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Liu Q, Hatta T, Qi J, Liu H, Thoreson AR, Amadio PC, Moran SL, Steinmann SP, Gingery A, Zhao C. Novel engineered tendon-fibrocartilage-bone composite with cyclic tension for rotator cuff repair. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:1690-1701. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
- The Second Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha P.R. China
| | - Taku Hatta
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
| | - Haoyu Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
| | | | - Peter C. Amadio
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
| | - Steven L. Moran
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
| | | | - Anne Gingery
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
| | - Chunfeng Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
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Shu CC, Smith MM, Appleyard RC, Little CB, Melrose J. Achilles and tail tendons of perlecan exon 3 null heparan sulphate deficient mice display surprising improvement in tendon tensile properties and altered collagen fibril organisation compared to C57BL/6 wild type mice. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5120. [PMID: 30042881 PMCID: PMC6056265 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the role of the perlecan (Hspg2) heparan sulphate (HS) side chains on cell and matrix homeostasis in tail and Achilles tendons in 3 and 12 week old Hspg2 exon 3 null HS deficient (Hspg2Δ3 − ∕Δ3 −) and C57 BL/6 Wild Type (WT) mice. Perlecan has important cell regulatory and matrix organizational properties through HS mediated interactions with a range of growth factors and morphogens and with structural extracellular matrix glycoproteins which define tissue function and allow the resident cells to regulate tissue homeostasis. It was expected that ablation of the HS chains on perlecan would severely disrupt normal tendon organization and functional properties and it was envisaged that this study would better define the role of HS in normal tendon function and in tendon repair processes. Tail and Achilles tendons from each genotype were biomechanically tested (ultimate tensile stress (UTS), tensile modulus (TM)) and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen (hydroxyproline) compositional analyses were undertaken. Tenocytes were isolated from tail tendons from each mouse genotype and grown in monolayer culture. These cultures were undertaken in the presence of FGF-2 to assess the cell signaling properties of each genotype. Total RNA was isolated from 3–12 week old tail and Achilles tendons and qRT-PCR was undertaken to assess the expression of the following genes Vcan, Bgn, Dcn, Lum, Hspg2, Ltbp1, Ltbp2, Eln and Fbn1. Type VI collagen and perlecan were immunolocalised in tail tendon and collagen fibrils were imaged using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FGF-2 stimulated tenocyte monolayers displayed elevated Adamts4, Mmp2, 3, 13 mRNA levels compared to WT mice. Non-stimulated tendon Col1A1, Vcan, Bgn, Dcn, Lum, Hspg2, Ltbp1, Ltbp2, Eln and Fbn1 mRNA levels showed no major differences between the two genotypes other than a decline with ageing while LTBP2 expression increased. Eln expression also declined to a greater extent in the perlecan exon 3 null mice (P < 0.05). Type VI collagen and perlecan were immunolocalised in tail tendon and collagen fibrils imaged using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This indicated a more compact form of collagen localization in the perlecan exon 3 null mice. Collagen fibrils were also smaller by TEM, which may facilitate a more condensed fibril packing accounting for the superior UTS displayed by the perlecan exon 3 null mice. The amplified catabolic phenotype of Hspg2Δ3 − ∕Δ3 − mice may account for the age-dependent decline in GAG observed in tail tendon over 3 to 12 weeks. After Achilles tenotomy Hspg2Δ3 − ∕Δ3 − and WT mice had similar rates of recovery of UTS and TM over 12 weeks post operatively indicating that a deficiency of HS was not detrimental to tendon repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy C Shu
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Margaret M Smith
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard C Appleyard
- Murray Maxwell Biomechanics Laboratory, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.,Surgical Skills Laboratory, Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher B Little
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Northern, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Northern, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Isolation and Characterization of Multipotent Turkey Tendon-Derived Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:3697971. [PMID: 29977306 PMCID: PMC6011053 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3697971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendon injuries are among the most common and severe hand injuries with a high demand for functional recovery. Stem cells have been identified and isolated from different species and a variety of tissues for the sake of regenerative medicine. Recently, turkey has been suggested as a potential new large animal model for flexor tendon-related research. However, turkey tissue-specific stem cells have not been investigated. Here, we presented the isolation and verification of tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs) from 6- to 8-month-old heritage-breed turkey. TDSCs were isolated from turkey flexor tendon by plating nucleated cells at the determined optimal density. Approximately 4% of the nucleated cells demonstrated clonogenicity, high proliferation rate, and trilineage differentiation potential after induction culturing. These cells expressed surface antigens CD90, CD105, and CD44, but did not express CD45. There was a high level of gene expression of tenogenic markers in TDSCs, including mohawk, collagen type I, tenascin C, and elastin. Turkey TDSCs also expressed transcription factors PouV, Nanog, and Sox2, which are critically involved in the regulation of stemness. The successful isolation of tendon-derived stem cells from turkey was beneficial for future studies in tendon tissue engineering and would help in the development of new treatment for tendon diseases using this novel animal model.
