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Shephard JM, Ogden R, Tryjanowski P, Olsson O, Galbusera P. Is population structure in the European white stork determined by flyway permeability rather than translocation history? Ecol Evol 2013; 3:4881-95. [PMID: 24455123 PMCID: PMC3892355 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
European white stork are long considered to diverge to eastern and western migration pools as a result of independent overwintering flyways. In relatively recent times, the western and northern distribution has been subject to dramatic population declines and country-specific extirpations. A number of independent reintroduction programs were started in the mid 1950s to bring storks back to historical ranges. Founder individuals were sourced opportunistically from the Eastern and Western European distributions and Algeria, leading to significant artificial mixing between eastern and western flyways. Here we use mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA to test the contention that prior to translocation, eastern and western flyways were genetically distinct. The data show a surprising lack of structure at any spatial or temporal scale suggesting that even though birds were moved between flyways, there is evidence of natural mixing prior to the onset of translocation activities. Overall a high retention of genetic diversity, high Nef, and an apparent absence of recent genetic bottleneck associated with early 20th century declines suggest that the species is well equipped to respond to future environmental pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Shephard
- Centre for Research and Conservation - Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp Koningen Astridplein 26, 2018, Antwerp, Belgium ; School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Rob Ogden
- Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Edinburgh Zoo 134 Corstorphine Road, Edinburgh, EH12 6TS, UK
| | - Piotr Tryjanowski
- Institute of Zoology, Poznan University of Life Sciences Wojska Polskiego 71 C, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ola Olsson
- Department of Ecology, Animal Ecology, Lund University SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Galbusera
- Centre for Research and Conservation - Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp Koningen Astridplein 26, 2018, Antwerp, Belgium
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52
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Zhang M, Steele MA, Yi X. Reconsidering the effects of tannin on seed dispersal by rodents: evidence from enclosure and field experiments with artificial seeds. Behav Processes 2013; 100:200-7. [PMID: 24161819 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The question of how tannin affects feeding and hoarding preferences of rodents still remains poorly understood, in part, because it is difficult to control for other seed traits when considering the sole effect of tannin. Here, we constructed a series of artificial 'seeds' with different tannin levels, made from wheat flour, peanut powder and hydrolysable tannins, to determine the direct effects of tannin on both feeding and hoarding preferences. We first presented 'seeds' to individual rodents of two species (Tamias sibiricus and Apodemus peninsulae) confined in semi-natural enclosures and then monitored patterns of seed dispersal and consumption by free-ranging animals in a temperate forest in the Xiaoxing'an Mountains, Heilongjiang Province of China. Our results showed that small rodents displayed a significant preference for low-tannin 'seeds' for both consumption and caching in both captive and field experiments. Moreover, our two-year study consistently showed that tannin concentration was significantly and negatively correlated with the number of cached 'seeds' at both the individual and population levels. Seed size, compared with tannin concentrations, appeared to have little effect on dispersal distances and the number of 'seeds' cached. Low-tannin 'seeds' tended to be dispersed greater distances by rodents in the field than those with higher levels of tannin. These results failed to support those of previous reports indicating that acorns containing higher tannins are more likely to be cached by food hoarding animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
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53
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Kim SI, Park SK, Lee H, Oshida T, Kimura J, Kim YJ, Nguyen ST, Sashika M, Min MS. Phylogeography of Korean raccoon dogs: implications of peripheral isolation of a forest mammal in East Asia. J Zool (1987) 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.-I. Kim
- Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife (CGRB); Research Institute for Veterinary Science; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology; Research Institute for Veterinary Science; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - S.-K. Park
- Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife (CGRB); Research Institute for Veterinary Science; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - H. Lee
- Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife (CGRB); Research Institute for Veterinary Science; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - T. Oshida
- Laboratory of Wildlife Biology; Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine; Obihiro Japan
| | - J. Kimura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology; Research Institute for Veterinary Science; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Y.-J. Kim
- Chungnam Wild Animal Rescue Center; Yesan Chungnam Korea
| | - S. T. Nguyen
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology; Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources; Vietnam Academy of Sciences and Technology; Hanoi Vietnam
| | - M. Sashika
- Laboratory of Wildlife Biology and Medicine; Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - M.-S. Min
- Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife (CGRB); Research Institute for Veterinary Science; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
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54
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Rocasalbas G, Francesko A, Touriño S, Fernández-Francos X, Guebitz GM, Tzanov T. Laccase-assisted formation of bioactive chitosan/gelatin hydrogel stabilized with plant polyphenols. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 92:989-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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55
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Qi XS, Chen C, Comes HP, Sakaguchi S, Liu YH, Tanaka N, Sakio H, Qiu YX. Molecular data and ecological niche modelling reveal a highly dynamic evolutionary history of the East Asian Tertiary relict Cercidiphyllum (Cercidiphyllaceae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:617-630. [PMID: 22845876 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
East Asia's temperate deciduous forests served as sanctuary for Tertiary relict trees, but their ages and response to past climate change remain largely unknown. To address this issue, we elucidated the evolutionary and population demographic history of Cercdiphyllum, comprising species in China/Japan (Cercdiphyllum japonicum) and central Japan (Cercdiphyllum magnificum). Fifty-three populations were genotyped using chloroplast and ribosomal DNA sequences and microsatellite loci to assess molecular structure and diversity in relation to past (Last Glacial Maximum) and present distributions based on ecological niche modelling. Late Tertiary climate cooling was reflected in a relatively recent speciation event, dated at the Mio-/Pliocene boundary. During glacials, the warm-temperate C. japonicum experienced massive habitat losses in some areas (north-central China/north Japan) but increases in others (southwest/-east China, East China Sea landbridge, south Japan). In China, the Sichuan Basin and/or the middle-Yangtze were source areas of postglacial northward recolonization; in Japan, this may have been facilitated through introgressive hybridization with the cool-temperate C. magnificum. Our findings challenge the notion of relative evolutionary and demographic stability of Tertiary relict trees, and may serve as a guideline for assessing the impact of Neogene climate change on the evolution and distribution of East Asian temperate plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Shuai Qi
