which are the rate limiting enzymes involved in GAG chain elongation. Signalling molecules were assessed by western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR was used for analysis of gene expression and intracellular ROS level was measured by a fluorescence based assay. TGF-β1 induced ROS production in VSMCs. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (Nox) inhibitors, diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) and apocynin blocked TGF-β1 mediated Smad2 linker region phosphorylation. TGF-β1 treatment increased the mRNA levels of CHST11 and CHSY1. Pharmacological inhibition of Nox blocked TGF-β1 mediated mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) phosphorylation and TGF-β1 stimulated CHST11 and CHSY1 mRNA expression. These findings demonstrated that TGF-β1 mediated expression of CHST11 and CHSY1 can occur via Nox-dependent pathways and Smad2 linker region phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raafat Mohamed
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.,Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Parisa Dayati
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Niayesh Mehr
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Danielle Kamato
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520, Guangdong Pr., China
| | - Faezeh Seif
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hossein Babaahmadi-Rezaei
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Peter J Little
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia. .,Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520, Guangdong Pr., China.
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Hulshoff MS, Rath SK, Xu X, Zeisberg M, Zeisberg EM. Causal Connections From Chronic Kidney Disease to Cardiac Fibrosis. Semin Nephrol 2018; 38:629-636. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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60
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Pavlakou P, Dounousi E, Roumeliotis S, Eleftheriadis T, Liakopoulos V. Oxidative Stress and the Kidney in the Space Environment. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103176. [PMID: 30326648 PMCID: PMC6214023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In space, the special conditions of hypogravity and exposure to cosmic radiation have substantial differences compared to terrestrial circumstances, and a multidimensional impact on the human body and human organ functions. Cosmic radiation provokes cellular and gene damage, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to a dysregulation in the oxidants–antioxidants balance, and to the inflammatory response. Other practical factors contributing to these dysregulations in space environment include increased bone resorption, impaired anabolic response, and even difficulties in detecting oxidative stress in blood and urine samples. Enhanced oxidative stress affects mitochondrial and endothelial functions, contributes to reduced natriuresis and the development of hypertension, and may play an additive role in the formation of kidney stones. Finally, the composition of urine protein excretion is significantly altered, depicting possible tubular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Pavlakou
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Evangelia Dounousi
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Stefanos Roumeliotis
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Theodoros Eleftheriadis
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Vassilios Liakopoulos
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Nuhu F, Bhandari S. Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Complications in Chronic Kidney Disease, the Impact of Anaemia. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:E103. [PMID: 30314359 PMCID: PMC6316624 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality as a result of risk factors such as left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), oxidative stress, and inflammation. The presence of anaemia in CKD further increases the risk of LVH and oxidative stress, thereby magnifying the deleterious consequence in uraemic cardiomyopathy (UCM), and aggravating progression to failure and increasing the risk of sudden cardiac death. This short review highlights the specific cardio-renal oxidative stress in CKD and provides an understanding of the pathophysiology and impact of uraemic toxins, inflammation, and anaemia on oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Nuhu
- School of Life Sciences (Biomedical), University of Hull, Cottingham Rd, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Sunil Bhandari
- Hull York Medical School & Department of Renal Medicine, Hull and East Yorkshire NHS Hospital Trust, Hull HU3 2JZ, UK.
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Gabriel-Costa D, Cunha TF, Paixão NA, Fortunato RS, Rego-Monteiro ICC, Barreto-Chaves MLM, Brum PC. Lactate-upregulation of lactate oxidation complex-related genes is blunted in left ventricle of myocardial infarcted rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 51:e7660. [PMID: 30304133 PMCID: PMC6172929 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20187660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lactate modulates the expression of lactate oxidation complex (LOC)-related genes and cardiac blood flow under physiological conditions, but its modulatory role remains to be elucidated regarding pathological cardiac stress. The present study evaluated the effect of lactate on LOC-related genes expression and hemodynamics of hearts submitted to myocardial infarction (MI). Four weeks after MI or sham operation, isolated hearts of male Wistar rats were perfused for 60 min with Na+-lactate (20 mM). As expected, MI reduced cardiac contractility and relaxation with no changes in perfusion. The impaired cardiac hemodynamics were associated with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels (Sham: 19.3±0.5 vs MI: 23.8±0.3 µM), NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity (Sham: 42.2±1.3 vs MI: 60.5±1.5 nmol·h−1·mg−1) and monocarboxylate transporter 1 (mct1) mRNA levels (Sham: 1.0±0.06 vs MI: 1.7±0.2 a.u.), but no changes in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, NADH oxidase (NADox), and xanthine oxidase activities. Lactate perfusion in MI hearts had no additional effect on ROS levels, NADox, and NOX activity, however, it partially reduced mct1 mRNA expression (MI-Lactate 1.3±0.08 a.u.). Interestingly, lactate significantly decreased SOD (MI-Lactate: 54.5±4.2 µmol·mg−1·min−1) and catalase (MI: 1.1±0.1 nmol·mg−1·min−1) activities in MI. Collectively, our data suggest that under pathological stress, lactate lacks its ability to modulate the expression of cardiac LOC-related genes and the perfused pressure in hearts submitted to chronic MI. Together, these data contribute to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of heart failure induced by MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gabriel-Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desempenho Humano Operacional, Universidade da Força Aérea, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Departamento de Biodinâmica do Movimento do Corpo Humano, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - T F Cunha
- Departamento de Biodinâmica do Movimento do Corpo Humano, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - N A Paixão
- Departamento de Biodinâmica do Movimento do Corpo Humano, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - R S Fortunato
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - I C C Rego-Monteiro
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - M L M Barreto-Chaves
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - P C Brum
- Departamento de Biodinâmica do Movimento do Corpo Humano, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2): A key target of oxidative stress-mediated platelet activation and thrombosis. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2018; 28:429-434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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64
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Zhao Q, Yan T, Li L, Chopp M, Venkat P, Qian Y, Li R, Wu R, Li W, Lu M, Zhang T, Chen J. Immune Response Mediates Cardiac Dysfunction after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:619-629. [PMID: 30045672 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications are common after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. In this study, we investigated the possible role of the immune system in mediating cardiac dysfunction post-TBI in mice. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to a TBI model of controlled cortical impact (CCI) with or without splenectomy (n = 20/group). Splenectomy was performed immediately prior to induction of TBI. Cardiac function was measured using echocardiography prior to and after TBI. Neurological and cognitive functional tests and flow cytometry and immunostaining were performed. TBI mice exhibited significant cardiac dysfunction identified by decreased left ventricular ejection fraction and fractional shortening at 3 and 30 days post-TBI. In addition, these mice exhibited significantly increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress at 3 and 30 days post-TBI, as well as cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis and ventricular dilatation at 30 days after TBI. TBI mice subjected to splenectomy showed significantly improved cardiac function, and decreased cardiac fibrosis, oxidative stress, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and infiltration of immune cells and inflammatory factor expression in the heart compared with TBI control mice. TBI mice exhibited severe neurological and cognitive function deficits. However, splenectomy did not improve neurological and cognitive functional outcome after TBI compared with the TBI control group. TBI induces immune cell infiltration and inflammatory factor expression in the heart as well as cardiac dysfunction. Splenectomy decreases heart inflammation and improves cardiac function after TBI. Immune response may contribute to TBI-induced cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhao
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin, China .,2 Tianjin Neurological Institute , Neurology, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Yan
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin, China .,2 Tianjin Neurological Institute , Neurology, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Linlin Li
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin, China .,2 Tianjin Neurological Institute , Neurology, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Michael Chopp
- 3 Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan.,4 Department of Physics, Oakland University , Rochester, Michigan
| | - Poornima Venkat
- 3 Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Yu Qian
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin, China .,2 Tianjin Neurological Institute , Neurology, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Ran Li
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin, China .,2 Tianjin Neurological Institute , Neurology, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruixia Wu
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin, China .,2 Tianjin Neurological Institute , Neurology, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Li
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin, China .,2 Tianjin Neurological Institute , Neurology, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China .,3 Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Mei Lu
- 5 Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Talan Zhang
- 5 Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jieli Chen
- 3 Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