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Font Tellado S, Chiera S, Bonani W, Poh PS, Migliaresi C, Motta A, Balmayor ER, van Griensven M. Heparin functionalization increases retention of TGF-β2 and GDF5 on biphasic silk fibroin scaffolds for tendon/ligament-to-bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2018; 72:150-166. [PMID: 29550439 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The tendon/ligament-to-bone transition (enthesis) is a highly specialized interphase tissue with structural gradients of extracellular matrix composition, collagen molecule alignment and mineralization. These structural features are essential for enthesis function, but are often not regenerated after injury. Tissue engineering is a promising strategy for enthesis repair. Engineering of complex tissue interphases such as the enthesis is likely to require a combination of biophysical, biological and chemical cues to achieve functional tissue regeneration. In this study, we cultured human primary adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AdMCs) on biphasic silk fibroin scaffolds with integrated anisotropic (tendon/ligament-like) and isotropic (bone/cartilage like) pore alignment. We functionalized those scaffolds with heparin and explored their ability to deliver transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2) and growth/differentiation factor 5 (GDF5). Heparin functionalization increased the amount of TGF-β2 and GDF5 remaining attached to the scaffold matrix and resulted in biological effects at low growth factor doses. We analyzed the combined impact of pore alignment and growth factors on AdMSCs. TGF-β2 and pore anisotropy synergistically increased the expression of tendon/ligament markers and collagen I protein content. In addition, the combined delivery of TGF-β2 and GDF5 enhanced the expression of cartilage markers and collagen II protein content on substrates with isotropic porosity, whereas enthesis markers were enhanced in areas of mixed anisotropic/isotropic porosity. Altogether, the data obtained in this study improves current understanding on the combined effects of biological and structural cues on stem cell fate and presents a promising strategy for tendon/ligament-to-bone regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Regeneration of the tendon/ligament-to-bone interphase (enthesis) is of significance in the repair of ruptured tendons/ligaments to bone to improve implant integration and clinical outcome. This study proposes a novel approach for enthesis regeneration based on a biomimetic and integrated tendon/ligament-to-bone construct, stem cells and heparin-based delivery of growth factors. We show that heparin can keep growth factors local and biologically active at low doses, which is critical to avoid supraphysiological doses and associated side effects. In addition, we identify synergistic effects of biological (growth factors) and structural (pore alignment) cues on stem cells. These results improve current understanding on the combined impact of biological and structural cues on the multi-lineage differentiation capacity of stem cells for regenerating complex tissue interphases.
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Lebaschi AH, Deng XH, Camp CL, Zong J, Cong GT, Carballo CB, Album Z, Rodeo SA. Biomechanical, Histologic, and Molecular Evaluation of Tendon Healing in a New Murine Model of Rotator Cuff Repair. Arthroscopy 2018; 34:1173-1183. [PMID: 29459078 PMCID: PMC6340398 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a clinically relevant, robust murine model of rotator cuff tendon repair to examine cellular and molecular mechanisms of healing. METHODS Sixty C57BL/6 male mice underwent rotator cuff transection and repair using microsurgical techniques. A modified Kessler suturing technique was used prior to tendon detachment. Sutures were passed through 2 intersecting bone tunnels that were made at the tendon attachment site. Mice were sacrificed at 2 and 4 weeks with subsequent biomechanical, histologic, micro-CT, and gene expression evaluations. RESULTS Failure forces in the 2- and 4-week groups were 36% and 75% of the intact tendon, respectively. Histologic evaluation revealed complete reattachment of the tendon with no observable gap. Healing occurred by formation of fibrovascular tissue at the tendon-bone interface, similar to larger animal models. Molecular analysis revealed gene expression consistent with gradual healing of the reattached tendon over a period of 4 weeks. Comparisons were made using 1-way analysis of variance. CONCLUSIONS This model is distinguished by use of microsurgical suturing techniques, which provides a robust, reproducible, and economic animal model to study various aspects of rotator cuff pathology. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Improvement of clinical outcomes of rotator cuff pathology requires in-depth understanding of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of healing. This study presents a robust murine model of supraspinatus repair to serve as a standard research tool for basic and translational investigations into signaling pathways, gene expression, and the effect of biologic augmentation approaches.
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Exploring Stem Cells and Inflammation in Tendon Repair and Regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1089:37-46. [PMID: 30088259 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tendon injuries are frequent and are responsible for substantial morbidity both in sports and in the workplace. Despite the endogenous mechanisms of tendon repair and regeneration, tendon healing upon injury is slow and often insufficient to restore complete biomechanics functionality.Inflammation has a pivotal role in tendon healing and failed healing responses contribute to the progression of tendinopathies. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved are poorly understood requiring further insights.During inflammation, bioactive molecules such as cytokines secreted locally at the injury site, influence resident stem cells that contribute as modulatory agents over the niche towards homeostasis, holding great promise as therapeutic agents for tendon pathological conditions associated to unresolved inflammation and failed healing.This review overviews the role of cytokines and resident cells, focusing on the participation of tendon stem cell population in inflammation and tendon healing upon injury and their potential action in resolution of pathological conditions.