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and Laboratory of Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaDepartment of Organismic Biology, Salzburg University, A-5020 Salzburg, AustriaDivision of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068502, JapanDepartment of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, JapanField Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 94-2 Koda, Sado, Niigata 952-2206, Japan
| | - Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and Laboratory of Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaDepartment of Organismic Biology, Salzburg University, A-5020 Salzburg, AustriaDivision of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068502, JapanDepartment of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, JapanField Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 94-2 Koda, Sado, Niigata 952-2206, Japan
| | - Hans Peter Comes
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and Laboratory of Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaDepartment of Organismic Biology, Salzburg University, A-5020 Salzburg, AustriaDivision of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068502, JapanDepartment of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, JapanField Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 94-2 Koda, Sado, Niigata 952-2206, Japan
| | - Shota Sakaguchi
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and Laboratory of Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaDepartment of Organismic Biology, Salzburg University, A-5020 Salzburg, AustriaDivision of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068502, JapanDepartment of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, JapanField Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 94-2 Koda, Sado, Niigata 952-2206, Japan
| | - Yi-Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and Laboratory of Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaDepartment of Organismic Biology, Salzburg University, A-5020 Salzburg, AustriaDivision of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068502, JapanDepartment of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, JapanField Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 94-2 Koda, Sado, Niigata 952-2206, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tanaka
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and Laboratory of Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaDepartment of Organismic Biology, Salzburg University, A-5020 Salzburg, AustriaDivision of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068502, JapanDepartment of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, JapanField Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 94-2 Koda, Sado, Niigata 952-2206, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakio
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and Laboratory of Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaDepartment of Organismic Biology, Salzburg University, A-5020 Salzburg, AustriaDivision of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068502, JapanDepartment of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, JapanField Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 94-2 Koda, Sado, Niigata 952-2206, Japan
| | - Ying-Xiong Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and Laboratory of Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaDepartment of Organismic Biology, Salzburg University, A-5020 Salzburg, AustriaDivision of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068502, JapanDepartment of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, JapanField Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 94-2 Koda, Sado, Niigata 952-2206, Japan
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56
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Kohl KD, Dearing MD. Experience matters: prior exposure to plant toxins enhances diversity of gut microbes in herbivores. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:1008-15. [PMID: 22715970 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
For decades, ecologists have hypothesised that exposure to plant secondary compounds (PSCs) modifies herbivore-associated microbial community composition. This notion has not been critically evaluated in wild mammalian herbivores on evolutionary timescales. We investigated responses of the microbial communities of two woodrat species (Neotoma bryanti and N. lepida). For each species, we compared experienced populations that independently converged to feed on the same toxic plant (creosote bush, Larrea tridentata) to naïve populations with no exposure to creosote toxins. The addition of dietary PSCs significantly altered gut microbial community structure, and the response was dependent on previous experience. Microbial diversity and relative abundances of several dominant phyla increased in experienced woodrats in response to PSCs; however, opposite effects were observed in naïve woodrats. These differential responses were convergent in experienced populations of both species. We hypothesise that adaptation of the foregut microbiota to creosote PSCs in experienced woodrats drives this differential response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Kohl
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S. 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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57
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Jia DR, Abbott RJ, Liu TL, Mao KS, Bartish IV, Liu JQ. Out of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: evidence for the origin and dispersal of Eurasian temperate plants from a phylogeographic study of Hippophaë rhamnoides (Elaeagnaceae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 194:1123-1133. [PMID: 22432741 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous temperate plants now distributed across Eurasia are hypothesized to have originated and migrated from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) and adjacent regions. However, this hypothesis has never been tested through a phylogeographic analysis of a widely distributed species. Here, we use Hippophaë rhamnoides as a model to test this hypothesis. We collected 635 individuals from 63 populations of the nine subspecies of H. rhamnoides. We sequenced two maternally inherited chloroplast (cp) DNA fragments and also the bi-paternally inherited nuclear ribosomal ITS. We recovered five major clades in phylogenetic trees constructed from cpDNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence variation. Most sampled individuals of six subspecies that are distributed in northern China, central Asia and Asia Minor/Europe, respectively, comprised monophyletic clades (or subclades) nested within those found in the QTP. Two subspecies in the QTP were paraphyletic, while the placement of another subspecies from the Mongolian Plateau differed between the ITS and cpDNA phylogenetic trees. Our phylogeographic analyses supported an 'out-of-QTP' hypothesis for H. rhamnoides followed by allopatric divergence, hybridization and introgression. These findings highlight the complexity of intraspecific evolutions and the importance of the QTP as a center of origin for many temperate plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Rui Jia
- Molecular Ecology Group, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
- Department of Genetic Ecology, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zamek 1, 252 43 Pruhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Richard J Abbott
