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Jitsuzaki D, Onizuka K, Nishimoto A, Oshiro I, Taniguchi Y, Sasaki S. Remarkable acceleration of a DNA/RNA inter-strand functionality transfer reaction to modify a cytosine residue: the proximity effect via complexation with a metal cation. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:8808-15. [PMID: 24957600 PMCID: PMC4117767 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified nucleosides in natural RNA molecules are essential for their functions. Non-natural nucleoside analogues have been introduced into RNA to manipulate its structure and function. We have recently developed a new strategy for the in situ modification of RNA based on the functionality transfer reaction between an oligodeoxynucleotide probe and an RNA substrate. 2′-Deoxy-6-thioguanosine (6-thio-dG) was used as the platform to anchor the transfer group. In this study, a pyridinyl vinyl ketone moiety was newly designed as the transfer group with the expectation that a metal cation would form a chelate complex with the pyridinyl-2-keto group. It was demonstrated that the (E)-pyridinyl vinyl keto group was efficiently and specifically transferred to the 4-amino group of the opposing cytosine in RNA in the presence of NiCl2 with more than 200-fold accelerated rate compared with the previous system with the use of the diketo transfer group. Detailed mechanistic studies suggested that NiCl2 forms a bridging complex between the pyridinyl keto moiety and the N7 of the purine residue neighboring the cytosine residue of the RNA substrate to bring the groups in close proximity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Jitsuzaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan, and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Motomachi, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kazumitsu Onizuka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan, and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Motomachi, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan, and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Motomachi, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ikuya Oshiro
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan, and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Motomachi, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yosuke Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan, and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Motomachi, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shigeki Sasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan, and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Motomachi, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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Violet M, Delattre L, Tardivel M, Sultan A, Chauderlier A, Caillierez R, Talahari S, Nesslany F, Lefebvre B, Bonnefoy E, Buée L, Galas MC. A major role for Tau in neuronal DNA and RNA protection in vivo under physiological and hyperthermic conditions. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:84. [PMID: 24672431 PMCID: PMC3957276 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid protection is a substantial challenge for neurons, which are continuously exposed to oxidative stress in the brain. Neurons require powerful mechanisms to protect DNA and RNA integrity and ensure their functionality and longevity. Beside its well known role in microtubule dynamics, we recently discovered that Tau is also a key nuclear player in the protection of neuronal genomic DNA integrity under reactive oxygen species (ROS)-inducing heat stress (HS) conditions in primary neuronal cultures. In this report, we analyzed the capacity of Tau to protect neuronal DNA integrity in vivo in adult mice under physiological and HS conditions. We designed an in vivo mouse model of hyperthermia/HS to induce a transient increase in ROS production in the brain. Comet and Terminal deoxyribonucleotidyltransferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays demonstrated that Tau protected genomic DNA in adult cortical and hippocampal neurons in vivo under physiological conditions in wild-type (WT) and Tau-deficient (KO-Tau) mice. HS increased DNA breaks in KO-Tau neurons. Notably, KO-Tau hippocampal neurons in the CA1 subfield restored DNA integrity after HS more weakly than the dentate gyrus (DG) neurons. The formation of phosphorylated histone H2AX foci, a double-strand break marker, was observed in KO-Tau neurons only after HS, indicating that Tau deletion did not trigger similar DNA damage under physiological or HS conditions. Moreover, genomic DNA and cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA integrity were altered under HS in hippocampal neurons exhibiting Tau deficiency, which suggests that Tau also modulates RNA metabolism. Our results suggest that Tau alterations lead to a loss of its nucleic acid safeguarding functions and participate in the accumulation of DNA and RNA oxidative damage observed in the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Violet
- Inserm UMR837, Alzheimer and Tauopathies Lille, France ; Jean Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Faculté de Médecine-Pôle Recherche, Institut de Médecine Prédictive et de Recherche Thérapeutique, Université Droıt et Santé de Lille, CHU-Lille Lille, France
| | - Lucie Delattre
- Inserm UMR837, Alzheimer and Tauopathies Lille, France ; Jean Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Faculté de Médecine-Pôle Recherche, Institut de Médecine Prédictive et de Recherche Thérapeutique, Université Droıt et Santé de Lille, CHU-Lille Lille, France
| | - Meryem Tardivel
- Inserm UMR837, Alzheimer and Tauopathies Lille, France ; Jean Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Faculté de Médecine-Pôle Recherche, Institut de Médecine Prédictive et de Recherche Thérapeutique, Université Droıt et Santé de Lille, CHU-Lille Lille, France
| | - Audrey Sultan
- Inserm UMR837, Alzheimer and Tauopathies Lille, France ; Jean Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Faculté de Médecine-Pôle Recherche, Institut de Médecine Prédictive et de Recherche Thérapeutique, Université Droıt et Santé de Lille, CHU-Lille Lille, France
| | - Alban Chauderlier
- Inserm UMR837, Alzheimer and Tauopathies Lille, France ; Jean Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Faculté de Médecine-Pôle Recherche, Institut de Médecine Prédictive et de Recherche Thérapeutique, Université Droıt et Santé de Lille, CHU-Lille Lille, France
| | - Raphaelle Caillierez
- Inserm UMR837, Alzheimer and Tauopathies Lille, France ; Jean Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Faculté de Médecine-Pôle Recherche, Institut de Médecine Prédictive et de Recherche Thérapeutique, Université Droıt et Santé de Lille, CHU-Lille Lille, France
| | - Smail Talahari
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique, Institut Pasteur de Lille Lille, France
| | - Fabrice Nesslany
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique, Institut Pasteur de Lille Lille, France
| | - Bruno Lefebvre
- Inserm UMR837, Alzheimer and Tauopathies Lille, France ; Jean Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Faculté de Médecine-Pôle Recherche, Institut de Médecine Prédictive et de Recherche Thérapeutique, Université Droıt et Santé de Lille, CHU-Lille Lille, France
| | - Eliette Bonnefoy
- CNRS FRE 3235, Génétique Moléculaire et Défense Antivirale Paris, France
| | - Luc Buée
- Inserm UMR837, Alzheimer and Tauopathies Lille, France ; Jean Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Faculté de Médecine-Pôle Recherche, Institut de Médecine Prédictive et de Recherche Thérapeutique, Université Droıt et Santé de Lille, CHU-Lille Lille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Galas
- Inserm UMR837, Alzheimer and Tauopathies Lille, France ; Jean Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Faculté de Médecine-Pôle Recherche, Institut de Médecine Prédictive et de Recherche Thérapeutique, Université Droıt et Santé de Lille, CHU-Lille Lille, France
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Mayes J, Tinker-Mill C, Kolosov O, Zhang H, Tabner BJ, Allsop D. β-amyloid fibrils in Alzheimer disease are not inert when bound to copper ions but can degrade hydrogen peroxide and generate reactive oxygen species. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:12052-12062. [PMID: 24619420 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.525212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the "amyloid cascade" hypothesis of Alzheimer disease, the formation of Aβ fibrils and senile plaques in the brain initiates a cascade of events leading to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, neurodegeneration, and the symptom of dementia. Recently, however, emphasis has shifted away from amyloid fibrils as the predominant toxic form of Aβ toward smaller aggregates, referred to as "soluble oligomers." These oligomers have become one of the prime suspects for involvement in the early oxidative damage that is evident in this disease. This raises the question whether or not Aβ fibrils are actually "inert tombstones" present at the end of the aggregation process. Here we show that, when Aβ(1-42) aggregates, including fibrils, are bound to Cu(II) ions, they retain their redox activity and are able to degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with the formation of hydroxyl radicals and the consequent oxidation of the peptide (detected by formation of carbonyl groups). We find that this ability increases as the Cu(II):peptide ratio increases and is accompanied by changes in aggregate morphology, as determined by atomic force microscopy. When aggregates are prepared in the copresence of Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions, the ratio of Cu(II):Zn(II) becomes an important factor in the degeneration of H2O2, the formation of carbonyl groups in the peptide, and in aggregate morphology. We believe, therefore, that Aβ fibrils can destroy H2O2 and generate damaging hydroxyl radicals and, so, are not necessarily inert end points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mayes
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Tinker-Mill
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Oleg Kolosov
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Hao Zhang
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Brian J Tabner
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - David Allsop
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom.
