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D'Addario C, Zaplatic E, Giunti E, Pucci M, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Scherma M, Dainese E, Maccarrone M, Nilsson IA, Cifani C, Fadda P. Epigenetic regulation of the cannabinoid receptor CB1 in an activity-based rat model of anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2020; 53:432-446. [PMID: 32275093 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both environmental and genetic factors are known to contribute to the development of anorexia nervosa (AN), but the exact etiology remains poorly understood. Herein, we studied the transcriptional regulation of the endocannabinoid system, an interesting target for body weight maintenance and the control of food intake and energy balance. METHOD We used two well-characterized animal models of AN: (a) the activity-based anorexia (ABA) model in which rats, housed with running wheels and subjected to daily food restriction, show reductions in body weight and increase in physical activity; (b) the genetic anx/anx mouse displaying the core features of AN: low food intake and emaciation. RESULTS Among the evaluated endocannabinoid system components, we observed a selective and significant down-regulation of the gene encoding for the type 1 cannabinoid receptor (Cnr1) in ABA rats' hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens and, in the latter area, a consistent, significant and correlated increase in DNA methylation at the gene promoter. No changes were evident in the anx/anx mice except for a down-regulation of Cnr1, in the prefrontal cortex. DISCUSSION Our findings support a possible role for Cnr1 in the ABA animal model of AN. In particular, its regulation in the nucleus accumbens appears to be triggered by environmental cues due to the consistent epigenetic modulation of the promoter. These data warrant further studies on Cnr1 regulation as a possible target for treatment of AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D'Addario
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeta Zaplatic
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Elisa Giunti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mariangela Pucci
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Maria Scherma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Enrico Dainese
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Lipid Neurochemistry Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ida A Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Paola Fadda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neuroscience - Cagliari, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
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52
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Koay YC, Stanton K, Kienzle V, Li M, Yang J, Celermajer DS, O'Sullivan JF. Effect of chronic exercise in healthy young male adults: a metabolomic analysis. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:613-622. [PMID: 32239128 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To examine the metabolic adaptation to an 80-day exercise intervention in healthy young male adults where lifestyle factors such as diet, sleep, and physical activities are controlled. METHODS AND RESULTS This study involved cross-sectional analysis before and after an 80-day aerobic and strength exercise intervention in 52 young, adult, male, newly enlisted soldiers in 2015. Plasma metabolomic analyses were performed using liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry. Data analyses were performed between March and August 2019. We analysed changes in metabolomic profiles at the end of an 80-day exercise intervention compared to baseline, and the association of metabolite changes with changes in clinical parameters. Global metabolism was dramatically shifted after the exercise training programme. Fatty acids and ketone body substrates, key fuels used by exercising muscle, were dramatically decreased in plasma in response to increased aerobic fitness. There were highly significant changes across many classes of metabolic substrates including lipids, ketone bodies, arginine metabolites, endocannabinoids, nucleotides, markers of proteolysis, products of fatty acid oxidation, microbiome-derived metabolites, markers of redox stress, and substrates of coagulation. For statistical analyses, a paired t-test was used and Bonferroni-adjusted P-value of <0.0004 was considered to be statistically significant. The metabolite dimethylguanidino valeric acid (DMGV) (recently shown to predict lack of metabolic response to exercise) tracked maladaptive metabolic changes to exercise; those with increases in DMGV levels had increases in several cardiovascular risk factors; changes in DMGV levels were significantly positively correlated with increases in body fat (P = 0.049), total and LDL cholesterol (P = 0.003 and P = 0.007), and systolic blood pressure (P = 0.006). This study was approved by the Departments of Defence and Veterans' Affairs Human Research Ethics Committee and written informed consent was obtained from each subject. CONCLUSION For the first time, the true magnitude and extent of metabolic adaptation to chronic exercise training are revealed in this carefully designed study, which can be leveraged for novel therapeutic strategies in cardiometabolic disease. Extending the recent report of DMGV's predictive utility in sedentary, overweight individuals, we found that it is also a useful marker of poor metabolic response to exercise in young, healthy, fit males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Chin Koay
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kelly Stanton
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Mengbo Li
- The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jean Yang
- The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David S Celermajer
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - John F O'Sullivan
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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53
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Swenson S, Blum K, McLaughlin T, Gold MS, Thanos PK. The therapeutic potential of exercise for neuropsychiatric diseases: A review. J Neurol Sci 2020; 412:116763. [PMID: 32305746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is known to have a myriad of health benefits. There is much to be learned from the effects of exercise and its potential for prevention, attenuation and treatment of multiple neuropsychiatric diseases and behavioral disorders. Furthermore, recent data and research on exercise benefits with respect to major health crises, such as, that of opioid and general substance use disorders, make it very important to better understand and review the mechanisms of exercise and how it could be utilized for effective treatments or adjunct treatments for these diseases. In addition, mechanisms, epigenetics and sex differences are examined and discussed in terms of future research implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Swenson
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Western Univesity Health Sciences, Graduate College, Pomona, CA, USA
| | | | - Mark S Gold
- Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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54
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Scharf EL, Ebbert JO. Endocannabinoids and Stroke Prevention: Review of Clinical Studies. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2020; 5:6-11. [PMID: 32322672 DOI: 10.1089/can.2018.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The societal burden of ischemic stroke suggests a need for additional therapeutic categories in stroke prevention. Modulation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a rational target for stroke prevention because of its effects on inflammation, vascular tone, and metabolic balance, all well-described stroke risk factors. In this article, we summarize the existing ECS clinical studies in human subjects' research as they relate to conventional vascular risk factors associated with ischemic stroke. To date, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) derivative endocannabinoids are consistently reported to be elevated in insulin resistance, whereas the N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) endocannabinoid derivatives are elevated in obesity. The ECS role in metabolic health should examine the effects of 2-AG reduction and AEA augmentation as a means of stroke risk reduction. Cannabinoid receptors are reported on macrophages within atherosclerotic plaques and suggest a role for immunomodulation as a therapeutic for atherosclerosis through both peripheral immune cell CB1 antagonism and/or CB2 agonist. The effects of ECS on hypertension, smoking, physical activity, obstructive sleep apnea, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation are incompletely described and deserve further study. A limitation to ECS research is significant overlap with noncannabinoid molecular targets. Further exploration of the ECS needs to include the larger metabolomics context for a greater understanding of its therapeutic potential. Clinical translational studies in stroke prevention should be directed at ECS in metabolic balance and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jon O Ebbert
- Community Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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55
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Meyer JD, Crombie KM, Cook DB, Hillard CJ, Koltyn KF. Serum Endocannabinoid and Mood Changes after Exercise in Major Depressive Disorder. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:1909-1917. [PMID: 30973483 PMCID: PMC6727944 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental digital content is available in the text. The endocannabinoid (eCB) system is implicated in the pathophysiology of depression and is responsive to acute exercise in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Meyer
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Kevin M Crombie
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI
| | - Dane B Cook
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI.,Research Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Kelli F Koltyn
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI
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56
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Brellenthin AG, Crombie KM, Hillard CJ, Brown RT, Koltyn KF. Psychological and endocannabinoid responses to aerobic exercise in substance use disorder patients. Subst Abus 2019; 42:272-283. [PMID: 31729933 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2019.1680480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise has been examined as an adjunctive treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs), yet few exercise interventions have been conducted among patients undergoing intensive outpatient (IOP) treatment, who may be the most vulnerable to relapse and for whom exercise could provide the most benefits. This study examined the effects of aerobic exercise, in addition to IOP treatment, on psychological variables and endocannabinoids in individuals with SUDs. Methods: Twenty-one SUD patients (mean age 35 years) were recruited from local IOPs. Participants were randomized to either treatment-as-usual (TAU, at their outpatient clinic) or TAU plus aerobic exercise training (EX). EX participants engaged in supervised, moderate-intensity exercise for 30 min, 3 times/week for 6 weeks. TAU participants came into the laboratory once per week for assessments and a 30-min quiet rest session. Participants provided blood samples and completed questionnaires evaluating substance use, mood states, depression, anxiety, perceived stress, self-efficacy to abstain from substance use, and craving. Data were analyzed with Mann-Whitney U tests or mixed model ANOVAs to determine group differences in outcomes acutely and over 6 weeks. Results: Over 6 weeks, there were reductions in perceived stress (p < 0.01) and craving (p < 0.05) for both groups. There were no group differences in abstinence rates or changes from baseline in self-efficacy, depression, or anxiety (p > 0.05). Acutely, both exercise and quiet rest sessions led to reductions in craving, tension, depression, anger, confusion, and total mood disturbance (all ps < 0.05). In addition, the EX group experienced acute increases in vigor and circulating concentrations of the endocannabinoid, anandamide (p < 0.01). Conclusions: An adjunctive aerobic exercise program during SUD treatment was associated with similar reductions in perceived stress and drug craving as standard care. Thirty minutes of exercise or quiet rest led to acute improvements in mood, but exercise produced the additional benefit of increases in vigor and circulating anandamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique G Brellenthin
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Kevin M Crombie
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Randall T Brown
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kelli F Koltyn
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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57
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Di Liegro CM, Schiera G, Proia P, Di Liegro I. Physical Activity and Brain Health. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10090720. [PMID: 31533339 PMCID: PMC6770965 DOI: 10.3390/genes10090720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) has been central in the life of our species for most of its history, and thus shaped our physiology during evolution. However, only recently the health consequences of a sedentary lifestyle, and of highly energetic diets, are becoming clear. It has been also acknowledged that lifestyle and diet can induce epigenetic modifications which modify chromatin structure and gene expression, thus causing even heritable metabolic outcomes. Many studies have shown that PA can reverse at least some of the unwanted effects of sedentary lifestyle, and can also contribute in delaying brain aging and degenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer’s Disease, diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. Most importantly, PA improves cognitive processes and memory, has analgesic and antidepressant effects, and even induces a sense of wellbeing, giving strength to the ancient principle of “mens sana in corpore sano” (i.e., a sound mind in a sound body). In this review we will discuss the potential mechanisms underlying the effects of PA on brain health, focusing on hormones, neurotrophins, and neurotransmitters, the release of which is modulated by PA, as well as on the intra- and extra-cellular pathways that regulate the expression of some of the genes involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Maria Di Liegro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche) (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Schiera
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche) (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Proia
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement (Dipartimento di Scienze Psicologiche, Pedagogiche, dell'Esercizio fisico e della Formazione), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Italia Di Liegro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica avanzata) (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
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58
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Abstract
Exercise intervention has long been used as one adjunctive treatment for drug abuse. Both animal studies and human trials suggest that exercise training effectively prevents addiction formation, suppresses drug-seeking behaviors, and ceases addictions. Moreover, exercise improves both mental and cognitive deficits that commonly occur during drug withdrawal. Those observations are supported by neurobiological studies in which exercise training modulates several neural networks including the dopaminergic reward system, and regulates neurogenesis and spinogenesis that affect cognitive behaviors and mental health. In sum, exercise training is a safe and effective way to relieve substance abuse, although both intervention guideline and biomarkers warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, China
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Psychotic disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China.