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Mitchell Building, Fife KY16 9TH, UK
| | - Teng-Liang Liu
- Molecular Ecology Group, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Kang-Shan Mao
- Molecular Ecology Group, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Igor V Bartish
- Department of Genetic Ecology, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zamek 1, 252 43 Pruhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jian-Quan Liu
- Molecular Ecology Group, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
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58
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Interspecific differences in tannin intakes of forest-dwelling rodents in the wild revealed by a new method using fecal proline content. J Chem Ecol 2011; 37:1277-84. [PMID: 22161223 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-011-0045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian herbivores adopt various countermeasures against dietary tannins, which are among the most widespread plant secondary metabolites. The large Japanese wood mouse Apodemus speciosus produces proline-rich salivary tannin-binding proteins in response to tannins. Proline-rich proteins (PRPs) react with tannins to form stable complexes that are excreted in the feces. Here, we developed a new method for estimating the tannin intake of free-living small rodents, by measuring fecal proline content, and applied the method to a field investigation. A feeding experiment with artificial diets containing various levels of tannic acid revealed that fecal proline content was clearly related to dietary tannin content in three species (A. speciosus, Apodemus argenteus, and Myodes rufocanus). We then used fecal proline content to estimate the tannin intakes of these three forest-dwelling species in a forest in Hokkaido. In the autumn, estimated tannin intakes increased significantly in the Apodemus species, but not in M. rufocanus. We speculated that an increase in tannin intake during autumn may result from consumption of tannin-rich acorns. This hypothesis was consistent with population fluctuation patterns of the three species, which were well-synchronized with acorn abundance for the Apodemus species but not for M. rufocanus.
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59
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Diversity and novelty of the gut microbial community of an herbivorous rodent (Neotoma bryanti). Symbiosis 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-011-0125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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60
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Lobo N, Millar JS. The efficacy of conifer seeds as major food resources to deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and southern red-backed voles (Myodes gapperi). Mamm Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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61
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Nondestructive determination of tannin content in intact individual acorns by near-infrared spectroscopy. Ecol Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-011-0823-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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62
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Effect of saliva from sheep that have ingested quebracho tannins on the in vitro rumen fermentation activity to digest tannin-containing shrubs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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63
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TOJU HIROKAZU, FUKATSU TAKEMA. Diversity and infection prevalence of endosymbionts in natural populations of the chestnut weevil: relevance of local climate and host plants. Mol Ecol 2010; 20:853-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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64
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Grivet D, Sebastiani F, González-Martínez SC, Vendramin GG. Patterns of polymorphism resulting from long-range colonization in the Mediterranean conifer Aleppo pine. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 184:1016-28. [PMID: 19732348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
*The evolutionary outcomes of range expansion/contraction depend on the biological system considered and the interactions among the evolutionary forces in place. In this study, we examined the demographic history and the local polymorphism patterns of candidate genes linked to drought tolerance of a widespread Mediterranean conifer (Pinus halepensis). *To that end, we used cpSSRs and coalescence modelling of nuclear genes to infer the demographic history of natural populations covering the species range. Ten drought-response candidate genes were then examined for their patterns of polymorphism and tested for selection considering plausible demographic scenarios. *Our results revealed a marked loss of genetic diversity from the relictual Greek population towards the western range of the species, as well as molecular signatures of intense bottlenecks. Moreover, we found an excess of derived polymorphisms in several genes sampled in the western part of the range - a potential result of the action of natural selection on populations confronted with new environments following long-range colonization. *Wide-range expansions-contractions of forest trees are accompanied by strong selective pressures, resulting in distinct evolutionary units. This knowledge is of crucial importance for the conservation and management of forests in the face of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Grivet
- Department of Forest Systems and Resources, Forest Research Institute, CIFOR-INIA, Madrid, Spain
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65
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"Candidatus Curculioniphilus buchneri," a novel clade of bacterial endocellular symbionts from weevils of the genus Curculio. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 76:275-82. [PMID: 19880647 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02154-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we investigated the bacterial endosymbionts of weevils of the genus Curculio. From all four species of Curculio weevils examined, a novel group of bacterial gene sequences were consistently identified. Molecular phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the sequences formed a distinct clade in the Gammaproteobacteria, which was not related to previously known groups of weevil endosymbionts such as Nardonella spp. and Sodalis-allied symbionts. In situ hybridization revealed that the bacterium was intracellularly harbored in a bacteriome associated with larval midgut. In adult females, the bacterium was localized in the germalia at the tip of each overiole, suggesting vertical transmission via ovarial passage. Diagnostic PCR surveys detected high prevalence of the bacterial infection in natural host populations. Electron microscopy identified the reduced cell wall of the bacterial cells, and the bacterial genes exhibited AT-biased nucleotide composition and accelerated molecular evolution, which are suggestive of a long-lasting endosymbiotic association. On the basis of these results, we conclude that the novel endocellular bacteria represent the primary symbiont of Curculio weevils and proposed the designation "Candidatus Curculioniphilus buchneri." In addition to "Ca. Curculioniphilus," we identified Sodalis-allied gammaproteobacterial endosymbionts from the chestnut weevil, Curculio sikkimensis, which exhibited partial infection frequencies in host insect populations and neither AT-biased nucleotide composition nor accelerated molecular evolution. We suggest that such Sodalis-allied secondary symbionts in weevils might provide a potential source for symbiont replacements, as has occurred in an ancestor of Sitophilus grain weevils.