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Rettberg JR, Yao J, Brinton RD. Estrogen: a master regulator of bioenergetic systems in the brain and body. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:8-30. [PMID: 23994581 PMCID: PMC4024050 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen is a fundamental regulator of the metabolic system of the female brain and body. Within the brain, estrogen regulates glucose transport, aerobic glycolysis, and mitochondrial function to generate ATP. In the body, estrogen protects against adiposity, insulin resistance, and type II diabetes, and regulates energy intake and expenditure. During menopause, decline in circulating estrogen is coincident with decline in brain bioenergetics and shift towards a metabolically compromised phenotype. Compensatory bioenergetic adaptations, or lack thereof, to estrogen loss could determine risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Estrogen coordinates brain and body metabolism, such that peripheral metabolic state can indicate bioenergetic status of the brain. By generating biomarker profiles that encompass peripheral metabolic changes occurring with menopause, individual risk profiles for decreased brain bioenergetics and cognitive decline can be created. Biomarker profiles could identify women at risk while also serving as indicators of efficacy of hormone therapy or other preventative interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamaica R Rettberg
- Neuroscience Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Jia Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Roberta Diaz Brinton
- Neuroscience Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States; Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
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55
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Jorgensen A, Broedbaek K, Fink-Jensen A, Knorr U, Greisen Soendergaard M, Henriksen T, Weimann A, Jepsen P, Lykkesfeldt J, Poulsen HE, Balslev Jorgensen M. Increased systemic oxidatively generated DNA and RNA damage in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2013; 209:417-23. [PMID: 23465294 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with a substantially increased somatic morbidity and mortality, which may partly be caused by accelerated cellular aging. Oxidative stress is an established mediator of aging and a suggested aetiological mechanism in both schizophrenia and age-related medical disorders such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and dementia. We determined the urinary excretion of markers of systemic Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) oxidation, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine, respectively, in 40 schizophrenia patients and 40 age- and sex-matched controls, using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Measures of psychopathology, perceived stress and cortisol secretion were collected. Patients were re-examined after four months. We found a 20% increase in the median excretion of both markers in schizophrenia patients vs. healthy controls (P=0.003 and <0.001, respectively). This difference persisted after the adjustment for multiple demographical, lifestyle and metabolic factors. In patients, the marker excretion was not influenced by medication load, and was not driven by symptom severity, perceived stress or cortisol secretion, neither at baseline nor in relation to changes at follow-up. We conclude that schizophrenia is associated with increased systemic nucleic acid damage from oxidation, which could constitute a molecular link between schizophrenia and its associated signs of accelerated aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Jorgensen
- Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage cooperatively fuel axonal degeneration in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Biochimie 2013; 98:143-9. [PMID: 24076127 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is the most frequent inherited monogenic demyelinating disease (minimal incidence 1:17,000). It is often lethal and currently lacks a satisfactory therapy. The disease is caused by loss of function of the ABCD1 gene, a peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette transporter, resulting in the accumulation of VLCFA (very long-chain fatty acids) in organs and plasma. Understanding of the aetiopathogenesis is a prerequisite for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Functional genomics analysis of an ABCD1 null mouse, a mouse model for adrenomyeloneuropathy, has revealed presymptomatic alterations in several metabolic pathways converging on redox and bioenergetic homeostasis, with failure of mitochondrial OXPHOS disruption and mitochondrial depletion. These defects could be major contributors to the neurodegenerative cascade, as has been reported in several neurodegenerative disorders. Drugs targeting the redox imbalance/mitochondria dysfunction interplay have shown efficacy at halting axonal degeneration and associated disability in the mouse, and thus offer therapeutic hope.
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57
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Gupta K, Chandran S, Hardingham GE. Human stem cell-derived astrocytes and their application to studying Nrf2-mediated neuroprotective pathways and therapeutics in neurodegeneration. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 75:907-18. [PMID: 23126226 PMCID: PMC3612708 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glia, including astrocytes, are increasingly at the forefront of neurodegenerative research for their role in the modulation of neuronal function and survival. Improved understanding of underlying disease mechanisms, including the role of the cellular environment in neurodegeneration, is central to therapeutic development for these currently untreatable diseases. In these endeavours, experimental models that more closely reproduce the human condition have the potential to facilitate the transition between experimental studies in model organisms and patient trials. In this review we discuss the growing role of astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases, and how astrocytes generated from human pluripotent stem cells represent a useful tool for analyzing astrocytic signalling and influence on neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Gupta
- Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine & Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
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58
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Jorgensen A, Krogh J, Miskowiak K, Bolwig TG, Kessing LV, Fink-Jensen A, Nordentoft M, Henriksen T, Weimann A, Poulsen HE, Jorgensen MB. Systemic oxidatively generated DNA/RNA damage in clinical depression: associations to symptom severity and response to electroconvulsive therapy. J Affect Disord 2013; 149:355-62. [PMID: 23497793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression has been associated with increased oxidative stress and hypothesized to accelerate aging. Nucleic acid damage from oxidation is a critical part of the aging process, and a suggested early event in age-related somatic morbidities that are also prevalent in depression, such as dementia and type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that increased severity of depression is associated with increased systemic oxidatively generated DNA and RNA damage, and that this increase is attenuated by an effective antidepressant treatment. METHODS The urinary excretion of markers of systemic oxidatively generated DNA and RNA damage, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo), respectively, were determined in healthy controls (N=28), moderately depressed, non-medicated patients (N=26) and severely depressed patients eligible for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) (N=29). In the severely depressed patient group, samples were also obtained 1 week after the completion of ECT. RESULTS Systemic RNA damage from oxidation, as measured by 8-oxoGuo excretion, was higher with increasing severity of depression (controls<moderately depressed<severely depressed) (P for trend=0.004). The 8-oxoGuo excretion was further increased after clinically effective ECT compared with pre-ECT values (P=0.006). There were no differences in 8-oxodG excretion between the groups or pre- vs. post-ECT. LIMITATIONS Small sample size and the inclusion of both unipolar and bipolar patients in the severely depressed group. CONCLUSIONS Severe depression is associated with increased systemic oxidatively generated RNA damage, which may be an additional factor underlying the somatic morbidity and neurodegenerative features associated with depression. Due to the lack of normalization by clinically effective ECT, the phenomenon does not appear to be causally linked to the depressive state per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Jorgensen
- Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstinence from repeated amphetamine treatment induces depressive-like behaviors and oxidative damage in rat brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 227:605-14. [PMID: 23371493 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-2993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Amphetamine has a significant potential for abuse and addiction. Among prolonged abusers, amphetamine withdrawal-induced depressive symptoms are common; however, their pathophysiological mechanism is not fully understood. Previously, we found that repeated treatment with amphetamine for 2 weeks induced oxidative stress in rat brain. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the current study is to analyze whether abstinence from repeated amphetamine treatment in rats induces depressive-like behaviors and if oxidative damage in the brain continues during abstinence. METHODS Rats were given repeated treatment with amphetamine once daily at 1, 2, or 4 mg/kg for 14 days. From 10 to 14 days after final amphetamine treatment, behavioral changes were monitored using open field test, novel object recognition test, and forced swim test. Oxidative damage in the medial frontal cortex and hippocampus was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We found that drug abstinence after repeated amphetamine stimulation decreased locomotor activity and exploratory behavior in the open field test, increased immobility in the forced swim test, and had no significant effect on the recognition index in the novel object recognition test. We also found that amphetamine abstinence increased levels of 4-hydroxynonenal-protein adducts and 8-hydroxyguanosine in rat medial frontal cortex and in CA3 and dentate gyrus regions of the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that amphetamine abstinence displays depressive-like behaviors in rats and induces oxidative damage to lipids and RNA in rat brain. Our findings indicate that the process of oxidative stress may play a role in pathophysiological changes during drug abstinence from repeated amphetamine stimulation.