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59
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Di Marzo V, Silvestri C. Lifestyle and Metabolic Syndrome: Contribution of the Endocannabinoidome. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081956. [PMID: 31434293 PMCID: PMC6722643 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle is a well-known environmental factor that plays a major role in facilitating the development of metabolic syndrome or eventually exacerbating its consequences. Various lifestyle factors, especially changes in dietary habits, extreme temperatures, unusual light-dark cycles, substance abuse, and other stressful factors, are also established modifiers of the endocannabinoid system and its extended version, the endocannabinoidome. The endocannabinoidome is a complex lipid signaling system composed of a plethora (>100) of fatty acid-derived mediators and their receptors and anabolic and catabolic enzymes (>50 proteins) which are deeply involved in the control of energy metabolism and its pathological deviations. A strong link between the endocannabinoidome and another major player in metabolism and dysmetabolism, the gut microbiome, is also emerging. Here, we review several examples of how lifestyle modifications (westernized diets, lack or presence of certain nutritional factors, physical exercise, and the use of cannabis) can modulate the propensity to develop metabolic syndrome by modifying the crosstalk between the endocannabinoidome and the gut microbiome and, hence, how lifestyle interventions can provide new therapies against cardiometabolic risk by ensuring correct functioning of both these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Di Marzo
- École de nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- Department de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada.
- Department de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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60
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Hughes L, Patterson SD. Low intensity blood flow restriction exercise: Rationale for a hypoalgesia effect. Med Hypotheses 2019; 132:109370. [PMID: 31442920 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced hypoalgesia is characterised by a reduction in pain sensitivity following exercise. Recently, low intensity exercise performed with blood flow restriction has been shown to induce hypoalgesia. The purpose of this manuscript is to discuss the mechanisms of exercise-induced hypoalgesia and provide rationale as to why low intensity exercise performed with blood flow restriction may induce hypoalgesia. Research into exercise-induced hypoalgesia has identified several potential mechanisms, including opioid and endocannabinoid-mediated pain inhibition, conditioned pain modulation, recruitment of high threshold motor units, exercise-induced metabolite production and an interaction between cardiovascular and pain regulatory systems. We hypothesise that several mechanisms consistent with prolonged high intensity exercise may drive the hypoalgesia effect observed with blood flow restriction exercise. These are likely triggered by the high level of intramuscular stress in the exercising muscle generated by blood flow restriction including hypoxia, accumulation of metabolites, accelerated fatigue onset and ischemic pain. Therefore, blood flow restriction exercise may induce hypoalgesia through similar mechanisms to prolonged higher intensity exercise, but at lower intensities, by changing local tissue physiology, highlighting the importance of the blood flow restriction stimulus. The potential to use blood flow restriction exercise as a pain modulation tool has important implications following acute injury and surgery, and for several load compromised populations with chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Hughes
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, London TW1 4SX, UK.
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61
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Swenson S, Hamilton J, Robison L, Thanos PK. Chronic aerobic exercise: Lack of effect on brain CB1 receptor levels in adult rats. Life Sci 2019; 230:84-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Costigan SA, Lubans DR, Lonsdale C, Sanders T, Del Pozo Cruz B. Associations between physical activity intensity and well-being in adolescents. Prev Med 2019; 125:55-61. [PMID: 31125627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to explore associations between physical activity intensity and well-being (i.e., positive and negative affect) in adolescents. A secondary aim was to determine if associations were moderated by sex. Grade 8 students from 14 government-funded secondary schools in low socio-economic areas of Western Sydney (Australia) were assessed. Data from three timepoints (baseline, 7-8 months, and 14-15 months) were combined to increase the sample size. Physical activity was objectively assessed for 1-week at each timepoint using Actigraph accelerometers. Time (minutes/day) in light, moderate and vigorous physical activity was estimated. The short form Positive and Negative Affect Scale for Children was used to measure well-being. Quantile regression was used to analyse the data. A total of 3140 observations were collected from 1223 students (mean age at baseline: 12.9(0.54); 55.1% male). Light and moderate physical activity was not associated with well-being. Higher levels of vigorous physical activity were associated with more positive affect [β(SE) = 0.307 (0.06), p < 0.001], to an estimated vigorous physical activity turning point [Point(95%CI) = 36.48 min/day (31.39-41.59)]. Similarly, higher levels of vigorous physical activity were associated with less negative affect [β(SE) = -0.250 (0.06), p < 0.001] up to the estimated vigorous physical activity turning point [Point(95%CI) = 37.35 min/day (31.27-43.44)]. The negative association between vigorous physical activity and negative affect was more pronounced in females than in males. Our findings highlight the importance of adolescents engaging in vigorous physical activity to improve positive affect and reduce negative affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Costigan
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Deakin University, Geelong, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Australia.
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Chris Lonsdale
- Institute for Positive Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Taren Sanders
- Institute for Positive Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Borja Del Pozo Cruz
- Institute for Positive Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, NSW, Australia
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The influence of physiotherapy intervention on patients with multiple sclerosis-related spasticity treated with nabiximols (THC:CBD oromucosal spray). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219670. [PMID: 31361750 PMCID: PMC6667203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nabiximols (THC/CBD Oromucosal Spray, Sativex) is used as an add-on therapy to treat moderate to severe spasticity of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Objectives To examine the impact of physiotherapy (PT) programs on effectiveness and persistence of nabiximols treatment in people with MS-related spasticity. Methods This is an observational multicenter study with a follow-up period of 12 weeks, conducted in routine care settings in Italy. Patients with moderate to severe MS-related spasticity who started nabiximols were included. Spasticity was evaluated by the patient-rated 0–10 numerical rating scale (NRS). Clinical data were collected at baseline (T0), 4 weeks (T1) and 12 weeks (T2) months after enrollment. Results A total of 297 MS patients were selected, 290 completed the 3 months follow-up period. Mean NRS scores were 7.6 ± 1.1 at T0, 5.8 ± 1.4 at T1 and 5.5 ± 1.5 at T2. At T1, 77% of patients reached ≥20% improvement (initial response, IR); 22% reached ≥30% improvement (clinically relevant response, CRR). At T1, patients undergoing PT had a higher probability to reach CRR (Odds Ratio = 2.6 95% CI 1.3–5.6, p = 0.01). Nabiximols was discontinued in 30/290 (10.3%) patients at T1 (early discontinuers) and in 71/290 (24.5%) patients at T2 (late discontinuers). The probability of being late discontinuers was reduced in patients undergoing PT (Hazard Ratio = 0.41; 95% CI 0.23–0.69, p = 0.001). Conclusions Our real-life study confirms nabiximols’ effectiveness in MS-related spasticity and suggests that the association of a PT program may improve overall response and persistence to nabiximols treatment.
