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DIFFERENCES IN THE PREVALENCE OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY IN 5- to 14-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN IN KRAKÓW, POLAND, USING THREE NATIONAL BMI CUT-OFFS. J Biosoc Sci 2017; 50:365-379. [PMID: 28925345 DOI: 10.1017/s0021932017000426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The problem of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents has been noted in many different countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in the percentage occurrence of overweight and obesity in Polish children depending on the criteria used, and to evaluate the usefulness of the Polish national database. The study sample comprised 3405 children aged 5-14 years (1674 girls and 1731 boys) from the city of Kraków, Poland, in 2009-2010. The BMI of each child was calculated and classified as overweight or obese according to three different reference BMI cut-offs: the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Polish 2010 standard. To assess the statistical significance of the differences between these three applied reference datasets, a comparison of two proportions was performed and Cohen's kappa coefficient calculated. The prevalences of overweight were 15%, 11.3% and 9.5% (IOTF, CDC, Polish 2010, respectively) among boys and 15.5%, 11.6% and 9.9% among girls. The prevalences of obesity were 3.3%, 6.1% and 5.5% (IOTF, CDC, Polish 2010, respectively) among boys and 3.4%, 6.3% and 5.7% among girls. The different methods used generally showed good agreement. Nevertheless the prevalence of overweight and obesity differed significantly depending on the criteria used. In conclusion, the creation and updating of national databases based on large, representative groups is justified and provides the best reference for regional data. However, in order to ensure the comparability of results with those from other countries, it seems advisable to use cut-offs based on international data as well.
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Elahmedi MO, Alqahtani AR. Evidence Base for Multidisciplinary Care of Pediatric/Adolescent Bariatric Surgery Patients. Curr Obes Rep 2017; 6:266-277. [PMID: 28755177 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-017-0278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Severe childhood obesity, defined as having a body mass index (BMI) greater than the 99th percentile for age and gender, is rising in most countries and is associated with early morbidity and mortality. Optimal management of the health of the child with obesity requires a multidisciplinary approach that identifies and treats associated derangements. RECENT FINDINGS Lifestyle interventions such as diet, exercise, and behavioral therapy for the severely obese pediatric patient are generally not effective. Few centers worldwide offer bariatric surgery for adolescents in a multidisciplinary setting, and we are the only center that offers a multidisciplinary approach that incorporates bariatric surgery for severely obese children and adolescents across all age groups. In this paper, we review up-to-date evidence in this subject including ours, and provide details on the multidisciplinary approach to pediatric obesity that accommodates bariatric surgery for children across all age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed O Elahmedi
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, 1 Baabda, Riyadh, 11472, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aayed R Alqahtani
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, 1 Baabda, Riyadh, 11472, Saudi Arabia.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyse whether changes in physical activity and body fatness are related to modifications in cardiovascular risk factors among adolescents. Material and methods A sample of 89 healthy adolescents was recruited for this study. We assessed habitual physical activity, body fat percentage, arterial thickness, blood sample, and biological maturation. Multivariate models were used to analyse the relationships between independent and dependent variables. RESULTS Physical activity (mean difference: 429.4 steps [95% confidence interval=-427 to 1286]) and body fatness (mean difference: -0.7% [95% confidence interval=-1.6-0.2]) remained stable during the study period. Independent of changes in physical activity, for each percentage increase in body fatness, femoral intima-media thickness increased by 0.007 mm (β=0.007 [95% confidence interval=0.001-0.013]). Longitudinal relationships were found for high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (β=-0.477 mg/dl [95% confidence interval=-0.805 to -0.149]) and triacylglycerol (β=2.329 mg/dl [95% confidence interval=0.275-4.384]). CONCLUSION Changes in body fatness are more important than the amount of physical activity on cardiovascular and metabolic risks.
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He's just content to sit: a qualitative study of mothers' perceptions of infant obesity and physical activity. BMC Public Health 2017. [PMID: 28629410 PMCID: PMC5477242 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4503-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rates of obesity among children ages zero to five are rapidly increasing. Greater efforts are needed to promote healthy behaviors of young children. Mothers are especially important targets for promoting health as mothers’ views play a vital role in helping their children foster healthy habits from an early age. Research has found parents’ views of infants’ weight may influence their feeding practices; however, limited research has explored mothers’ view of infants’ weight in relation to the promotion of physical activity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of mothers of normal weight infants and overweight infants about their infant’s weight and physical activity. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with mothers of normal weight (n = 18) and of overweight (n = 11) infants (6.5 ± 0.5 month) in a Midwestern city in the United States. A thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Results A majority of mothers thought infants could be overweight. However, no mothers referenced their own infant as overweight. Mothers most commonly noted infants could be overweight only if they were formula fed and/or were overfed, not if they were breastfed. Mothers views were not negatively influenced by others who mentioned that their child was either “big” or “small” and only one mother had been told her infant was overweight. A majority of mothers thought an infant could be physically active. When discussing infant activity, mothers primarily referred to it in terms of general mobility and a few thought activity level was related to a personality characteristic. Mothers intended to promote physical activity in the future either through outdoor play or specific organized activities such as sports. Despite a majority of mothers stating they were currently physically active themselves, only a few talked about interacting with their infant to promote their infant’s physical activity. Conclusions Efforts are needed by healthcare professionals and other public health professionals to inform mothers about the dangers of increased weight during infancy as well as the importance of interacting with infants to promote physical activity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4503-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Profiles of blood pressure among children and adolescents categorized by BMI and waist circumference. Blood Press Monit 2017; 21:295-300. [PMID: 27362956 DOI: 10.1097/mbp.0000000000000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BMI and waist circumference (WC) are two commonly used measurements for defining general and central obesity. The present study examined the profiles of blood pressure (BP) among children and adolescents categorized by BMI and WC in Shandong, China. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS A total of 38 810 students (19 453 boys and 19 357 girls) aged 7-17 years participated in this study. Height, weight, WC, and BP of all participants were measured, and BMI was calculated. Relatively high BP status was defined as systolic BP and/or diastolic BP ≥95th percentile for age and sex. All individuals were classified into four groups (Q1-Q4) according to the age-specific and sex-specific quartiles of BMI and WC; the BP level and the prevalence of relatively high BP among the four groups were compared. RESULTS In both boys and girls, significant differences in BP level and the prevalence of relatively high BP were observed among the four groups categorized by BMI and WC separately (P<0.01). Children and adolescents in the high BMI group (Q4) had higher systolic BP and diastolic BP than their counterparts in the low BMI group (Q1) in all age groups (P<0.01), the range of differences being 5.7-10.3, 3.6-5.6 mmHg for boys and 3.9-8.7, 2.2-5.3 mmHg for girls, respectively. Similar differences were also observed among different groups categorized by WC. CONCLUSION High BMI and WC are associated with elevated BP. Our findings emphasize the importance of the prevention of general and central obesity to prevent future-related problems such as hypertension in children and adolescents.