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Gonçalves A, Ambrósio AF, Fernandes R. Regulation of claudins in blood-tissue barriers under physiological and pathological states. Tissue Barriers 2013; 1:e24782. [PMID: 24665399 PMCID: PMC3867514 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.24782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Claudins are pivotal building blocks of tight junctions that form the paracellular barrier in epithelia and endothelia. In mammals, claudins are a 27-gene family that encodes tetraspan membrane proteins, playing a crucial role in the formation and integrity of tight junctions and regulate the barrier function. Claudin isoforms are expressed in a tissue- and/or developmental stage-dependent manner. A growing body of evidence indicates that pathological states characterized by neuroinflammation, such as Alzheimer disease, multiple sclerosis, diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity share a common feature: the barrier breakdown. This review aims integrating and summarizing the most relevant and recent work developed in the field of claudins, with particular attention to their role in blood-brain and blood-retinal barriers, as well as describing their regulation in the aforementioned human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; IBILI - Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences; IBILI; Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Coimbra, Portugal ; AIBILI; Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rosa Fernandes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; IBILI - Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Coimbra, Portugal ; Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences; IBILI; Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Coimbra, Portugal
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Age-dependent accumulation of 8-oxoguanine in the DNA and RNA in various rat tissues. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:303181. [PMID: 23738036 PMCID: PMC3657452 DOI: 10.1155/2013/303181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the oxidative damage of nucleic acids and aging of animals was investigated by analyzing the nucleic acids derived from various tissue specimens of naturally aged Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. For this purpose, we established an accurate and sensitive isotope-diluted LC-MS/MS method to determine the levels of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dGsn) in DNA and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxo-Gsn) in RNA. An age-dependent increase in oxidative DNA and RNA damage was observed in the various organs examined, including the brain, liver, kidneys, and testes. Similar increases in the 8-oxo-dGsn and 8-oxo-Gsn contents were observed in three parts of the brain, the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum, among which, the values for the hippocampus were always the highest. When the oxidized guanosine metabolites were quantified with urine, a similar age-dependent increase was observed for both 8-oxo-dGsn and 8-oxo-Gsn. However, unlike the results of nucleic acid samples derived from the tissues, the amount of 8-oxo-Gsn was significantly higher compared to that of 8-oxo-dGsn, probably reflecting the fact that RNA degradation occurs more frequently than DNA degradation. Our finding indicates that the amount of urinary 8-oxo-Gsn could be considered as a biomarker for the sensitive measurement of oxidative stress and aging.
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Metal dyshomeostasis and inflammation in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: possible impact of environmental exposures. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:726954. [PMID: 23710288 PMCID: PMC3654362 DOI: 10.1155/2013/726954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A dysregulated metal homeostasis is associated with both Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases; AD patients have decreased cortex and elevated serum copper levels along with extracellular amyloid-beta plaques containing copper, iron, and zinc. For AD, a putative hepcidin-mediated lowering of cortex copper mechanism is suggested. An age-related mild chronic inflammation and/or elevated intracellular iron can trigger hepcidin production followed by its binding to ferroportin which is the only neuronal iron exporter, thereby subjecting it to lysosomal degradation. Subsequently raised neuronal iron levels can induce translation of the ferroportin assisting and copper binding amyloid precursor protein (APP); constitutive APP transmembrane passage lowers the copper pool which is important for many enzymes. Using in silico gene expression analyses, we here show significantly decreased expression of copper-dependent enzymes in AD brain and metallothioneins were upregulated in both diseases. Although few AD exposure risk factors are known, AD-related tauopathies can result from cyanobacterial microcystin and β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) intake. Several environmental exposures may represent risk factors for PD; for this disease neurodegeneration is likely to involve mitochondrial dysfunction, microglial activation, and neuroinflammation. Administration of metal chelators and anti-inflammatory agents could affect disease outcomes.
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63
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Begum N, Wang B, Mori M, Vares G. Does ionizing radiation influence Alzheimer's disease risk? JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2012; 53:815-22. [PMID: 22872779 PMCID: PMC3483841 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrs036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a human neurodegenerative disease, and its global prevalence is predicted to increase dramatically in the following decades. There is mounting evidence describing the effects of ionizing radiation (IR) on the brain, suggesting that exposure to IR might ultimately favor the development of AD. Therefore better understanding the possible connections between exposure to IR and AD pathogenesis is of utmost importance. In this review, recent developments in the research on the biological and cognitive effects of IR in the brain will be explored. Because AD is largely an age-related pathology, the effects of IR on ageing will be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Begum
- Center for Nuclear Medicine and Ultrasound, Rajshahi Medical College Hospital Campus, GPO Box No. 35, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Bing Wang
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiko Mori
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Guillaume Vares
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Corresponding author. Tel: +81-(0)43-206-4730;
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64
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Castellani RJ, Perry G. Pathogenesis and disease-modifying therapy in Alzheimer's disease: the flat line of progress. Arch Med Res 2012; 43:694-8. [PMID: 23085451 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The lack of progress in the development of disease-modifying therapy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) was highlighted recently by the cessation of a phase 3 clinical trial studying the effects of bapineuzumab on mild to moderate disease. No treatment benefit was apparent, whereas several serious side effects occurred more commonly in the treatment group compared to placebo. This is the latest failure in a now long list of trials targeting lesional proteins believed to be fundamental drivers of the disease process. As the focus of the trial is directly tied to ostensible disease pathogenesis, objectivity compels us yet again to re-examine the amyloid cascade hypothesis as even a marginally significant pathogenic mediator of disease and to perhaps revert back to traditional science where repeated negative data leads one to consider other ideas. In the case of AD, amyloid-β metabolism and tau phosphorylation have been exhaustively studied, both to no avail. Oxidative stress has similarly been examined in detail by multiple mechanisms and targeted for treatment with a similar result. An appeal to the scientific community may be made to consider lesions in a different light. Have we been seduced by so-called hallmark lesions into believing that they are responsible for disease when in fact the reverse is true, and will we genuinely consider a systems biology approach to AD or instead continue on the path of the lesion, which has so far followed a flat line of progress?