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64
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Crombie KM, Leitzelar BN, Brellenthin AG, Hillard CJ, Koltyn KF. Loss of exercise- and stress-induced increases in circulating 2-arachidonoylglycerol concentrations in adults with chronic PTSD. Biol Psychol 2019; 145:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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65
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Abstract
Healthy aging includes freedom from disease, ability to engage in physical activity, and maintenance of cognitive skills for which diet is a major lifestyle factor. Aging, diet, and health are at the forefront of well-being for the growing population of older adults with the caveat of reducing and controlling pain. Obesity and diabetes risk increase in frequency in adults, and exercise is encouraged to control weight, reduce risk of type II diabetes, and maintain muscle mass and mobility. One area of research that appears to integrate many aspects of healthy aging is focused on understanding the endocannabinoid system (ECS) because of its role in systemic energy metabolism, inflammation, pain, and brain biology. Physical activity is important for maintaining health throughout the life cycle. The benefits of exercise facilitate macronutrient use, promote organ health, and augment the maintenance of metabolic activity and physiological functions. One outcome of routine exercise is a generalized well-being, and perhaps, this is linked to the ECS. The purpose of this review is to briefly present the current knowledge of key components of the ECS that contribute to appetite and influence systemic energy metabolism, and dietary factors that alter the responses of ligand binding and activation of cannabinoid receptors and its role in the brain. Herein, the objectives are to (1) explain the role of the ECS in the body, (2) describe the relationship between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and macronutrient intake and systemic metabolism, and (3) present areas of promising research where exercise induces endocannabinoid production in the brain to benefit well-being. There are many gaps in the knowledge of how the ECS participates in controlling pain through exercise; however, emerging research will reveal key relationships to understand this system in the brain and body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Watkins
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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66
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Jaromin E, Sadowska ET, Koteja P. Is Experimental Evolution of an Increased Aerobic Exercise Performance in Bank Voles Mediated by Endocannabinoid Signaling Pathway? Front Physiol 2019; 10:640. [PMID: 31191344 PMCID: PMC6546880 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The level of physical activity achieved in a given situation depends on both physiological abilities and behavioral characteristics (motivation). We used a unique animal model to test a hypothesis that evolution of an increased aerobic exercise performance can be facilitated by evolution of motivation to undertake physical activity, mediated by brain endocannabinoid system. Bank voles (Myodes glareolus) from "aerobic" A lines selected for 22 generations for high swim-induced aerobic metabolism (VO2swim) achieved 65% higher "voluntary maximum" VO2swim than voles from unselected, "control" C lines. In C lines, VO2swim was 24% lower than the maximum forced-running aerobic metabolism (VO2run), while in A lines VO2swim and VO2run were practically the same. Thus, the selection changed both the aerobic capacity and motivation to exercise at the top performance level. We applied a pharmacological treatment manipulation to test a hypothesis that the endocannabinoid signaling pathway 1) affects the voles performance in the aerobic exercise trials, and 2) has been modified in the selection process. Administration of the CB1 receptor antagonist (Rimonabant) did not affect the level of metabolism, but administration of the endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor (AM404) decreased VO2swim both in A and C lines (4%, p = 0.03) and tended to decrease VO2run (2%, p = 0.07). The significant effect of AM404 suggests the involvement of endocannabinoids in signaling pathways controlling the motivation to be active. However, the response to AM404 did not differ between A and C lines (interaction effect, p ≥ 0.29). Thus, the results did not provide a support to the hypothesis that modifications of endocannabinoid signaling have played a role in the evolution of increased aerobic exercise performance in our experimental evolution model system. SUMMARY STATEMENT The results corroborated involvement of endocannabinoids in the regulation of physical activity, but did not support the hypothesis that modification of endocannabinoid signaling played a role in the evolution of increased aerobic exercise performance in our experimental evolution model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Jaromin
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Loprinzi PD, Zou L, Li H. The Endocannabinoid System as a Potential Mechanism through which Exercise Influences Episodic Memory Function. Brain Sci 2019; 9:E112. [PMID: 31100856 PMCID: PMC6562547 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9050112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging research demonstrates that exercise, including both acute and chronic exercise, may influence episodic memory function. To date, mechanistic explanations of this effect are often attributed to alterations in long-term potentiation, neurotrophic production, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis. Herein, we discuss a complementary mechanistic model, suggesting that the endocannabinoid system may, in part, influence the effects of exercise on memory function. We discuss the role of the endocannabinoid system on memory function as well as the effects of exercise on endocannabinoid alterations. This is an exciting line of inquiry that should help delineate new insights into the mechanistic role of exercise on memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Liye Zou
- Lifestyle (Mind-Body Movement) Research Center, College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Hong Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- Research Centre of Brain Function and Psychological Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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68
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Farley D, Piszczek Ł, Bąbel P. Why is running a marathon like giving birth? The possible role of oxytocin in the underestimation of the memory of pain induced by labor and intense exercise. Med Hypotheses 2019; 128:86-90. [PMID: 31203917 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pain can be overestimated, underestimated or reported accurately at recall. The way pain is remembered seems to depend on certain factors, including the type of pain or, in other words, its cause, the context, and the meaning it has for the person suffering from it. For instance, episodes of chronic pain, as well as pain related to surgery, are often overestimated at recall. Interestingly, research shows that pain induced by parturition or marathon running is often underestimated at recall despite the fact that both are not only physically grueling but also emotionally intense experiences. However, both processes can likewise be considered positive events, as opposed to most that involve pain. On the neurophysiological level, one of the similarities between giving birth and running a marathon is the particular involvement of the oxytocin system. Oxytocin is involved both in parturition and intense exercise, for various reasons. During labor, oxytocin mediates uterine contractions, while in the case of extensive running it might be involved in the maintenance of fluid balance. It also has well-documented analgesic properties and plays an important role in memory formation and recall. It has been suggested that oxytocin modulates the output of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) during the fear recall. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that oxytocin can impair fear learning and influence the memory of both positive and negative emotionally salient stimuli. We propose that the reason for pain to be remembered in a more favorable light is the central action of oxytocin in the central nucleus of the amygdala, first and foremost during the encoding phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Farley
- Jagiellonian University, Institute of Psychology, Pain Research Group, Poland.
| | | | - Przemysław Bąbel
- Jagiellonian University, Institute of Psychology, Pain Research Group, Poland
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Belitardo de Oliveira A, de Mello MT, Tufik S, Peres MFP. Weight loss and improved mood after aerobic exercise training are linked to lower plasma anandamide in healthy people. Physiol Behav 2018; 201:191-197. [PMID: 30578894 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Anandamide, a major endocannabinoid, participates in energy metabolism homeostasis and neurobehavioral processes. In a secondary analysis of an open-label, randomized controlled trial, we investigated the long-term effect of aerobic exercise on resting plasma anandamide, and explored its relationship with changes in body weight, cardiorespiratory fitness, and mood status in healthy, physically inactive individuals. Participants recruited between March 2013 to August 2015 at the UNIFESP's Neurology/Psychobiology Department were randomly allocated into a 12-weeks supervised moderate exercise program, or into waitlist, control condition. Thirty-four participants (age = 38 ± 11.5, BMI = 26.6 ± 3.6) were intention to treat-analysed (Exercise: n = 17; Control: n = 17). After intervention, there were significant decreases in plasma anandamide (p < .01), anger, anxiety, and body weight (all p < .05), whereas cardiorespiratory fitness increased (p < .05) in the exercise group. There were no significant changes in any variable for the control group. In the whole cohort, adjusted R2 of multiple linear regressions showed that 12.2% of change body weight was explained by changes in anandamide (β = 0.391, p = .033), while 27% of change in mood disturbance (β = 0.546, p = .003), and 13.1% of change in anger (β = 0.404, p = .03) was explained by changes in anandamide. Our data suggest that the weight loss and mood improvement through regular moderate exercise may involve changes in anandamide metabolism/signaling. Trials registration: #NCT01972607.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arão Belitardo de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departament of Neurology and Neurosurgery, 669, Pedro de Toledo, CEP 04039-032 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marco Tulio de Mello
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departament of Sports Science, 6627, Pres. Antônio Carlos Av, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Serio Tufik
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departament of Psychobiology, 862, Botucatu, CEP 04032-030 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mario Fernando Prieto Peres
- Albert Einstein Israeli Hospital, Brain Institute, 627/701, Avenida Albert Einstein, CEP 05652-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Medical School, Psychiatry Institute, 785, Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos: CEP 05403-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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70
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Watkins BA. Endocannabinoids, exercise, pain, and a path to health with aging. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 64:68-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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71
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Stone NL, Millar SA, Herrod PJJ, Barrett DA, Ortori CA, Mellon VA, O'Sullivan SE. An Analysis of Endocannabinoid Concentrations and Mood Following Singing and Exercise in Healthy Volunteers. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:269. [PMID: 30534062 PMCID: PMC6275239 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The euphoric feeling described after running is, at least in part, due to increased circulating endocannabinoids (eCBs). eCBs are lipid signaling molecules involved in reward, appetite, mood, memory and neuroprotection. The aim of this study was to investigate whether activities other than running can increase circulating eCBs. Nine healthy female volunteers (mean 61 years) were recruited from a local choir. Circulating eCBs, haemodynamics, mood and hunger ratings were measured before and immediately after 30 min of dance, reading, singing or cycling in a fasted state. Singing increased plasma levels of anandamide (AEA) by 42% (P < 0.05), palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) by 53% (P < 0.01) and oleoylethanolamine (OEA) by 34% (P < 0.05) and improved positive mood and emotions (P < 0.01), without affecting hunger scores. Dancing did not affect eCB levels or hunger ratings, but decreased negative mood and emotions (P < 0.01). Cycling increased OEA levels by 26% (P < 0.05) and tended to decrease how hungry volunteers felt, without affecting mood. Reading increased OEA levels by 28% (P < 0.01) and increased the desire to eat. Plasma AEA levels were positively correlated with how full participants felt (P < 0.05). Plasma OEA levels were positively correlated with positive mood and emotions (P < 0.01). All three ethanolamines were positively correlated with heart rate (HR; P < 0.0001). These data suggest that activities other than running can increase plasma eCBs associated with changes in mood or appetite. Increases in eCBs may underlie the rewarding and pleasurable effects of singing and exercise and ultimately some of the long-term beneficial effects on mental health, cognition and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Stone
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie A Millar
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J J Herrod
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David A Barrett
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, Advanced Materials and Healthcare Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Catharine A Ortori
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, Advanced Materials and Healthcare Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie A Mellon
- BBC Studios "Trust Me I'm a Doctor", BBC Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Saoirse E O'Sullivan
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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72
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Legrand FD, Albinet C, Canivet A, Gierski F, Morrone I, Besche-Richard C. Brief aerobic exercise immediately enhances visual attentional control and perceptual speed. Testing the mediating role of feelings of energy. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2018; 191:25-31. [PMID: 30195178 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
While the effects of acute exercise on mood and cognitive functions have been separately documented over the last decade, recent findings have pointed to a possible connection between affective responses to exercise and cognitive performance. The main objective of this study was to test whether the effects of acute exercise on cognition were mediated by changes in feelings of energy. One-hundred-and-one undergraduate students were randomized into one of two experimental conditions: 15 min of jogging at "moderate" intensity, or 15 min of relaxation/concentration (control condition). Perceptual speed, visual attentional control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility were assessed pre- and post-intervention in both groups via the Trail Making Test. Self-rated feelings of energy were also recorded pre- and post-intervention. Only completion time for the TMT-A significantly improved from pre- to post-intervention in participants who exercised compared with participants who practiced relaxation/concentration. No Group × Time interaction was found with regard to the other TMT variables. Finally, changes in feelings of energy were found to fully mediate the relationship between exercise and perceptual speed/visual attentional control. Taken together, our data suggest that a brief bout of moderate intensity exercise can improve the efficiency of certain cognitive processes through increases in feelings of energy, but further research is required to evaluate the duration of benefits and to determine whether these apply to other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien D Legrand
- EA 6291 "Cognition Health and Socialisation", Department of Psychology, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France.