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Burgermaster M, Gray HL, Tipton E, Contento I, Koch P. Testing an Integrated Model of Program Implementation: the Food, Health & Choices School-Based Childhood Obesity Prevention Intervention Process Evaluation. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2017; 18:71-82. [PMID: 27921200 PMCID: PMC5235967 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-016-0736-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a complex, worldwide problem. Significant resources are invested in its prevention, and high-quality evaluations of these efforts are important. Conducting trials in school settings is complicated, making process evaluations useful for explaining results. Intervention fidelity has been demonstrated to influence outcomes, but others have suggested that other aspects of implementation, including participant responsiveness, should be examined more systematically. During Food, Health & Choices (FHC), a school-based childhood obesity prevention trial designed to test a curriculum and wellness policy taught by trained FHC instructors to fifth grade students in 20 schools during 2012-2013, we assessed relationships among facilitator behaviors (i.e., fidelity and teacher interest); participant behaviors (i.e., student satisfaction and recall); and program outcomes (i.e., energy balance-related behaviors) using hierarchical linear models, controlling for student, class, and school characteristics. We found positive relationships between student satisfaction and recall and program outcomes, but not fidelity and program outcomes. We also found relationships between teacher interest and fidelity when teachers participated in implementation. Finally, we found a significant interaction between fidelity and satisfaction on behavioral outcomes. These findings suggest that individual students in the same class responded differently to the same intervention. They also suggest the importance of teacher buy-in for successful intervention implementation. Future studies should examine how facilitator and participant behaviors together are related to both outcomes and implementation. Assessing multiple aspects of implementation using models that account for contextual influences on behavioral outcomes is an important step forward for prevention intervention process evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Burgermaster
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168th Street, PH-20, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Heewon Lee Gray
- Program in Nutrition, Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Teachers College Columbia University, 525 West 120th Street, Box 137, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Elizabeth Tipton
- Applied Statistics, Department of Human Development, Teachers College Columbia University, 525 West 120th Street, Box 118, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Isobel Contento
- Program in Nutrition, Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Teachers College Columbia University, 525 West 120th Street, Box 137, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Pamela Koch
- Program in Nutrition, Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Teachers College Columbia University, 525 West 120th Street, Box 137, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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Biswas T, Islam A, Islam MS, Pervin S, Rawal LB. Overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Bangladesh: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health 2016; 142:94-101. [PMID: 28057205 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity among children (0-12 years) and adolescents (13-19 years) has emerged as a major public health threat in Bangladesh. Unfortunately, there is a serious paucity of credible data on these issues that can be used for policy and programmatic development. This article presents a systematic review of studies on overweight and obesity to present a more accurate estimate by pooling results. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS The study systematically reviewed relevant literature published between 1998 and 2015 using predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist was used to identify relevant studies. Measures of heterogeneity and variability were calculated, and a random effect model was used to report pooled prevalence rates of overweight and obesity. RESULTS The findings show that prevalence rates of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents varied widely from 1.0% to 20.6% and 0.3% to 25.6%, respectively. The pooled prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were 7.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.0-10.0) and 6.0% (95% CI 4.0-8.0), respectively. The pooled prevalence rate of overweight increased substantially over the years, from 3.6% during 1998-2003 (95% CI 0.3-29.2) to 5.7% during 2004-2009 (95% CI 0.8-30.2) and 7.9% by 2010-2015 (95% CI 5.1-12.1). However, the pooled prevalence rate of obesity registered a sharp decline between 1998-2003 and 2004-2009 - from 9.7% (95% CI 5.7-16.2) to 2.0% (95% CI 0.3-11.1) - and subsequently increased significantly to 9.0% by 2010-2015 (95% CI 5.3-14.6). CONCLUSIONS This review identified increasing trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Bangladesh. This study underscores the urgent need to promote healthy lifestyles among children and adolescents with a view to effectively address the increasing problem of overweight and obesity. This would also help to prevent the development of chronic non-communicable diseases in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Biswas
- Health Systems and Populations Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - A Islam
- School of Health Policy and Management, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Md S Islam
- Health Systems and Populations Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S Pervin
- Health Systems and Populations Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - L B Rawal
- Health Systems and Populations Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; James P. Grant Schools of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Zhang YX, Wang ZX, Chu ZH, Zhao JS. Profiles of body mass index and the nutritional status among children and adolescents categorized by waist-to-height ratio cut-offs. Int J Cardiol 2016; 223:529-533. [PMID: 27552573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) is proposed as a simple, valid and convenient measure of abdominal obesity and health risks in practice. The present study examined the distribution of nutritional status among children and adolescents categorized by WHtR cut-offs. METHODS A total of 30,459 students (15,249 boys and 15,210 girls) aged 7-18years participated in the study. Height, weight and waist circumference (WC) of all subjects were measured, body mass index (BMI) and WHtR were calculated. The grades of nutritional status (thinness, normal weight, overweight and obesity) was defined by the international BMI cut-offs. All subjects were divided into three groups (low, moderate and high) according to their WHtR, BMI level and the distribution of nutritional status among the three groups were compared. RESULTS In both boys and girls, significant differences in BMI level and the nutritional status were observed among the three groups. Children and adolescents aged 7-18years in the 'high WHtR group' (≥0.5) had higher BMI than those in the 'low WHtR group' (<0.4) by 6.00-10.15kg/m2 for boys and 5.24-9.51kg/m2 for girls. 'low WHtR group' had higher prevalence of thinness, and 'high WHtR group' had higher prevalence of overweight and obesity. The optimal distribution of nutritional status is found in the 'moderate WHtR group' (between 0.4 and 0.5) with the highest proportion of normal weight and low prevalence of thinness and obesity. CONCLUSION WHtR is associated with nutritional status, which could be an indicator of nutritional status and early health risk. It is necessary to develop optimal boundary values in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xiu Zhang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong University Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhao-Xia Wang
- Yantai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, China
| | - Zun-Hua Chu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong University Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shandong, China
| | - Jin-Shan Zhao
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong University Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shandong, China
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Zhang YX, Wang ZX, Zhao JS, Chu ZH. The current prevalence and regional disparities in general and central obesity among children and adolescents in Shandong, China. Int J Cardiol 2016; 227:89-93. [PMID: 27855292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood obesity has increased dramatically during the past decades, both in developing and developed countries. The present study examined the prevalence and regional disparities in general and central obesity among children and adolescents in Shandong, China. METHODS A total of 30,459 students (15,249 boys and 15,210 girls) aged 7-18years participated in the study. Height, weight and waist circumference (WC) of all subjects were measured, body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were calculated. The BMI cutoff points recommended by the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) were used to define general obesity. Central obesity was defined as WHtR≥0.5. Both BMI and WHtR were used to define three types of obesity as follows: general obesity only, central obesity only and combined obesity. RESULTS The overall prevalences of general obesity only, central obesity only and combined obesity were 10.99, 8.47 and 8.70% for boys and 9.47, 5.12 and 3.19% for girls, respectively. The sum of the prevalence of the three types of obesity was 28.16% for boys and 17.78% for girls, boys had higher prevalence of obesity than girls (P<0.01). Substantial urban-rural and regional disparities exist in childhood obesity, children and adolescents from urban, coastal and high socioeconomic status (SES) districts showed a higher prevalence of obesity than their counterparts from rural, inland and low SES districts (P<0.01). CONCLUSION The widespread prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents has become an important public health concern. Results from this study also suggested that the additional measurement of WC (WHtR) is better than BMI alone to identify obese individuals, distinguishing the types of obesity and examining the prevalence of various types of obesity is useful in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xiu Zhang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong University Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhao-Xia Wang
- Yantai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, China
| | - Jin-Shan Zhao
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong University Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shandong, China
| | - Zun-Hua Chu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong University Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shandong, China
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Çelik N, Cinaz P, Bideci A, Derinkuyu B, Emeksiz HC, Döğer E, Damar Ç, Yüce Ö, Çamurdan O. Endoglin and obestatin levels, cardiometabolic risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis in children aged 10-18 years. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 29:1173-1180. [PMID: 27682709 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2016-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the early signs of atherosclerosis and to evaluate serum endoglin and obestatin levels as predictors of subclinical atherosclerosis in obese children. METHODS A total of 95 children (60 obese and 35 controls) aged 10-18 years were included in the study. Their endoglin and obestatin levels and biochemical parameters were measured. The carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) and brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) responses were evaluated. RESULTS The cIMT values were higher (p < 0.001) and FMD responses were lower (p = 0.003) in the obese group than in the control group. A logistic regression multivariate analysis revealed that cIMT was independently associated with the body mass index (BMI) Z-score (β = 0.323, p = 0.003) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) (β = 0.29, p = 0.008), while FMD % was independently associated with waist circumference (β = -0.36, p = 0.002). The obese and control groups were similar in endoglin (p = 0.67) and obestatin levels (p = 0.70). The endoglin level was inversely correlated with the cholesterol and LDL levels (r = -0.23, p = 0.032; rho = -0.25, p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS The cIMT and brachial artery FMD response in obese children are significantly different compared to healthy controls. Circulating endoglin and obestatin levels are not predictive markers for subclinical atherosclerosis in obese children aged 10-18 years old.
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Mohseni-Takalloo S, Hosseini-Esfahani F, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Associations of Pre-Defined Dietary Patterns with Obesity Associated Phenotypes in Tehranian Adolescents. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8080505. [PMID: 27548211 PMCID: PMC4997418 DOI: 10.3390/nu8080505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a public health problem in adolescents and could be a risk factor for both short-term and long-term health consequences. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of Dietary Guidelines for Americans Adherence Index (DGAI), Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005) and Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) with risk of obesity associated phenotypes in Tehranian adolescents. This cross-sectional study was conducted within the framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, on 722 adolescents, aged 10–19 years. Usual dietary intakes were assessed by a food frequency questionnaire, and diet quality scores were obtained based on DGAI, HEI-2005 and HEI-2010. General obesity and cardio metabolic risk factors were defined according to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention and de’Ferranti cut-offs, respectively. After adjusting for age, sex, energy intake and physical activity, compared to those in the lowest quartile, participants in the highest quartile of HEI-2010 had lower risk of general obesity (OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.38–0.93; Ptrend = 0.03) and central obesity (OR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.44–0.95; Ptrend = 0.04). No association was observed between different types of obesity and scores of other diet quality indices. In conclusions, considering the role of HEI-2010 in decreasing the risk of obesity, these findings suggest that HEI-2010 may be useful for assessing diet-related progress in obesity prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Mohseni-Takalloo
- Faculty of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, 7661771967 Bam, Iran.