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy J Castellani
- Division of Neuropathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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65
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Liu M, Gong X, Alluri RK, Wu J, Sablo T, Li Z. Characterization of RNA damage under oxidative stress in Escherichia coli. Biol Chem 2012; 393:123-32. [PMID: 22718628 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2011-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the level of 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-oxo-G), an oxidized form of guanosine, in RNA in Escherichia coli under normal and oxidative stress conditions. The level of 8-oxo-G in RNA rises rapidly and remains high for hours in response to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) challenge in a dose-dependent manner. H₂O₂ induced elevation of 8-oxo-G content is much higher in RNA than that of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) in DNA. Under normal conditions, the 8-oxo-G level is low in RNA isolated from the ribosome and it is nearly three times higher in non-ribosomal RNAs. In contrast, 8-oxo-G generated by a short exposure to H₂O₂ is almost equally distributed in various RNA species, suggesting that although ribosomal RNAs are normally less oxidized, they are not protected against exogenous H₂O₂. Interestingly, highly folded RNA is not protected from oxidation because 8-oxo-G generated by H₂O₂ treatment in vitro increases to approximately the same levels in tRNA and rRNA in both native and denatured forms. Lastly, increased RNA oxidation is closely associated with cell death by oxidative stress. Our data suggests that RNA is a primary target for reactive oxygen species and RNA oxidation is part of the paradox that cells have to deal with under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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66
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Stephan BCM, Wharton SB, Simpson J, Matthews FE, Ince P, Brayne C. The epidemiological neuropathology of dementia and the implications for drug development. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt.12.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Identification of the determinants and risk factors for dementia, in addition to the underlying brain changes associated with disease, is fundamental to the development of dementia therapeutics. The gold standard to achieving this is through population-based (epidemiological) studies of the biology of aging, cognitive decline and dementia. In this paper, the main findings from epidemiological cohorts on dementia pathology are compared to case–control and convenience samples, and findings on the different neuropathological features of dementia, its risk factors and clinical course are summarized. The strengths and weakness of different research designs, the keys aspects of disease these have identified and the targets that have been subsequently developed will be discussed. It is highlighted that dementia within epidemiological frameworks is found to be a heterogeneous disease. For treatment to be effective it will therefore need to reflect not only population variation in patterns of pathology, but also intra-individual reactions to these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen B Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Julie Simpson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Paul Ince
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Carol Brayne
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, University of Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK
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67
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Overlapped Metabolic and Therapeutic Links between Alzheimer and Diabetes. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 47:399-424. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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68
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Vaccine Development to Treat Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathology in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 2012:376138. [PMID: 23024882 PMCID: PMC3457670 DOI: 10.1155/2012/376138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel vaccine addressing the major hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), senile plaque-like deposits of amyloid beta-protein (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangle-like structures, and glial proinflammatory cytokines, has been developed. The present vaccine takes a new approach to circumvent failures of previous ones tested in mice and humans, including the Elan-Wyeth vaccine (AN1792), which caused massive T-cell activation, resulting in a meningoencephalitis-like reaction. The EB101 vaccine consists of Aβ1-42 delivered in a novel immunogen-adjuvant composed of liposomes-containing sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). EB101 was administered to APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice before and after AD-like pathological symptoms were detectable. Treatment with EB101 results in a marked reduction of Aβ plaque burden, decrease of neurofibrillary tangle-like structure density, and attenuation of astrocytosis. In this transgenic mouse model, EB101 reduces the basal immunological interaction between the T cells and immune activation markers in the affected hippocampal/cortical areas, consistent with decreased amyloidosis-induced inflammation. Therefore, immunization with EB101 prevents and reverses AD-like neuropathology in a significant manner by halting disease progression without developing behavioral spatial deficits in transgenic mice.
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69
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Metal-sulfate induced generation of ROS in human brain cells: detection using an isomeric mixture of 5- and 6-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (carboxy-DCFDA) as a cell permeant tracer. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:9615-9626. [PMID: 22949820 PMCID: PMC3431818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13089615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution of reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated during the patho-physiological stress of nervous tissue, has been implicated in the etiology of several progressive human neurological disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and amylotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this brief communication we used mixed isomers of 5-(and-6)-carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (carboxy-DCFDA; C25H14Cl2O9; MW 529.3), a novel fluorescent indicator, to assess ROS generation within human neuronal-glial (HNG) cells in primary co-culture. We introduced pathological stress using the sulfates of 12 environmentally-, industrially- and agriculturally-relevant divalent and trivalent metals including Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ga, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn. In this experimental test system, of all the metal sulfates analyzed, aluminum sulfate showed by far the greatest ability to induce intracellular ROS. These studies indicate the utility of using isomeric mixtures of carboxy-H2DCFDA diacetates as novel and highly sensitive, long-lasting, cell-permeant, fluorescein-based tracers for quantifying ROS generation in intact, metabolizing human brain cells, and in analyzing the potential epigenetic contribution of different metal sulfates to ROS-generation and ROS-mediated neurological dysfunction.
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70
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Yao J, Irwin R, Chen S, Hamilton R, Cadenas E, Brinton RD. Ovarian hormone loss induces bioenergetic deficits and mitochondrial β-amyloid. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:1507-21. [PMID: 21514693 PMCID: PMC3181273 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that reproductive senescence was associated with mitochondrial deficits comparable to those of female triple-transgenic Alzheimer's mice (3xTgAD). Herein, we investigated the impact of chronic ovarian hormone deprivation and 17β-estradiol (E2) replacement on mitochondrial function in nontransgenic (nonTg) and 3xTgAD female mouse brain. Depletion of ovarian hormones by ovariectomy (OVX) in nontransgenic mice significantly decreased brain bioenergetics, and induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. In 3xTgAD mice, OVX significantly exacerbated mitochondrial dysfunction and induced mitochondrial β-amyloid and β-amyloid (Aβ)-binding-alcohol-dehydrogenase (ABAD) expression. Treatment with E2 at OVX prevented OVX-induced mitochondrial deficits, sustained mitochondrial bioenergetic function, decreased oxidative stress, and prevented mitochondrial β-amyloid and ABAD accumulation. In vitro, E2 increased maximal mitochondrial respiration in neurons and basal and maximal respiration in glia. Collectively, these data demonstrate that ovarian hormone loss induced a mitochondrial phenotype comparable to a transgenic female model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which was prevented by E2. These findings provide a plausible mechanism for increased risk of Alzheimer's disease in premenopausally oophorectomized women while also suggesting a therapeutic strategy for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Ronald Irwin
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Shuhua Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Ryan Hamilton
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Enrique Cadenas
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Roberta Diaz Brinton
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
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71
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Abstract
Dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is estimated to reach epidemic proportions by the year 2030. Given the limited accuracy of current AD clinical diagnosis, biomarkers of AD pathologies are currently being sought. Reductions in cerebrospinal fluid levels of β-amyloid 42 (a marker of amyloid plaques) and elevations in tau species (markers of neurofibrillary tangles and/or neurodegeneration) are well-established as biomarkers useful for AD diagnosis and prognosis. However, novel markers for other features of AD pathophysiology (e.g., β-amyloid processing, neuroinflammation and neuronal stress/dysfunction) and for other non-AD dementias are required to improve the accuracy of AD disease diagnosis, prognosis, staging and therapeutic monitoring (theragnosis). This article discusses the potential of several promising novel cerebrospinal fluid analytes, highlights the next steps critical for advancement in the field, and provides a prediction on how the field may evolve in 5-10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave., St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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72
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Oxidative stress in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: insights from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:132146. [PMID: 22701754 PMCID: PMC3371773 DOI: 10.1155/2012/132146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases are the two most common causes of dementia in aged population. Both are protein-misfolding diseases characterized by the presence of protein deposits in the brain. Despite growing evidence suggesting that oxidative stress is critical to neuronal death, its precise role in disease etiology and progression has not yet been fully understood. Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae shares conserved biological processes with all eukaryotic cells, including neurons. This fact together with the possibility of simple and quick genetic manipulation highlights this organism as a valuable tool to unravel complex and fundamental mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration. In this paper, we summarize the latest knowledge on the role of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disorders, with emphasis on AD and PD. Additionally, we provide an overview of the work undertaken to study AD and PD in yeast, focusing the use of this model to understand the effect of oxidative stress in both diseases.