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66
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DeGabriel JL, Moore BD, Shipley LA, Krockenberger AK, Wallis IR, Johnson CN, Foley WJ. Inter-population differences in the tolerance of a marsupial folivore to plant secondary metabolites. Oecologia 2009; 161:539-48. [PMID: 19585152 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-009-1407-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) strongly influence diet selection by mammalian herbivores. Concentrations of PSMs vary within and among plant species, and across landscapes. Therefore, local adaptations may cause different populations of herbivores to differ in their ability to tolerate PSMs. Here, we tested the food intake responses of three populations of a marsupial folivore, the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula Kerr), from different latitudes and habitat types, to four types of PSMs. We found clear variation in the responses of northern and southern Australian possums to PSMs. Brushtail possums from southern Australia showed marked decreases in food intake in response to all four PSMs, while the two populations from northern Australia were not as sensitive and their responses did not differ from one another. These results were unexpected, based on our understanding of the experiences of these populations with PSMs in the wild. Our results suggest that geographically separated populations of possums may have evolved differing abilities to cope with PSMs, as a result of local adaptation to their natural environments. Our results provide the basis for future studies to investigate the mechanisms by which populations of mammalian species differ in their ability to tolerate PSMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane L DeGabriel
- Botany and Zoology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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67
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Qiu YX, Sun Y, Zhang XP, Lee J, Fu CX, Comes HP. Molecular phylogeography of East Asian Kirengeshoma (Hydrangeaceae) in relation to quaternary climate change and landbridge configurations. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 183:480-495. [PMID: 19496955 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02876.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Kirengeshoma comprises two species inhabiting warm temperate-deciduous forests in East China/South Japan (Kirengeshoma palmata) and South Korea (Kirengeshoma koreana). A survey of chloroplast (cp) DNA and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) variation in Kirengeshoma was carried out to determine the population history of a plant taxon around the East China Sea (ECS). CpDNA and ISSRs revealed lower genetic divergence between China and Japan relative to the other contrasts, in line with intrageneric classification. Molecular dating suggests that K. koreana diverged at the Plio-Pleistocene boundary from the Japanese populations, whereas the latter migrated into China during the early-to-mid Pleistocene via the ECS basin. Vicariant segregation of Chinese and Japanese populations likely occurred during the mid-Pleistocene. Mismatch distributions and neutrality tests indicated that Chinese populations expanded their range during the Late Pleistocene, probably during a cold period, whereas those from Japan showed no significant population growth. We conclude that the current distribution and differentiation of components of presently isolated warm temperate-deciduous forests in China, Japan and Korea likely resulted from a combination of relatively ancient vicariant and immigration events, and those from Japan were particularly sensitive to range fragmentation and long-term refugial isolation throughout the Late Pleistocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xiong Qiu
- Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany of Zhejiang University, and Conservation Center for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, and the Key Laboratory of Conservation Genetics and Reproductive Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany of Zhejiang University, and Conservation Center for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, and the Key Laboratory of Conservation Genetics and Reproductive Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Conservation and Employment of Biological Resources of Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Joongku Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-333, South Korea
| | - Cheng-Xin Fu
- Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany of Zhejiang University, and Conservation Center for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, and the Key Laboratory of Conservation Genetics and Reproductive Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hans Peter Comes
- Department of Organismic Biology, Salzburg University, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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68
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Skopec MM, Haley S, Torregrossa A, Dearing MD. An Oak (Quercus agrifolia) Specialist (Neotoma macrotis) and a Sympatric Generalist (Neotoma lepida) Show Similar Intakes and Digestibilities of Oak. Physiol Biochem Zool 2008; 81:426-33. [DOI: 10.1086/589106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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69
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AOKI K, KATO M, MURAKAMI N. Glacial bottleneck and postglacial recolonization of a seed parasitic weevil,Curculio hilgendorfi, inferred from mitochondrial DNA variation. Mol Ecol 2008; 17:3276-89. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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70
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Takahashi A, Shimada T. Selective consumption of acorns by the Japanese wood mouse according to tannin content: a behavioral countermeasure against plant secondary metabolites. Ecol Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-008-0473-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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71
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Salivary Amylase Induction by Tannin-Enriched Diets as a Possible Countermeasure Against Tannins. J Chem Ecol 2008; 34:376-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-007-9413-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Revised: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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72
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Glendinning JI. How do predators cope with chemically defended foods? THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2007; 213:252-266. [PMID: 18083965 DOI: 10.2307/25066643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Many prey species (including plants) deter predators with defensive chemicals. These defensive chemicals act by rendering the prey's tissues noxious, toxic, or both. Here, I explore how predators cope with the presence of these chemicals in their diet. First, I describe the chemosensory mechanisms by which predators (including herbivores) detect defensive chemicals. Second, I review the mechanisms by which predators either avoid or tolerate defensive chemicals in prey. Third, I examine how effectively free-ranging predators can overcome the chemical defenses of prey. The available evidence indicates that predators have mixed success overcoming these defenses. This conclusion is based on reports of free-ranging predators rejecting unpalatable but harmless prey, or voluntarily ingesting toxic prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- John I Glendinning
- Department of Biological Sciences, Barnard College, Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, USA.