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19395-4763, 1985717413 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Firoozeh Hosseini-Esfahani
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19395-4763, 1985717413 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19395-4763, 1985717413 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1985717413 Tehran, Iran.
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Prevalence of overweight and central obesity and their relationship with blood pressure among college students in Shandong, China. Blood Press Monit 2016; 21:251-4. [DOI: 10.1097/mbp.0000000000000189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhang YX, Wang ZX, Zhao JS, Chu ZH. Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Children and Adolescents in Shandong, China: Urban-Rural Disparity. J Trop Pediatr 2016; 62:293-300. [PMID: 26966244 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmw011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pattern of urban-rural disparity in childhood obesity varies across countries. The present study examined the change trend of urban-rural disparity in childhood overweight and obesity from 1985 to 2014 in Shandong, China. METHODS Data for this study were obtained from four cross-sectional surveys of school children carried out in 1985, 1995, 2005 and 2014 in Shandong Province, China. In this study, 39 943 students aged 7-18 years were included (14 458 in 1985, 7198 in 1995, 8568 in 2005 and 9719 in 2014). Height and weight of all subjects were measured; body mass index (BMI) was calculated from their height and weight. The BMI cutoff points recommended by the International Obesity Task Force were used to define overweight and obesity. RESULTS The prevalence of overweight and obesity was increasing continuously both in urban and rural areas over the past 29 years (1985-2014). The prevalence of combined overweight and obesity was significantly higher in urban than in rural children and adolescents in 1985, 1995 and 2005 (p < 0.01). However, a rapid increase in the prevalence of combined overweight and obesity was observed in rural areas after 2005; as a result, the urban-rural disparity was getting narrower, and no significant urban-rural disparity was observed in 2014 (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The change trend of urban-rural disparity should be concerned in the future; policies and interventions focused on childhood overweight and obesity should pay attention to rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xiu Zhang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong University Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shandong, China
| | - Zhao-Xia Wang
- Yantai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, China
| | - Jin-Shan Zhao
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong University Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shandong, China
| | - Zun-Hua Chu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong University Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shandong, China
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Antunes BMM, Cayres SU, Lira FS, Fernandes RA. Arterial Thickness and Immunometabolism: The Mediating role of Chronic Exercise. Curr Cardiol Rev 2016; 12:47-51. [PMID: 26818486 PMCID: PMC4807718 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x12666160126115317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic alterations and cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, are associated
with lifestyle modifications, particularly the increase of physical inactivity and poor eating habits,
which contribute to one of the main causes of death in modern times. Cardiovascular diseases are
positively correlated with several illnesses, such as obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia, and these
disorders are known to contribute to changes in immune cells, cytokines and metabolism. Atherosclerosis
is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of lipid plaques and fibrous
tissue (atheroma) in the artery walls and this process is related to the oxidation of LDL-c (low density lipoprotein) and the
formation of a particle, termed LDLox, which can generate toxic injury to the vessel wall. In this atherogenic process there
is an inflammatory response generated by the injury in the vascular endothelium, which in itself is able to express and
secrete a variety of molecules, such as myeloid colony-stimulating factors (M-CSF), monocyte chemotactic protein-1
(MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), that act as activators of the immune system. Therefore, the main
purpose of this review is to highlight the immuno-metabolic alterations involving the thickening and stiffness of arteries
observed in atherosclerosis, and how chronic exercise can act as an anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M M Antunes
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305, 19060-900, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Klisic A, Kavaric N, Soldatovic I, Bjelakovic B, Kotur-Stevuljevic J. Relationship between Cardiovascular Risk Score and Traditional and Nontraditional Cardiometabolic Parameters in Obese Adolescent Girls. J Med Biochem 2016; 35:282-292. [PMID: 28356879 PMCID: PMC5346806 DOI: 10.1515/jomb-2016-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since the cardiovascular (CV) risk score in the young population, children and adolescents, is underestimated, especially in developing countries such as Montenegro, where a strong interaction exists between the genetically conditioned CV risk and environmental factors, the purpose of this study was to estimate CV risk in apparently healthy adolescent girls. Moreover, we aimed to test some new, emerging CV risk factors and their interaction with the traditional ones, such as obesity. Precisely, we aimed to assess the impact of low bilirubin levels, as a routine biochemical parameter, as an additional risk factor for atherosclerotic disease in the adult phase. Methods Forty-five obese adolescent girls (mean age 17.8±1.22 years) and forty-five age- and sex-matched normal weight controls, all nonsmokers, were included. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured. Cardiovascular Risk Score (CVRS) was calculated by adding the points for each risk factor (e.g. sex, HDL-c, non-HDL-c, blood pressure and fasting glycemia). Results A significant positive relationship between CVRS and ALT, hsCRP and TG/HDL-c, but an opposite relationship between CVRS and total bilirubin were found (P<0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that higher waist circumference (WC) and LDL-c, but lower HDL-c were independent predictors of lower bilirubin values (adjusted R2=0.603, P<0.001). Conclusions Obese adolescent girls are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease late in life. In addition to the traditional risk factors, total bilirubin may have the potential to discriminate between low and higher risk for cardiovascular disturbances in healthy adolescent girls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ivan Soldatovic
- Institute of Biostatistics, Medical Informatics and Research in Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Jelena Kotur-Stevuljevic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Cayres SU, Agostinete RR, de Moura Mello Antunes B, Lira FS, Fernandes RA. Impact of physical exercise/activity on vascular structure and inflammation in pediatric populations: A literature review. J SPEC PEDIATR NURS 2016; 21:99-108. [PMID: 27250102 DOI: 10.1111/jspn.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the effects of physical exercise/activity on the vascular architecture of children and adolescents, as well as to identify the effects of inflammation and sedentary behaviors on this relationship. METHODS Potentially relevant articles were identified in the databases MEDLINE and PubMed covering the period from 2000 to 2015. No language restrictions were applied. RESULTS Thirteen articles were found that included obese boys and girls in their samples (aged 9-19). Six interventional studies assessed inflammation and in five of these, physical exercise decreased inflammation. In 10 studies, vascular architecture was affected by physical exercise/activity. CONCLUSIONS The impact of physical exercise on vascular architecture and inflammation seems relevant, but has been mainly investigated in obese groups. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Health professionals should act together in organized interventions in schools, targeting the promotion of higher physical activity levels in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suziane Ungari Cayres
- Suziane Ungari Cayres, MSc, is PhD Student in Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ribeiro Agostinete
- Ricardo Ribeiro Agostinete is Master's Degree Student in the Post-Graduate Program in Physiotherapy, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Barbara de Moura Mello Antunes
- Barbara de Moura Mello Antunes, MSc, is PhD Student in the Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Santos Lira
- Fabio Santos de Lira, PhD, is Assistant Professor, Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Araújo Fernandes
- Romulo Araújo Fernandes, PhD, is Assistant Professor, Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise, Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nutritional status during childhood plays an important role in the human life cycle. The present study examined the prevalence trends in different grades of nutritional status (thinness, normal weight, overweight and obesity) among children and adolescents in Shandong, China. DESIGN Data for the study were obtained from six cross-sectional surveys of schoolchildren carried out in 1985, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2014. Height and weight of all children were measured; BMI was calculated from their height and weight. International BMI cut-offs were used to define thinness, overweight and obesity. SETTING Shandong Province, China. SUBJECTS A total of 56 045 students aged 7-18 years were included in the current analysis. RESULTS In the past 29 years, the prevalence of thinness decreased from 18·22 % and 23·45 % in 1985 to 7·18 % and 9·49 % in 2014 for boys and girls, respectively. Conversely, the prevalence of combined overweight and obesity increased from 1·79 % and 1·66 % in 1985 to 31·12 % and 20·11 % in 2014 for boys and girls, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The nutritional profile of Shandong children and adolescents had an obvious change over the past 29 years. Special attention should be paid to controlling the rapid rise of childhood overweight and obesity.