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73
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Gan W, Nie B, Shi F, Xu XM, Qian JC, Takagi Y, Hayakawa H, Sekiguchi M, Cai JP. Age-dependent increases in the oxidative damage of DNA, RNA, and their metabolites in normal and senescence-accelerated mice analyzed by LC-MS/MS: urinary 8-oxoguanosine as a novel biomarker of aging. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1700-7. [PMID: 22348977 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and accurate isotope-diluted LC-MS/MS method was developed for determination of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dGsn), derived from DNA, and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxo-Gsn), derived from RNA, in various tissue specimens obtained from normal SAMR1 and senescence-accelerated SAMP8 mice. An age-dependent accumulation of oxidative DNA and RNA damage was observed in all the organs examined, namely, the brain, liver, lungs, heart, kidneys, and testes. Among these, the brain samples exhibited the highest values for DNA damage. These age-related increases in the 8-oxoguanine content in DNA and RNA occurred more rapidly in SAMP8 than in SAMR1 mice. Age-related increases in the contents of 8-oxo-dGsn and 8-oxo-Gsn were also observed in the plasma and urine; however, the ratios of 8-oxo-Gsn to 8-oxo-dGsn in these samples were considerably higher (6 to 13) compared with the values for the samples derived from other tissues (roughly 1), indicating that measurement of 8-oxo-Gsn in urine could be a novel means of evaluating the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gan
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongdan, Beijing 100730, China
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74
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The earliest stage of cognitive impairment in transition from normal aging to Alzheimer disease is marked by prominent RNA oxidation in vulnerable neurons. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2012; 71:233-41. [PMID: 22318126 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e318248e614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although neuronal RNA oxidation is a prominent and established feature in age-associated neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease (AD), oxidative damage to neuronal RNA in aging and in the transitional stages from normal elderly to the onset of AD has not been fully examined. In this study, we used an in situ approachto identify an oxidized RNA nucleoside 8-hydroxyguanosine (8OHG) in the cerebral cortex of 65 individuals without dementia ranging in age from 0.3 to 86 years. We also examined brain samples from 20 elderly who were evaluated for their premortem clinicaldementia rating score and postmortem brain pathologic diagnoses to investigate preclinical AD and mild cognitive impairment. Relative density measurements of 8OHG-immunoreactivity revealed a statistically significant increase in neuronal RNA oxidation during aging in the hippocampus and the temporal neocortex. In subjects with mild cognitive impairment but not preclinical AD, neurons of the temporal cortex showed a higher burden of oxidized RNA compared to age-matched controls. These results indicate that, although neuronal RNA oxidation fundamentally occurs as an age-associated phenomenon, more prominent RNA damage than in normal aging correlates with the onset of cognitive impairment in the prodromal stage of AD.
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75
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Yao J, Brinton RD. Targeting mitochondrial bioenergetics for Alzheimer's prevention and treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 17:3474-9. [PMID: 21902662 DOI: 10.2174/138161211798072517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's is a neurodegenerative disease with a complex and progressive pathological phenotype characterized first by hypometabolism and impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics followed by pathological burden. The progressive and multifaceted degenerative phenotype of Alzheimer's suggests that successful treatment strategies necessarily will be equally multi-faceted and disease stage specific. Traditional therapeutic strategies based on the pathological aspect of the disease have achieved success in preclinical models which has not translated into clinical therapeutic efficacy. Meanwhile, increasing evidence indicates an antecedent and potentially causal role of mitochondrial bioenergetic deficits and brain hypometabolism coupled with increased mitochondrial oxidative stress in AD pathogenesis. The essential role of mitochondrial bioenergetics and the unique trajectory of alterations in brain metabolic capacity enable a bioenergetic- centric strategy that targets disease-stage specific pattern of brain metabolism for disease prevention and treatment. A combination of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical intervention that enhances glucose-driven metabolic activity and potentiates mitochondrial bioenergetic function could prevent the antecedent decline in brain glucose metabolism, promote healthy aging and prevent AD. Alternatively, during the prodromal incipient phase of AD, sustained activation of ketogenic metabolic pathways coupled with supplement of the alternative fuel source, ketone bodies, could sustain mitochondrial bioenergetic function to prevent or delay further progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90033, USA
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76
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Castellani RJ, Moreira PI, Perry G, Zhu X. The role of iron as a mediator of oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease. Biofactors 2012; 38:133-8. [PMID: 22447715 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Iron is both essential for maintaining a spectrum of metabolic processes in the central nervous system and elsewhere, and potent source of reactive oxygen species. Redox balance with respect to iron, therefore, may be critical to human neurodegenerative disease but is also in need of better understanding. Alzheimer disease (AD) in particular is associated with accumulation of numerous markers of oxidative stress; moreover, oxidative stress has been shown to precede hallmark neuropathological lesions early in the disease process, and such lesions, once present, further accumulate iron, among other markers of oxidative stress. In this review, we discuss the role of iron in the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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77
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Long JM, Lahiri DK. Advances in microRNA experimental approaches to study physiological regulation of gene products implicated in CNS disorders. Exp Neurol 2012; 235:402-18. [PMID: 22245616 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is a remarkably complex organ system, requiring an equally complex network of molecular pathways controlling the multitude of diverse, cellular activities. Gene expression is a critical node at which regulatory control of molecular networks is implemented. As such, elucidating the various mechanisms employed in the physiological regulation of gene expression in the CNS is important both for establishing a reference for comparison to the diseased state and for expanding the set of validated drug targets available for disease intervention. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant class of small RNA that mediates potent inhibitory effects on global gene expression. Recent advances have been made in methods employed to study the contribution of these miRNAs to gene expression. Here we review these latest advances and present a methodological workflow from the perspective of an investigator studying the physiological regulation of a gene of interest. We discuss methods for identifying putative miRNA target sites in a transcript of interest, strategies for validating predicted target sites, assays for detecting miRNA expression, and approaches for disrupting endogenous miRNA function. We consider both advantages and limitations, highlighting certain caveats that inform the suitability of a given method for a specific application. Through careful implementation of the appropriate methodologies discussed herein, we are optimistic that important discoveries related to miRNA participation in CNS physiology and dysfunction are on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Long
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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78
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Yao J, Brinton RD. Estrogen regulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics: implications for prevention of Alzheimer's disease. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2012; 64:327-71. [PMID: 22840752 PMCID: PMC3970844 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394816-8.00010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a complex and progressive pathological phenotype characterized first by hypometabolism and impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics followed by pathological burden. Increasing evidence indicates an antecedent and potentially causal role of mitochondrial bioenergetic deficits and brain hypometabolism coupled with increased mitochondrial oxidative stress in AD pathogenesis. Compromised aerobic glycolysis pathway coupled with oxidative stress is first accompanied by a shift toward a ketogenic pathway that eventually progresses into fatty acid oxidation (FAO) pathways and leads to white matter degeneration and overproduction and mitochondrial accumulation of β-amyloid. Estrogen-induced signaling pathways converge upon the mitochondria to enhance mitochondrial function and to sustain aerobic glycolysis coupled with citric acid cycle-driven oxidative phosphorylation to potentiate ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) generation. In addition to potentiated mitochondrial bioenergetics, estrogen also enhances neural survival and health through maintenance of calcium homeostasis, promotion of antioxidant defense against free radicals, efficient cholesterol trafficking, and beta amyloid clearance. Significantly, the convergence of E2 mechanisms of action onto mitochondria is also a potential point of vulnerability when activated in diseased neurons that exacerbates degeneration through increased load on dysregulated calcium homeostasis. The "healthy cell bias of estrogen action" hypothesis examines the role that regulating mitochondrial function and bioenergetics play in promoting neural health and the mechanistic crossroads that lead to divergent outcomes following estrogen exposure. As the continuum of neurological health progresses from healthy to unhealthy, so too do the benefits of estrogen or hormone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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79