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73
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Effects of acorn masting on population dynamics of three forest-dwelling rodent species in Hokkaido, Japan. POPUL ECOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-007-0041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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74
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Shimada T, Saitoh T. Re-evaluation of the relationship between rodent populations and acorn masting: a review from the aspect of nutrients and defensive chemicals in acorns. POPUL ECOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-006-0012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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75
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Pauls SU, Lumbsch HT, Haase P. Phylogeography of the montane caddisflyDrusus discolor: evidence for multiple refugia and periglacial survival. Mol Ecol 2006; 15:2153-69. [PMID: 16780432 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.02916.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We studied the genetic population structure and phylogeography of the montane caddisfly Drusus discolor across its entire range in central and southern Europe. The species is restricted to mountain regions and exhibits an insular distribution across the major mountain ranges. Mitochondrial sequence data (COI) of 254 individuals from the entire species range is analysed to reveal population genetic structure. The data show little molecular variation within populations and regions, but distinct genetic differentiation between mountain ranges. Most populations are significantly differentiated based on F(ST) and exact tests of population differentiation and most haplotypes are unique to a single mountain range. Phylogenetic analyses reveal deep divergence between geographically isolated lineages. Combined, these results suggest that past fragmentation is the prominent process structuring the populations across Europe. We use tests of selective neutrality and mismatch distributions, to study the demographic population history of regions with haplotype overlap. The high level of genetic differentiation between mountain ranges and estimates of demographic history provide evidence for the existence of multiple glacial refugia, including several in central Europe. The study shows that these aquatic organisms reacted differently to Pleistocene cooling than many terrestrial species. They persisted in numerous refugia over multiple glacial cycles, allowing many local endemic clades to form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen U Pauls
- Senckenberg -- Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Department of Limnology and Conservation Research, Clamecystrasse 12, 63571 Gelnhausen, Germany.
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76
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Shimada T. Salivary Proteins as a Defense Against Dietary Tannins. J Chem Ecol 2006; 32:1149-63. [PMID: 16770710 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-006-9077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2005] [Revised: 02/18/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tannins, a diverse group of water-soluble phenolics with high affinity to proteins, are widely distributed in various parts of plants, and have negative effects in herbivores after ingestion. Some mammalian species are thought to counteract tannins by secreting tannin-binding salivary proteins (TBSPs). Several types of TBSPs are found in the saliva of laboratory animals, livestock, and wildlife. Among them, proline-rich proteins (PRPs) and histatins are effective precipitators of tannins. It is widely accepted that, at the least, PRPs act as a first line of defense against tannins. Many observations support this idea: in vitro affinity of PRPs to tannins is far higher than that of other proteins such as bovine serum albumin; complexes formed between PRPs and tannins are stable even under the conditions in the stomach and intestine; and PRP production is induced by ingesting tannins. It is believed that species that usually ingest tannins as part of their natural diets produce high levels of PRPs, whereas species not exposed to tannins produce little or no PRPs. This hypothesis is generally supported, although studies on TBSPs in wildlife are limited. This work stresses the importance of gathering basic information on such items as the characteristics of unidentified TBSPs, and seasonal and geographical variations in PRP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Shimada
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Momoyama, Kyoto, Japan.