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69
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Zhang YX, Wang ZX, Zhao JS, Chu ZH. Trends in overweight and obesity among rural children and adolescents from 1985 to 2014 in Shandong, China. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2016; 23:1314-20. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487316643830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-xiu Zhang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong University Institute of Preventive Medicine, China
| | - Zhao-xia Wang
- Yantai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Jin-shan Zhao
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong University Institute of Preventive Medicine, China
| | - Zun-hua Chu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong University Institute of Preventive Medicine, China
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70
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Breton CV, Mack WJ, Yao J, Berhane K, Amadeus M, Lurmann F, Gilliland F, McConnell R, Hodis HN, Künzli N, Avol E. Prenatal Air Pollution Exposure and Early Cardiovascular Phenotypes in Young Adults. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150825. [PMID: 26950592 PMCID: PMC4780745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ambient air pollutants increases risk for adverse cardiovascular health outcomes in adults. We aimed to evaluate the contribution of prenatal air pollutant exposure to cardiovascular health, which has not been thoroughly evaluated. The Testing Responses on Youth (TROY) study consists of 768 college students recruited from the University of Southern California in 2007–2009. Participants attended one study visit during which blood pressure, heart rate and carotid artery arterial stiffness (CAS) and carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) were assessed. Prenatal residential addresses were geocoded and used to assign prenatal and postnatal air pollutant exposure estimates using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Air Quality System (AQS) database. The associations between CAS, CIMT and air pollutants were assessed using linear regression analysis. Prenatal PM10 and PM2.5 exposures were associated with increased CAS. For example, a 2 SD increase in prenatal PM2.5 was associated with CAS indices, including a 5% increase (β = 1.05, 95% CI 1.00–1.10) in carotid stiffness index beta, a 5% increase (β = 1.05, 95% CI 1.01–1.10) in Young’s elastic modulus and a 5% decrease (β = 0.95, 95% CI 0.91–0.99) in distensibility. Mutually adjusted models of pre- and postnatal PM2.5 further suggested the prenatal exposure was most relevant exposure period for CAS. No associations were observed for CIMT. In conclusion, prenatal exposure to elevated air pollutants may increase carotid arterial stiffness in a young adult population of college students. Efforts aimed at limiting prenatal exposures are important public health goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie V Breton
- University of Southern California, Dept of Preventive Medicine, 2001 N Soto St., Los Angeles, California, 90089, United States of America
| | - Wendy J Mack
- University of Southern California, Dept of Preventive Medicine, 2001 N Soto St., Los Angeles, California, 90089, United States of America.,University of Southern California, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 132, Los Angeles, California, 90033, United States of America
| | - Jin Yao
- University of Southern California, Dept of Preventive Medicine, 2001 N Soto St., Los Angeles, California, 90089, United States of America
| | - Kiros Berhane
- University of Southern California, Dept of Preventive Medicine, 2001 N Soto St., Los Angeles, California, 90089, United States of America
| | - Milena Amadeus
- University of Southern California, Dept of Preventive Medicine, 2001 N Soto St., Los Angeles, California, 90089, United States of America
| | - Fred Lurmann
- Sonoma Technology Inc., 1455 N. McDowell Blvd., Suite D, Petaluma, California, 94954-6503, United States of America
| | - Frank Gilliland
- University of Southern California, Dept of Preventive Medicine, 2001 N Soto St., Los Angeles, California, 90089, United States of America
| | - Rob McConnell
- University of Southern California, Dept of Preventive Medicine, 2001 N Soto St., Los Angeles, California, 90089, United States of America
| | - Howard N Hodis
- University of Southern California, Dept of Preventive Medicine, 2001 N Soto St., Los Angeles, California, 90089, United States of America.,University of Southern California, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 132, Los Angeles, California, 90033, United States of America
| | - Nino Künzli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, P.O. Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1 CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ed Avol
- University of Southern California, Dept of Preventive Medicine, 2001 N Soto St., Los Angeles, California, 90089, United States of America
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71
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Eklioğlu BS, Atabek ME, Akyürek N, Alp H. Evaluation of Periaortic Adiposity and Metabolic Disorders in Obese Children. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2016; 8:74-9. [PMID: 26758313 PMCID: PMC4805052 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.2308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between periaortic fat thickness (PAFT) and parameters involved in the development of metabolic complications of the cardiovascular system in obese children and to assess the usefulness of echocardiographic measurements of PAFT in correlation with cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS The study was conducted with 263 obese and 100 healthy children and adolescents. PAFT was measured with echocardiography method which was recently performed in obese children and adolescents. RESULTS PAFT was significantly higher in the obese group (0.258±0.031 mm) than in the control group (0.137±0.032 mm) (p<0.001). In multivariable regression analysis, body mass index-standard deviation score and total body fat were predictors of PAFT. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.989 and was quite significant at p<0.001. PAFT above 0.179 mm was determined as the cut-off value in obese children and adolescents (sensitivity=1, specificity=0.97). CONCLUSION The measurement of PAFT in obese children and adolescents may be a good method to reveal the presence of early cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beray Selver Eklioğlu
- Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Konya, Turkey, E-mail:
| | - Mehmet Emre Atabek
- Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Konya, Turkey
| | - Nesibe Akyürek
- Konya Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hayrullah Alp
- Malatya State Hospital, Clinic of Pediatric Cardiology, Malatya, Turkey
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Cardiovascular and metabolic risk markers are related to parasympathetic indices in pre-pubertal adolescents. Cardiol Young 2016; 26:280-7. [PMID: 25708107 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951115000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the relationship between different heart rate variability indices, resting heart rate, and cardiovascular markers in adolescents. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out with information from an ongoing cohort study. The sample was composed of 99 adolescents who complied with the following inclusion criteria: aged between 11 and 14 years; enrolled in a school unit of elementary education; absence of any known diseases; no drug consumption; and a formal consent signed by the parents or legal guardians. Weight, height, heart rate variability, lipid profile, inflammatory markers, blood pressure, resting heart rate, intima-media thickness, blood flow, and trunk fatness were measured. Partial correlation and linear regression (expressed by β and 95% confidence intervals [95%CI]) analyses were used to analyse the relationships between the variables. RESULTS In the linear regression analysis, even after adjustments for sex, age, trunk fatness, and somatic maturation, parasympathetic activity presented significant correlations with maximum carotid artery blood flow (β=-0.111 [95%CI=-0.216; -0.007]), systolic blood pressure (β=-0.319 [95%CI=-0.638; -0.001]), and resting heat rate (β=-0.005 [95%CI=-0.009; -0.002]). CONCLUSION Parasympathetic activity at rest is inversely related to maximum and minimum blood flow, triacylglycerol levels, and systolic blood pressure. These findings suggest that heart rate variability has the potential to discriminate pre-pubertal adolescents at increased risk.
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73
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Trends in Socioeconomic Inequalities in Body Mass Index, Underweight and Obesity among English Children, 2007-2008 to 2011-2012. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147614. [PMID: 26812152 PMCID: PMC4727904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Socioeconomic inequalities in childhood obesity have been reported in most developed countries, with obesity more common in deprived groups. Whether inequalities are found in the prevalence of underweight, the rest of the body mass index (BMI) distribution, or have changed across time is not clear. Methods and Findings The sample comprised 5,027,128 children on entry (4 to 5 years old) and leaving (10 to 11 years) state primary (elementary) school who participated in the National Child Measurement Programme (England, United Kingdom). We used area-level deprivation (Indices of Multiple Deprivation at the lower super output area) as a measure of socioeconomic deprivation. From 2007–2008 to 2011–2012 inequalities in obesity between the most compared to least deprived group increased (from 7.21% to 8.30%; p<0.001), whereas inequalities in the prevalence of underweight (1.50% to 1.21%; p = 0.15) were stable during this period. There were no differences by age group or by sex, but a three-way interaction suggested inequalities in obesity had increased at a faster rate for 10 to 11 year old girls, than 4 to 5 year old boys, (2.03% vs 0.07%; p<0.001 for interaction). Investigating inequalities across the distribution of zBMI showed increases in mean zBMI (0.18 to 0.23, p<0.001) could be attributed to increases in inequalities between the 50th and 75th centiles of BMI. Using the 2011 to 2012 population attributable risk estimates, if inequalities were halved, 14.04% (95% CI 14.00% to 14.07%) of childhood obesity could be avoided. Conclusions Socioeconomic inequalities in childhood obesity and zBMI increased in England between 2007–2008 and 2011–2012. Inequalities in the prevalence of underweight did not change. Traditional methods of examining inequalities only at the clinical thresholds of overweight and obesity may have led the magnitude of inequalities in childhood BMI to be underestimated.