| | - Cedric Albinet
- Laboratoire SCoTE, Department of Psychology, Institut National Universitaire Champollion, University of Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Canivet
- UMR-CNRS 7295 CeRCA, Department of Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Poitiers, France
| | - Fabien Gierski
- EA 6291 "Cognition Health and Socialisation", Department of Psychology, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Isabella Morrone
- EA 6291 "Cognition Health and Socialisation", Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, University Hospital of Reims, France
| | - Chrystel Besche-Richard
- EA 6291 "Cognition Health and Socialisation", Department of Psychology, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
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73
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Chan JSY, Liu G, Liang D, Deng K, Wu J, Yan JH. Special Issue - Therapeutic Benefits of Physical Activity for Mood: A Systematic Review on the Effects of Exercise Intensity, Duration, and Modality. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 153:102-125. [PMID: 30321106 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2018.1470487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In contemporary society, people experience considerable stress in their daily lives. Therefore, developing effective approaches and convenient means to cope with their mood problems is important nowadays. Physical activity has been consistently reported as a cost-effective way to improve physical fitness, prevent mental illnesses, and alleviate mood problems. In this systematic review, the effects of exercise intensity, duration, and modality on mood change are discussed. Results show that moderate-intensity anaerobic exercise is associated with greater mood improvements. The relationship between exercise duration and mood change is non-linear; A regime of 10- to 30-minute exercise is sufficient for mood improvements. For exercise modality, anaerobic exercise improves mood, but the efficacy of aerobic and mindfulness-related exercises remains to be further examined. In addition to the systematic review of potential moderators, a narrative review of psychological and neurophysiological theories of exercise effects on mood is provided; we have highlighted the central role of neuroplasticity in integrating the two classes of theories. An adoption of neuroimaging techniques in future research is critical to reveal the mechanisms underpinning the therapeutic influence of physical activity on affective responses. Some future research directions are also raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Y Chan
- a Laboratory of Neuromotor Control and Learning , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Guanmin Liu
- b Department of Psychology , Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Danxia Liang
- a Laboratory of Neuromotor Control and Learning , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Kanfeng Deng
- a Laboratory of Neuromotor Control and Learning , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Jiamin Wu
- a Laboratory of Neuromotor Control and Learning , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Jin H Yan
- a Laboratory of Neuromotor Control and Learning , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , China
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74
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Morsch M, Protti DA, Cheng D, Braet F, Chung RS, Reddel SW, Phillips WD. Cannabinoid-induced increase of quantal size and enhanced neuromuscular transmission. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4685. [PMID: 29549349 PMCID: PMC5856814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22888-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids exert dynamic control over many physiological processes including memory formation, cognition and pain perception. In the central nervous system endocannabinoids mediate negative feedback of quantal transmitter release following postsynaptic depolarization. The influence of cannabinoids in the peripheral nervous system is less clear and might have broad implications for the therapeutic application of cannabinoids. We report a novel cannabinoid effect upon the mouse neuromuscular synapse: acutely increasing synaptic vesicle volume and raising the quantal amplitudes. In a mouse model of myasthenia gravis the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212 reversed fatiguing failure of neuromuscular transmission, suggesting future therapeutic potential. Our data suggest an endogenous pathway by which cannabinoids might help to regulate transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Morsch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia. .,Discipline of Physiology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Dario A Protti
- Discipline of Physiology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Delfine Cheng
- School of Medical Sciences (Discipline of Anatomy and Histology), The Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Filip Braet
- School of Medical Sciences (Discipline of Anatomy and Histology), The Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Australian Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis (ACMM), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Roger S Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Stephen W Reddel
- Departments of Molecular Medicine & Neurology, Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - William D Phillips
- Discipline of Physiology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Hashimoto Y, Matsudaira K, Sawada SS, Gando Y, Kawakami R, Sloan RA, Kinugawa C, Okamoto T, Tsukamoto K, Miyachi M, Naito H. Association between objectively measured physical activity and body mass index with low back pain: a large-scale cross-sectional study of Japanese men. BMC Public Health 2018. [PMID: 29523128 PMCID: PMC5845261 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5253-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between the combination of physical activity (PA) and body mass index (BMI) with low back pain (LBP) is unclear. The present study offers a cross-sectional assessment of how combinations of PA and BMI are related to LBP in Japanese men. METHODS Participants were 4022 Japanese men (mean age = 47) who underwent regular clinical examinations. PA was measured using a uniaxial accelerometer and divided into tertiles (PAhigh, PAmiddle, PAlow). A self-administered questionnaire was used to report on persistent LBP experience, drinking and smoking habits, and any existing lifestyle diseases. After covariance adjustment, a logistic regression model was used to assess how combinations of PA and BMI are related to persistent LBP. RESULTS 428 of the participants had persistent LBP. A clear negative dose-response relationship was found between PA levels and persistent LBP (P for linearity = 0.012). Regarding BMI, odd ratios were shown to be higher in the overweight/obese category (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) than for the normal weight category (BMI < 25 kg/m2). When the PAhigh was taken as the reference in the normal weight category, odds ratios for PAlow and PAmiddle in the normal weight category were shown to be high. Moreover, in the overweight/obese category, odd ratios for every fitness level were also high as for the normal weight category. CONCLUSION The present study showed that both PA and BMI are related to persistent LBP. Also, the prevalence of persistent LBP became higher when PAlow and high BMI are combined rather than the group of PAhigh and low BMI combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Hashimoto
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Graduate School of Juntendo University, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Ko Matsudaira
- Department of Medical Research and Management for Musculoskeletal pain, 22nd Century Medical and Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Susumu S Sawada
- Department of Physical Activity Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan.
| | - Yuko Gando
- Department of Physical Activity Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan
| | - Ryoko Kawakami
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa city, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Robert A Sloan
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Graduate Medical and Dental School, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima city, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kinugawa
- Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd., 1-5-20 Kaigan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8527, Japan
| | - Takashi Okamoto
- Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd., 1-5-20 Kaigan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8527, Japan
| | - Koji Tsukamoto
- Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd., 1-5-20 Kaigan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8527, Japan
| | - Motohiko Miyachi
- Department of Physical Activity Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Graduate School of Juntendo University, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
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Circulating Endocannabinoids: From Whence Do They Come and Where are They Going? Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:155-172. [PMID: 28653665 PMCID: PMC5719092 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this review is to summarize studies in which concentrations of circulating endocannabinoids in humans have been examined in relationship to physiological measurements and pathological status. The roles of endocannabinoids in the regulation of energy intake and storage have been well studied and the data obtained consistently support the hypothesis that endocannabinoid signaling is associated with increased consumption and storage of energy. Physical exercise mobilizes endocannabinoids, which could contribute to refilling of energy stores and also to the analgesic and mood-elevating effects of exercise. Circulating concentrations of 2-arachidonoylglycerol are very significantly circadian and dysregulated when sleep is disrupted. Other conditions under which circulating endocannabinoids are altered include inflammation and pain. A second important role for endocannabinoid signaling is to restore homeostasis following stress. Circulating endocannabinoids are stress-responsive and there is evidence that their concentrations are altered in disorders associated with excessive stress, including post-traumatic stress disorder. Although determination of circulating endocannabinoids can provide important information about the state of endocannabinoid signaling and thus allow for hypotheses to be defined and tested, the large number of physiological factors that contribute to their circulating concentrations makes it difficult to use them in isolation as a biomarker for a specific disorder.