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Nguyen QT, Norelli JB, Graver A, Ekstein C, Schwartz J, Chowdhury F, Drakos MC, Grande DA, Chahine NO. Therapeutic Effects of Doxycycline on the Quality of Repaired and Unrepaired Achilles Tendons. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45:2872-2881. [PMID: 28759732 DOI: 10.1177/0363546517716637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Achilles tendon tears are devastating injuries, especially to athletes. Elevated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity after a tendon injury has been associated with deterioration of the collagen network and can be inhibited with doxycycline (Doxy). HYPOTHESIS Daily oral administration of Doxy will enhance the histological, molecular, and biomechanical quality of transected Achilles tendons. Additionally, suture repair will further enhance the quality of repaired tendons. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Randomized unilateral Achilles tendon transection was performed in 288 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The injured tendons were either unrepaired (groups 1 and 2) or surgically repaired (groups 3 and 4). Animals from groups 2 and 4 received Doxy daily through oral gavage, and animals from groups 1 and 3 served as controls (no Doxy). Tendons were harvested at 1.5, 3, 6, and 9 weeks after the injury (n = 18 per group and time point). The quality of tendon repair was evaluated based on the histological grading score, collagen fiber orientation, gene expression, and biomechanical properties. RESULTS In surgically repaired samples, Doxy enhanced the quality of tendon repair compared with no Doxy ( P = .0014). Doxy had a significant effect on collagen fiber dispersion, but not principal fiber angle. There was a significant effect of time on the gene expression of MMP-3, MMP-9 and TIMP1, and Doxy significantly decreased MMP-3 expression at 9 weeks. Doxy treatment with surgical repair increased the dynamic modulus at 6 weeks but not at 9 weeks after the injury ( P < .001). Doxy also increased the equilibrium modulus and decreased creep strain irrespective of the repair group. Doxy did not have a significant effect on the histology or biomechanics of unrepaired tendons. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that daily oral administration of Doxy accelerated matrix remodeling and the dynamic and equilibrium biomechanics of surgically repaired Achilles tendons, although such enhancements were most evident at the 3- to 6-week time points. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The inhibition of MMPs at the optimal stage of the repair process may accelerate Achilles tendon repair and improve biomechanical properties, especially when paired with surgical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynhhoa T Nguyen
- Bioengineering-Biomechanics Laboratory, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Jolanta B Norelli
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Adam Graver
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York, USA
| | - Charles Ekstein
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York, USA
| | - Johnathan Schwartz
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Farzana Chowdhury
- Bioengineering-Biomechanics Laboratory, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Mark C Drakos
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York, USA.,Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel A Grande
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York, USA
| | - Nadeen O Chahine
- Bioengineering-Biomechanics Laboratory, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, USA
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Trella KJ, Li J, Stylianou E, Wang VM, Frank JM, Galante J, Sandy JD, Plaas A, Wysocki R. Genome-wide analysis identifies differential promoter methylation of Leprel2, Foxf1, Mmp25, Igfbp6, and Peg12 in murine tendinopathy. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:947-955. [PMID: 27517731 PMCID: PMC5303683 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have used a murine Achilles tendinopathy model to investigate whether tissue changes (such as collagen disorganization, chondroid metaplasia, and loss of tensile properties) which are broadly characteristic of human tendinopathies, are accompanied by changes in the expression of chromatin-modifying enzymes and the methylation status of promoter regions of tendon cell DNA. Tendinopathy was induced by two intra-tendinous TGF-β1 injections followed by cage activity or treadmill running for up to 28 days. Activation of DNA methyltransferases occurred at 3 days after the TGF-β1 injections and also at 14 days, but only with treadmill activity. Genome-wide Methyl Mini-Seq™ analysis identified 19 genes with differentially methylated promoters, five of which perform functions with an apparent direct relevance to tendinopathy (Leprel2, Foxf1, Mmp25, Igfbp6, and Peg12). The functions of the genes identified included collagen fiber assembly and pericellular interactions, therefore their perturbation could play a role in the characteristic disorganization of fibers in affected tendons. We postulate that a study of the functional genomics of these genes in animal and human tendon could further delineate the pathogenesis of this multi-factorial complex disease. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:947-955, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Trella
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1611 W. Harrison Street, Suite 201, Chicago, IL 60612,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 S. Morgan Street, 2 Floor, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Rheumatology/Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1611 W. Harrison Street, Suite 510, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Eleni Stylianou
- Formerly Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195
| | - Vincent M Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 S. Morgan Street, 2 Floor, Chicago, IL 60607,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061
| | - Jonathan M Frank
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1611 W. Harrison Street, Suite 201, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Jorge Galante
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1611 W. Harrison Street, Suite 201, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - John D Sandy
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W. Harrison Street, 5 Floor, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Anna Plaas
- Department of Rheumatology/Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1611 W. Harrison Street, Suite 510, Chicago, IL 60612,Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W. Harrison Street, 5 Floor, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Robert Wysocki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1611 W. Harrison Street, Suite 201, Chicago, IL 60612