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74
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Khalyfa A, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Bhattacharjee R, Khalyfa AA, Gozal D. Circulating microRNAs as Potential Biomarkers of Endothelial Dysfunction in Obese Children. Chest 2016; 149:786-800. [PMID: 26270249 DOI: 10.1378/chest.15-0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a complex disease with multifactorial etiology. The presence of endothelial dysfunction constitutes an early risk factor for CVD in children. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression and represent a novel class of biomarkers and therapeutic targets; therefore, we examined whether the presence of endothelial dysfunction is associated with differential expression of plasma miRNAs in otherwise healthy children. METHODS A total of 70 children (aged 5-10 years) were recruited and classified into two groups (normal endothelial function [NEF] and endothelial dysfunction). Time to peak postocclusive reperfusion (Tmax) was considered as the indicator of either normal endothelial function (NEF; Tmax < 45 s) or endothelial dysfunction (Tmax ≥ 45 s). Lipid profiles, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, fasting glucose, and insulin were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. miRNAs isolated from plasma were assayed with a custom human CVD array, followed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction verification of candidates. In addition, bioinformatics approaches including combinatorial target prediction algorithms and gene ontology were applied. RESULTS Three miRNAs that have been previously linked to cardiomyopathy, hsa-miR-125a-5p, hsa-miR-342-3p, and hsa-miR-365b-3p, were identified as potential biomarkers of children with endothelial dysfunction. The miRNA predicted gene targets revealed 31 common targets among all three putative candidate biomarker miRNAs and encompass three biologic pathways, including transforming growth factor-β signaling, cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, and activin receptor-like kinase in cardiac myocytes. CONCLUSIONS Plasma miRNAs may be useful as potential screening tools for the presence of endothelial dysfunction in children and may reveal endothelial dysfunction-relevant target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelnaby Khalyfa
- Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Leila Kheirandish-Gozal
- Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Rakesh Bhattacharjee
- Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Ahamed A Khalyfa
- Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - David Gozal
- Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
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75
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Abstract
Since the 1980s, the prevalence of obesity has almost doubled worldwide. Treatments for obesity include lifestyle modification, medications and surgery. Newer anti-obesity medications have been shown to be effective at inducing initial weight management in addition to successful long-term weight maintenance. Historically, weight management medications have been associated with public safety concerns that have resulted in the majority being withdrawn from the market or never receiving medicinal authorization. Recently, several countries have approved some newer generation weight management medications which may be beneficial to combat obesity. These medications have varying effects on cardiometabolic parameters, both positive and potentially negative. This review will outline the mechanisms of action of these medications and their implications for both diabetes and cardiovascular risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wharton
- Weight Management and Diabetes Management, The Wharton Medical Clinic, 414 Victoria Ave N Suite 14, Hamilton, ON, L8L 5G8, Canada,
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76
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Weberruß H, Pirzer R, Böhm B, Dalla Pozza R, Netz H, Oberhoffer R. Intima-media thickness and arterial function in obese and non-obese children. BMC OBESITY 2016; 3:2. [PMID: 26798485 PMCID: PMC4706715 DOI: 10.1186/s40608-016-0081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Obesity is an independent cardiovascular risk factor that contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. Subclinical forms of the disease can be assessed via sonographic measurement of carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and distensibility – both may already be altered in childhood. As childhood obesity increases to an alarming extent, this study compares vascular data of obese with normal weight boys and girls to investigate the influence of obesity on cIMT and distensibility of the carotid arteries. Methods cIMT and distensibility of 46 obese children (27 girls) aged 7–17 years were compared with measures of 46 sex- and age-matched normal weight controls. cIMT and distensibility were measured by B- and M-mode ultrasound and expressed as standard deviation scores (SDS). Arterial distensibility was defined by arterial compliance (AC), elastic modulus (Ep), stiffness index β (β), and local pulse wave velocity β (PWV β). Results Obese girls had significantly stiffer arteries compared with normal weight girls (Ep SDS 0.64 ± 1.24 vs. 0 ± 1.06, β SDS 0.6 ± 1.17 vs. -0.01 ± 1.06 p < .01, PWV β 0.54 ± 1.2 vs. -0.12 ± 1.05 p < .05). No significant differences were observed for boys. In multiregression analysis, BMI significantly influenced Ep, β and PWV β but not cIMT and AC. Conclusions Obese girls seemed to be at higher cardiovascular risk than boys, expressed by stiffer arteries in obese girls compared with normal weight girls. Overall, BMI negatively influenced parameters of arterial stiffness (Ep, β and PWV β) but not compliance or cIMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Weberruß
- Institute of Preventive Pediatrics, Technische Universität München, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 60/62, Campus D, 80992 Munich, Germany
| | - Raphael Pirzer
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Birgit Böhm
- Institute of Preventive Pediatrics, Technische Universität München, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 60/62, Campus D, 80992 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Dalla Pozza
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Heinrich Netz
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Renate Oberhoffer
- Institute of Preventive Pediatrics, Technische Universität München, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 60/62, Campus D, 80992 Munich, Germany
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77
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Zhang YX, Yan P, Chu ZH. Shifts in the distribution of body mass index among children and adolescents in Shandong, China, 1985–2014. Int J Cardiol 2016; 203:126-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.10.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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78
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Tielemans MJ, Garcia AH, Peralta Santos A, Bramer WM, Luksa N, Luvizotto MJ, Moreira E, Topi G, de Jonge EAL, Visser TL, Voortman T, Felix JF, Steegers EAP, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Franco OH. Macronutrient composition and gestational weight gain: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:83-99. [PMID: 26675773 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.110742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal gestational weight gain is associated with unfavorable pregnancy outcomes. Several risk factors have been identified, but the effect of macronutrient intake during pregnancy on gestational weight gain has not been systematically evaluated in both high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries. OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review of the literature in 8 different databases (until 12 August 2015) to assess whether energy intake and macronutrient intake (i.e., protein, fat, and carbohydrate) during pregnancy were associated with gestational weight gain (following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines). RESULTS Of 7623 identified references, we included 56 articles (46 observational studies and 10 trials, 28 of which were in high-income countries and 28 of which were in low- and middle-income countries). Eleven of the included articles were of high quality (20%). Results of 5 intervention and 7 high-quality observational studies suggested that higher energy intake during pregnancy is associated with higher gestational weight gain (n = 52). Results from observational studies were inconsistent for protein intake (n = 29) and carbohydrate intake (n = 18). Maternal fat intake (n = 25) might be associated with gestational weight gain as suggested by observational studies, although the direction of this association might depend on specific types of fat (e.g., saturated fat). Macronutrient intake was not consistently associated with the prevalence of inadequate or excessive gestational weight gain. Associations were comparable for high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries. CONCLUSIONS The current literature provides evidence that energy intake is associated with gestational weight gain, but the roles of individual macronutrients are inconsistent. However, there is a need for higher-quality research because the majority of these studies were of low quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jessica C Kiefte-de Jong
- Department of Epidemiology, Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; and Department of Global Public Health, Leiden University College the Hague, The Hague, Netherlands
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79
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Thurn D, Doyon A, Sözeri B, Bayazit AK, Canpolat N, Duzova A, Querfeld U, Schmidt BMW, Schaefer F, Wühl E, Melk A. Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity in Healthy Children and Adolescents: Reference Values for the Vicorder Device and Modifying Factors. Am J Hypertens 2015; 28:1480-8. [PMID: 25944878 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpv048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV), an indicator of arterial stiffness, independently predicts cardiovascular mortality risk in adults. Arterial stiffening advances with age and seems accelerated in children with certain disease conditions such as chronic kidney disease or diabetes. The Vicorder, an oscillometric device to measure PWV, has been validated in children, but reference values in a large pediatric cohort, association to carotid stiffness and influence of individual and family risk factors have not been determined. METHODS Pulse waves were captured in 1,003 healthy children (aged 6-18 years) in 6 centers and gender-specific reference data normalized to age/height were constructed. In 589 children carotid distensibility and intima media thickness were measured. Gestational and family history was reported. RESULTS PWV correlated with age (r = 0.57, P < 0.0001) with significant gender-related differences starting at age 9. Further significant correlations were seen for height, weight, body mass index, blood pressure, pulse pressure, and heart rate. Independent predictors for PWV in a multivariate regression analysis were gender, age, height, weight, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate. Risk factors for higher PWV included small for gestational age at birth, secondhand smoking, parental hypertension, and obesity. PWV showed weak correlations with 2 of the carotid distensibility measures, but not with intima media thickness. CONCLUSION This study defines reference values for PWV captured by the Vicorder device in children and adolescents and reveals associations with potential cardiovascular risk factors in a healthy population. Gender-specific percentiles for age/height will allow for the assessment of pediatric cohorts using this oscillometric method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Thurn
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anke Doyon
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Betul Sözeri
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aysun K Bayazit
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Nur Canpolat
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Duzova
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Uwe Querfeld
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Franz Schaefer
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elke Wühl
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anette Melk