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Xiong Y, Ye Y, Li P, Xiong Y, Mao J, Huang Y, Chen W, Wang B. Serum NOX2 as a new biomarker candidate for HBV-related disorders. Am J Transl Res 2018; 10:2350-2361. [PMID: 30210675 PMCID: PMC6129512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence supports the notion that serum NAPDH oxidase 2 (NOX2) is an important regulator that contributes to the initiation and progression of various types of diseases. However, so far, it remains elusive about the relationship between levels of serum NOX2 and HBV-related diseases. The overall purpose of the study is to get a better insight into whether or not serum NOX2 is involved in HBV-related disorders. Serum levels of NOX2, from 105 patients with chronic hepatitis B, 58 patients with HBV-related cirrhosis, 48 patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma and 104 healthy individuals, were measured with sandwich ELISA kits that we developed. In this study, we found that NOX2 values were significantly higher in patients compared to healthy control (P < 0.01) and that the levels of serum NOX2 were significantly correlated with the serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) in chronic hepatitis B, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Interestingly, we found that a significant positive correlation between NOX2 and HBV viral load only in patients with chronic hepatitis B and cirrhosis. Therefore, Serum NOX2 levels maybe an important indicator of the pathogenesis of progression of HBV-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xiong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Health Center for Women and ChildrenChongqing 401147, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400010, China
| | - Pu Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400010, China
| | - Yahui Xiong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400010, China
| | - Jinju Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400010, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400010, China
| | - Weixian Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400010, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400010, China
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Zhu J, Zhao Y, Yu L, Wang M, Li Q, Xu S. Pioglitazone restores the homocysteine‑impaired function of endothelial progenitor cells via the inhibition of the protein kinase C/NADPH oxidase pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1637-1643. [PMID: 29901193 PMCID: PMC6072150 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) has been shown to impair the migratory and adhesive activity of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). As a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist, pioglitazone (PIO) has been predicted to regulate angiogenesis, and cell adhesion, migration and survival. The aim of the present study was to determine whether PIO could inhibit Hcy-induced EPC dysfunctions such as impairments of cell migration and adhesion. EPC migration and adhesion were assayed using 8.0-µm pore size Transwell membranes and fibronectin-coated culture dishes, respectively. Hcy at a concentration of 200 µM was observed to markedly impair cell migration and adhesiveness, and PIO at a concentration of 10 µM attenuated the Hcy-mediated inhibition of EPC migration and adhesion. The mechanism of these effects may be through the inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) and reactive oxygen species production. The expression levels of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase subunits, NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2) and p67phox, were upregulated by Hcy, with a peak in levels following treatment with a concentration of 200 µM. PIO downregulated the expression levels of Nox2 and p67phox via the PKC signaling pathway. Furthermore, the mechanism of PIO associated with downregulating the p67phox and Nox2 subunits of NADPH oxidase was verified. Thus, PKC and NADPH oxidase may serve a major role in the protective effects of PIO in EPCs under conditions of high Hcy concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Yanbo Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Meihui Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Qinfeng Li
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Shengjie Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
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Battson ML, Lee DM, Jarrell DK, Hou S, Ecton KE, Weir TL, Gentile CL. Suppression of gut dysbiosis reverses Western diet-induced vascular dysfunction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 314:E468-E477. [PMID: 29351482 PMCID: PMC6048388 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00187.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction represents a critical preclinical step in the development of cardiovascular disease. We examined the role of the gut microbiota in the development of obesity-related vascular dysfunction. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a standard diet (SD) ( n = 12) or Western diet (WD) ( n = 24) for 5 mo, after which time WD mice were randomized to receive either unsupplemented drinking water or water containing a broad-spectrum antibiotic cocktail (WD + Abx) ( n = 12/group) for 2 mo. Seven months of WD caused gut dysbiosis, increased arterial stiffness (SD 412.0 ± 6.0 vs. WD 458.3 ± 9.0 cm/s, P < 0.05) and endothelial dysfunction (28% decrease in max dilation, P < 0.05), and reduced l-NAME-inhibited dilation. Vascular dysfunction was accompanied by significant increases in circulating LPS-binding protein (LBP) (SD 5.26 ± 0.23 vs. WD 11 ± 0.86 µg/ml, P < 0.05) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (SD 3.27 ± 0.25 vs. WD 7.09 ± 1.07 pg/ml, P < 0.05); aortic expression of phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB (p-NF-κB) ( P < 0.05); and perivascular adipose expression of NADPH oxidase subunit p67phox ( P < 0.05). Impairments in vascular function correlated with reductions in Bifidobacterium spp. Antibiotic treatment successfully abrogated the gut microbiota and reversed WD-induced arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction. These improvements were accompanied by significant reductions in LBP, IL-6, p-NF-κB, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and were independent from changes in body weight and glucose tolerance. These results indicate that gut dysbiosis contributes to the development of WD-induced vascular dysfunction, and identify the gut microbiota as a novel therapeutic target for obesity-related vascular abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah L Battson
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Dustin M Lee
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Dillon K Jarrell
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Shuofei Hou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Kayl E Ecton
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Tiffany L Weir
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Christopher L Gentile
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
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68
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Gabriel-Costa D. The pathophysiology of myocardial infarction-induced heart failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:277-284. [PMID: 29685587 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a multifactorial disorder and is usually the end stage of many cardiovascular diseases (CVD). HF presents one of the highest morbidity and mortality indices worldwide and high costs to public health organizations. Myocardial infarction (MI) is the most prevalent CVD in the Western world and leads to HF when its management is inadequate. It has a destructive potential for heart cells and abruptly reduces the cardiac output, a clinical condition known as heart dysfunction that might progress to HF. Many acute and chronic adaptations occur due to MI that progress to HF, e.g., neurohumoral hyperactivity, inflammatory response and cardiac remodeling. Herein, we reviewed in simplistic manner the processes involved in setting of MI until the establishment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Gabriel-Costa
- Universidade da Força Aérea, Instituto de Ciências da Atividade Física, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desempenho Humano Operacional, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
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69
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Büyüktuna SA, Doğan HO, Bakir M, Elaldi N, Gözel MG, Engin A. The protective effect and diagnostic performance of NOX-5 in Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever patients. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:543-548. [PMID: 29509132 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease. Reactive oxygen species that are mainly generated by the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) enzyme family have a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of many diseases. The serum levels of NOX isoforms in patients with CCHF have yet to be assessed. METHODS This prospective study was conducted at Cumhuriyet University, Turkey. Only patients with CCHF confirmed by the National Reference Virology Laboratory were enrolled in the study. The study subjects comprised 67 CCHF patients and 70 healthy control subjects. The quantitative sandwich ELISA technique was used for the determination of serum NOX 1, 2, 4 and 5. RESULTS Higher median median NOX-1 (P=0.001) and NOX-5 (P<0.001) levels were found in patients compared to the control group. Higher median serum NOX-5 levels were found in the low-grade disease group compared to the intermediate-high disease group according to two different severity scores (P=0.003). Negative correlations were also found between the serum NOX-5 levels and the severity scores [(P<0.05, r=-0.259), (P<0.01, r=-0.417)]. The area under the curve (AUC) values for the NOX-1 and NOX-5 were 0.67 (confidence interval: 0.58-0.75) and 0.99 (confidence interval: 0.95-1.00), respectively. Lower NOX-5 levels were found in patients receiving thrombocyte suspension (P=0.004)Conclusions. NOX-5 may have a protective effect on CCHF patients and the measurement of serum NOX-5 levels may be used as a novel biochemical test in the diagnosis of CCHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyit Ali Büyüktuna
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Halef Okan Doğan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bakir
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Nazif Elaldi
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Gökhan Gözel
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Aynur Engin
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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Guanxintai Exerts Protective Effects on Ischemic Cardiomyocytes by Mitigating Oxidative Stress. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:4534387. [PMID: 29075303 PMCID: PMC5623793 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4534387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress participates in numerous myocardial pathophysiological processes and is considered a therapeutic target for myocardial ischemia and heart failure. Guanxintai (GXT), a traditional Chinese medicine, is commonly used to treat cardiovascular disease on account of its numerous beneficial physiological activities, such as dilating coronary arteries, inhibiting platelet aggregation, and reducing the serum lipid content. However, the antioxidative properties of GXT and potential underlying mechanisms remain to be established. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of GXT on ischemic cardiomyocytes and the associated antioxidative mechanisms, both in vivo and in vitro. Notably, GXT treatment reduced the degree of cardiomyocyte injury, myocardial apoptosis, and fibrosis and partially improved cardiac function after myocardial infarction. Furthermore, GXT suppressed the level of ROS as well as expression of NADPH oxidase (NOX) and phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) proteins. Our results collectively suggest that the protective effects of GXT on ischemic cardiomyocytes are exerted through its antioxidative activity of NOX inhibition.