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77
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78
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McMillen-Jackson AL, Bert TM. Disparate patterns of population genetic structure and population history in two sympatric penaeid shrimp species (Farfantepenaeus aztecus and Litopenaeus setiferus) in the eastern United States. Mol Ecol 2004; 12:2895-905. [PMID: 14629371 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Analysing the population genetic structures of sympatric species provides opportunities to compare patterns of population genetic structure and phylogeography in order to gain insight into the factors that influence the development of the observed patterns. In this study, we compared the population genetic structures and phylogeographies of brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus) and white shrimp (Litopenaeus setiferus), two sympatric penaeid shrimp species that inhabit the waters of the eastern USA, using sequence analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region. Brown shrimp showed no significant phylogenetic structure or population subdivision, and closely related haplotypes were geographically dispersed. Mismatch analysis indicated that brown shrimp experienced a late-Pleistocene era sudden population expansion. In contrast, white shrimp had a complex haplotype phylogeny consisting of two distinct lineages and two less well-defined sublineages, and the haplotypes and lineages were geographically structured. Mismatch analysis for white shrimp also showed evidence of sudden population expansion, albeit for each lineage separately and more recently than in the brown shrimp. These disparate patterns may have developed as a result of species-specific differences in physiological tolerances and habitat preferences that caused greater fluctuations in white shrimp population sizes and reductions in long-term effective population size relative to that of the brown shrimp, and thereby increased the susceptibility of the white shrimp populations to stochastic genetic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L McMillen-Jackson
- Florida Marine Research Institute, 100 8th Avenue S.E., St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
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79
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Dejong RJ, Morgan JAT, Wilson WD, Al-Jaser MH, Appleton CC, Coulibaly G, D'Andrea PS, Doenhoff MJ, Haas W, Idris MA, Magalhães LA, Moné H, Mouahid G, Mubila L, Pointier JP, Webster JP, Zanotti-Magalhães EM, Paraense WL, Mkoji GM, Loker ES. Phylogeography of Biomphalaria glabrata and B. pfeifferi, important intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni in the New and Old World tropics. Mol Ecol 2004; 12:3041-56. [PMID: 14629384 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01977.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The historical phylogeography of the two most important intermediate host species of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni, B. glabrata in the New World, and B. pfeifferi in the Old World, was investigated using partial 16S and ND1 sequences from the mitochondrial genome. Nuclear sequences of an actin intron and internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-1 were also obtained, but they were uninformative for the relationships among populations. Phylogenetic analyses based on mtDNA revealed six well-differentiated clades within B. glabrata: the Greater Antilles, Venezuela and the Lesser Antilles, and four geographically overlapping Brazilian clades. Application of a Biomphalaria-specific mutation rate gives an estimate of the early Pleistocene for their divergence. The Brazilian clades were inferred to be the result of fragmentation, due possibly to climate oscillations, with subsequent range expansion producing the overlapping ranges. Within the Venezuela and Lesser Antilles clade, lineages from each of these areas were estimated to have separated approximately 740 000 years ago. Compared to B. glabrata, mitochondrial sequences of B. pfeifferi are about 4x lower in diversity, reflecting a much younger age for the species, with the most recent common ancestor of all haplotypes estimated to have existed 880 000 years ago. The oldest B. pfeifferi haplotypes occurred in southern Africa, suggesting it may have been a refugium during dry periods. A recent range expansion was inferred for eastern Africa less than 100 000 years ago. Several putative species and subspecies, B. arabica, B. gaudi, B. rhodesiensis and B. stanleyi, are shown to be undifferentiated from other B. pfeifferi populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Dejong
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1091, USA.
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80
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Lessios HA, Kane J, Robertson DR. Phylogeography of the pantropical sea urchin Tripneustes: contrasting patterns of population structure between oceans. Evolution 2004; 57:2026-36. [PMID: 14575324 DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To understand how allopatric speciation proceeds, we need information on barriers to gene flow, their antiquity, and their efficacy. For marine organisms with planktonic larvae, much of this information can only be obtained through the determination of divergence between populations. We evaluated the importance of ocean barriers by studying the mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of Tripneustes, a pantropical genus of shallow water sea urchin. A region of cytochrome oxidase I (COI) was sequenced in 187 individuals from locations around the globe. The COI phylogeny agreed with a previously published phylogeny of bindin that barriers important to the evolution of Tripneustes are: (1) the cold water upwelling close to the tip of South Africa, (2) the Isthmus of Panama, (3) the long stretch of deep water separating the eastern from the western Atlantic, and (4) the freshwater plume of the Orinoco and the Amazon rivers between the Caribbean and the coast of Brazil. These barriers have previously been shown to be important in at least a subset of the shallow water marine organisms in which phylogeography has been studied. In contrast, the Eastern Pacific Barrier, 5000 km of deep water between the central and the eastern Pacific that has caused the deepest splits in other genera of sea urchins, is remarkably unimportant as a cause of genetic subdivision in Tripneustes. There is also no discernible subdivision between the Pacific and Indian Ocean populations of this genus. The most common COI haplotype is found in the eastern, central, and western Pacific as well as the Indian Ocean. Morphology, COI, and bindin data agree that T. depressus from the eastern Pacific and T. gratilla from the western Pacific are, in fact, the same species. The distribution of haplotype differences in the Indo-Pacific exhibits characteristics expected from a sea urchin genus with ephemeral local populations, but with high fecundity, dispersal, and growth: there is little phylogenetic structure, and mismatch distributions conform to models of recent population expansion on a nearly global scale. Yet, comparisons between local populations produce large and significant F(ST) values, indicating nonrandom haplotype distribution. This apparent local differentiation is only weakly reflected in regional divergence, and there is no evidence of isolation by distance in correlations between F(ST) values and either geographical or current distance. Thus, Tripneustes in the Indo-Pacific (but not in the Atlantic) seems to be one large metapopulation spanning two oceans and containing chaotic, nonequilibrium local variation, produced by the haphazard arrival of larvae or by unpredictable local extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Lessios
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 2072, Balboa, Panama.