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Serodio KJ, Berall GB, Flanders DI, Kuk JL. Effectiveness of a publicly funded clinical paediatric weight management program on obesity outcomes. Paediatr Child Health 2015; 20:425-8. [PMID: 26744553 PMCID: PMC4699521 DOI: 10.1093/pch/20.8.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of a publicly funded, paediatric weight management clinic in decreasing obesity. METHODS A retrospective chart review of patients four to 16 years of age, from 2006 to 2009, was performed at a medically supervised weight management clinic (n=121). Patients participated in monthly visits and were educated about the cognitive behavioural and nutritional aspects of weight management. RESULTS The sample included 51 male and 70 female patients with a mean (± SD) initial age of 11.7±3.0 years. Patients participated in 6.4±6.5 visits (range one to 31 visits) over 13.7±15.5 months and 7.4% of patients discontinued treatment after their initial visit. Of the patients who attended the clinic >1 time, 66.1% attended for at least four months, 48.2% attended for >8 months and 33.0% attended for >1 year. Over the course of their treatment, patients experienced a weight gain of 3.8±9.5 kg, but a reduction in body mass index (BMI) percentile (-1.1±3.6%). Post-treatment, the prevalence of obesity decreased from 96.7% to 87.5%. Patients with longer treatment times (>12 months) attained significantly lower final BMI percentiles than patients with shorter treatment times; however, there was no difference in the rate of reduction. Initial treatment age, sex and medical conditions were not related to BMI percentile change. CONCLUSIONS This paediatric weight management program effectively reduced the prevalence of obesity. Patients who had longer treatment times experienced greater reductions in obesity. Overall, the present study highlights that long-term patient attendance may be needed to better support paediatric weight management patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glenn B Berall
- Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University
- Infant Child and Adolescent Nutrition Clinic, Toronto, Ontario
| | | | - Jennifer L Kuk
- Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University
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Knoblock-Hahn AL, Wray R, LeRouge CM. Perceptions of Adolescents with Overweight and Obesity for the Development of User-Centered Design Self-Management Tools within the Context of the Chronic Care Model: A Qualitative Study. J Acad Nutr Diet 2015; 116:957-67. [PMID: 26477975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Chronic Care Model (CCM) is helpful to illustrate multiple levels of influence in the management of chronic disease, such as overweight and obesity in adolescents. Unfortunately, various constraints create gaps in the management process activities performed within the CCM. Consumer health technologies (CHT) may serve as a linkage between adolescents with overweight or obesity, their parents, and their pediatricians. OBJECTIVE To conduct formative research to qualitatively identify views of adolescents with overweight and obesity on use of consumer health technologies to manage weight loss across chronic care management settings. DESIGN As part of a multi-perspective qualitative study, 10 focus groups were conducted with adolescents with overweight and obesity. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Forty-eight adolescents (15 male, 33 female) aged 12 to 17 years who were current participants of an intensive lifestyle change camp in the summer of 2012 participated in focus groups. All adolescents were classified as overweight (21%) or obese (79%) according to body mass index (BMI) for age charts published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ANALYSIS All focus groups were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and checked for accuracy. Predefined and open coding were used to analyze transcripts for emerging themes. RESULTS Adolescents perceive CHT, with its functional requirements of assistance with restaurant food selection, teaching cooking skills, and providing encouragement and motivation, to be helpful with overweight and obesity self-management. Desired features to carry out these functional requirements included avatars, self-monitoring capabilities, social networking, and rewards. CONCLUSION Our findings largely agree with previously reported parental perceptions of the benefit of CHT for adolescent overweight and obesity self-management and strengthen support for the design and implementation of CHT within the CCM.
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82
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Hamlington B, Ivey LE, Brenna E, Biesecker LG, Biesecker BB, Sapp JC. Characterization of Courtesy Stigma Perceived by Parents of Overweight Children with Bardet-Biedl Syndrome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140705. [PMID: 26473736 PMCID: PMC4608820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A child’s obesity is generally perceived by the public to be under the control of the child’s parents. While the health consequences of childhood obesity are well understood, less is known about psychological and social effects of having an obese child on parents. We set out to characterize stigma and courtesy stigma experiences surrounding obesity among children with Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), a multisystem genetic disorder, and their parents. Methods Twenty-eight parents of children with BBS participated in semi-structured interviews informed by social stigmatization theory, which describes courtesy stigma as parental perception of stigmatization by association with a stigmatized child. Parents were asked to describe such experiences. Results Parents of children with BBS reported the child’s obesity as the most frequent target of stigmatization. They perceived health care providers as the predominant source of courtesy stigma, describing interactions that resulted in feeling devalued and judged as incompetent parents. Conclusions Parents of children with BBS feel blamed by others for their child’s obesity and described experiences that suggest health care providers may contribute to courtesy stigma and thus impede effective communication about managing obesity. Health care providers may reinforce parental feelings of guilt and responsibility by repeating information parents may have previously heard and ignoring extremely challenging barriers to weight management, such as a genetic predisposition to obesity. Strategies to understand and incorporate parents’ perceptions and causal attributions of their children’s weight may improve communication about weight control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hamlington
- Rocky Mountain Cancer Centers, US Oncology, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lauren E. Ivey
- Metabolic Genetics and Molecular Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ethan Brenna
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leslie G. Biesecker
- Metabolic Genetics and Molecular Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barbara B. Biesecker
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julie C. Sapp
- Metabolic Genetics and Molecular Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Özgen İT, Çakır E, Torun E, Güleş A, Hepokur MN, Cesur Y. Relationship Between Functional Exercise Capacity and Lung Functions in Obese Chidren. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2015; 7:217-21. [PMID: 26831556 PMCID: PMC4677557 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular, respiratory and musculoskeletal system disorders which may affect the functional exercise capacity are common in obese patients. We aimed to investigate the functional exercise capacity and its relationship with functional pulmonary capacity in obese children. METHODS A total of 74 obese and 36 healthy children as a control group were enrolled in the study. Pulmonary functions and functional exercise capacity were measured by spirometry and six-minute walk test (6 MWT), respectively. RESULTS The distances covered during the 6 MWT in obese and control groups were 570.9 ± 67.5 and 607.8 ± 72.5 meters, respectively (p=0.010). In spirometric pulmonary function tests (PFTs), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) and forced mid-expiratory flows (25-75) were lower in the obese group (p=0.048 and p=0.047, respectively), whereas forced vital capacity (FVC), the FEV1/FVC ratio and peak expiratory flow were not statistically different between the obese and control groups. Multiple regression analysis revealed that among all parameters of anthropometric measures and PFTs, only body mass index standard deviation score (BMI-SDS) was the independent factor influencing 6 MWT. CONCLUSION Functional exercise and lung capacities of obese children were diminished as compared to those of non-obese children. The most important factor influencing functional exercise capacity was BMI-SDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- İlker Tolga Özgen
- Bezmialem Vakıf University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey Phone: +90 532 573 20 90 E-mail:
| | - Erkan Çakır
- Bezmialem Vakıf University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Emel Torun
- Bezmialem Vakıf University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Güleş
- Bezmialem Vakıf University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Nur Hepokur
- Bezmialem Vakıf University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Yaşar Cesur
- Bezmialem Vakıf University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
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Jia G, Aroor AR, DeMarco VG, Martinez-Lemus LA, Meininger GA, Sowers JR. Vascular stiffness in insulin resistance and obesity. Front Physiol 2015; 6:231. [PMID: 26321962 PMCID: PMC4536384 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes are associated with a substantially increased prevalence of vascular fibrosis and stiffness, with attendant increased risk of cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease. Although the underlying mechanisms and mediators of vascular stiffness are not well understood, accumulating evidence supports the role of metabolic and immune dysregulation related to increased adiposity, activation of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system, reduced bioavailable nitric oxide, increased vascular extracellular matrix (ECM) and ECM remodeling in the pathogenesis of vascular stiffness. This review will give a brief overview of the relationship between obesity, insulin resistance and increased vascular stiffness to provide a contemporary understanding of the proposed underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Jia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia, MO, USA ; Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Annayya R Aroor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia, MO, USA ; Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Vincent G DeMarco
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia, MO, USA ; Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital Columbia, MO, USA ; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital Columbia, MO, USA ; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia, MO, USA ; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Gerald A Meininger
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia, MO, USA ; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia, MO, USA ; Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital Columbia, MO, USA ; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia, MO, USA ; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
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Clemente G, Mancini M, Giacco R, Tornatore A, Ragucci M, Riccardi G. Visceral adiposity and subclinical atherosclerosis in healthy young men. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2015; 66:466-70. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1042845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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86
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Luna-Luna M, Medina-Urrutia A, Vargas-Alarcón G, Coss-Rovirosa F, Vargas-Barrón J, Pérez-Méndez Ó. Adipose Tissue in Metabolic Syndrome: Onset and Progression of Atherosclerosis. Arch Med Res 2015; 46:392-407. [PMID: 26009250 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) should be considered a clinical entity when its different symptoms share a common etiology: obesity/insulin resistance as a result of a multi-organ dysfunction. The main interest in treating MetS as a clinical entity is that the addition of its components drastically increases the risk of atherosclerosis. In MetS, the adipose tissue plays a central role along with an unbalanced gut microbiome, which has become relevant in recent years. Once visceral adipose tissue (VAT) increases, dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction follow as additive risk factors. However, when the nonalcoholic fatty liver is present, risk of a cardiovascular event is highly augmented. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) seems to increase simultaneously with the VAT. In this context, the former may play a more important role in the development of the atherosclerotic plaque than the latter. Hence, EAT may act as a paracrine tissue vis-à-vis the coronary arteries favoring the local inflammation and the atheroma calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luna-Luna
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico; Study Group of Atherosclerosis, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Jesús Vargas-Barrón
- Echocardiography, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico; Study Group of Atherosclerosis, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Óscar Pérez-Méndez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico; Study Group of Atherosclerosis, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico.