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Barangi S, Hayes AW, Karimi G. The more effective treatment of atrial fibrillation applying the natural compounds; as NADPH oxidase and ion channel inhibitors. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1230-1241. [PMID: 28925721 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1379000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia that occurs because of several different risk factors, e.g., valvular heart disease, coronary artery disease, age ≥75 years, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. One key risk factor that results in AF, is oxidative stress. Evidence suggests that there is a correlation between oxidative processes and the genesis of AF. Oxidative stress occurs when the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase due to excessive activity of enzymes including NADPH oxidase (NOX) and xanthine oxidase; or its degradation decrease by dysfunctional antioxidant enzyme systems, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Afterwards, elevated ROS may shift ion channel activity to increase AF susceptibility. The outbreak of AF continues to grow. Unfortunately, current treatment strategies may have limited efficacy or adverse effects. On the other hand, the inhibition of ROS formation and alteration of ion channel activity could be important therapeutic targets for prevention or treatments of AF. Additionally, many studies have been shown that several natural compounds have the ability to inhibit NADPH oxidases directly. This review focuses on natural compounds which specially inhibit NOX isoforms and have direct effects on ion channels, suggesting these compounds can be helpful in AF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Barangi
- a Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology , School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- b Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- a Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology , School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.,c Pharmaceutical Research Center , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
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Sfyri P, Matsakas A. Crossroads between peripheral atherosclerosis, western-type diet and skeletal muscle pathophysiology: emphasis on apolipoprotein E deficiency and peripheral arterial disease. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:42. [PMID: 28688452 PMCID: PMC5502081 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0346-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process that, in the presence of hyperlipidaemia, promotes the formation of atheromatous plaques in large vessels of the cardiovascular system. It also affects peripheral arteries with major implications for a number of other non-vascular tissues such as the skeletal muscle, the liver and the kidney. The aim of this review is to critically discuss and assimilate current knowledge on the impact of peripheral atherosclerosis and its implications on skeletal muscle homeostasis. Accumulating data suggests that manifestations of peripheral atherosclerosis in skeletal muscle originates in a combination of increased i)-oxidative stress, ii)-inflammation, iii)-mitochondrial deficits, iv)-altered myofibre morphology and fibrosis, v)-chronic ischemia followed by impaired oxygen supply, vi)-reduced capillary density, vii)- proteolysis and viii)-apoptosis. These structural, biochemical and pathophysiological alterations impact on skeletal muscle metabolic and physiologic homeostasis and its capacity to generate force, which further affects the individual's quality of life. Particular emphasis is given on two major areas representing basic and applied science respectively: a)-the abundant evidence from a well-recognised atherogenic model; the Apolipoprotein E deficient mouse and the role of a western-type diet and b)-on skeletal myopathy and oxidative stress-induced myofibre damage from human studies on peripheral arterial disease. A significant source of reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease is the family of NADPH oxidases that contribute to several pathologies. Finally, strategies targeting NADPH oxidases in skeletal muscle in an attempt to attenuate cellular oxidative stress are highlighted, providing a better understanding of the crossroads between peripheral atherosclerosis and skeletal muscle pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Sfyri
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Atherothrombotic & Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Antonios Matsakas
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Atherothrombotic & Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom.
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Marei H, Malliri A. Rac1 in human diseases: The therapeutic potential of targeting Rac1 signaling regulatory mechanisms. Small GTPases 2017; 8:139-163. [PMID: 27442895 PMCID: PMC5584733 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1211398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal Rac1 signaling is linked to a number of debilitating human diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. As such, Rac1 represents an attractive therapeutic target, yet the search for effective Rac1 inhibitors is still underway. Given the adverse effects associated with Rac1 signaling perturbation, cells have evolved several mechanisms to ensure the tight regulation of Rac1 signaling. Thus, characterizing these mechanisms can provide invaluable information regarding major cellular events that lead to aberrant Rac1 signaling. Importantly, this information can be utilized to further facilitate the development of effective pharmacological modulators that can restore normal Rac1 signaling. In this review, we focus on the pathological role of Rac1 signaling, highlighting the benefits and potential drawbacks of targeting Rac1 in a clinical setting. Additionally, we provide an overview of available compounds that target key Rac1 regulatory mechanisms and discuss future therapeutic avenues arising from our understanding of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadir Marei
- Cell Signaling Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Angeliki Malliri
- Cell Signaling Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Teixeira G, Szyndralewiez C, Molango S, Carnesecchi S, Heitz F, Wiesel P, Wood JM. Therapeutic potential of NADPH oxidase 1/4 inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1647-1669. [PMID: 27273790 PMCID: PMC5446584 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase (NOX) family of enzymes produces ROS as their sole function and is becoming recognized as key modulators of signal transduction pathways with a physiological role under acute stress and a pathological role after excessive activation under chronic stress. The seven isoforms differ in their regulation, tissue and subcellular localization and ROS products. The most studied are NOX1, 2 and 4. Genetic deletion of NOX1 and 4, in contrast to NOX2, has revealed no significant spontaneous pathologies and a pathogenic relevance of both NOX1 and 4 across multiple organs in a wide range of diseases and in particular inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. This has stimulated interest in NOX inhibitors for therapeutic application. GKT136901 and GKT137831 are two structurally related compounds demonstrating a preferential inhibition of NOX1 and 4 that have suitable properties for in vivo studies and have consequently been evaluated across a range of disease models and compared with gene deletion. In contrast to gene deletion, these inhibitors do not completely suppress ROS production, maintaining some basal level of ROS. Despite this and consistent with most gene deletion studies, these inhibitors are well tolerated and slow or prevent disease progression in a range of models of chronic inflammatory and fibrotic diseases by modulating common signal transduction pathways. Clinical trials in patients with GKT137831 have demonstrated excellent tolerability and reduction of various markers of chronic inflammation. NOX1/4 inhibition may provide a safe and effective therapeutic strategy for a range of inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Redox Biology and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Teixeira
- Evotec International GmbHGoettingenGermany
| | | | - S Molango
- Genkyotex SAPlan les OuatesSwitzerland
| | | | - F Heitz
- Genkyotex SAPlan les OuatesSwitzerland
| | - P Wiesel
- Genkyotex SAPlan les OuatesSwitzerland
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75
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Kim YM, Kim SJ, Tatsunami R, Yamamura H, Fukai T, Ushio-Fukai M. ROS-induced ROS release orchestrated by Nox4, Nox2, and mitochondria in VEGF signaling and angiogenesis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 312:C749-C764. [PMID: 28424170 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00346.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from NADPH oxidase (NOX) and mitochondria play a critical role in growth factor-induced switch from a quiescent to an angiogenic phenotype in endothelial cells (ECs). However, how highly diffusible ROS produced from different sources can coordinate to stimulate VEGF signaling and drive the angiogenic process remains unknown. Using the cytosol- and mitochondria-targeted redox-sensitive RoGFP biosensors with real-time imaging, here we show that VEGF stimulation in human ECs rapidly increases cytosolic RoGFP oxidation within 1 min, followed by mitochondrial RoGFP oxidation within 5 min, which continues at least for 60 min. Silencing of Nox4 or Nox2 or overexpression of mitochondria-targeted catalase significantly inhibits VEGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of VEGF receptor type 2 (VEGFR2-pY), EC migration and proliferation at the similar extent. Exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or overexpression of Nox4, which produces H2O2, increases mitochondrial ROS (mtROS), which is prevented by Nox2 siRNA, suggesting that Nox2 senses Nox4-derived H2O2 to promote mtROS production. Mechanistically, H2O2 increases S36 phosphorylation of p66Shc, a key mtROS regulator, which is inhibited by siNox2, but not by siNox4. Moreover, Nox2 or Nox4 knockdown or overexpression of S36 phosphorylation-defective mutant p66Shc(S36A) inhibits VEGF-induced mtROS, VEGFR2-pY, EC migration, and proliferation. In summary, Nox4-derived H2O2 in part activates Nox2 to increase mtROS via pSer36-p66Shc, thereby enhancing VEGFR2 signaling and angiogenesis in ECs. This may represent a novel feed-forward mechanism of ROS-induced ROS release orchestrated by the Nox4/Nox2/pSer36-p66Shc/mtROS axis, which drives sustained activation of angiogenesis signaling program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mee Kim
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Seok-Jo Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ryosuke Tatsunami
- School of Pharmacy, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University, Hokkaido, Japan; and.,Department of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hisao Yamamura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tohru Fukai
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Masuko Ushio-Fukai
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; .,Department of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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76