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81
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Baker AM, Williams SA, Hughes JM. Patterns of spatial genetic structuring in a hydropsychid caddisfly (Cheumatopsychesp. AV1) from southeastern Australia. Mol Ecol 2003; 12:3313-24. [PMID: 14629348 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.02011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We assessed levels of mitochondrial genetic spatial structuring in the hydropsychid caddisfly Cheumatopsyche sp. AV1 in southeastern New South Wales, Australia. No significant spatial structuring was detected within or between catchments using analysis of molecular variance, and nested clade contingency analysis suggested no strong relationship between haplotypes and geographical location, at any clade level. However, tests for association among haplotypes incorporating geographical distance in the nested clade analysis, revealed patterns of historical range expansion and recent restricted gene flow. Most likely, population fragmentation preceded range expansion, although subsequent recontact and gene flow among the previously sundered populations has apparently obscured the geographical signature of the former fragmentation. Taken together, our analyses suggest that a number of populations fragmented during the Pleistocene evolved in isolation for a time and subsequently expanded into secondary contact. Since expansion, there has apparently been substantial (albeit somewhat restricted) dispersal and gene flow of adult female Cheumatopsyche sp. AV1, throughout the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Baker
- Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology, Centre for Riverine Landscapes, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia.
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82
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Uthicke S, Benzie JAH. Gene flow and population history in high dispersal marine invertebrates: mitochondrial DNA analysis of Holothuria nobilis (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) populations from the Indo-Pacific. Mol Ecol 2003; 12:2635-48. [PMID: 12969467 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The sea cucumber, Holothuria nobilis, has a long-lived planktotrophic larvae, and previous allozyme surveys have suggested that high dispersal is realized. In contrast, recent ecological studies indicate that dispersal is low. To reconcile these data, and to investigate the evolution of this Indo-Pacific species, we screened geographical variation in 559 bp of a mitochondrial gene (COI) in 360 samples from the Australasian region and La Réunion. Sequences from La Réunion differed by > 7% from others and may constitute another species. Haplotype diversity in other samples was high (0.942, SD = 0.007), but haplotypes were closely related (mean nucleotide diversity: 0.0075, SD = 0.0041). AMOVA, pairwise FST values and exact tests did not detect significant population structure. Nested clade analysis showed that one of two main clades was over-represented in west Australia, whereas the other was more common in the northern Great Barrier Reef. Isolation-by-distance was identified as the main determinant of population structure at several clade levels. Contiguous range expansion was inferred for evolutionary older clade levels and this may correspond to a late Pleistocene (88 000-193 000 years ago) population expansion inferred from haplotype mismatch distributions. Thus, the population genetic structures detected are likely to be formed prior to the last ice age, with some indications for high dispersal on shorter time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Uthicke
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB no. 3, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia.
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83
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Salzburger W, Brandstätter A, Gilles A, Parson W, Hempel M, Sturmbauer C, Meyer A. Phylogeography of the vairone (Leuciscus souffia, Risso 1826) in Central Europe. Mol Ecol 2003; 12:2371-86. [PMID: 12919475 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The vairone Leuciscus souffia is a cyprinid fish that inhabits river systems in and around the Alps. The complete mitochondrial DNA control region (945 bp) was sequenced in 295 vairone from 22 populations in Central Europe. A total of 51 haplotypes were identified with a maximum pairwise distance between haplotypes of 5.6%. Phylogenetic analyses revealed two major clades in L. souffia, an 'Italian' clade, and an 'Alpine' clade. Two hybrid zones exist, in the Mediterranean Alps and in the Soca basin. The position of the sister species of L. souffia, L. turskyi, to the 'Alpine' and the 'Italian' clade could not be resolved unambiguously. However, a linearized tree analysis indicated that L. turskyi represents a third lineage, that originated at the same time as the 'Alpine' and the 'Italian' clades of L. souffia. In the 'Alpine' clade two groups were resolved, a subclade with haplotypes from the Rhône and Var basins and a cluster with haplotypes from the Danube and Rhine systems. Our data suggest a long history of the vairone in Central Europe, predating Pleistocene glacial cycles. Two main refugia during glaciations must have existed, one in Italy and another one most probably in the Danube system. However, age estimates based on molecular clock calibrations suggest the survival of 'Alpine' haplotypes in several drainages during the last glaciation cycles. The Rhine system was only recently colonized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Salzburger
- Department of Biology, University Konstanz, Universitaetsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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84
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Randi E, Tabarroni C, Rimondi S, Lucchini V, Sfougaris A. Phylogeography of the rock partridge (Alectoris graeca). Mol Ecol 2003; 12:2201-14. [PMID: 12859639 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We used mitochondrial DNA control-region and microsatellite data to infer the evolutionary history and past demographic changes in 332 rock partridges (Alectoris graeca) sampled from throughout the species' distribution range, with the exception of the central Balkans region. Maternal and biparental DNA markers indicated concordantly that rock partridge populations are structured geographically (mtDNA phiST = 0.86, microsatellite FST = 0.35; RST = 0.31; P < 0.001). Phylogenetic analyses of 22 mtDNA haplotypes identified two major phylogroups (supported by bootstrap values = 93%), splitting partridges from Sicily vs. all the other sampled populations at an average Tamura-Nei genetic distance of 0.035, which corresponds to 65% of the average distance between closely related species of Alectoris. Coalescent estimates of divergence times suggested that rock partridges in Sicily were isolated for more than 200000 years. This deep subdivision was confirmed by multivariate, Bayesian clustering and population assignment analyses of microsatellite genotypes, which supported also a subdivision of partridges from the Alps vs. populations in the Apennines, Albania and Greece. Partridges in the Apennines and Albania-Greece were probably connected by gene flow since recently through a late Pleistocene Adriatic landbridge. Deglaciated Alps were probably colonized by distinct and, perhaps, not yet sampled source populations. Bottleneck and mismatch analyses indicate that rock partridges have lost variability through past population declines, and did not expand recently. Deglaciated areas could have been recolonized without any strong demographic expansion. Genetic data partially supported subspecies subdivisions, and allowed delimiting distinct conservation units. Rock partridges in Sicily, formally recognized as A. g. whitakeri, met the criteria for a distinct evolutionary significant unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Randi
- Istituto Nazionale per la Fauna Selvatica (INFS), Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy.