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Font Tellado S, Bonani W, Balmayor ER, Foehr P, Motta A, Migliaresi C, van Griensven M. * Fabrication and Characterization of Biphasic Silk Fibroin Scaffolds for Tendon/Ligament-to-Bone Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23:859-872. [PMID: 28330431 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is an attractive strategy for tendon/ligament-to-bone interface repair. The structure and extracellular matrix composition of the interface are complex and allow for a gradual mechanical stress transfer between tendons/ligaments and bone. Thus, scaffolds mimicking the structural features of the native interface may be able to better support functional tissue regeneration. In this study, we fabricated biphasic silk fibroin scaffolds designed to mimic the gradient in collagen molecule alignment present at the interface. The scaffolds had two different pore alignments: anisotropic at the tendon/ligament side and isotropic at the bone side. Total porosity ranged from 50% to 80% and the majority of pores (80-90%) were <100-300 μm. Young's modulus varied from 689 to 1322 kPa depending on the type of construct. In addition, human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells were cultured on the scaffolds to evaluate the effect of pore morphology on cell proliferation and gene expression. Biphasic scaffolds supported cell attachment and influenced cytoskeleton organization depending on pore alignment. In addition, the gene expression of tendon/ligament, enthesis, and cartilage markers significantly changed depending on pore alignment in each region of the scaffolds. In conclusion, the biphasic scaffolds fabricated in this study show promising features for tendon/ligament-to-bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sònia Font Tellado
- 1 Department of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich , Munich, Germany
| | - Walter Bonani
- 2 Department of Industrial Engineering, BIOtech Research Center and European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Trento , Trento, Italy .,3 Trento Research Unit, INSTM-National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology , Trento, Italy
| | - Elizabeth R Balmayor
- 1 Department of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich , Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Foehr
- 4 Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Orthopaedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich , Munich, Germany
| | - Antonella Motta
- 2 Department of Industrial Engineering, BIOtech Research Center and European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Trento , Trento, Italy
| | - Claudio Migliaresi
- 2 Department of Industrial Engineering, BIOtech Research Center and European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Trento , Trento, Italy .,3 Trento Research Unit, INSTM-National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology , Trento, Italy
| | - Martijn van Griensven
- 1 Department of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich , Munich, Germany
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Rubio-Azpeitia E, Sánchez P, Delgado D, Andia I. Adult Cells Combined With Platelet-Rich Plasma for Tendon Healing: Cell Source Options. Orthop J Sports Med 2017; 5:2325967117690846. [PMID: 28321425 PMCID: PMC5347436 DOI: 10.1177/2325967117690846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The combination of cells with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) may fulfill tendon deficits and help overcome the limited ability of tendons to heal. Purpose: To examine the suitability of 3 human cell types in combination with PRP and the potential impact of the tenocyte-conditioned media (CM) to enhance tendon healing. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Tenocytes, bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells, and skin fibroblasts were cultured in 3-dimensional PRP hydrogels supplemented or not with CM, and cell proliferation and migration were examined. The effect of tendon-derived CM on matrix-forming phenotype and secretion of inflammatory proteins was determined through their administration to mesenchymal stem cells, tendon, and skin fibroblasts by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Results: Differences were found in the matrix-forming phenotype between each of the cell types. The ratio of collagen I:collagen III was greater in bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells than in skin fibroblasts and tenocytes. The bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells expressed increased levels of cartilage-related genes than tenocytes or skin fibroblasts. The presence of the tenocyte-CM stimulated basic healing mechanisms including proliferation and chemotaxis in all cell types. In addition, the tenocyte-CM modified the matrix-forming phenotype of every cell type when cultured in PRP hydrogels. Each cell type secreted interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in PRP hydrogels, but mesenchymal stem cells secreted less interleukin-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 than tenocytes or skin fibroblasts. Conclusion: The tenocyte-CM combined with PRP stimulated tenogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells and in skin fibroblasts and reduced the secretion of inflammatory proteins. Clinical Relevance: Modifying the target tissue with PRP prior to cell implantation may optimize the effect of cell therapies. Skin fibroblasts and bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells combined with PRP could be used to regenerate tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Rubio-Azpeitia
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Pello Sánchez
- Arthroscopic Surgery Unit Research, Hospital Vithas San José, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Diego Delgado
- Arthroscopic Surgery Unit Research, Hospital Vithas San José, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Isabel Andia
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
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Pas HIMFL, Moen MH, Haisma HJ, Winters M. No evidence for the use of stem cell therapy for tendon disorders: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2017; 51:996-1002. [PMID: 28077355 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stem cells have emerged as a new treatment option for tendon disorders. We systematically reviewed the current evidence for stem cell therapy in tendon disorders. METHODS Randomised and non-randomised controlled trials, cohort studies and case series with a minimum of 5 cases were searched in MEDLINE, CENTRAL, EMBASE, CINAHL, PEDro and SPORTDiscus. In addition, we searched grey literature databases and trial registers. Only human studies were included and no time or language restrictions were applied to our search. All references of included trials were checked for possibly eligible trials. Risk of bias assessment was performed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool for controlled trials and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for case series. Levels of evidence were assigned according to the Oxford levels of evidence. RESULTS 4 published and three unpublished/pending trials were found with a total of 79 patients. No unpublished data were available. Two trials evaluated bone marrow-derived stem cells in rotator cuff repair surgery and found lower retear rates compared with historical controls or the literature. One trial used allogenic adipose-derived stem cells to treat lateral epicondylar tendinopathy. Improved Mayo Elbow Performance Index, Visual Analogue Pain scale and ultrasound findings after 1-year follow-up compared with baseline were found. Bone marrow-derived stem cell-treated patellar tendinopathy showed improved International Knee Documentation Committee, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score subscales and Tegner scores after 5-year follow-up. One trial reported adverse events and found them to be mild (eg, swelling, effusion). All trials were at high risk of bias and only level 4 evidence was available. CONCLUSIONS No evidence (level 4) was found for the therapeutic use of stem cells for tendon disorders. The use of stem cell therapy for tendon disorders in clinical practice is currently not advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiko I M F L Pas
- The Sports Physician Group, Department of Sports Medicine, OLVG West, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten H Moen