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Xu S, Zhao Y, Jin C, Yu L, Ding F, Fu G, Zhu J. PKC/NADPH oxidase are involved in the protective effect of pioglitazone in high homocysteine-induced paracrine dyfunction in endothelial progenitor cells. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:1037-1048. [PMID: 28386331 PMCID: PMC5375996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that EPCs improve neovascularization and endothelial regeneration via the production of paracrine factors. VEGF and IL-8 are major cytokines involved in EPC-mediated angiogenesis and re-endothelialization. In our previous studies, Hcy impaired EPC migratory and adhesive activities. We devised this study to determine whether Hcy could affect the expression and secretion of VEGF and IL-8 from EPCs. We found that high levels of Hcy (100-500 μM) decreased the EPC-mediated protein secretion and mRNA expression of VEGF and IL-8. Moreover, PIO, a PPARγ agonist, has been suggested to regulate EPC adhesion, migration, survival. In this study, PIO normalized the production of these cytokines by EPCs stimulated with Hcy. These effects of Hcy and PIO were primarily mediated by PKC and ROS via NADPH oxidase. We further confirmed this mechanism via knockdown of the NADPH oxidase subunits p67phox and Nox2. Furthermore, the PPARγ inhibitor GW9662 was not observed to abrogate the beneficial effect of PIO, indicating that PIO protected EPC paracrine function against Hcy in a PPARγ-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Yanbo Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Chongying Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Fang Ding
- The Province Center for Cardio-Cerebral-Vascular Disease, Zhejiang Hospital Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guosheng Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Junhui Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310016, China
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Carrizzo A, Vecchione C, Damato A, di Nonno F, Ambrosio M, Pompeo F, Cappello E, Capocci L, Peruzzi M, Valenti V, Biondi-Zoccai G, Marullo AGM, Palmerio S, Carnevale R, Spinelli CC, Puca AA, Rubattu S, Volpe M, Sadoshima J, Frati G, Sciarretta S. Rac1 Pharmacological Inhibition Rescues Human Endothelial Dysfunction. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.116.004746. [PMID: 28246076 PMCID: PMC5524008 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Endothelial dysfunction contributes significantly to the development of vascular diseases. However, a therapy able to reduce this derangement still needs to be identified. We evaluated the effects of pharmacological inhibition of Rac1, a small GTPase protein promoting oxidative stress, in human endothelial dysfunction. Methods and Results We performed vascular reactivity studies to test the effects of NSC23766, a Rac1 inhibitor, on endothelium‐dependent vasorelaxation of saphenous vein segments collected from 85 subjects who had undergone surgery for venous insufficiency and from 11 patients who had undergone peripheral vascular surgery. The endothelium‐dependent vasorelaxation of the varicose segments of saphenous veins collected from patients with venous insufficiency was markedly impaired and was also significantly lower than that observed in control nonvaricose vein tracts from the same veins. Rac1 activity, reactive oxygen species levels, and reduced nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity were significantly increased in varicose veins, and NSC23766 was able to significantly improve endothelium‐dependent vasorelaxation of dysfunctional saphenous vein portions in a nitric oxide–dependent manner. These effects were paralleled by a significant reduction of NADPH oxidase activity and activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Finally, we further corroborated this data by demonstrating that Rac1 inhibition significantly improves venous endothelial function and reduces NADPH oxidase activity in saphenous vein grafts harvested from patients with vascular diseases undergoing peripheral bypass surgery. Conclusions Rac1 pharmacological inhibition rescues endothelial function and reduces oxidative stress in dysfunctional veins. Rac1 inhibition may represent a potential therapeutic intervention to reduce human endothelial dysfunction and subsequently vascular diseases in various clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmine Vecchione
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy .,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mariangela Peruzzi
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | - Valentina Valenti
- Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy.,Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | - Antonino G M Marullo
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | - Silvia Palmerio
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | - Roberto Carnevale
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | | | - Annibale A Puca
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), Italy.,IRCCS Multimedica S.p.A, Milan, Italy
| | - Speranza Rubattu
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Volpe
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Giacomo Frati
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy.,Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy.,Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
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78
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Demethoxycurcumin Preserves Renovascular Function by Downregulating COX-2 Expression in Hypertension. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:9045736. [PMID: 28105253 PMCID: PMC5220467 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9045736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension-associated endothelial dysfunction is largely due to the exaggerated vasoconstrictor generation by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). COX-2 is induced under inflammatory condition. Demethoxycurcumin (DMC) is a major component of Curcuma longa L, which possesses anti-inflammatory action. This study aimed to examine whether DMC protects endothelial function in hypertension by modulating COX-2. Changes in isometric tension showed that in vivo and ex vivo treatment with DMC rescued the attenuated endothelium-dependent relaxations (EDRs) and elevated endothelium-dependent contractions (EDCs) in the renal arteries of SHR, which were also corrected by acute usage of the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib. The restoration of renovascular activity by DMC was accompanied by the normalization of COX-2 expression. The enhanced COX-2 expression observed in the renal arteries of hypertensive patients was suppressed by incubation of excised arteries with DMC for 12 hrs. In the renal arteries of Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY), DMC prevented the endothelial dysfunction caused by angiotensin II. The reduction in the generation of nitric oxide (NO) and expression of eNOS phosphorylation (Ser1177) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells caused by angiotensin II (Ang II) were restored by DMC or celecoxib. Our findings suggest that DMC may decrease COX-2 expression and improve endothelial function in hypertension.
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79
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Feng F, Jin Y, Duan L, Yan Z, Wang S, Li F, Liu Y, Samet JM, Wu W. Regulation of ozone-induced lung inflammation by the epidermal growth factor receptor in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:2016-2027. [PMID: 26464147 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to the highly reactive oxidant gas Ozone (O3 ) is associated with inflammatory responses in the airway epithelium. The mechanisms responsible have not been fully elucidated. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has previously been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of lung inflammation. To define the role of EGFR in O3 -induced lung inflammation in mice. 40 BALB/c mice were exposed to filtered air (FA) or (0.25, 0.5, 1.00 ppm) O3 for 3 h per day for 7 consecutive days. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), EGF, and transforming growth factor α (TGF-α) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of mice were measured using ELISA. BALB/c mice were intratracheally instilled with the EGFR kinase inhibitor PD153035 2 h prior to O3 exposure and every other day thereafter. Phosphorylation of EGFR (Y1068) in lung sections was determined using immunohistochemical staining and western blot 24 h after exposure. Inhalation of O3 induced pronounced lung inflammation in a dose-dependent manner. Levels of ROS, TGF-α, and total proteins and cells in the BALF of mice exposed to 0.5 ppm or 1.0 ppm of O3 were markedly elevated relative to those in the BALF of the mice exposed to FA. In addition, exposure to O3 induced EGFR(Y1068) phosphorylation in the airway epithelium. Administration of PD153035 resulted in a significantly reduced lung inflammation as well as EGFR phosphorylation induced by O3 exposure. Inhalation of O3 leads to inflammatory responses that are dependent on the activation the EGFR in the airway epithelium. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 2016-2027, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Feng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liju Duan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhen Yan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shouying Wang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - James M Samet
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Weidong Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, China
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80
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Reis JF, Monteiro VVS, de Souza Gomes R, do Carmo MM, da Costa GV, Ribera PC, Monteiro MC. Action mechanism and cardiovascular effect of anthocyanins: a systematic review of animal and human studies. J Transl Med 2016; 14:315. [PMID: 27846846 PMCID: PMC5111351 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are an important cause of death worldwide. Anthocyanins are a subgroup of flavonoids found in berries, flowers, fruits and leaves. In epidemiological and clinical studies, these polyphenols have been associated with improved cardiovascular risk profiles as well as decreased comorbidities. Human intervention studies using berries, vegetables, parts of plants and cereals (either fresh or as juice) or purified anthocyanin-rich extracts have demonstrated significant improvements in low density lipoproteins oxidation, lipid peroxidation, total plasma antioxidant capacity, and dyslipidemia as well as reduced levels of CVD molecular biomarkers. This review discusses the use of anthocyanins in animal models and their applications in human medicine, as dietary supplements or as new potent drugs against cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordano Ferreira Reis
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém, PA, 66075900, Brazil
| | | | - Rafaelli de Souza Gomes
- Pharmaceutical Science Post-Graduation Program, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém, PA, 66075900, Brazil
| | - Matheus Moraes do Carmo
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém, PA, 66075900, Brazil
| | - Glauber Vilhena da Costa
- Pharmaceutical Science Post-Graduation Program, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém, PA, 66075900, Brazil
| | - Paula Cardoso Ribera
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém, PA, 66075900, Brazil
| | - Marta Chagas Monteiro
- Pharmaceutical Science Post-Graduation Program, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém, PA, 66075900, Brazil.