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85
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Lloyd BD. The demographic history of the New Zealand short-tailed bat Mystacina tuberculata inferred from modified control region sequences. Mol Ecol 2003; 12:1895-911. [PMID: 12803640 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01879.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Short-tailed bats Mystacina tuberculata were widespread throughout the forest that dominated prehuman New Zealand, but extensive deforestation has restricted them to scattered populations in forest fragments. In a previous study, the species' intraspecific phylogeny was investigated using multiple mitochondrial gene sequences. Six phylogroups were identified with estimated divergences of 0.93-0.68 Ma. In the current study, the phylogeographical structure and demographic history of the phylogroups were investigated using control region sequences modified by removing homoplasic sites. Phylogeographical structure in the North Island was generally consistent with an isolation-by-distance dispersal model. Coalescent-based analyses (i.e. mismatch distributions, skyline plots, lineage dispersal analysis and nested clade analysis) indicated that the three phylogroups found in central and southern North Island expanded before the last glacial maximum, presumably during interstadials when Nothofagus forest was most extensive. Genetic structure within a central North Island hybrid zone was consistent with range expansion from separate refugia following reforestation after catastrophic volcanic eruptions. Phylogeographical structure in the South Island was consistent with southern populations originating during rapid southward range expansion from refugia in northern South Island following postglacial reforestation of the South Island 10-9 kya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Lloyd
- Department of Conservation, PO Box 10420, Wellington, New Zealand.
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86
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Mes THM. Demographic expansion of parasitic nematodes of livestock based on mitochondrial DNA regions that conflict with the infinite-sites model. Mol Ecol 2003; 12:1555-66. [PMID: 12755883 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial ND4 sequences of populations of four species of parasitic nematodes of livestock were subjected to demographic analyses. Deviation from selective neutrality was detectable using the frequency spectrum of segregating sites and highly negative neutrality statistics. However, the mitochondrial data sets do not comply with the infinite-sites model that underlies these tests, and as a consequence, it was not established whether these features are solely a result of population expansion, or whether aspects of the molecular evolution of these mitochondrial regions are also involved. Coalescent analyses based on Fu's Fs neutrality test, which incorporated estimates of rate heterogeneity, the transition-transversion ratio and nucleotide bias, as well as analyses that are fairly robust to deviations from the infinite-sites model supported population expansion. Also analyses that do not depend on the infinite-sites model suggested historical population expansion of these nematodes. The very similar time since expansion, the absence of signatures of positive selection in ND4 and the logical association with human demography imply that selective sweeps of mitochondrial variants are less probable, and that expansion is the most likely scenario for the parasitic nematodes of livestock. The methods used to characterize the expansion have different assumptions and emphasize different aspects of expansions. The resulting restrictions on the interpretation of expansions are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H M Mes
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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87
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Printzen C, Ekman S, Tønsberg T. Phylogeography of Cavernularia hultenii: evidence of slow genetic drift in a widely disjunct lichen. Mol Ecol 2003; 12:1473-86. [PMID: 12755876 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01812.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Population structure and history is poorly known in most lichenized ascomycetes. Many species display large-scale infraspecific disjunctions, which have been explained alternately by range fragmentation in species of high age and widespread long-distance dispersal. Using the lichen Cavernularia hultenii, which is widely disjunct across North America and Europe, Pleistocene and Holocene population history was inferred. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and part of the the intergenic spacer (IGS) region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA were sequenced in 300 individuals representing 62 populations across the range of the species. While four ancestral haplotypes are found in all areas, none of the observed tip haplotypes is present in more than one of the three part ranges. Although this is evidence for a past fragmentation event, nested clade analysis (NCA) remains equivocal in the choice between allopatric fragmentation and long-distance dispersal. Mismatch distributions indicate exponential population growth, probably during postglacial invasion of C. hultenii into formerly glaciated areas of western North America. The presence of one southern and at least one northern glacial refugium in South Central Alaska is inferred. Evidence for another refugium in the Queen Charlotte Islands or Alexander Archipelago is inconclusive because of sparse sampling. However, a range expansion was not confirmed unambiguously by NCA. The limited power of NCA to infer past range fragmentations and expansions is due apparently to the shallow haplotype network and widespread ancestral haplotypes. This can be explained by slow genetic drift causing incomplete removal of ancestral haplotypes from the postfragmentation and postexpansion areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Printzen
- Department of Botany, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway.
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