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87
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How Has the Age-Related Process of Overweight or Obesity Development Changed over Time? Co-ordinated Analyses of Individual Participant Data from Five United Kingdom Birth Cohorts. PLoS Med 2015; 12:e1001828; discussion e1001828. [PMID: 25993005 PMCID: PMC4437909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of information on secular trends in the age-related process by which people develop overweight or obesity. Utilizing longitudinal data in the United Kingdom birth cohort studies, we investigated shifts over the past nearly 70 years in the distribution of body mass index (BMI) and development of overweight or obesity across childhood and adulthood. METHODS AND FINDINGS The sample comprised 56,632 participants with 273,843 BMI observations in the 1946 Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD; ages 2-64 years), 1958 National Child Development Study (NCDS; 7-50), 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS; 10-42), 1991 Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC; 7-18), or 2001 Millennium Cohort Study (MCS; 3-11). Growth references showed a secular trend toward positive skewing of the BMI distribution at younger ages. During childhood, the 50th centiles for all studies lay in the middle of the International Obesity Task Force normal weight range, but during adulthood, the age when a 50th centile first entered the overweight range (i.e., 25-29.9 kg/m2) decreased across NSHD, NCDS, and BCS from 41 to 33 to 30 years in males and 48 to 44 to 41 years in females. Trajectories of overweight or obesity showed that more recently born cohorts developed greater probabilities of overweight or obesity at younger ages. Overweight or obesity became more probable in NCDS than NSHD in early adulthood, but more probable in BCS than NCDS and NSHD in adolescence, for example. By age 10 years, the estimated probabilities of overweight or obesity in cohorts born after the 1980s were 2-3 times greater than those born before the 1980s (e.g., 0.229 [95% CI 0.219-0.240] in MCS males; 0.071 [0.065-0.078] in NSHD males). It was not possible to (1) model separate trajectories for overweight and obesity, because there were few obesity cases at young ages in the earliest-born cohorts, or (2) consider ethnic minority groups. The end date for analyses was August 2014. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate how younger generations are likely to accumulate greater exposure to overweight or obesity throughout their lives and, thus, increased risk for chronic health conditions such as coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the absence of effective intervention, overweight and obesity will have severe public health consequences in decades to come.
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88
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Cayres SU, Vanderlei LCM, Rodrigues AM, Silva MJCE, Codogno JS, Barbosa MF, Fernandes RA. [Sports practice is related to parasympathetic activity in adolescents]. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA 2015; 33:174-80. [PMID: 25887927 PMCID: PMC4516371 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpped.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the relationship among sports practice, physical education class, habitual physical activity and cardiovascular risk in adolescents. METHODS Cross-sectional study with 120 schoolchildren (mean: 11.7±0.7 years old), with no regular use of medicines. Sports practice and physical education classes were assessed through face-to-face interview, while habitual physical activity was assessed by pedometers. Body weight, height and height-cephalic trunk were used to estimate maturation. The following variables were measured: body fatness, blood pressure, resting heart rate, blood flow velocity, intima-media thickness (carotid and femoral) and heart rate variability (mean between consecutive heartbeats and statistical index in the time domain that show the autonomic parasympathetic nervous system activity root-mean by the square of differences between adjacent normal R-R intervals in a time interval. Statistical treatment used Spearman correlation adjusted by sex, ethnicity, age, body fatness and maturation. RESULTS Independently of potential confounders, sports practice was positively related to autonomic parasympathetic nervous system activity (β=0.039 [0.01; 0.76]). On the other hand, the relationship between sport practice and mean between consecutive heartbeats (β=0,031 [-0.01; 0.07]) was significantly mediated by biological maturation. CONCLUSIONS Sport practice was related to higher heart rate variability at rest.
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89
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Platt AM. Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Syndrome, and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Obese Youth. NASN Sch Nurse 2015; 30:207-13. [PMID: 25816425 DOI: 10.1177/1942602x15575355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
School nurses are well aware of the childhood obesity epidemic in the United States, as one in three youth are overweight or obese. Co-morbidities found in overweight or obese adults were not commonly found in youth three decades ago but are now increasingly "normal" as the obesity epidemic continues to evolve. This article is the second of six related articles discussing the co-morbidities of childhood obesity and discusses the complex association between obesity and insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Insulin resistance increases up to 50% during puberty, which may help to explain why youth are more likely to develop co-morbidities as teens. Treatment of these disorders is focused on changing lifestyle habits, as a child cannot change his or her pubertal progression, ethnicity, or family history. School nurses and other personnel can assist youth with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and polycystic ovary syndrome by supporting their efforts to make changes, reinforcing that insulin resistance is not necessarily type 2 diabetes even if the child is taking medication, and intervening with negative peer pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne M Platt
- The Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kansas City, MO 64108
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90
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Zhang YX, Wang SR, Zhao JS, Chu ZH. Blood pressure level profiles among obese children and adolescents with different stature. Int J Cardiol 2015; 182:6-7. [PMID: 25576707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.12.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-xiu Zhang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong University Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shandong, China.
| | | | - Jin-shan Zhao
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong University Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shandong, China
| | - Zun-hua Chu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong University Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shandong, China
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Gökler ME, Buğrul N, Metintaş S, Kalyoncu C. Adolescent Obesity and Associated Cardiovascular Risk Factors of Rural and Urban Life (Eskisehir, Turkey). Cent Eur J Public Health 2015; 23:20-5. [DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a3958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal diabetes is a risk factor for pregnancy complications, including stillbirth and macrosomia. Evolving data suggest that diabetes during pregnancy also has long-term consequences for offspring, putting them at risk for obesity and the metabolic syndrome in childhood. Because nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is known to occur in adults and children with insulin resistance, we hypothesized that altered lipid metabolism in fetuses of diabetic mothers may manifest with hepatic steatosis. METHODS We undertook a retrospective autopsy study to compare the presence and degree of hepatic steatosis between stillborns delivered to women with pregestational or gestational diabetes mellitus (gestational age 20-40 weeks; n = 33) and age-matched nondiabetic control stillbirth cases (n = 48), the latter enriched for maternal obesity, macrosomia, and similar cause of demise. RESULTS Histopathologic hepatic steatosis was significantly more prevalent and severe in the diabetic subjects (26/33, 78.8%) than in the controls (8/48, 16.6%) (P < 0.001). Within the diabetic cohort, the severity of steatosis was related directly to gestational age, birth weight, and liver weight, with no correlation of presence or severity of steatosis in the control group to maternal or fetal factors, including maternal body mass index or fetal macrosomia. Although macrosomic stillborns were more common in diabetic women with %hemoglobin A1c >6 and body mass index >30 kg/m, fetal steatosis was independent of glycemic control, maternal obesity, type of diabetes, ethnicity, or fetal sex in our cohort. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to our knowledge to demonstrate a specific association between fetal hepatic steatosis and maternal diabetes.