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81
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Perassa LA, Graton ME, Potje SR, Troiano JA, Lima MS, Vale GT, Pereira AAF, Nakamune ACMS, Sumida DH, Tirapelli CR, Bendhack LM, Antoniali C. Apocynin reduces blood pressure and restores the proper function of vascular endothelium in SHR. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 87:38-48. [PMID: 27353052 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study has evaluated how the vascular endothelium of hypertensive rats chronically treated with apocynin affects acetylcholine (ACh), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and phenylephrine (PE) action on the nitric oxide (NO) signal transduction pathway in endothelial (EC) and vascular smooth muscle cells. Treatment with apocynin significantly reduced the mean arterial pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In addition, apocynin improved the impaired ACh hypotensive effect on SHR. Although systemic oxidative stress was high in SHR, SHR treated with apocynin and normotensive rats presented similar systemic oxidative stress levels. Endothelium significantly blunted PE contractions in intact aortas of treated SHR. The ACh effect was impaired in resistance arteries and aortas of SHR, but this same effect was improved in treated SHR. The SNP potency was higher in intact resistance arteries of treated SHR than in intact resistance arteries of untreated SHR. NO and calcium concentrations increased, whereas reactive oxygen species levels decreased in EC of treated SHR. Aortas of untreated and treated SHR did not differ in terms of sGC alpha or beta units expression. Aorta of treated SHR expressed higher eNOS levels as compared to aorta of untreated SHR. The study groups did not differ with respect to NOX1, NOXO1, or NOX4 expression. However, treatment with apocynin normalized overexpression of NOX2 and its subunit p47phox in aortas of SHR. Based on all the results presented in this study, we suggest apocynin increases NO biovailability by different mechanisms, restoring the proper function of vascular endothelium in SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia A Perassa
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, SBFis, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Murilo E Graton
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, SBFis, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone R Potje
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, SBFis, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jéssica A Troiano
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, SBFis, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana S Lima
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel T Vale
- Department of Psychiatry Nursing and Human Sciences, College of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, USP - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ariana A F Pereira
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, SBFis, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Claúdia M S Nakamune
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, SBFis, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Doris H Sumida
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, SBFis, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Tirapelli
- Department of Psychiatry Nursing and Human Sciences, College of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, USP - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lusiane M Bendhack
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, USP - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Antoniali
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, SBFis, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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82
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The CYBA Gene (⁎)49A>G Polymorphism (rs7195830) Is Associated with Hypertension in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1539671. [PMID: 27314008 PMCID: PMC4895038 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1539671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the CYBA gene may modify the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the ⁎49A>G (rs7195830) polymorphism is associated with CAD. Materials and Methods. CYBA gene ⁎49A>G polymorphism was determined in 481 subjects: 242 patients with premature CAD and 239 age and sex matched controls using the fluorescently labeled allele-specific oligonucleotides method. Results. The frequency of the ⁎49G allele carrier state was significantly higher in patients than in controls (84.8% versus 76.6%, resp., P = 0.020), as well as the frequency of the ⁎49G allele (62.2% versus 54.0%, P = 0.009). Both factors were associated with CAD in the analyzed population (OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.04–2.76 for GG+AG versus AA and OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.08–1.83 for ⁎49G versus ⁎49A). Carrier state of the ⁎49G allele was a stronger and independent risk factor for CAD among women (OR = 4.35, 95% CI: 1.50–13.20, P = 0.002), as well as the ⁎49G allele (OR = 2.25, 95% CI: 1.34–3.77, P = 0.001). The ⁎49G allele carrier state was also associated with left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with coronary artery disease (P = 0.015). Conclusion. The CYBA gene ⁎49A>G polymorphism modifies the risk of coronary artery disease.
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83
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Smith RM, Kruzliak P, Adamcikova Z, Zulli A. Role of Nox inhibitors plumbagin, ML090 and gp91ds-tat peptide on homocysteine thiolactone induced blood vessel dysfunction. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 42:860-4. [PMID: 25998981 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants have not reduced the burden of cardiovascular disease, and current evidence suggests a beneficial role of oxidative stress, via NADPH oxidase (Nox) upregulation, in endothelial function. Homocysteine thiolactone (HcyT) induces blood vessel dysfunction and this correlates with increased vascular oxidative stress. This study aimed to determine if pharmacological inhibition of Nox could impair HcyT induced blood vessel dysfunction. Abdominal aorta were excised from New Zealand White rabbits (n = 6), cut into rings and sequentially mounted in organ baths. Rings were preincubated with 0.55 μmol/L homocysteine thiolactone for 1 h, or combinations of putative Nox inhibitors (plumbagin for Nox4, gp91ds-tat for Nox2, and ML090 for Nox1), 30 min prior to the addition of HcyT, followed by a dose response curve to acetylcholine on phenylephrine preconstricted rings. Plumbagin, ML090 + gp91ds-tat and HcyT reduced responses to acetylcholine, and Plumbagin + Hcyt caused constriction to acetylcholine, which was normalised to plumbagin by ML090. Plumbagin + ML090 or plumbagin + gp91ds-tat completely impaired the effect of acetylcholine. ML090 inhibited the effect of HcyT on reduced response to acetylcholine, whereas gp91ds-tat had no effect. This study concludes that inhibition of Nox1 prevents, whereas inhibition of Nox4 worsens, acetylcholine induced blood vessel relaxation caused by HcyT, while Nox2 inhibition has no effect. However combinations of Nox inhibitors worsen acetylcholine induced blood vessel relaxation. These results suggest that there is cross-talk between Nox isoforms during physiological and pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee M Smith
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, Western CHRE, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans, Vic., Australia
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, International Clinical Research Center, St Anne's University Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Adamcikova
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, Western CHRE, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans, Vic., Australia
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Hu H, Wang C, Jin Y, Meng Q, Liu Q, Liu K, Sun H. Alpha-lipoic acid defends homocysteine-induced endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress in HAECs. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 80:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Inhibition of NAPDH Oxidase 2 (NOX2) Prevents Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Abnormalities Caused by Saturated Fat in Cardiomyocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145750. [PMID: 26756466 PMCID: PMC4710525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and high saturated fat intake increase the risk of heart failure and arrhythmias. The molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. We hypothesized that physiologic levels of saturated fat could increase mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cardiomyocytes, leading to abnormalities of calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial function. We investigated the effect of saturated fat on mitochondrial function and calcium homeostasis in isolated ventricular myocytes. The saturated fatty acid palmitate causes a decrease in mitochondrial respiration in cardiomyocytes. Palmitate, but not the monounsaturated fatty acid oleate, causes an increase in both total cellular ROS and mitochondrial ROS. Palmitate depolarizes the mitochondrial inner membrane and causes mitochondrial calcium overload by increasing sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium leak. Inhibitors of PKC or NOX2 prevent mitochondrial dysfunction and the increase in ROS, demonstrating that PKC-NOX2 activation is also required for amplification of palmitate induced-ROS. Cardiomyocytes from mice with genetic deletion of NOX2 do not have palmitate-induced ROS or mitochondrial dysfunction. We conclude that palmitate induces mitochondrial ROS that is amplified by NOX2, causing greater mitochondrial ROS generation and partial depolarization of the mitochondrial inner membrane. The abnormal sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium leak caused by palmitate could promote arrhythmia and heart failure. NOX2 inhibition is a potential therapy for heart disease caused by diabetes or obesity.
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Cowley AW, Yang C, Zheleznova NN, Staruschenko A, Kurth T, Rein L, Kumar V, Sadovnikov K, Dayton A, Hoffman M, Ryan RP, Skelton MM, Salehpour F, Ranji M, Geurts A. Evidence of the Importance of Nox4 in Production of Hypertension in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats. Hypertension 2015; 67:440-50. [PMID: 26644237 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the consequences of knocking out NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase 4 (Nox4) on the development of hypertension and kidney injury in the Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rat. Zinc finger nuclease injection of single-cell SS embryos was used to create an 8 base-pair frame-shift deletion of Nox4, resulting in a loss of the ≈68 kDa band in Western blot analysis of renal cortical tissue of the knock out of Nox4 in the SS rat (SS(Nox4-/-)) rats. SS(Nox4-/-) rats exhibited a significant reduction of salt-induced hypertension compared with SS rats after 21 days of 4.0% NaCl diet (134±5 versus 151±3 mm Hg in SS) and a significant reduction of albuminuria, tubular casts, and glomerular injury. Optical fluorescence 3-dimensional cryoimaging revealed significantly higher redox ratios (NADH/FAD [reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/flavin adenine dinucleotide]) in the kidneys of SS(Nox4-/-) rats even when fed the 0.4% NaCl diet, indicating greater levels of mitochondrial electron transport chain metabolic activity and reduced oxidative stress compared with SS rats. Before the development of hypertension, RNA expression levels of Nox subunits Nox2, p67(phox), and p22(phox) were found to be significantly lower (P<0.05) in SS(Nox4-/-) compared with SS rats in the renal cortex. Thus, the mutation of Nox4 seems to modify transcription of several genes in ways that contribute to the protective effects observed in the SS(Nox4-/-) rats. We conclude that the reduced renal injury and attenuated blood pressure response to high salt in the SS(Nox4-/-) rat could be the result of multiple pathways, including gene transcription, mitochondrial energetics, oxidative stress, and protein matrix production impacted by the knock out of Nox4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen W Cowley
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.).