- The Sports Physician Group, Department of Sports Medicine, OLVG West, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Bergman Clinics, Naarden, The Netherlands.,Department of Elite Sports, NOC*NSF, Medical Staff, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Hidde J Haisma
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Groningen University, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marinus Winters
- Rehabilitation, Nursing Science and Sports Department, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Hu JJ, Yin Z, Shen WL, Xie YB, Zhu T, Lu P, Cai YZ, Kong MJ, Heng BC, Zhou YT, Chen WS, Chen X, Ouyang HW. Pharmacological Regulation of In Situ Tissue Stem Cells Differentiation for Soft Tissue Calcification Treatment. Stem Cells 2017; 34:1083-96. [PMID: 26851078 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Calcification of soft tissues, such as heart valves and tendons, is a common clinical problem with limited therapeutics. Tissue specific stem/progenitor cells proliferate to repopulate injured tissues. But some of them become divergent to the direction of ossification in the local pathological microenvironment, thereby representing a cellular target for pharmacological approach. We observed that HIF-2alpha (encoded by EPAS1 inclined form) signaling is markedly activated within stem/progenitor cells recruited at calcified sites of diseased human tendons and heart valves. Proinflammatory microenvironment, rather than hypoxia, is correlated with HIF-2alpha activation and promoted osteochondrogenic differentiation of tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs). Abnormal upregulation of HIF-2alpha served as a key switch to direct TSPCs differentiation into osteochondral-lineage rather than teno-lineage. Notably, Scleraxis (Scx), an essential tendon specific transcription factor, was suppressed on constitutive activation of HIF-2alpha and mediated the effect of HIF-2alpha on TSPCs fate decision. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of HIF-2alpha with digoxin, which is a widely utilized drug, can efficiently inhibit calcification and enhance tenogenesis in vitro and in the Achilles's tendinopathy model. Taken together, these findings reveal the significant role of the tissue stem/progenitor cells fate decision and suggest that pharmacological regulation of HIF-2alpha function is a promising approach for soft tissue calcification treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jie Hu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Zi Yin
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Wei-Liang Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital , School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Yu-Bin Xie
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - You-Zhi Cai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 1st Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Min-Jian Kong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital , School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Boon Chin Heng
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi-Ting Zhou
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Wei-Shan Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital , School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Hong-Wei Ouyang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China.,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China.,China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed)
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Aligned Nanofiber Topography Directs the Tenogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Chen YY, He ST, Yan FH, Zhou PF, Luo K, Zhang YD, Xiao Y, Lin MK. Dental pulp stem cells express tendon markers under mechanical loading and are a potential cell source for tissue engineering of tendon-like tissue. Int J Oral Sci 2016; 8:213-222. [PMID: 27811845 PMCID: PMC5168414 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2016.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal mesenchymal stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into multiple cell lineages. This study explored the possibility of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) for potential application in tendon tissue engineering. The expression of tendon-related markers such as scleraxis, tenascin-C, tenomodulin, eye absent homologue 2, collagens I and VI was detected in dental pulp tissue. Interestingly, under mechanical stimulation, these tendon-related markers were significantly enhanced when DPSCs were seeded in aligned polyglycolic acid (PGA) fibre scaffolds. Furthermore, mature tendon-like tissue was formed after transplantation of DPSC-PGA constructs under mechanical loading conditions in a mouse model. This study demonstrates that DPSCs could be a potential stem cell source for tissue engineering of tendon-like tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ying Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Teng He
- Department of Stomatology, Hainan Province Nongken Sanya Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Fu-Hua Yan
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peng-Fei Zhou
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kai Luo
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ding Zhang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yin Xiao
- Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Min-Kui Lin
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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66
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Spang C, Chen J, Backman LJ. The tenocyte phenotype of human primary tendon cells in vitro is reduced by glucocorticoids. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016; 17:467. [PMID: 27832770 PMCID: PMC5105245 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-016-1328-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of corticosteroids (e.g., dexamethasone) as treatment for tendinopathy has recently been questioned as higher risks for ruptures have been observed clinically. In vitro studies have reported that dexamethasone exposed tendon cells, tenocytes, show reduced cell viability and collagen production. Little is known about the effect of dexamethasone on the characteristics of tenocytes. Furthermore, there are uncertainties about the existence of apoptosis and if the reduction of collagen affects all collagen subtypes. Methods We evaluated these aspects by exposing primary tendon cells to dexamethasone (Dex) in concentrations ranging from 1 to 1000 nM. Gene expression of the specific tenocyte markers scleraxis (Scx) and tenomodulin (Tnmd) and markers for other mesenchymal lineages, such as bone (Alpl, Ocn), cartilage (Acan, Sox9) and fat (Cebpα, Pparg) was measured via qPCR. Cell viability and proliferation was calculated using a MTS Assay. Cell death was measured by LDH assay and cleaved caspase-3 using Western Blot. Gene expression of collagen subtypes Col1, Col3 and Col14 was analyzed using qPCR. Results Stimulation with Dex decreased cell viability and LDH levels. Dex also induced a significant reduction of Scx gene expression and a marked loss of fibroblast like cell shape. The mRNA for all examined collagen subtypes was found to be down-regulated. Among non-tendinous genes only Pparg was significantly increased, whereas Acan, Alpl and Sox9 were reduced. Conclusions These results indicate a Dex induced phenotype drift of the tenocytes by reducing scleraxis expression. Reduction of several collagen subtypes, but not cell death, seems to be a feature of Dex induced tissue degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Spang
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Anatomy, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden. .,Dr Alfen Orthopedic Spine Center, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Jialin Chen