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Maqueda M, Roca E, Brotons D, Soria JM, Perera A. Affected pathways and transcriptional regulators in gene expression response to an ultra-marathon trail: Global and independent activity approaches. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180322. [PMID: 29028836 PMCID: PMC5640184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression (GE) analyses on blood samples from marathon and half-marathon runners have reported significant impacts on the immune and inflammatory systems. An ultra-marathon trail (UMT) represents a greater effort due to its more testing conditions. For the first time, we report the genome-wide GE profiling in a group of 16 runners participating in an 82 km UMT competition. We quantified their differential GE profile before and after the race using HuGene2.0st microarrays (Affymetrix Inc., California, US). The results obtained were decomposed by means of an independent component analysis (ICA) targeting independent expression modes. We observed significant differences in the expression levels of 5,084 protein coding genes resulting in an overrepresentation of 14% of the human biological pathways from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database. These were mainly clustered on terms related with protein synthesis repression, altered immune system and infectious diseases related mechanisms. In a second analysis, 27 out of the 196 transcriptional regulators (TRs) included in the Open Regulatory Annotation database were overrepresented. Among these TRs, we identified transcription factors from the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) family EPAS1 (p< 0.01) and HIF1A (p<0.001), and others jointly described in the gluconeogenesis program such as HNF4 (p< 0.001), EGR1 (p<0.001), CEBPA (p< 0.001) and a highly specific TR, YY1 (p<0.01). The five independent components, obtained from ICA, further revealed a down-regulation of 10 genes distributed in the complex I, III and V from the electron transport chain. This mitochondrial activity reduction is compatible with HIF-1 system activation. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway, known to be regulated by HIF, also emerged (p<0.05). Additionally, and related to the brain rewarding circuit, the endocannabinoid signalling pathway was overrepresented (p<0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maqueda
- Department of ESAII, Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Emma Roca
- Summit 2014 S.L., Centelles, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Jose Manuel Soria
- Unit of Genomics of Complex Diseases, Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alexandre Perera
- Department of ESAII, Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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78
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Hamedinia M, Sharifi M, Hosseini-Kakhak A. The Effect of Eight Weeks of Aerobic, Anaerobic and Resistance Training on some factor of Endocannabinoid System, Serotonin, Beta-Endorphin and BDNF in Young Men. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.13005/bbra/2562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was investigated the effect of eight weeks of aerobic, anaerobic and resistance training on some endocannabinoid, serotonin, beta-endorphin and BDNF agents of young men. Thirty-two young men (19 to 25 years old) who did not have regular physical activity were randomly divided into four groups, and each of them were participated in various sports exercises for eight weeks. A group for aerobic exercises (two exercises with 65-70 maximum heart rate 3 sessions per week), an anaerobic exercise group (two exercises with a maximum intensity of 3 sessions per week), a group for circular resistance exercises (6-8 Station Which is repeated 8-12 times, and for three times a week) and finally a group was selected as a control. ELISA method was used to measure endocannabinoid system, serotonin, beta-endorphin and BDNF factors. The results showed that eight weeks aerobic training significantly increased serotonin levels and eight weeks aerobic and anaerobic exercise significantly increased BDNF. Aerobic, anaerobic, and resistive exercises have no significant effect on arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), anandamide(AEA) and beta-endorphin. There was a significant increase in happiness in all three training groups compared to the control group.The results of this study indicated an increase in mediation associated with pleasure and happiness in humans. Concerning the particular effect of long-term exercise on the endocannabinoid system, it is difficult to conclude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Hamedinia
- Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Moslem Sharifi
- Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Alireza Hosseini-Kakhak
- Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
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79
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BRELLENTHIN ANGELIQUEG, CROMBIE KEVINM, HILLARD CECILIAJ, KOLTYN KELLIF. Endocannabinoid and Mood Responses to Exercise in Adults with Varying Activity Levels. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1688-1696. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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80
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Basso JC, Suzuki WA. The Effects of Acute Exercise on Mood, Cognition, Neurophysiology, and Neurochemical Pathways: A Review. Brain Plast 2017; 2:127-152. [PMID: 29765853 PMCID: PMC5928534 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-160040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant body of work has investigated the effects of acute exercise, defined as a single bout of physical activity, on mood and cognitive functions in humans. Several excellent recent reviews have summarized these findings; however, the neurobiological basis of these results has received less attention. In this review, we will first briefly summarize the cognitive and behavioral changes that occur with acute exercise in humans. We will then review the results from both human and animal model studies documenting the wide range of neurophysiological and neurochemical alterations that occur after a single bout of exercise. Finally, we will discuss the strengths, weaknesses, and missing elements in the current literature, as well as offer an acute exercise standardization protocol and provide possible goals for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C. Basso
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wendy A. Suzuki
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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81
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Katsimpoulas M, Kadoglou NE, Moustardas P, Kapelouzou A, Dede E, Kostomitsopoulos N, Karayannacos PE, Kostakis A, Liapis CD. The role of exercise training and the endocannabinoid system in atherosclerotic plaque burden and composition in Apo-E-deficient mice. Hellenic J Cardiol 2017; 57:417-425. [PMID: 28254386 DOI: 10.1016/j.hjc.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the effect of combining exercise training and treatment with an endocannabinoid receptor 1 inhibitor (Rimonabant) on atherosclerosis burden and composition. METHODS Forty-eight apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice were kept on a 16-week high-fat diet. Mice were then placed on a normal diet and were randomized to the following groups with n=12 mice for 6 more weeks: 1) Control (Co) - no intervention; 2) Exercise (Ex) - exercise training on treadmill; 3) Rimonabant (Ri) - oral administration of rimonabant (10 mg/kg/day); or 4) Rimonabant+Exercise (RiEx) - combination of Ri and Ex groups treatment. At the end, all animals were sacrificed, and blood samples, as well as aortic root specimens, were obtained for histomorphometric analysis and quantification of the serum and plaque content of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). RESULTS The mean plaque area was significantly smaller (RiEx: 43.18±1.72%, Ri: 44.66±3.1%, Ex: 49±4.10%, Co: 70.43±2.83%) in all active treatment groups relative to the Co group (p<0.01). Conversely, the relative concentrations of collagen and elastin were increased significantly across all treatment groups compared to Co (p<0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed significantly reduced macrophage content within plaques after all interventions, with the most pronounced effect observed after combined treatment (RiEx: 9.4±3.92%, Ri: 15±2.45%, Ex: 19.78±2.79%, Co: 34.25±4.99%; p<0.05). Within plaques, the TIMP-1 concentration was significantly upregulated in exercise-treated groups. MMP-3 and MMP-9 concentrations were equivalently decreased in all three active treatment groups compared to controls (p<0.001). DISCUSSION Both exercise and rimonabant treatments induced plaque regression and promoted plaque stability. The combined treatment failed to show additive or synergistic benefits relative to either intervention alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis Katsimpoulas
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece; Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos E Kadoglou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece; Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Moustardas
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece; Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Greece
| | - Alkistis Kapelouzou
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Dede
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Greece
| | - Panayotis E Karayannacos
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Greece
| | - Alkiviadis Kostakis
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Greece
| | - Christos D Liapis
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece
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Thompson Z, Argueta D, Garland T, DiPatrizio N. Circulating levels of endocannabinoids respond acutely to voluntary exercise, are altered in mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running, and differ between the sexes. Physiol Behav 2016; 170:141-150. [PMID: 28017680 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system serves many physiological roles, including in the regulation of energy balance, food reward, and voluntary locomotion. Signaling at the cannabinoid type 1 receptor has been specifically implicated in motivation for rodent voluntary exercise on wheels. We studied four replicate lines of high runner (HR) mice that have been selectively bred for 81 generations based on average number of wheel revolutions on days five and six of a six-day period of wheel access. Four additional replicate lines are bred without regard to wheel running, and serve as controls (C) for random genetic effects that may cause divergence among lines. On average, mice from HR lines voluntarily run on wheels three times more than C mice on a daily basis. We tested the general hypothesis that circulating levels of endocannabinoids (i.e., 2-arachidonoylglycerol [2-AG] and anandamide [AEA]) differ between HR and C mice in a sex-specific manner. Fifty male and 50 female mice were allowed access to wheels for six days, while another 50 males and 50 females were kept without access to wheels (half HR, half C for all groups). Blood was collected by cardiac puncture during the time of peak running on the sixth night of wheel access or no wheel access, and later analyzed for 2-AG and AEA content by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. We observed a significant three-way interaction among sex, linetype, and wheel access for 2-AG concentrations, with females generally having lower levels than males and wheel access lowering 2-AG levels in some but not all subgroups. The number of wheel revolutions in the minutes or hours immediately prior to sampling did not quantitatively predict plasma 2-AG levels within groups. We also observed a trend for a linetype-by-wheel access interaction for AEA levels, with wheel access lowering plasma concentrations of AEA in HR mice, while raising them in C mice. In addition, females tended to have higher AEA concentrations than males. For mice housed with wheels, the amount of running during the 30min before sampling was a significant positive predictor of plasma AEA within groups, and HR mice had significantly lower levels of AEA than C mice. Our results suggest that voluntary exercise alters circulating levels of endocannabinoids, and further demonstrate that selective breeding for voluntary exercise is associated with evolutionary changes in the endocannabinoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Thompson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Donovan Argueta