| | - Chun Yang
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
| | - Nadezhda N Zheleznova
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
| | - Alexander Staruschenko
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
| | - Theresa Kurth
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
| | - Lisa Rein
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
| | - Vikash Kumar
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
| | - Katherine Sadovnikov
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
| | - Alex Dayton
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
| | - Matthew Hoffman
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
| | - Robert P Ryan
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
| | - Meredith M Skelton
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
| | - Fahimeh Salehpour
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
| | - Mahsa Ranji
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
| | - Aron Geurts
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
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Craige SM, Kant S, Reif M, Chen K, Pei Y, Angoff R, Sugamura K, Fitzgibbons T, Keaney JF. Endothelial NADPH oxidase 4 protects ApoE-/- mice from atherosclerotic lesions. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:1-7. [PMID: 26169727 PMCID: PMC4783146 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Vascular reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to be involved in atherosclerosis development and progression. NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) is a constitutively active ROS-producing enzyme that is highly expressed in the vascular endothelium. Nox4 is unique in its biology and has been implicated in vascular repair, however, the role of Nox4 in atherosclerosis is unknown. Therefore, to determine the effect of endothelial Nox4 on development of atherosclerosis, Apoe E-/- mice +/- endothelial Nox4 (ApoE-/- + EC Nox4) were fed a high cholesterol/high fat (Western) diet for 24 weeks. Significantly fewer atherosclerotic lesions were observed in the ApoE-/- + EC Nox4 mice as compared to the ApoE-/- littermates, which was most striking in the abdominal region of the aorta. In addition, markers of T cell populations were markedly different between the groups; T regulatory cell marker (FoxP3) was increased whereas T effector cell marker (T-bet) was decreased in aorta from ApoE-/- + EC Nox4 mice compared to ApoE-/- alone. We also observed decreased monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG; CXCL9), a cytokine known to recruit and activate T cells, in plasma and tissue from ApoE-/- + EC Nox4 mice. To further investigate the link between endothelial Nox4 and MIG expression, we utilized cultured endothelial cells from our EC Nox4 transgenic mice and human cells with adenoviral overexpression of Nox4. In these cultured cells, upregulation of Nox4 attenuated endothelial cell MIG expression in response to interferon-gamma. Together these data suggest that endothelial Nox4 expression reduces MIG production and promotes a T cell distribution that favors repair over inflammation, leading to protection from atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan M Craige
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Shashi Kant
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Michaella Reif
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kai Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Yongmei Pei
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca Angoff
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Koichi Sugamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kumamoto University Hospital, Japan
| | - Timothy Fitzgibbons
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - John F Keaney
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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88
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Sánchez-Gómez FJ, Calvo E, Bretón-Romero R, Fierro-Fernández M, Anilkumar N, Shah AM, Schröder K, Brandes RP, Vázquez J, Lamas S. NOX4-dependent Hydrogen peroxide promotes shear stress-induced SHP2 sulfenylation and eNOS activation. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:419-30. [PMID: 26427883 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Laminar shear stress (LSS) triggers signals that ultimately result in atheroprotection and vasodilatation. Early responses are related to the activation of specific signaling cascades. We investigated the participation of redox-mediated modifications and in particular the role of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the sulfenylation of redox-sensitive phosphatases. Exposure of vascular endothelial cells to short periods of LSS (12 dyn/cm(2)) resulted in the generation of superoxide radical anion as detected by the formation of 2-hydroxyethidium by HPLC and its subsequent conversion to H2O2, which was corroborated by the increase in the fluorescence of the specific peroxide sensor HyPer. By using biotinylated dimedone we detected increased total protein sulfenylation in the bovine proteome, which was dependent on NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4)-mediated generation of peroxide. Mass spectrometry analysis allowed us to identify the phosphatase SHP2 as a protein susceptible to sulfenylation under LSS. Given the dependence of FAK activity on SHP2 function, we explored the role of FAK under LSS conditions. FAK activation and subsequent endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation were promoted by LSS and both processes were dependent on NOX4, as demonstrated in lung endothelial cells isolated from NOX4-null mice. These results support the idea that LSS elicits redox-sensitive signal transduction responses involving NOX4-dependent generation of hydrogen peroxide, SHP2 sulfenylation, and ulterior FAK-mediated eNOS activation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Blotting, Western
- Cattle
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NADPH Oxidase 4
- NADPH Oxidases/physiology
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Oxidants/pharmacology
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11/chemistry
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Stress, Mechanical
- Sulfenic Acids/chemistry
- Superoxides
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Sánchez-Gómez
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" CSIC-UAM, Campus Universidad Autónoma, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Calvo
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Bretón-Romero
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" CSIC-UAM, Campus Universidad Autónoma, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Fierro-Fernández
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" CSIC-UAM, Campus Universidad Autónoma, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Narayana Anilkumar
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Ajay M Shah
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Katrin Schröder
- Vascular Research Centre, Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- Vascular Research Centre, Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Lamas
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" CSIC-UAM, Campus Universidad Autónoma, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
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89
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Genetic Variants of Cytochrome b-245, Alpha Polypeptide Gene and Premature Acute Myocardial Infarction Risk in an Iranian Population. J Med Biochem 2015; 34:402-408. [PMID: 28356848 PMCID: PMC4922355 DOI: 10.2478/jomb-2014-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress induced by superoxide anion plays critical roles in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD) and hence acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The major source of superoxide production in vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells is the NADPH oxidase complex. An essential component of this complex is p22phox, that is encoded by the cytochrome b-245, alpha polypeptide (CYBA) gene. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of CYBA variants (rs1049255 and rs4673) and premature acute myocardial infarction risk in an Iranian population. Methods The study population consisted of 158 patients under the age of 50 years, with a diagnosis of premature AMI, and 168 age-matched controls with normal coronary angiograms. Genotyping of the polymorphisms was performed by the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results There was no association between the genotypes and allele frequencies of rs4673 polymorphism and premature acute myocardial infarction (P>0.05). A significant statistical association was observed between the genotypes distribution of rs1049255 polymorphism and AMI risk (P=0.037). Furthermore, the distribution of AA+AG/GG genotypes was found to be statistically significant between the two groups (P=0.011). Conclusions Our findings indicated that rs1049255 but not rs4673 polymorphism is associated with premature AMI.
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90
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Liu T, Shao Q, Korantzopoulos P, Liu E, Xu G, Li G. Serum levels of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 are associated with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Biomed Rep 2015; 3:864-868. [PMID: 26623031 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX)-derived reactive oxygen species have a pivotal role in the development of atrial fibrillation (AF). The present study aimed to investigate the potential association between serum levels of NOX4, as well as inflammatory biomarkers and AF. In total, 108 patients with AF (71 with paroxysmal AF and 37 with persistent/permanent AF) and 68 patients without AF, as the controls, were enrolled. The demographic, clinical, laboratory, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic characteristics were carefully recorded. Serum levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and NOX4 were assessed. Left atrial diameter (LAD), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and P-wave dispersion were significantly increased in patients with paroxysmal AF and persistent/permanent AF compared with the controls, while NOX4 levels were significantly higher in patients with paroxysmal AF and persistent/permanent AF compared to the controls (155.57±90 and 155.88±64.79 vs. 126.72±23.51 pg/ml, respectively, P<0.05). A significant correlation between serum NOX4 levels and hs-CRP, and between NOX4 levels and MPO was also evident (r=0.170; r=0.227, P<0.05, respectively). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the baseline serum NOX4 level was independently associated with paroxysmal AF [odds ratio (OR)=1.014; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.001-1.027; P<0.05] and with persistent/permanent AF (OR=1.022; 95% CI, 1.000-1.044; P<0.05). There appears to be an association between increased NOX4 levels and AF, suggesting NOX4 involvement in the pathophysiology of human AF. Further studies are required to elucidate its role in atrial remodeling and to examine its potential prognostic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Qingmiao Shao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | | | - Enzhao Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Gang Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Guangping Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
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91
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Thengchaisri N, Hein TW, Ren Y, Kuo L. Endothelin-1 impairs coronary arteriolar dilation: Role of p38 kinase-mediated superoxide production from NADPH oxidase. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015. [PMID: 26211713 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoactive peptide, are implicated as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases by exerting vasoconstriction. The aim of this study was to address whether ET-1, at sub-vasomotor concentrations, elicits adverse effects on coronary microvascular function. Porcine coronary arterioles (50-100μm) were isolated, cannulated and pressurized without flow for in vitro study. Diameter changes were recorded using a videomicrometer. Arterioles developed basal tone (60±3μm) and dilated to the endothelium-dependent nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vasodilators serotonin (1nmol/L to 0.1μmol/L) and adenosine (1nmol/L to 10μmol/L). Treating the vessels with a clinically relevant sub-vasomotor concentration of ET-1 (10pmol/L, 60min) significantly attenuated arteriolar dilations to adenosine and serotonin but not to endothelium-independent vasodilator sodium nitroprusside. The arteriolar wall contains ETA receptors and the adverse effect of ET-1 was prevented by ETA receptor antagonist BQ123, the superoxide scavenger Tempol, the NADPH oxidase inhibitors apocynin and VAS2870, the NOX2-based NADPH oxidase inhibitor gp91 ds-tat, or the p38 kinase inhibitor SB203580. However, ETB receptor antagonist BQ788, H2O2 scavenger catalase, scrambled gp91 ds-tat, or inhibitors of xanthine oxidase (allopurinol), PKC (Gö 6983), Rho kinase (Y27632), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SP600125) did not protect the vessel. Immunohistochemical staining showed that ET-1 elicited Tempol-, apocynin- and SB203580-sensitive superoxide productions in the arteriolar wall. Our results indicate that exposure of coronary arterioles to a pathophysiological, sub-vasomotor concentration of ET-1 leads to vascular dysfunction by impairing endothelium-dependent NO-mediated dilation via p38 kinase-mediated production of superoxide from NADPH oxidase following ETA receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naris Thengchaisri