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Anatomy, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ludvig J Backman
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Anatomy, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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67
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Subramanian A, Schilling TF. Tendon development and musculoskeletal assembly: emerging roles for the extracellular matrix. Development 2016; 142:4191-204. [PMID: 26672092 DOI: 10.1242/dev.114777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tendons and ligaments are extracellular matrix (ECM)-rich structures that interconnect muscles and bones. Recent work has shown how tendon fibroblasts (tenocytes) interact with muscles via the ECM to establish connectivity and strengthen attachments under tension. Similarly, ECM-dependent interactions between tenocytes and cartilage/bone ensure that tendon-bone attachments form with the appropriate strength for the force required. Recent studies have also established a close lineal relationship between tenocytes and skeletal progenitors, highlighting the fact that defects in signals modulated by the ECM can alter the balance between these fates, as occurs in calcifying tendinopathies associated with aging. The dynamic fine-tuning of tendon ECM composition and assembly thus gives rise to the remarkable characteristics of this unique tissue type. Here, we provide an overview of the functions of the ECM in tendon formation and maturation that attempts to integrate findings from developmental genetics with those of matrix biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arul Subramanian
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA
| | - Thomas F Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA
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68
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Tian J, Li Z, Han Y, Jiang T, Song X, Jiang G. The progress of early growth response factor 1 and leukemia. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2016; 5:76-82. [PMID: 27195189 PMCID: PMC4869586 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2015.01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Early growth response gene-1 (EGR1) widely exists in the cell nucleus of such as, zebrafish, mice, chimpanzees and humans, an it also can be observed in the cytoplasm of some tumors. EGR1 was named just after its brief and rapid expression of different stimuli. Accumulating studies have extensively demonstrated that the widespread dysregulation of EGR1 is involved in hematological malignancies such as human acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, and B cell lymphoma. With the deep research on EGR1, its expression, function and regulatory mechanism has been gradually elucidated, and provides more possibilities for treatment strategies of patients with leukemia. Herein, we summarize the roles of EGR1 in its biological function and relationship with leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Key Laboratory for Modern Medicine and Technology of Shandong Province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Ji'nan University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- Key Laboratory for Modern Medicine and Technology of Shandong Province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Ji'nan University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Han
- Key Laboratory for Modern Medicine and Technology of Shandong Province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Ji'nan University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Graduate School of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoming Song
- Graduate School of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Guosheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Modern Medicine and Technology of Shandong Province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Ji'nan University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Guosheng Jiang, Key Laboratory for rare & uncommon diseases of Shandong Province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, NO.18877 of Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, Shandong, China. E-mail:
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69
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Dex S, Lin D, Shukunami C, Docheva D. Tenogenic modulating insider factor: Systematic assessment on the functions of tenomodulin gene. Gene 2016; 587:1-17. [PMID: 27129941 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tenomodulin (TNMD, Tnmd) is a gene highly expressed in tendon known to be important for tendon maturation with key implications for the residing tendon stem/progenitor cells as well as for the regulation of endothelial cell migration in chordae tendineae cordis in the heart and in experimental tumour models. This review aims at providing an encompassing overview of this gene and its protein. In addition, its known expression pattern as well as putative signalling pathways will be described. A chronological overview of the discovered functions of this gene in tendon and other tissues and cells is provided as well as its use as a tendon and ligament lineage marker is assessed in detail and discussed. Last, information about the possible connections between TNMD genomic mutations and mRNA expression to various diseases is delivered. Taken together this review offers a solid synopsis on the up-to-date information available about TNMD and aids at directing and focusing the future research to fully uncover the roles and implications of this interesting gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dex
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Dasheng Lin
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Chisa Shukunami
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Division of Basic Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Denitsa Docheva
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany; Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
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Gtf2ird1-Dependent Mohawk Expression Regulates Mechanosensing Properties of the Tendon. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:1297-309. [PMID: 26884464 PMCID: PMC4836271 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00950-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanoforces experienced by an organ are translated into biological information for cellular sensing and response. In mammals, the tendon connective tissue experiences and resists physical forces, with tendon-specific mesenchymal cells called tenocytes orchestrating extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover. We show that Mohawk (Mkx), a tendon-specific transcription factor, is essential in mechanoresponsive tenogenesis through regulation of its downstream ECM genes such as type I collagens and proteoglycans such as fibromodulin both in vivo and in vitro Wild-type (WT) mice demonstrated an increase in collagen fiber diameter and density in response to physical treadmill exercise, whereas in Mkx(-/-) mice, tendons failed to respond to the same mechanical stimulation. Furthermore, functional screening of the Mkx promoter region identified several upstream transcription factors that regulate Mkx In particular, general transcription factor II-I repeat domain-containing protein 1 (Gtf2ird1) that is expressed in the cytoplasm of unstressed tenocytes translocated into the nucleus upon mechanical stretching to activate the Mkx promoter through chromatin regulation. Here, we demonstrate that Gtf2ird1 is essential for Mkx transcription, while also linking mechanical forces to Mkx-mediated tendon homeostasis and regeneration.