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Nicholas DiPatrizio
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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83
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Wakaizumi K, Kondo T, Hamada Y, Narita M, Kawabe R, Narita H, Watanabe M, Kato S, Senba E, Kobayashi K, Kuzumaki N, Yamanaka A, Morisaki H, Narita M. Involvement of mesolimbic dopaminergic network in neuropathic pain relief by treadmill exercise: A study for specific neural control with Gi-DREADD in mice. Mol Pain 2016; 12:12/0/1744806916681567. [PMID: 27909152 PMCID: PMC5140073 DOI: 10.1177/1744806916681567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise alleviates pain and it is a central component of treatment strategy for chronic pain in clinical setting. However, little is known about mechanism of this exercise-induced hypoalgesia. The mesolimbic dopaminergic network plays a role in positive emotions to rewards including motivation and pleasure. Pain negatively modulates these emotions, but appropriate exercise is considered to activate the dopaminergic network. We investigated possible involvement of this network as a mechanism of exercise-induced hypoalgesia. Methods In the present study, we developed a protocol of treadmill exercise, which was able to recover pain threshold under partial sciatic nerve ligation in mice, and investigated involvement of the dopaminergic reward network in exercise-induced hypoalgesia. To temporally suppress a neural activation during exercise, a genetically modified inhibitory G-protein-coupled receptor, hM4Di, was specifically expressed on dopaminergic pathway from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens. Results The chemogenetic-specific neural suppression by Gi-DREADD system dramatically offset the effect of exercise-induced hypoalgesia in transgenic mice with hM4Di expressed on the ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons. Additionally, anti-exercise-induced hypoalgesia effect was significantly observed under the suppression of neurons projecting out of the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens as well. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the dopaminergic pathway from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens is involved in the anti-nociception under low-intensity exercise under a neuropathic pain-like state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Wakaizumi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashige Kondo
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hamada
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Narita
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rui Kawabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Narita
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moe Watanabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.,McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Emiko Senba
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama City, Japan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Osaka Yukioka College of Health Science, Ibaraki City, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Naoko Kuzumaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Morisaki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Narita
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan .,Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.,Life Science Tokyo Advanced Research Center, Tokyo, Japan
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84
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Sleep restriction alters plasma endocannabinoids concentrations before but not after exercise in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 74:258-268. [PMID: 27689899 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Following binding to cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids regulate a variety of central nervous system processes including appetite and mood. Recent evidence suggests that the systemic release of these lipid metabolites can be altered by acute exercise and that their levels also vary across the 24-h sleep-wake cycle. The present study utilized a within-subject design (involving 16 normal-weight men) to determine whether daytime circulating endocannabinoid concentrations differ following three nights of partial sleep deprivation (4.25-h sleep opportunity, 2:45-7a.m. each night) vs. normal sleep (8.5-h sleep opportunity, 10:30p.m.-7a.m. each night), before and after an acute bout of ergometer cycling in the morning. In addition, subjective hunger and stress were measured. Pre-exercise plasma concentrations of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2AG) were 80% higher 1.5h after awakening (vs. normal sleep, p<0.05) when participants were sleep-deprived. This coincided with increased hunger ratings (+25% vs. normal sleep, p<0.05). Moreover, plasma 2AG was elevated 15min post-exercise (+44%, p<0.05). Sleep duration did not however modulate this exercise-induced rise. Finally, subjective stress was generally lower on the day after three nights of short sleep vs. normal sleep, especially after exercise (p<0.05). Given that activation of the endocannabinoid system has been previously shown to acutely increase appetite and mood, our results could suggest that behavioral effects of acute sleep loss, such as increased hunger and transiently improved psychological state, may partially result from activation of this signaling pathway. In contrast, more pronounced exercise-induced elevations of endocannabinoids appear to be less affected by short sleep duration.
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85
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Saul MC, Majdak P, Perez S, Reilly M, Garland T, Rhodes JS. High motivation for exercise is associated with altered chromatin regulators of monoamine receptor gene expression in the striatum of selectively bred mice. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 16:328-341. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Saul
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology Urbana IL
| | | | - S. Perez
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois Urbana IL
| | - M. Reilly
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD
| | - T. Garland
- Department of Biology University of California Riverside CA
| | - J. S. Rhodes
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology Urbana IL
- The Neuroscience Program
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois Urbana IL
- Department of Psychology University of Illinois Urbana IL USA
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86
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Brellenthin AG, Koltyn KF. Exercise as an adjunctive treatment for cannabis use disorder. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2016; 42:481-489. [PMID: 27314543 PMCID: PMC5055462 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2016.1185434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite cannabis being the most widely used illicit substance in the United States, individuals diagnosed with cannabis use disorder (CUD) have few well-researched, affordable treatment options available to them. Although found to be effective for improving treatment outcomes in other drug populations, exercise is an affordable and highly accessible treatment approach that has not been routinely investigated in cannabis users. OBJECTIVES The aim of this paper is to inform the topic regarding exercise's potential as an adjunctive treatment for individuals with CUD. METHODS We reviewed the evidence surrounding cannabis use and its current treatment in the United States, explored the rationale for including exercise in the treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs), and in particular, proposed a biological mechanism (i.e., endocannabinoids (eCBs)) that should be examined when utilizing exercise for the treatment of CUD. RESULTS Cannabis use is widespread and increasing in the United States. Chronic, heavy cannabis use may dysregulate the endogenous cannabinoid system, which has implications for several psychobiological processes that interact with the eCB system such as reward processing and the stress response. Given that exercise is a potent activator of the eCB system, it is mechanistically plausible that exercise could be an optimal method to supplement cessation efforts by reducing psychophysical withdrawal, managing stress, and attenuating drug cravings. CONCLUSION We suggest there is a strong behavioral and physiological rationale to design studies which specifically assess the efficacy of exercise, in combination with other therapies, in treating CUD. Moreover, it will be especially important to include the investigation of psychobiological mechanisms (e.g., eCBs, hippocampal volume), which have been associated with both exercise and SUDs, to examine the broader impact of exercise on behavioral and physiological responses to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelli F Koltyn
- a Department of Kinesiology , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , WI , USA
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87
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Schulkin J. Evolutionary Basis of Human Running and Its Impact on Neural Function. Front Syst Neurosci 2016; 10:59. [PMID: 27462208 PMCID: PMC4939291 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2016.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Running is not unique to humans, but it is seemingly a basic human capacity. This article addresses the evolutionary origins of humans running long distances, the basic physical capability of running, and the neurogenesis of aerobic fitness. This article more specifically speaks to the conditions that set the stage for the act of running, and then looks at brain expression, and longer-term consequences of running within a context of specific morphological features and diverse information molecules that participate in our capacity for running and sport. While causal factors are not known, we do know that physiological factors are involved in running and underlie neural function. Multiple themes about running are discussed in this article, including neurogenesis, neural plasticity, and memory enhancement. Aerobic exercise increases anterior hippocampus size. This expansion is linked to the improvement of memory, which reflects the improvement of learning as a function of running activity in animal studies. Higher fitness is associated with greater expansion, not only of the hippocampus, but of several other brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Schulkin
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown UniversityWashington, DC, USA
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88
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Mustroph ML, Pinardo H, Merritt JR, Rhodes JS. Parameters for abolishing conditioned place preference for cocaine from running and environmental enrichment in male C57BL/6J mice. Behav Brain Res 2016; 312:366-73. [PMID: 27363922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Evidence suggests that 4 weeks of voluntary wheel running abolishes conditioned place preference (CPP) for cocaine in male C57BL/6J mice. OBJECTIVES To determine the duration and timing of exposure to running wheels necessary to reduce CPP, and the extent to which the running per se influences CPP as compared to environmental enrichment without running. METHODS A total of 239 males were conditioned for 4days twice daily with cocaine (10mg/kg) and then split into 7 intervention groups prior to 4days of CPP testing. Experiment 1 consisted of two groups housed as follows: short sedentary group (SS; n=20) in normal cages for 1 week; the short running group (SR; n=20) with running wheels for 1 week. Experiment 2 consisted of five groups housed as follows; short 1 week of running followed by a 3 week sedentary period (SRS; n=20); a 3 week sedentary period followed by 1 week of running (SSR; n=20); long sedentary group (LS; n=66) in normal cages for 4 weeks; long running group (LR; n=66) with running wheels for 4 weeks; and long environmental enrichment group (EE; n=27) with toys for 4 weeks. RESULTS Levels of running were similar in all running groups. Both running and environmental enrichment reduced CPP relative to sedentary groups. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the abolishment of cocaine CPP from running is robust and occurs with as low as 1 week of intervention but may be related to enrichment component of running rather than physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Mustroph