- Department of Medical Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA; Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Travis W Hein
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Lih Kuo
- Department of Medical Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA; Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
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92
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Santillo M, Colantuoni A, Mondola P, Guida B, Damiano S. NOX signaling in molecular cardiovascular mechanisms involved in the blood pressure homeostasis. Front Physiol 2015. [PMID: 26217233 PMCID: PMC4493385 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood pressure homeostasis is maintained by several mechanisms regulating cardiac output, vascular resistances, and blood volume. At cellular levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling is involved in multiple molecular mechanisms controlling blood pressure. Among ROS producing systems, NADPH oxidases (NOXs), expressed in different cells of the cardiovascular system, are the most important enzymes clearly linked to the development of hypertension. NOXs exert a central role in cardiac mechanosensing, endothelium-dependent relaxation, and Angiotensin-II (Ang-II) redox signaling regulating vascular tone. The central role of NOXs in redox-dependent cardiovascular cell functions renders these enzymes a promising pharmacological target for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension. The aim of the present review is to focus on the physiological role of the cardiovascular NOX-generating ROS in the molecular and cellular mechanisms affecting blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria Santillo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II" Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Colantuoni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II" Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Mondola
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II" Naples, Italy
| | - Bruna Guida
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II" Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Damiano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II" Naples, Italy
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Zhang YS, Liu B, Luo XJ, Li TB, Zhang JJ, Peng JJ, Zhang XJ, Ma QL, Hu CP, Li YJ, Peng J, Li Q. Nuclear cardiac myosin light chain 2 modulates NADPH oxidase 2 expression in myocardium: a novel function beyond muscle contraction. Basic Res Cardiol 2015; 110:38. [PMID: 25982880 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-015-0494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) expression in myocardium after ischemia-reperfusion (IR) is significantly upregulated. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. This study aims to determine if nuclear cardiac myosin light chain 2 (MYL2), a well-known regulatory subunit of myosin, functions as a transcription factor to promote NOX2 expression following myocardial IR in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. We examined the phosphorylation status of nuclear MYL2 (p-MYL2) in a rat model of myocardial IR (left main coronary artery subjected to 1 h ligation and 3 h reperfusion) injury, which showed IR injury and upregulated NOX2 expression as expected, accompanied by elevated H₂O₂ and nuclear p-MYL2 levels; these effects were attenuated by inhibition of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). Next, we explored the functional relationship of nuclear p-MYL2 with NOX2 expression in H9c2 cell model of hypoxia-reoxygenation (HR) injury. In agreement with our in vivo findings, HR treatment increased apoptosis, NOX2 expression, nuclear p-MYL2 and H₂O₂ levels, and the increases were ameliorated by inhibition of MLCK or knockdown of MYL2. Finally, molecular biology techniques including co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), DNA pull-down and luciferase reporter gene assay were utilized to decipher the molecular mechanisms. We found that nuclear p-MYL2 binds to the consensus sequence AGCTCC in NOX2 gene promoter, interacts with RNA polymerase II and transcription factor IIB to form a transcription preinitiation complex, and thus activates NOX2 gene transcription. Our results demonstrate that nuclear MYL2 plays an important role in IR injury by transcriptionally upregulating NOX2 expression to enhance oxidative stress in a phosphorylation-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shuai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
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94
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Rodrigues-Diez RR, Garcia-Redondo AB, Orejudo M, Rodrigues-Diez R, Briones AM, Bosch-Panadero E, Kery G, Pato J, Ortiz A, Salaices M, Egido J, Ruiz-Ortega M. The C-terminal module IV of connective tissue growth factor, through EGFR/Nox1 signaling, activates the NF-κB pathway and proinflammatory factors in vascular smooth muscle cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:29-47. [PMID: 25065408 PMCID: PMC4270131 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) is a developmental gene upregulated in pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, whose product is a matricellular protein that can be degraded to biologically active fragments. Among them, the C-terminal module IV [CCN2(IV)] regulates many cellular functions, but there are no data about redox process. Therefore, we investigated whether CCN2(IV) through redox signaling regulates vascular responses. RESULTS CCN2(IV) increased superoxide anion (O2(•-)) production in murine aorta (ex vivo and in vivo) and in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In isolated murine aorta, CCN2(IV), via O2(•-), increased phenylephrine-induced vascular contraction. CCN2(IV) in vivo regulated several redox-related processes in mice aorta, including increased nonphagocytic NAD(P)H oxidases (Nox)1 activity, protein nitrosylation, endothelial dysfunction, and activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway and its related proinflammatory factors. The role of Nox1 in CCN2(IV)-mediated vascular responses in vivo was investigated by gene silencing. The administration of a Nox1 morpholino diminished aortic O2(•-) production, endothelial dysfunction, NF-κB activation, and overexpression of proinflammatory genes in CCN2(IV)-injected mice. The link CCN2(IV)/Nox1/NF-κB/inflammation was confirmed in cultured VSMCs. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a known CCN2 receptor. In VSMCs, CCN2(IV) activates EGFR signaling. Moreover, EGFR kinase inhibition blocked vascular responses in CCN2(IV)-injected mice. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION CCN2(IV) is a novel prooxidant factor that in VSMCs induces O2(•-) production via EGFR/Nox1 activation. Our in vivo data demonstrate that CCN2(IV) through EGFR/Nox1 signaling pathway induces endothelial dysfunction and activation of the NF-κB inflammatory pathway. Therefore, CCN2(IV) could be considered a potential therapeutic target for redox-related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl R Rodrigues-Diez
- 1 Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid , Madrid, Spain
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95
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Brand S, Amann K, Mandel P, Zimnol A, Schupp N. Oxidative DNA damage in kidneys and heart of hypertensive mice is prevented by blocking angiotensin II and aldosterone receptors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115715. [PMID: 25551569 PMCID: PMC4297153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recently, we could show that angiotensin II, the reactive peptide of the blood pressure-regulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system, causes the formation of reactive oxygen species and DNA damage in kidneys and hearts of hypertensive mice. To further investigate on the one hand the mechanism of DNA damage caused by angiotensin II, and on the other hand possible intervention strategies against end-organ damage, the effects of substances interfering with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system on angiotensin II-induced genomic damage were studied. Methods In C57BL/6-mice, hypertension was induced by infusion of 600 ng/kg • min angiotensin II. The animals were additionally treated with the angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker candesartan, the mineralocorticoid receptor blocker eplerenone and the antioxidant tempol. DNA damage and the activation of transcription factors were studied by immunohistochemistry and protein expression analysis. Results Administration of angiotensin II led to a significant increase of blood pressure, decreased only by candesartan. In kidneys and hearts of angiotensin II-treated animals, significant oxidative stress could be detected (1.5-fold over control). The redox-sensitive transcription factors Nrf2 and NF-κB were activated in the kidney by angiotensin II-treatment (4- and 3-fold over control, respectively) and reduced by all interventions. In kidneys and hearts an increase of DNA damage (3- and 2-fold over control, respectively) and of DNA repair (3-fold over control) was found. These effects were ameliorated by all interventions in both organs. Consistently, candesartan and tempol were more effective than eplerenone. Conclusion Angiotensin II-induced DNA damage is caused by angiotensin II type 1 receptor-mediated formation of oxidative stress in vivo. The angiotensin II-mediated physiological increase of aldosterone adds to the DNA-damaging effects. Blocking angiotensin II and mineralocorticoid receptors therefore has beneficial effects on end-organ damage independent of blood pressure normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Brand
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Mandel
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Zimnol
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole Schupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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96
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Abstract
In the past several years, it has been demonstrated that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) may act as intracellular signalling molecules to activate or inhibit specific signalling pathways and regulate physiological cellular functions. It is now well-established that ROS regulate autophagy, an intracellular degradation process. However, the signalling mechanisms through which ROS modulate autophagy in a regulated manner have only been minimally clarified. NADPH oxidase (Nox) enzymes are membrane-bound enzymatic complexes responsible for the dedicated generation of ROS. Different isoforms of Nox exist with different functions. Recent studies demonstrated that Nox-derived ROS can promote autophagy, with Nox2 and Nox4 representing the isoforms of Nox implicated thus far. Nox2- and Nox4-dependent autophagy plays an important role in the elimination of pathogens by phagocytes and in the regulation of vascular- and cancer-cell survival. Interestingly, we recently found that Nox is also important for autophagy regulation in cardiomyocytes. We found that Nox4, but not Nox2, promotes the activation of autophagy and survival in cardiomyocytes in response to nutrient deprivation and ischaemia through activation of the PERK (protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase) signalling pathway. In the present paper, we discuss the importance of Nox family proteins and ROS in the regulation of autophagy, with a particular focus on the role of Nox4 in the regulation of autophagy in the heart.