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71
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van den Akker GGH, Surtel DAM, Cremers A, Hoes MFGA, Caron MM, Richardson SM, Rodrigues-Pinto R, van Rhijn LW, Hoyland JA, Welting TJM, Voncken JW. EGR1 controls divergent cellular responses of distinctive nucleus pulposus cell types. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016; 17:124. [PMID: 26975996 PMCID: PMC4791893 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-016-0979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immediate early genes (IEGs) encode transcription factors which serve as first line response modules to altered conditions and mediate appropriate cell responses. The immediate early response gene EGR1 is involved in physiological adaptation of numerous different cell types. We have previously shown a role for EGR1 in controlling processes supporting chondrogenic differentiation. We recently established a unique set of phenotypically distinct cell lines from the human nucleus pulposus (NP). Extensive characterization showed that these NP cellular subtypes represented progenitor-like cell types and more functionally mature cells. Methods To further understanding of cellular heterogeneity in the NP, we analyzed the response of these cell subtypes to anabolic and catabolic factors. Here, we test the hypothesis that physiological responses of distinct NP cell types are mediated by EGR1 and reflect specification of cell function using an RNA interference-based experimental approach. Results We show that distinct NP cell types rapidly induce EGR1 exposure to either growth factors or inflammatory cytokines. In addition, we show that mRNA profiles induced in response to anabolic or catabolic conditions are cell type specific: the more mature NP cell type produced a strong and more specialized transcriptional response to IL-1β than the NP progenitor cells and aspects of this response were controlled by EGR1. Conclusions Our current findings provide important substantiation of differential functionality among NP cellular subtypes. Additionally, the data shows that early transcriptional programming initiated by EGR1 is essentially restrained by the cells’ epigenome as it was determined during development and differentiation. These studies begin to define functional distinctions among cells of the NP and will ultimately contribute to defining functional phenotypes within the adult intervertebral disc. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12891-016-0979-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guus G H van den Akker
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Current Address: Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Don A M Surtel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andy Cremers
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn F G A Hoes
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein M Caron
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen M Richardson
- Centre for Tissue Injury and Repair, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ricardo Rodrigues-Pinto
- Centre for Tissue Injury and Repair, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Current Address: Department of Orthopaedics, Centro Hospitalar do Porto - Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lodewijk W van Rhijn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith A Hoyland
- Centre for Tissue Injury and Repair, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Tim J M Welting
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Voncken
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Guo J, Chan KM, Zhang JF, Li G. Tendon-derived stem cells undergo spontaneous tenogenic differentiation. Exp Cell Res 2016; 341:1-7. [PMID: 26794903 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tendon-derived stem cell (TDSC) is a subpopulation of residing stem cells within the intact tendon tissues, with the capacities of self-renewal, clonogenicity, and three-lineage differentiation. Compared with bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), TDSCs are superior for tendon injuries repair as they remain some tendon tissue-specific differentiation properties. In the present study, TDSC was found to undergo spontaneous tenogenic differentiation in which the expression of tenogenic markers were increased while the expression of stemness markers decreased with time in TDSCs culture (without tenogenic induction medium). The further collagen synthesis ability was correspondingly increased during this process. After a longer period of culture, the monolayer of TDSCs formed a "3D" layers with rich extracellular matrices of typical tendon tissues. In addition, the key tenogenic transcription factors, such as Scx, Mkx, Egr1 and Eya1 were all up-regulated in this process. Finally, we compared the spontaneous tenogenic differentiation with TGF-β1-induced tenogenic differentiation of TDSCs, and the results showed that the spontaneous tenogenic differentiation of TDSCs was general character of TDSCs, similar to but weaker than the effect of TDSCs under tenogenic induction. Taken together, the present study identified that TDSCs had the potential of spontaneous tenogenic differentiation, which may be a better cell source for the treatment of tendon injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Kai-Ming Chan
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Jin-Fang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China.
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China.
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73
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Lui PPY. Stem cell technology for tendon regeneration: current status, challenges, and future research directions. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 8:163-74. [PMID: 26715856 PMCID: PMC4685888 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s60832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tendon injuries are a common cause of physical disability. They present a clinical challenge to orthopedic surgeons because injured tendons respond poorly to current treatments without tissue regeneration and the time required for rehabilitation is long. New treatment options are required. Stem cell-based therapies offer great potential to promote tendon regeneration due to their high proliferative, synthetic, and immunomodulatory activities as well as their potential to differentiate to the target cell types and undergo genetic modification. In this review, I first recapped the challenges of tendon repair by reviewing the anatomy of tendon. Next, I discussed the advantages and limitations of using different types of stem cells compared to terminally differentiated cells for tendon tissue engineering. The safety and efficacy of application of stem cells and their modified counterparts for tendon tissue engineering were then summarized after a systematic literature search in PubMed. The challenges and future research directions to enhance, optimize, and standardize stem cell-based therapies for augmenting tendon repair were then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Po Yee Lui
- Headquarter, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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Liu H, Zhang C, Zhu S, Lu P, Zhu T, Gong X, Zhang Z, Hu J, Yin Z, Heng BC, Chen X, Ouyang HW. Mohawk promotes the tenogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells through activation of the TGFβ signaling pathway. Stem Cells 2015; 33:443-55. [PMID: 25332192 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Mohawk (Mkx) is expressed in developing tendons and is an important regulator of tenogenic differentiation. However, the exact roles of Mkx in tendinopathy and tendon repair remain unclear. Using gene expression Omnibus datasets and immunofluorescence assays, we found that Mkx expression level was dramatically lower in human tendinopathy tissue and it is activated at specific stages of tendon development. In mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), ectopic Mkx expression strikingly promoted tenogenesis more efficiently than Scleraxis (Scx), a well-known master transcription factor of tendon. Significantly higher levels of tenogenic gene expression and collagen fibril growth were observed with Mkx versus Scx. Interestingly, it was observed that Mkx dramatically upregulated Scx through binding to the Tgfb2 promoter. Additionally, the transplantation of Mkx-expressing-MSC sheets promoted tendon repair in a mouse model of Achilles-tendon defect. Taken together, these data shed light on previously unrecognized roles of Mkx in tendinopathy, tenogenesis, and tendon repair as well as in regulating the TGFβ pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Liu
- Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Li Y, Ramcharan M, Zhou Z, Leong DJ, Akinbiyi T, Majeska RJ, Sun HB. The Role of Scleraxis in Fate Determination of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Tenocyte Differentiation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13149. [PMID: 26289033 PMCID: PMC4542341 DOI: 10.1038/srep13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pluripotent cells that primarily differentiate into osteocytes, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. Recent studies indicate that MSCs can also be induced to generate tenocyte-like cells; moreover, MSCs have been suggested to have great therapeutic potential for tendon pathologies. Yet the precise molecular cascades governing tenogenic differentiation of MSCs remain unclear. We demonstrate scleraxis, a transcription factor critically involved in embryonic tendon development and formation, plays a pivotal role in the fate determination of MSC towards tenocyte differentiation. Using murine C3H10T1/2 pluripotent stem cells as a model system, we show scleraxis is extensively expressed in the early phase of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-12-triggered tenocytic differentiation. Once induced, scleraxis directly transactivates tendon lineage-related genes such as tenomodulin and suppresses osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic capabilities, thus committing C3H10T1/2 cells to differentiate into the specific tenocyte-like lineage, while eliminating plasticity for other lineages. We also reveal that mechanical loading-mediated tenocytic differentiation follows a similar pathway and that BMP-12 and cyclic uniaxial strain act in an additive fashion to augment the maximal response by activating signal transducer Smad8. These results provide critical insights into the determination of multipotent stem cells to the tenocyte lineage induced by both chemical and physical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Li
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Melissa Ramcharan
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031
| | - Zuping Zhou
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Daniel J Leong
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Takintope Akinbiyi
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Robert J Majeska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031
| | - Hui B Sun
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
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Lavagnino M, Wall ME, Little D, Banes AJ, Guilak F, Arnoczky SP. Tendon mechanobiology: Current knowledge and future research opportunities. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:813-22. [PMID: 25763779 PMCID: PMC4524513 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tendons mainly function as load-bearing tissues in the muscloskeletal system; transmitting loads from muscle to bone. Tendons are dynamic structures that respond to the magnitude, direction, frequency, and duration of physiologic as well as pathologic mechanical loads via complex interactions between cellular pathways and the highly specialized extracellular matrix. This paper reviews the evolution and current knowledge of mechanobiology in tendon development, homeostasis, disease, and repair. In addition, we review several novel mechanotransduction pathways that have been identified recently in other tissues and cell types, providing potential research opportunities in the field of tendon mechanobiology. We also highlight current methods, models, and technologies being used in a wide variety of mechanobiology research that could be investigated in the context of their potential applicability for answering some of the fundamental unanswered questions in this field. The article concludes with a review of the major questions and future goals discussed during the recent ORS/ISMMS New Frontiers in Tendon Research Conference held on September 10 and 11, 2014 in New York City.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lavagnino
- Laboratory for Comparative Orthopaedic Research, College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Otabe K, Nakahara H, Hasegawa A, Matsukawa T, Ayabe F, Onizuka N, Inui M, Takada S, Ito Y, Sekiya I, Muneta T, Lotz M, Asahara H. Transcription factor Mohawk controls tenogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and in vivo. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:1-8. [PMID: 25312837 PMCID: PMC4294629 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mohawk homeobox (MKX) has been demonstrated as a tendon/ligament specific transcription factor. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of MKX in ligament/tenogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs). Human BMMSCs were treated with 50 ng/ml BMP-12 or transduced with MKX or scleraxis (SCX) adenoviral vector. Gene expression analysis was performed by quantitative reverse transcribed polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Rat BMMSCs were seeded in a collagen scaffold and transplanted into a rat Achilles tendon defect model. Tenogenesis related gene expressions and histological features were analyzed. BMP-12 induced tenogenesis in BMMSCs as indicated by increased COL1a1, TNXB, DCN and SCX mRNA, and MKX expression increased simultaneously. Rat BMMSCs enhanced defect repair and were still detectable 3 weeks after transplantation. Increased expressions of COL1a1, TNC and TNMD in vivo were also correlated with upregulated MKX. Adenoviral MKX promoted expression of COL1a1, TNXB, and TNMD in BMMSCs. This study demonstrated that MKX gene expression is enhanced during the tenogenic differentiation of BMMSCs in vitro and in vivo, and the adenoviral overexpression of MKX increases tendon extracellular matrix gene expression and protein production. Thus, MKX is a key factor for tenogenic differentiation of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Otabe
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
,National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Department of System Biomedicine, Tokyo, Japan
,Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakahara
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Akihiko Hasegawa
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tetsuya Matsukawa
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Fumiaki Ayabe
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Naoko Onizuka
- National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Department of System Biomedicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Inui
- National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Department of System Biomedicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Takada
- National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Department of System Biomedicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of System Biomedicine, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sekiya
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Muneta
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Martin Lotz
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hiroshi Asahara
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
,National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Department of System Biomedicine, Tokyo, Japan
,Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of System Biomedicine, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
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