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - H Pinardo
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - J R Merritt
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - J S Rhodes
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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89
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Kuhn SL, Raichlen DA, Clark AE. What moves us? How mobility and movement are at the center of human evolution. Evol Anthropol 2016; 25:86-97. [DOI: 10.1002/evan.21480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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90
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Antunes HKM, Leite GSF, Lee KS, Barreto AT, Santos RVTD, Souza HDS, Tufik S, de Mello MT. Exercise deprivation increases negative mood in exercise-addicted subjects and modifies their biochemical markers. Physiol Behav 2016; 156:182-90. [PMID: 26812592 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the possible association between biochemical markers of exercise addiction and affective parameters in a sample of athletes during 2weeks of withdrawal exercise. Eighteen male runners were distributed into a control group (n=10) composed of runners without exercise addiction symptoms and an exercise addiction group (n=8) composed of runners with exercise addiction symptoms. The volunteers performed a baseline evaluation that included affective questionnaires, blood samples, body composition and an aerobic test performed at ventilatory threshold I. After the baseline evaluation, the groups started an exercise withdrawal period that was sustained for 2weeks. During exercise withdrawal, an actigraph accelerometer was used to monitor the movement index, and CK and LDH were measured in blood samples to validate the non-exercise practice. At the end of the exercise withdrawal period, a blood collection, aerobic test and mood scale was performed in the re-test. The results showed that at the end of the experimental protocol, when compared with the control group, the exercise addiction group showed an increase in depression, confusion, anger, fatigue and decreased vigor mood that improved post-exercise, along with low levels of anandamide at all time-points evaluated and a modest increase in β-endorphin post-exercise. Moreover, the exercise addiction group showed a decrease in oxygen consumption and respiratory exchange ratio after the exercise withdrawal period, which characterized a detraining phenomenon. Our data suggest that a 2-week withdrawal exercise period resulted in an increase of negative mood in exercise addiction; additionally, exercise addiction showed low levels of anandamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Karen Moreira Antunes
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Santos, SP, Brazil; Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício (CEPE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Kil Sun Lee
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ronaldo Vagner Thomatieli Dos Santos
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Santos, SP, Brazil; Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício (CEPE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helton de Sá Souza
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício (CEPE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Tulio de Mello
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício (CEPE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Esportes, Faculdade de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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91
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Heijnen S, Hommel B, Kibele A, Colzato LS. Neuromodulation of Aerobic Exercise-A Review. Front Psychol 2016; 6:1890. [PMID: 26779053 PMCID: PMC4703784 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Running, and aerobic exercise in general, is a physical activity that increasingly many people engage in but that also has become popular as a topic for scientific research. Here we review the available studies investigating whether and to which degree aerobic exercise modulates hormones, amino acids, and neurotransmitters levels. In general, it seems that factors such as genes, gender, training status, and hormonal status need to be taken into account to gain a better understanding of the neuromodular underpinnings of aerobic exercise. More research using longitudinal studies and considering individual differences is necessary to determine actual benefits. We suggest that, in order to succeed, aerobic exercise programs should include optimal periodization, prevent overtraining and be tailored to interindividual differences, including neuro-developmental and genetically-based factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Heijnen
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands
| | - Bernhard Hommel
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands
| | - Armin Kibele
- Institute for Sports and Sport Science, University of Kassel Kassel, Germany
| | - Lorenza S Colzato
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands
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92
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Sex differences in drug addiction and response to exercise intervention: From human to animal studies. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 40:24-41. [PMID: 26182835 PMCID: PMC4712120 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Accumulated research supports the idea that exercise could be an option of potential prevention and treatment for drug addiction. During the past few years, there has been increased interest in investigating of sex differences in exercise and drug addiction. This demonstrates that sex-specific exercise intervention strategies may be important for preventing and treating drug addiction in men and women. However, little is known about how and why sex differences are found when doing exercise-induced interventions for drug addiction. In this review, we included both animal and human that pulled subjects from a varied age demographic, as well as neurobiological mechanisms that may highlight the sex-related differences in these potential to assess the impact of sex-specific roles in drug addiction and exercise therapies.
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93
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Social Bonds and Exercise: Evidence for a Reciprocal Relationship. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136705. [PMID: 26317514 PMCID: PMC4552681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In two experimental studies, we investigated mechanisms hypothesized to underpin two pervasive and interrelated phenomena: that certain forms of group movement and exercise lead to social bonding and that social bonding can lead to enhanced exercise performance. In Study 1, we manipulated synchrony and exercise intensity among rowers and found that, compared with low intensity exercise, moderate intensity exercise led to significantly higher levels of cooperation in an economic game; no effect of synchrony vs. non-synchrony was found. In Study 2, we investigated the effects of bonding on performance, using synchrony as a cue of existing supportive social bonds among participants. An elite, highly bonded team of rugby players participated in solo, synchronized, and non-synchronized warm-up sessions; participants' anaerobic performance significantly improved after the brief synchronous warm-up relative to the non-synchronous warm-up. The findings substantiate claims concerning the reciprocal links between group exercise and social bonding, and may help to explain the ubiquity of collective physical activity across cultural domains as varied as play, ritual, sport, and dance.
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94
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Heinonen I, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC, Duncker DJ, Nuutila P, Knuuti J. Organ-specific physiological responses to acute physical exercise and long-term training in humans. Physiology (Bethesda) 2015; 29:421-36. [PMID: 25362636 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00067.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtually all tissues in the human body rely on aerobic metabolism for energy production and are therefore critically dependent on continuous supply of oxygen. Oxygen is provided by blood flow, and, in essence, changes in organ perfusion are also closely associated with alterations in tissue metabolism. In response to acute exercise, blood flow is markedly increased in contracting skeletal muscles and myocardium, but perfusion in other organs (brain and bone) is only slightly enhanced or is even reduced (visceral organs). Despite largely unchanged metabolism and perfusion, repeated exposures to altered hemodynamics and hormonal milieu produced by acute exercise, long-term exercise training appears to be capable of inducing effects also in tissues other than muscles that may yield health benefits. However, the physiological adaptations and driving-force mechanisms in organs such as brain, liver, pancreas, gut, bone, and adipose tissue, remain largely obscure in humans. Along these lines, this review integrates current information on physiological responses to acute exercise and to long-term physical training in major metabolically active human organs. Knowledge is mostly provided based on the state-of-the-art, noninvasive human imaging studies, and directions for future novel research are proposed throughout the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkka Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Cardiology, Division of Experimental Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kari K Kalliokoski
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jarna C Hannukainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Dirk J Duncker
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Experimental Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; and
| | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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95
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Mechanisms of exercise-induced hypoalgesia. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2015; 15:1294-1304. [PMID: 25261342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The purpose of this study was to examine opioid and endocannabinoid mechanisms of exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH). Fifty-eight men and women (mean age = 21 years) completed 3 sessions. During the first session, participants were familiarized with the temporal summation of heat pain and pressure pain protocols. In the exercise sessions, following double-blind administration of either an opioid antagonist (50 mg naltrexone) or placebo, participants rated the intensity of heat pulses and indicated their pressure pain thresholds and pressure pain ratings before and after 3 minutes of submaximal isometric exercise. Blood was drawn before and after exercise. Results indicated that circulating concentrations of 2 endocannabinoids, N-arachidonylethanolamine and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, as well as related lipids oleoylethanolamide, palmitoylethanolamide, N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine, and 2-oleoylglycerol, increased significantly (P < .05) following exercise. Pressure pain thresholds increased significantly (P < .05), whereas pressure pain ratings decreased significantly (P < .05) following exercise. Also, temporal summation ratings were significantly lower (P < .05) following exercise. These changes in pain responses did not differ between the placebo and naltrexone conditions (P > .05). A significant association was found between EIH and docosahexaenoylethanolamine. These results suggest involvement of a nonopioid mechanism in EIH following isometric exercise. PERSPECTIVE Currently, the mechanisms responsible for EIH are unknown. This study provides support for a potential endocannabinoid mechanism of EIH following isometric exercise.