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Yao J, Rettberg JR, Klosinski LP, Cadenas E, Brinton RD. Shift in brain metabolism in late onset Alzheimer's disease: implications for biomarkers and therapeutic interventions. Mol Aspects Med 2011; 32:247-57. [PMID: 22024249 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's is a neurodegenerative disease with a complex and progressive pathological phenotype characterized first by hypometabolism and impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics followed by pathological burden. Increasing evidence indicates an antecedent and potentially causal role of mitochondrial bioenergetic deficits and brain hypometabolism coupled with increased mitochondrial oxidative stress in AD pathogenesis. Compromised mitochondrial bioenergetics lead to over-production of and mitochondrial accumulation of β-amyloid, which is coupled with oxidative stress. Collectively, this results in a shift in brain metabolic profile from glucose-driven bioenergetics towards a compensatory, but less efficient, ketogenic pathway. We propose that the compensatory shift from a primarily aerobic glycolysis pathway to a ketogenic/fatty acid β-oxidation pathway eventually leads to white matter degeneration. The essential role of mitochondrial bioenergetics and the unique trajectory of compensatory metabolic adaptations in brain enable a bioenergetic-centric strategy for development of biomarkers. From a therapeutic perspective, this trajectory of alterations in brain metabolic capacity enables disease-stage specific strategies to target brain metabolism for disease prevention and treatment. A combination of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical interventions that enhance glucose-driven metabolic activity and potentiate mitochondrial bioenergetic function could prevent the antecedent decline in brain glucose metabolism, promote healthy aging and prevent AD. Alternatively, during the prodromal incipient phase of AD, sustained activation of ketogenic metabolic pathways coupled with supplementation of the alternative fuel source, ketone bodies, could sustain mitochondrial bioenergetic function to prevent or delay further progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
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80
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Alterations in the blood brain barrier in ageing cerebral cortex in relationship to Alzheimer-type pathology: a study in the MRC-CFAS population neuropathology cohort. Neurosci Lett 2011; 505:25-30. [PMID: 21970975 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of the blood brain barrier (BBB) in human brain ageing and its relationship to Alzheimer-type pathology remains poorly defined. We have investigated the BBB in temporal cortex of brain donations from a population-representative sample of 92 participants from the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS), a longitudinal study with a programme of brain donation. BBB alteration was investigated by immunohistochemistry to albumin and fibrinogen and to the tight junction proteins claudin-5, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin. BBB leakage showed wide population-variation and increased with progression of Alzheimer-type pathology, though with considerable overlap between different levels of Alzheimer-type pathology. This was accompanied by increased mean vascular density, but not by down-regulation of tight junction proteins. ZO-1 and occludin were also expressed in glia. Mechanisms leading to BBB leakage in brain ageing remain to be defined, but the population-variation in BBB changes and its early increase in relationship to Alzheimer-type pathology progression suggest that BBB dysfunction contributes to brain ageing.
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81
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Sasaki S, Onizuka K, Taniguchi Y. The oligodeoxynucleotide probes for the site-specific modification of RNA. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:5698-706. [PMID: 21647493 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15066a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As the knowledge of the biological functions of RNA expands, the demand for research tools to investigate intracellular RNA is increasing. Oligonucleotides can be rationally designed for the target RNA sequence, and therefore, have become a reliable platform for the development of specific molecules for RNA. The chemical modification of RNA has a strong impact on RNA research; the fluorescent labeling of RNA is useful to monitor RNA production, processing, relocation in the cell, interaction with other intracellular components and degradation, etc. Chemical modification may affect the RNA function through a variety of pathways, and therefore, would be potentially useful for biological research, therapeutic approach and artificial manipulation of the RNA function. This tutorial review starts with an introduction of the biological relevance of modified RNA, and focuses on the recent progress of the oligodeoxynucleotide probes for the covalent modifications of RNA. The prospects of this new technology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Sasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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83
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84
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Lassmann H. Mechanisms of neurodegeneration shared between multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 118:747-52. [PMID: 21373761 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0607-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease are fundamentally different diseases. However, recent data suggest that certain mechanisms of neurodegeneration may be shared between the two diseases. Inflammation drives the disease in multiple sclerosis. It is also present in Alzheimer's disease lesions, where it may have dual functions in amyloid clearance as well as in the propagation of neurodegeneration. In both diseases, degeneration of neurons, axons, and synapses occur on the background of profound mitochondrial injury. Reactive oxygen and nitric oxide intermediates are major candidates for the induction of mitochondrial injury. Radicals are produced through the induction of the respiratory burst in activated microglia, which are present in the lesions of both diseases. In addition, liberation of toxic iron from intracellular stores may augment radical formation. Finally reactive oxygen species are also produced in the course of mitochondrial injury itself. Anti-oxidant and mitochondria protective therapeutic strategies may be beneficial both in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease in particular in early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Lassmann
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
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85
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Case AJ, McGill JL, Tygrett LT, Shirasawa T, Spitz DR, Waldschmidt TJ, Legge KL, Domann FE. Elevated mitochondrial superoxide disrupts normal T cell development, impairing adaptive immune responses to an influenza challenge. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:448-58. [PMID: 21130157 PMCID: PMC3026081 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical in a broad spectrum of cellular processes including signaling, tumor progression, and innate immunity. The essential nature of ROS signaling in the immune systems of Drosophila and zebrafish has been demonstrated; however, the role of ROS, if any, in mammalian adaptive immune system development and function remains unknown. This work provides the first clear demonstration that thymus-specific elevation of mitochondrial superoxide (O(2)(•-)) disrupts normal T cell development and impairs the function of the mammalian adaptive immune system. To assess the effect of elevated mitochondrial superoxide in the developing thymus, we used a T-cell-specific knockout of manganese superoxide dismutase (i.e., SOD2) and have thus established a murine model to examine the role of mitochondrial superoxide in T cell development. Conditional loss of SOD2 led to increased superoxide, apoptosis, and developmental defects in the T cell population, resulting in immunodeficiency and susceptibility to the influenza A virus H1N1. This phenotype was rescued with mitochondrially targeted superoxide-scavenging drugs. These findings demonstrate that loss of regulated levels of mitochondrial superoxide lead to aberrant T cell development and function, and further suggest that manipulations of mitochondrial superoxide levels may significantly alter clinical outcomes resulting from viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Case
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Jodi L. McGill
- Department of Pathology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Lorraine T. Tygrett
- Department of Pathology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Takuji Shirasawa
- Juntendo University, Department of Aging Control Medicine, Hongo 3-3-10-201, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Douglas R. Spitz
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Thomas J. Waldschmidt
- Department of Pathology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Kevin L. Legge
- Department of Pathology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Frederick E. Domann
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Corresponding Author: Frederick E. Domann, PhD, B180 Medical Laboratories, Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, Phone: 319-335-8019, Fax: 319-335-8039,
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86
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Affiliation(s)
- M. V. Kovalchuk
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
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87