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97
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Activation of volume-sensitive outwardly rectifying chloride channel by ROS contributes to ER stress and cardiac contractile dysfunction: involvement of CHOP through Wnt. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1528. [PMID: 25412307 PMCID: PMC4260737 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurring in stringent conditions is critically involved in cardiomyocytes apoptosis and cardiac contractile dysfunction (CCD). However, the molecular machinery that mediates cardiac ER stress and subsequent cell death remains to be fully deciphered, which will hopefully provide novel therapeutic targets for these disorders. Here, we establish tunicamycin-induced model of cardiomyocyte ER stress, which effectively mimicks pathological stimuli to trigger CCD. Tunicamycin activates volume-sensitive outward rectifying Cl− currents. Blockade of the volume-sensitive outwardly rectifying (VSOR) Cl− channel by 4,4'-diisothiocya-natostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS), a non-selective Cl− channel blocker, and 4-(2-butyl-6,7-dichlor-2-cyclopentyl-indan-1-on-5-yl) oxybutyric acid (DCPIB), a selective VSOR Cl− channel blocker, improves cardiac contractility, which correlates with suppressed ER stress through inhibiting the canonical GRP78/eIF2α/ATF4 and XBP1 pathways, and promotes survival of cardiomyocytes by inverting tunicamycin-induced decrease of Wnt through the CHOP pathway. VSOR activation of tunicamycin-treated cardiomyocytes is attributed to increased intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our study demonstrates a pivotal role of ROS/VSOR in mediating ER stress and functional impairment of cardiomyocytes via the CHOP-Wnt pathway, and suggests the therapeutic values of VSOR Cl− channel blockers against ER stress-associated cardiac anomalies.
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98
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Watanabe H, Miyamoto Y, Enoki Y, Ishima Y, Kadowaki D, Kotani S, Nakajima M, Tanaka M, Matsushita K, Mori Y, Kakuta T, Fukagawa M, Otagiri M, Maruyama T. p-Cresyl sulfate, a uremic toxin, causes vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cell damages by inducing oxidative stress. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2014; 3:e00092. [PMID: 25692011 PMCID: PMC4317224 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The major cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is cardiovascular disease. Here, p-Cresyl sulfate (PCS), a uremic toxin, is considered to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in CKD. However, our understanding of the vascular toxicity induced by PCS and its mechanism is incomplete. The purpose of this study was to determine whether PCS enhances the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, resulting in cytotoxicity. PCS exhibited pro-oxidant properties in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC) by enhancing NADPH oxidase expression. PCS also up-regulates the mRNA levels and the protein secretion of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in HUVEC. In HASMC, PCS increased the mRNA levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin (OPN), core-binding factor alpha 1, and ALP activity. The knockdown of Nox4, a subunit of NADPH oxidase, suppressed the cell toxicity induced by PCS. The vascular damage induced by PCS was largely suppressed in the presence of probenecid, an inhibitor of organic anion transporters (OAT). In PCS-overloaded 5/6-nephrectomized rats, plasma MCP-1 levels, OPN expression, and ALP activity of the aortic arch were increased, accompanied by the induction of Nox4 expression. Collectively, the vascular toxicity of PCS can be attributed to its intracellular accumulation via OAT, which results in an enhanced NADPH oxidase expression and increased ROS production. In conclusion, we found for the first time that PCS could play an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease by inducing vascular toxicity in the CKD condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto UniversityKumamoto, Japan
- Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto UniversityKumamoto, Japan
| | - Yohei Miyamoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto UniversityKumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Enoki
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto UniversityKumamoto, Japan
| | - Yu Ishima
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto UniversityKumamoto, Japan
- Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto UniversityKumamoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kadowaki
- Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto UniversityKumamoto, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kotani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto UniversityKumamoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakajima
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto UniversityKumamoto, Japan
| | - Motoko Tanaka
- Department of Nephrology, Akebono ClinicKumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Yoshitaka Mori
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokai University School of MedicineKanagawa, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Kakuta
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokai University School of MedicineKanagawa, Japan
| | - Masafumi Fukagawa
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokai University School of MedicineKanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Otagiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo UniversityKumamoto, Japan
- DDS Research Institute, Sojo UniversityKumamoto, Japan
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto UniversityKumamoto, Japan
- Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto UniversityKumamoto, Japan
- Correspondence Toru Maruyama, Department of, Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto, University, 5-1, Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku,, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan. Tel: +81-96-, 371-4150; Fax: +81-96-371-4153; E-mail:,
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99
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Heart failure and mitochondrial dysfunction: the role of mitochondrial fission/fusion abnormalities and new therapeutic strategies. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2014; 63:196-206. [PMID: 23884159 DOI: 10.1097/01.fjc.0000432861.55968.a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of heart failure (HF) has evolved during the past 30 years with the recognition of neurohormonal activation and the effectiveness of its inhibition in improving the quality of life and survival. Over the past 20 years, there has been a revolution in the investigation of the mitochondrion with the development of new techniques and the finding that mitochondria are connected in networks and undergo constant division (fission) and fusion, even in cardiac myocytes. This has led to new molecular and cellular discoveries in HF, which offer the potential for the development of new molecular-based therapies. Reactive oxygen species are an important cause of mitochondrial and cellular injury in HF, but there are other abnormalities, such as depressed mitochondrial fusion, that may eventually become the targets of at least episodic treatment. The overall need for mitochondrial fission/fusion balance may preclude sustained change in either fission or fusion. In this review, we will discuss the current HF therapy and its impact on the mitochondria. In addition, we will review some of the new drug targets under development. There is potential for effective, novel therapies for HF to arise from new molecular understanding.
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100
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Balteau M, Van Steenbergen A, Timmermans AD, Dessy C, Behets-Wydemans G, Tajeddine N, Castanares-Zapatero D, Gilon P, Vanoverschelde JL, Horman S, Hue L, Bertrand L, Beauloye C. AMPK activation by glucagon-like peptide-1 prevents NADPH oxidase activation induced by hyperglycemia in adult cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H1120-33. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00210.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of cardiomyocytes to high glucose concentrations (HG) stimulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by NADPH oxidase (NOX2). NOX2 activation is triggered by enhanced glucose transport through a sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) but not by a stimulation of glucose metabolism. The aim of this work was to identify potential therapeutic approaches to counteract this glucotoxicity. In cultured adult rat cardiomyocytes incubated with 21 mM glucose (HG), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation by A769662 or phenformin nearly suppressed ROS production. Interestingly, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), a new antidiabetic drug, concomitantly induced AMPK activation and prevented the HG-mediated ROS production (maximal effect at 100 nM). α2-AMPK, the major isoform expressed in cardiomyocytes (but not α1-AMPK), was activated in response to GLP-1. Anti-ROS properties of AMPK activators were not related to changes in glucose uptake or glycolysis. Using in situ proximity ligation assay, we demonstrated that AMPK activation prevented the HG-induced p47phox translocation to caveolae, whatever the AMPK activators used. NOX2 activation by either α-methyl-d-glucopyranoside, a glucose analog transported through SGLT, or angiotensin II was also counteracted by GLP-1. The crucial role of AMPK in limiting HG-mediated NOX2 activation was demonstrated by overexpressing a constitutively active form of α2-AMPK using adenoviral infection. This overexpression prevented NOX2 activation in response to HG, whereas GLP-1 lost its protective action in α2-AMPK-deficient mouse cardiomyocytes. Under HG, the GLP-1/AMPK pathway inhibited PKC-β2 phosphorylation, a key element mediating p47phox translocation. In conclusion, GLP-1 induces α2-AMPK activation and blocks HG-induced p47phox translocation to the plasma membrane, thereby preventing glucotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Patrick Gilon
- Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), and
| | - Jean-Louis Vanoverschelde
- Pôles de 1Recherche Cardiovasculaire,
- Cliniques universitaires Saint Luc, Division of Cardiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Louis Hue
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels
| | | | - Christophe Beauloye
- Pôles de 1Recherche Cardiovasculaire,
- Cliniques universitaires Saint Luc, Division of Cardiology, Brussels, Belgium
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