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96
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Mustroph ML, Merritt JR, Holloway AL, Pinardo H, Miller DS, Kilby CN, Bucko P, Wyer A, Rhodes JS. Increased adult hippocampal neurogenesis is not necessary for wheel running to abolish conditioned place preference for cocaine in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:216-26. [PMID: 25393660 PMCID: PMC4300275 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that wheel running can abolish conditioned place preference (CPP) for cocaine in mice. Running significantly increases the number of new neurons in the hippocampus, and new neurons have been hypothesised to enhance plasticity and behavioral flexibility. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that increased neurogenesis was necessary for exercise to abolish cocaine CPP. Male nestin-thymidine kinase transgenic mice were conditioned with cocaine, and then housed with or without running wheels for 32 days. Half of the mice were fed chow containing valganciclovir to induce apoptosis in newly divided neurons, and the other half were fed standard chow. For the first 10 days, mice received daily injections of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to label dividing cells. On the last 4 days, mice were tested for CPP, and then euthanized for measurement of adult hippocampal neurogenesis by counting the number of BrdU-positive neurons in the dentate gyrus. Levels of running were similar in mice fed valganciclovir-containing chow and normal chow. Valganciclovir significantly reduced the numbers of neurons (BrdU-positive/NeuN-positive) in the dentate gyrus of both sedentary mice and runner mice. Valganciclovir-fed runner mice showed similar levels of neurogenesis as sedentary, normal-fed controls. However, valganciclovir-fed runner mice showed the same abolishment of CPP as runner mice with intact neurogenesis. The results demonstrate that elevated adult hippocampal neurogenesis resulting from running is not necessary for running to abolish cocaine CPP in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Mustroph
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Neuroscience Program, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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97
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Mori F, Ljoka C, Nicoletti CG, Kusayanagi H, Buttari F, Giordani L, Rossi S, Foti C, Centonze D. CB1 receptor affects cortical plasticity and response to physiotherapy in multiple sclerosis. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2014; 1:e48. [PMID: 25520956 PMCID: PMC4268035 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Therapeutic effects of physical therapy in neurologic disorders mostly rely on the promotion of use-dependent synaptic plasticity in damaged neuronal circuits. Genetic differences affecting the efficiency of synaptic plasticity mechanisms could explain why some patients do not respond adequately to the treatment. It is known that physical exercise activates the endocannabinoid system and that stimulation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1Rs) promotes synaptic plasticity in both rodents and humans. We thus tested whether CB1R genetic variants affect responsiveness to exercise therapy. METHODS We evaluated the effect of a genetic variant of the CB1R associated with reduced receptor expression (patients with long AAT trinucleotide short tandem repeats in the CNR1 gene) on long-term potentiation (LTP)-like cortical plasticity induced by transcranial magnetic theta burst stimulation (TBS) of the motor cortex and, in parallel, on clinical response to exercise therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis. RESULTS We found that patients with long AAT CNR1 repeats do not express TBS-induced LTP-like cortical plasticity and show poor clinical benefit after exercise therapy. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide the first evidence that genetic differences within the CB1R may influence clinical responses to exercise therapy, and they strengthen the hypothesis that CB1Rs are involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and in the control of spasticity in humans. This information might be of great relevance for patient stratification and personalized rehabilitation treatment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mori
- Clinica Neurologica (F.M., C.G.N., H.K., F.B., S.R., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, and Medicina Fisica e Riabilitativa (C.L., L.G., C.F.), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Biologia Cellulare, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; and Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC)/Fondazione Santa Lucia (F.M., C.G.N., H.K., F.B., S.R., D.C.), Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Ljoka
- Clinica Neurologica (F.M., C.G.N., H.K., F.B., S.R., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, and Medicina Fisica e Riabilitativa (C.L., L.G., C.F.), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Biologia Cellulare, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; and Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC)/Fondazione Santa Lucia (F.M., C.G.N., H.K., F.B., S.R., D.C.), Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina G Nicoletti
- Clinica Neurologica (F.M., C.G.N., H.K., F.B., S.R., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, and Medicina Fisica e Riabilitativa (C.L., L.G., C.F.), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Biologia Cellulare, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; and Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC)/Fondazione Santa Lucia (F.M., C.G.N., H.K., F.B., S.R., D.C.), Rome, Italy
| | - Hajime Kusayanagi
- Clinica Neurologica (F.M., C.G.N., H.K., F.B., S.R., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, and Medicina Fisica e Riabilitativa (C.L., L.G., C.F.), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Biologia Cellulare, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; and Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC)/Fondazione Santa Lucia (F.M., C.G.N., H.K., F.B., S.R., D.C.), Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Buttari
- Clinica Neurologica (F.M., C.G.N., H.K., F.B., S.R., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, and Medicina Fisica e Riabilitativa (C.L., L.G., C.F.), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Biologia Cellulare, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; and Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC)/Fondazione Santa Lucia (F.M., C.G.N., H.K., F.B., S.R., D.C.), Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Giordani
- Clinica Neurologica (F.M., C.G.N., H.K., F.B., S.R., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, and Medicina Fisica e Riabilitativa (C.L., L.G., C.F.), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Biologia Cellulare, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; and Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC)/Fondazione Santa Lucia (F.M., C.G.N., H.K., F.B., S.R., D.C.), Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Clinica Neurologica (F.M., C.G.N., H.K., F.B., S.R., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, and Medicina Fisica e Riabilitativa (C.L., L.G., C.F.), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Biologia Cellulare, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; and Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC)/Fondazione Santa Lucia (F.M., C.G.N., H.K., F.B., S.R., D.C.), Rome, Italy
| | - Calogero Foti
- Clinica Neurologica (F.M., C.G.N., H.K., F.B., S.R., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, and Medicina Fisica e Riabilitativa (C.L., L.G., C.F.), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Biologia Cellulare, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; and Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC)/Fondazione Santa Lucia (F.M., C.G.N., H.K., F.B., S.R., D.C.), Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Clinica Neurologica (F.M., C.G.N., H.K., F.B., S.R., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, and Medicina Fisica e Riabilitativa (C.L., L.G., C.F.), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Biologia Cellulare, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; and Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC)/Fondazione Santa Lucia (F.M., C.G.N., H.K., F.B., S.R., D.C.), Rome, Italy
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98
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Gasperi V, Ceci R, Tantimonaco M, Talamonti E, Battista N, Parisi A, Florio R, Sabatini S, Rossi A, Maccarrone M. The fatty acid amide hydrolase in lymphocytes from sedentary and active subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 46:24-32. [PMID: 23793235 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182a10ce6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Endocannabinoids (eCB) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels change during physical activity, thus suggesting their involvement in the modulation of exercise-related processes like inflammation and energy homeostasis. To investigate whether lifestyle might affect the activity of the eCB-degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), active and sedentary subjects were enrolled. METHODS Plasma IL-6 levels and lymphocyte FAAH activity of eight physically active male subjects (mean ± SEM; age = 39.3 ± 2.9 yr, body mass index = 21.1 ± 0.4 kg·m), usually practicing aerobic exercise (8.1 ± 1.2 h·wk), and eight sedentary subjects (38.8 ± 3.7 yr, body mass index = 23.1 ± 0.8 kg·m) were measured. Also, in vitro effect of IL-6 was tested on FAAH expression and activity and on FAAH promoter activity in lymphocytes from sedentary subjects. RESULTS Under resting conditions (at least 12 h from the last exercise), the active group showed plasma IL-6 levels (2.74 ± 0.73 pg·mL) and lymphocyte FAAH activity (215.7 ± 38.5 pmol·min·mg protein) significantly higher than those measured in the sedentary group (0.20 ± 0.02 pg·mL, and 42.0 ± 4.2 pmol·min·mg protein). Increased IL-6 levels paralleled increased FAAH activity, and consistently, the in vitro treatment of lymphocytes from sedentary individuals with 10 ng·mL IL-6 for 48 h significantly increased FAAH expression and activity. Transient transfection experiments showed that IL-6 induced the expression of a reporter gene under the control of a cAMP response element-like region in the human FAAH promoter. A mutation in the same element abolished IL-6 up-regulation, demonstrating that this cytokine regulates FAAH activity at the transcriptional level. CONCLUSION IL-6 leads to activation of the FAAH promoter, thus enhancing FAAH activity that modulates the eCB tone in physically active people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Gasperi
- 1Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, ITALY; 2Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Foro Italico University of Rome, Rome, ITALY; 3Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, Teramo, ITALY; 4Center of Integrated Research, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, ITALY; and 5European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, ITALY
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99
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Tantimonaco M, Ceci R, Sabatini S, Catani MV, Rossi A, Gasperi V, Maccarrone M. Physical activity and the endocannabinoid system: an overview. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2681-98. [PMID: 24526057 PMCID: PMC11113821 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1575-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recognized as a "disease modifier", physical activity (PA) is increasingly viewed as a more holistic, cost-saving method for prevention, treatment and management of human disease conditions. The traditional view that PA engages the monoaminergic and endorphinergic systems has been challenged by the discovery of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), composed of endogenous lipids, their target receptors, and metabolic enzymes. Indeed, direct and indirect evidence suggests that the ECS might mediate some of the PA-triggered effects throughout the body. Moreover, it is now emerging that PA itself is able to modulate ECS in different ways. Against this background, in the present review we shall discuss evidence of the cross-talk between PA and the ECS, ranging from brain to peripheral districts and highlighting how ECS must be tightly regulated during PA, in order to maintain its beneficial effects on cognition, mood, and nociception, while avoiding impaired energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Tantimonaco
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Foro Italico University of Rome, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Ceci
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Foro Italico University of Rome, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Sabatini
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Foro Italico University of Rome, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Valeria Catani
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Rossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Gasperi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Center of Integrated Research, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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100
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Abstract
Several lines of evidence affirm a positive role for exercise in the management of migraine. This review highlights the latest research supporting this view, covering not only its epidemiologic aspects but also the pain modulatory systems that are likely to be engaged by exercise. Recent research provides broad and consistent evidence indicating that cardiovascular exercise can activate multiple pain modulatory mechanisms, if not the underlying mechanisms that initiate the attack. Specifically, a synthesis of independent lines of recent research would indicate that exercise activates endogenous neurotransmitter signals that could be effective in reducing the intensity of migraine pain, though it may not have a direct effect on its overall frequency or duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Ahn
- University of Florida College of Medicine, 1275 Center Dr, Box 100159, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA,
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