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Hoffman WH, Siedlak SL, Wang Y, Castellani RJ, Smith MA. Oxidative damage is present in the fatal brain edema of diabetic ketoacidosis. Brain Res 2010; 1369:194-202. [PMID: 21040714 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is implicated as a pathogenic factor in a spectrum of chronic diseases, notably, neurodegenerative disease. Noteworthy in this regard is that type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) results in oxidative stress, leading to systemic complications of T1DM. We hypothesized that oxidative stress associated with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) of T1DM might have measurable brain sequelae. Consistent with this hypothesis are neurohistology and neuroradiologic studies of T1DM that suggest oxidative insults are involved in the chronic complications of diabetic encephalopathy. To further address the role of oxidative stress in an acute setting, specifically in fatal brain edema (BE) associated with DKA, we studied neuronal localization and levels of oxidative stress markers reported to be increased in other neurodegenerative conditions. We demonstrated increased levels of 8-hydroxyguanosine (8OHG), 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus of DKA BE in comparison to controls. However, in the cerebellum, only 8OHG was increased in the Purkinje cells and other cells of the molecular layer. These results indicate a role for oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of T1DM encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street BG-1007Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Tillement L, Lecanu L, Papadopoulos V. Alzheimer's disease: effects of β-amyloid on mitochondria. Mitochondrion 2010; 11:13-21. [PMID: 20817045 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The impairment of the respiratory chain or defects in the detoxification system can decrease electron transfer efficiency, reduce ATP production, and increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by mitochondria. Accumulation of ROS results in oxidative stress, a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). β-amyloid has been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD, and its accumulation may lead to degeneration of neuronal or non-neuronal cells. There is evidence that β-amyloid interacts with mitochondria but little is known concerning the significance of this interaction in the physiopathology of AD. This review explores possible mechanisms of β-amyloid-induced mitochondrial toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Tillement
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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89
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Ufer C, Wang CC, Borchert A, Heydeck D, Kuhn H. Redox control in mammalian embryo development. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:833-75. [PMID: 20367257 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.3044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of an embryo constitutes a complex choreography of regulatory events that underlies precise temporal and spatial control. Throughout this process the embryo encounters ever changing environments, which challenge its metabolism. Oxygen is required for embryogenesis but it also poses a potential hazard via formation of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). These metabolites are capable of modifying macromolecules (lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) and altering their biological functions. On one hand, such modifications may have deleterious consequences and must be counteracted by antioxidant defense systems. On the other hand, ROS/RNS function as essential signal transducers regulating the cellular phenotype. In this context the combined maternal/embryonic redox homeostasis is of major importance and dysregulations in the equilibrium of pro- and antioxidative processes retard embryo development, leading to organ malformation and embryo lethality. Silencing the in vivo expression of pro- and antioxidative enzymes provided deeper insights into the role of the embryonic redox equilibrium. Moreover, novel mechanisms linking the cellular redox homeostasis to gene expression regulation have recently been discovered (oxygen sensing DNA demethylases and protein phosphatases, redox-sensitive microRNAs and transcription factors, moonlighting enzymes of the cellular redox homeostasis) and their contribution to embryo development is critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Ufer
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Medicine Berlin-Charité, Berlin, FR Germany
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90
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Sas K, Párdutz A, Toldi J, Vécsei L. Dementia, stroke and migraine--some common pathological mechanisms. J Neurol Sci 2010; 299:55-65. [PMID: 20828765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Dementia, stroke and migraine are very common neurological disorders affecting a large percentage of the population, and leading to a high degree of disability. Often, adequate therapy is not available. Although the symptoms, the progression and the outcome differ in these disorders, to some extent they may share some common pathophysiological mechanisms. The genetic background, an energy deficit, and excitotoxicity, vascular and thrombotic properties can influence all three disorders, resulting in a neuronal dysfunction, increased cellular vulnerability, neurodegeneration and ultimately cell death. All these cellular events occur in dementias and stroke, moreover recent studies suggest that, besides a dysfunction, neuronal damage may be an issue in migraine too. One of the most central events in the multiple mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of these disorders is a metabolic disturbance of certain brain cells. As mitochondria provide the cells with energy, realization of the importance of these organelles in the aetiopathogenesis of several disorders has emerged in recent years. This review surveys the most important features of the pathogenesis of dementia, stroke and migraine from the aspect of mitochondrial malfunction highlighting some of the considerable connections between these neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Sas
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6., Hungary
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91
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Soontornniyomkij V, Risbrough VB, Young JW, Wallace CK, Soontornniyomkij B, Jeste DV, Achim CL. Short-term recognition memory impairment is associated with decreased expression of FK506 binding protein 51 in the aged mouse brain. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 32:309-22. [PMID: 20422297 PMCID: PMC2926850 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-010-9145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that increased glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling may contribute to cognitive decline with age. We hypothesized that alterations in GR signaling pathway molecules, FK506 binding protein (FKBP) 51 and FKBP52, were associated with memory impairment in aged mice. We used the single-trial object recognition test to measure short-term memory in 18 aged mice compared to 22 young mice, and employed quantitative immunohistochemistry to assess cellular expression of those three proteins in the frontal cortex, hippocampal CA1, and dentate gyrus. Values of the discrimination ratio (DR, a measure of novelty preference) in aged mice were significantly lower than those in young mice (mean 0.54 vs. 0.67, p = 0.003, t test). Aged mice with DR below 0.54 were considered impaired (n = 9). In the three neuroanatomic regions studied, the immunoreactivity normalized to the area measured (IRn) for GR was significantly increased in aged mice regardless of their task performance compared to young mice (p < 0.005), as was the FKBP52 IRn (p < 0.007, U test). In the frontal cortex and CA1, the FKBP51 IRn was significantly lower in impaired aged mice than in unimpaired aged mice (p < 0.01 and <0.05, respectively) and in young mice (p < 0.05 and <0.01, respectively, Dunn's post hoc test). In aged mice, the frontal cortex FKBP51 IRn correlated directly with DR (r (s) = 0.68, p = 0.002, Spearman rank correlation). These observations suggest that recognition memory impairment in aged mice is associated with decreased FKBP51 expression that may promote GR-mediated glucocorticoid signaling to a greater extent than in unimpaired aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virawudh Soontornniyomkij
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA.
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92
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Che Y, Wang JF, Shao L, Young LT. Oxidative damage to RNA but not DNA in the hippocampus of patients with major mental illness. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2010; 35:296-302. [PMID: 20569644 PMCID: PMC2928282 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.090083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative damage in the central nervous system is increasingly recognized as an important pathological process in many diseases. Previously, our laboratory found that oxidative damage to lipids and proteins was increased in postmortem brain tissue from patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. In the current study, we analyzed oxidative damage to nucleic acids in the CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus regions of postmortem hippocampus tissue from patients with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and major depression. METHODS We examined oxidative damage to nucleic acids by performing immunohistochemistry with a monoclonal antibody that recognizes both 8-hydroxy-guanosine in RNA and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in DNA. RESULTS We found that the amount of oxidative damage to nucleic acids was elevated in the CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus regions of the hippocampus among patients with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. This damage was predominantly in the cytoplasm, suggesting that the damage was primarily to RNA. Compared with oxidative damage in control samples, the magnitude of damage was high in patients with schizophrenia, modest in patients with bipolar disorder and lower in patients with major depression. LIMITATIONS The interpretation of our results is limited by a number of factors, including the retrospective review of patient history, the relatively small sample size and the inclusion of patients who had substance abuse and were undergoing various drug treatments at the time of death. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that oxidative damage to RNA, rather than to DNA, occurs in vulnerable neurons of the brain in patients with major mental illness and may contribute to the pathology of these disorders. The magnitude of RNA oxidative damage may be associated with the severity of mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - L. Trevor Young
- Correspondence to: Dr. L.T. Young, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 2A1;
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93
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Abstract
Motor neurons are large, highly polarised cells with very long axons and a requirement for precise spatial and temporal gene expression. Neurodegenerative disorders characterised by selective motor neuron vulnerability include various forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). A rapid expansion in knowledge on the pathophysiology of motor neuron degeneration has occurred in recent years, largely through the identification of genes leading to familial forms of ALS and SMA. The major emerging theme is that motor neuron degeneration can result from mutation in genes that encode factors important for ribonucleoprotein biogenesis and RNA processing, including splicing regulation, transcript stabilisation, translational repression and localisation of mRNA. Complete understanding of how these pathways interact and elucidation of specialised mechanisms for mRNA targeting and processing in motor neurons are likely to produce new targets for therapy in ALS and related disorders.