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93
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D'Adamo E, Guardamagna O, Chiarelli F, Bartuli A, Liccardo D, Ferrari F, Nobili V. Atherogenic dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk factors in obese children. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:912047. [PMID: 25663838 PMCID: PMC4309297 DOI: 10.1155/2015/912047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity when associated with serum lipoprotein changes triggers atherosclerosis. Evidences suggest that the atherosclerotic process begins in childhood and that the extent of early atherosclerosis of the aorta and coronary arteries can be associated with lipoprotein levels and obesity. Furthermore, many studies in childhood demonstrate an important relationship between parameters of insulin sensitivity, body fat distribution, and the development of lipid abnormalities. This review focuses on the most recent findings on the relationship between obesity, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular risk in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebe D'Adamo
- Unit of Pediatrics, Hospital of Cremona, Largo Priori 1, 26100 Cremona, Italy
- *Ebe D'Adamo:
| | - Ornella Guardamagna
- Department of Health Science and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Chiarelli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Via Dei Vestini 5, 66013 Chieti, Italy
| | - Andrea Bartuli
- Rare and Genetic Diseases Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Liccardo
- Hepatometabolic Diseases Unit, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Ferrari
- Pediatric Department, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Nobili
- Hepatometabolic Diseases Unit, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00135 Rome, Italy
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Duffey KJ, Slining MM, Benjamin Neelon SE. States lack physical activity policies in child care that are consistent with national recommendations. Child Obes 2014; 10:491-500. [PMID: 25354331 PMCID: PMC4267122 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2014.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child care facilities' policies can importantly impact health behaviors of toddlers and preschoolers. Our aim was to assess state regulations promoting physical activity (PA) in child care and compare regulations to national recommendations. METHODS We reviewed licensing and administrative regulations related to promoting PA for all states and territories for child care centers (centers) and family child care homes (homes). Three reviewers searched two sources (a publically available website and WestlawNext) and compared regulations with 15 Institute of Medicine recommendations. We used Pearson's and Spearman's correlations to assess associations between geographic region, year of last update, and number of regulations consistent with the recommendations. RESULTS The average number and range of regulations in centers and homes was 4.1 (standard deviation [SD], 1.4; range, 0-8) and 3.8 (SD, 1.5; range, 0-7), respectively. Nearly all states had regulations consistent with providing an outdoor (centers, 98%; homes, 95%) and indoor (centers, 94%, homes, 92%) environment "with a variety of portable play equipment and adequate space." No state had regulations for staff joining children, avoiding punishment for being physically active, yearly consultation from a PA expert, or providing training/education on PA for providers. CONCLUSIONS There is room for improvement in child care regulations around PA for young children; PA promotion should be included with future updates to regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyah J. Duffey
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA.,LA Sutherland Group, LLC, Hanover, NH
| | - Meghan M. Slining
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Health Sciences, Furman University, Greenville, SC
| | - Sara E. Benjamin Neelon
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center and Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC
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Calañas-Continente A. A poorly becoming leadership. ENDOCRINOLOGIA Y NUTRICION : ORGANO DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE ENDOCRINOLOGIA Y NUTRICION 2014; 61:395-397. [PMID: 25046998 DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Calañas-Continente
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, España.
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Santos NHAD, Fiaccone RL, Barreto ML, Silva LAD, Silva RDCR. Association between eating patterns and body mass index in a sample of children and adolescents in Northeastern Brazil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2014; 30:2235-45. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00178613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between eating patterns and body mass index (BMI) in children and adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study of 1,247 male and female students, aged between 6 and 12, from public elementary schools in São Francisco do Conde, Bahia State, Brasil. BMI was used to analyze the children’s nutritional status. Food consumption frequencies, in addition to demographic and socioeconomic information, were collected for each participant. Dietary patterns were identified through a factor analysis. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 17.3% (10.2% overweight and 7.1% obese). Two eating patterns, “obesogenic” and “prudent”, were identified. The former is characterized by sweets and sugars, typical Brazilian dishes, pastries, fast food, oils, milk, cereals, cakes, and sauces, and was positively associated with increased BMI (ßi = 0.244; p = 0.018). An “obesogenic” dietary pattern was associated with increased BMI.
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Childhood Obesity, Arterial Stiffness, and Prevalence and Treatment of Hypertension. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2014; 16:339. [DOI: 10.1007/s11936-014-0339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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The role of poverty status and obesity on school attendance in the United States. J Adolesc Health 2014; 55:402-7. [PMID: 24813400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several studies have shown that obesity influences school performance. Little is known about the joint effect of poverty and obesity associated with school attendance. METHODS Data are from the National Survey of Children's Health (N = 93,151), a nationally representative sample of U.S. youth aged 10-17 years. Our dependent variable was ≥11 days of school days missed per year. Body mass index was classified as normal, overweight, and obese using age- and sex-specific criteria. Federal poverty level (FPL) was classified as <200%, 200%-399%, and ≥400% (high income). Covariates included gender, age, child's race or ethnicity, maternal physical and mental health, child's health, family composition, and household tobacco use. Logistic regression models and prevalence ratios were estimated, accounting for the complex survey design. RESULTS The odds of missing ≥11 days of school among overweight youth was 1.5 times that of normal-weight youth (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.22-1.85) and 1.7 (95% CI = 1.35-2.13) times among obese youth in fully adjusted models. In joint effects models, the probability of missing school was significantly greater for obese youth in both the <200% FPL group (prevalence ratio = 1.78, CI = 1.36-2.34) and the ≥400% FPL group (prevalence ratio = 2.88, CI = 1.91-4.35), when compared with their normal-weight, higher income peers. Predicted probabilities revealed sharper gradients for higher income youth. CONCLUSIONS Obesity influences school absenteeism across all income categories. Nonetheless, there may be distinct reasons for missing school for lower and higher income youth, and the long-term consequences of school absences may also differ for these populations.
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Pagels P, Raustorp A, De Leon AP, Mårtensson F, Kylin M, Boldemann C. A repeated measurement study investigating the impact of school outdoor environment upon physical activity across ages and seasons in Swedish second, fifth and eighth graders. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:803. [PMID: 25099142 PMCID: PMC4133613 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background School children are confined to and exposed to outdoor environment that happens to be at their disposal during compulsory school time. The health-promoting potential of outdoor environment, and the use of it, is therefore important. We have studied the impact of school outdoor environment in terms of playground features, space, topography and vegetation upon the patterns of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) across ages and seasons in Swedish pupils at compulsory school. Methods Four schools in the Middle and Southern parts of Sweden, with outdoor environments differing in playground features, space, topography and vegetation were analyzed during one school year. A sample of 196 children was drawn from eligible pupils in grades 2, 5 and 8, aged 7–14 years. PA was monitored with time-stamped Actigraph accelerometers GT3X+, measuring different intensity levels during outdoor time. Maps were used to mark places where the children stayed and what they did during outdoor time. Results Mean MVPA during outdoor stay was 39 minutes for the entire school year, time in MVPA correlated positively with outdoor time, as did MVPA with used outdoor play area (p < 0.001). Outdoor MVPA declined with age, boys accumulated more MVPA than girls at all ages (p < 0.001). Ball play areas increased MVPA in 5th graders in September and May (p < 0.001). Overall, ball play areas increased 5th graders’ relative MVPA, and helped maintaining it with increasing age in boys but not in girls, whereas woodland stimulated and contributed to maintaining girls’ MVPA with increasing age. Outdoor temperature significantly impacted (p < 0.01) MVPA throughout all seasons. Conclusion We conclude that school outdoor environment design and outdoor play time impact physical activity on a daily basis and may contribute to increasing girls’ physical activity and moderate the sharp decline in physical activity by age. The school outdoor environment may thus be a potential health promoter during school time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Pagels
- Department of Sport Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, SE, Sweden.
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