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94
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Leporé N, Lafontaine DLJ. [<< Catch me if you can >>: how the structural and functional integrity of eukaryotic RNA molecules is monitored by surveillance mechanisms]. Med Sci (Paris) 2010; 26:259-66. [PMID: 20346275 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2010263259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular RNAs are invariably organized in ribonucleoprotein particles, or RNPs, regardless of their size, structure or function. RNPs are monitored by active surveillance mechanisms for their structural and functional integrity at every single step of their "life". A limited number of key endoRNase and/or exoRNase activities are recruited to multiple metabolic pathways by specific adaptors. These trans-acting factors are often endowed with synthesis activities in the formation of mature RNA termini, as well as degradation and surveillance activities. Quality control mechanisms are robust because they are partially redundant. The actual mechanisms that discriminate aberrant RNAs from normal RNAs are still loosely defined. Surveillance is essential to cellular homeostasis and has been linked to several human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Leporé
- Fonds de la recherche scientifique (FRS-FNRS), Métabolisme de l'ARN, Institut de biologie et de médecine moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), avenue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet, 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgique
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95
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Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by progressive dysfunction of specific populations of neurons, determining clinical presentation. Neuronal loss is associated with extra and intracellular accumulation of misfolded proteins, the hallmarks of many neurodegenerative proteinopathies. Major basic processes include abnormal protein dynamics due to deficiency of the ubiquitin-proteosome-autophagy system, oxidative stress and free radical formation, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired bioenergetics, dysfunction of neurotrophins, 'neuroinflammatory' processes and (secondary) disruptions of neuronal Golgi apparatus and axonal transport. These interrelated mechanisms lead to programmed cell death is a long run over many years. Neurodegenerative disorders are classified according to known genetic mechanisms or to major components of protein deposits, but recent studies showed both overlap and intraindividual diversities between different phenotypes. Synergistic mechanisms between pathological proteins suggest common pathogenic mechanisms. Animal models and other studies have provided insight into the basic neurodegeneration and cell death programs, offering new ways for future prevention/treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Kenyongasse, Vienna, Austria.
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96
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Lafontaine DLJ. A 'garbage can' for ribosomes: how eukaryotes degrade their ribosomes. Trends Biochem Sci 2010; 35:267-77. [PMID: 20097077 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ribosome synthesis is a major metabolic activity that involves hundreds of individual reactions, each of which is error-prone. Ribosomal insults occur in cis (alteration in rRNA sequences) and in trans (failure to bind to, or loss of, an assembly factor or ribosomal protein). In addition, specific growth conditions, such as starvation, require that excess ribosomes are turned over efficiently. Recent work indicates that cells evolved multiple strategies to recognize specifically, and target for clearance, ribosomes that are structurally and/or functionally deficient, as well as in excess. This surveillance is active at every step of the ribosome synthesis pathway and on mature ribosomes, involves nearly entirely different mechanisms for the small and large subunits, and requires specialized subcellular organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis L J Lafontaine
- Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FRS-F.N.R.S.), Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaire (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Charleroi-Gosselies, Belgium.
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97
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Nunomura A, Tamaoki T, Tanaka K, Motohashi N, Nakamura M, Hayashi T, Yamaguchi H, Shimohama S, Lee HG, Zhu X, Smith MA, Perry G. Intraneuronal amyloid beta accumulation and oxidative damage to nucleic acids in Alzheimer disease. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 37:731-7. [PMID: 20034567 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In an analysis of amyloid pathology in Alzheimer disease, we used an in situ approach to identify amyloid-beta (Abeta) accumulation and oxidative damage to nucleic acids in postmortem brain tissue of the hippocampal formation from subjects with Alzheimer disease. When carboxyl-terminal-specific antibodies directed against Abeta40 and Abeta42 were used for immunocytochemical analyses, Abeta42 was especially apparent within the neuronal cytoplasm, at sites not detected by the antibody specific to Abeta-oligomer. In comparison to the Abeta42-positive neurons, neurons bearing oxidative damage to nucleic acids were more widely distributed in the hippocampus. Comparative density measurements of the immunoreactivity revealed that levels of intraneuronal Abeta42 were inversely correlated with levels of intraneuronal 8-hydroxyguanosine, an oxidized nucleoside (r=- 0.61, p<0.02). Together with recent evidence that the Abeta peptide can act as an antioxidant, these results suggest that intraneuronal accumulation of non-oligomeric Abeta may be a compensatory response in neurons to oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Nunomura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
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98
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Amino acids variations in Amyloid-β peptides, mitochondrial dysfunction, and new therapies for Alzheimer’s disease. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2009; 41:457-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-009-9246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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99
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Isobe C, Abe T, Terayama Y. Levels of reduced and oxidized coenzyme Q-10 and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in the CSF of patients with Alzheimer's disease demonstrate that mitochondrial oxidative damage and/or oxidative DNA damage contributes to the neurodegenerative process. J Neurol 2009; 257:399-404. [PMID: 19784856 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-009-5333-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 08/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the possibility that mitochondrial oxidative damage, oxidative DNA damage or both contribute to the neurodegenerative process of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we employed high-performance liquid chromatography using an electrochemical detector to measure the concentrations of the reduced and oxidized forms of coenzyme Q-10 (CoQ-10) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 30 patients with AD and in 30 age-matched controls with no neurological disease. The percentage of oxidized/total CoQ-10 (%CoQ-10) in the CSF of the AD group (78.2 +/- 18.8%) was significantly higher than in the control group (41.3 +/- 10.4%) (P < 0.0001). The concentration of 8-OHdG in the CSF of AD patients was greater than in the CSF of controls (P < 0.0001) and was positively correlated with the duration of illness (r(s) = 0.95, P < 0.0001). The %CoQ-10 was correlated with concentrations of 8-OHdG in the CSF of AD patients (r(s) = 0.66, P < 0.001). The present study suggests that both mitochondrial oxidative damage and oxidative DNA damage play important roles in the pathogenesis of early AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Isobe
- Department of Neurology, Iwate Medical University, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, 020-0805, Japan.
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100
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Simic G, Stanic G, Mladinov M, Jovanov-Milosevic N, Kostovic I, Hof PR. Does Alzheimer's disease begin in the brainstem? Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2009; 35:532-54. [PMID: 19682326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2009.01038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Although substantial evidence indicates that the progression of pathological changes of the neuronal cytoskeleton is crucial in determining the severity of dementia in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the exact causes and evolution of these changes, the initial site at which they begin, and the neuronal susceptibility levels for their development are poorly understood. The current clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD are focused mostly on cognitive deficits produced by dysfunction of hippocampal and high-order neocortical areas, whereas noncognitive, behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia such as disturbances in mood, emotion, appetite, and wake-sleep cycle, confusion, agitation and depression have been less considered. The early occurrence of these symptoms suggests brainstem involvement, and more specifically of the serotonergic nuclei. In spite of the fact that the Braak and Braak staging system and National Institutes of Aging - Reagan Institute (NIA-RI) criteria do not include their evaluation, several recent reports drew attention to the possibility of selective and early involvement of raphe nuclei, particularly the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), in the pathogenesis of AD. Based on these findings of differential susceptibility and anatomical connectivity, a novel pathogenetic scheme of AD progression was proposed. Although the precise mechanisms of neurofibrillary degeneration still await elucidation, we speculated that cumulative oxidative damage may be the main cause of DRN alterations, as the age is the main risk factor for sporadic AD. Within such a framework, beta-amyloid production is considered only as one of the factors (although a significant one in familial cases) that promotes molecular series of events underlying AD-related neuropathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Simic
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Medical School Zagreb, Croatia.
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