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Ru W, Wang D, Xu Y, He X, Sun YE, Qian L, Zhou X, Qin Y. Chemical constituents and bioactivities of Panax ginseng (C. A. Mey.). Drug Discov Ther 2015; 9:23-32. [DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2015.01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Ru
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Dongliang Wang
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Yunpeng Xu
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Xianxian He
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Yang-En Sun
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Liyan Qian
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Xiangshan Zhou
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
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Gao B, Huang Q, Jie Q, Zhang HY, Wang L, Guo YS, Sun Z, Wei BY, Han YH, Liu J, Yang L, Luo ZJ. Ginsenoside-Rb2 inhibits dexamethasone-induced apoptosis through promotion of GPR120 induction in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 24:781-90. [PMID: 25314926 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) is an essential pathogenic factor of osteoporosis. Ginsenoside-Rb2 (Rb2), a 20(S)-protopanaxadiol glycoside extracted from ginseng, is a potent treatment for bone loss, which raises interest regarding the bone metabolism area. In the present study, we found that dose-response Rb2 inhibited high dosage of dexamethasone (Dex)-induced apoptosis in primary murine BMMSCs. Interestingly, Rb2 promoted GPR120 induction, which is the unsaturated long-chain fatty acid receptor. We further confirmed that GPR120-specific ShRNA reversed the inhibition of Rb2 on Dex-induced apoptosis by activating caspase-3 and reducing cell viability. In addition, Rb2 notably increased phosphorylated ERK1/2 levels and Ras kinase activity dependently through the GPR120. The ERK1/2 activity-specific inhibitor U0126 remarkably blocked the Rb2-induced antiapoptotic effect in response to Dex-induced apoptosis. Together, dose-response Rb2 protected BMMSCs against Dex-induced apoptosis dependently by inducing GPR120 promoted Ras-ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Therefore, in the prevalence of the abuse of Dex in the clinic, our findings suggest for the first time that Rb2 is not only a key to understand the link between Chinese medicine and the pathology of osteoporosis but also an underlying target for the treatment of bone complications in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gao
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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Huang Q, Gao B, Jie Q, Wei BY, Fan J, Zhang HY, Zhang JK, Li XJ, Shi J, Luo ZJ, Yang L, Liu J. Ginsenoside-Rb2 displays anti-osteoporosis effects through reducing oxidative damage and bone-resorbing cytokines during osteogenesis. Bone 2014; 66:306-14. [PMID: 24933344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a significant pathogenic factor of osteoporosis. Ginsenoside-Rb2 (Rb2), a 20(S)-protopanaxadiol glycoside extracted from ginseng, is a potent antioxidant that generates interest regarding the bone metabolism area. We tested the potential anti-osteoporosis effects of Rb2 and its underlying mechanism in this study. We produced an oxidative damage model induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells to test the essential anti-osteoporosis effects of Rb2in vitro. The results indicated that treatment of 0.1 to 10μM Rb2 promoted the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells, improved alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression, elevated calcium mineralization and mRNA expressions of Alp, Col1a1, osteocalcin (Ocn) and osteopontin (Opn) against oxidative damage induced by H2O2. Importantly, Rb2 reduced the expression levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and IL-6 and inhibited the H2O2-induced production of ROS. The in vivo study indicated that the Rb2 administered for 12weeks partially decreased blood malondialdehyde (MDA) activity and elevated the activity of reduced glutathione (GSH) in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. Moreover, Rb2 improved the micro-architecture of trabecular bones and increased bone mineral density (BMD) of the 4th lumbar vertebrae (L4) and the distal femur. Altogether, these results demonstrated that the potential anti-osteoporosis effects of Rb2 were linked to a reduction of oxidative damage and bone-resorbing cytokines, which suggests that Rb2 might be effective in preventing and alleviating osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Huang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Gao
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Jie
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Yuan Wei
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Fan
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yang Zhang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Kang Zhang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jie Li
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Shi
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo-Jing Luo
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Yang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China.
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54
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Cho HM, Kang YH, Yoo H, Yoon SY, Kang SW, Chang EJ, Song Y. Panax red ginseng extract regulates energy expenditures by modulating PKA dependent lipid mobilization in adipose tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 447:644-8. [PMID: 24759232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of balance between lipid accumulation and energy consumption is a critical step for the maintenance of energy homeostasis. Here, we show that Panax red ginseng extract treatments increased energy expenditures and prevented mice from diet induced obesity. Panax red ginseng extracts strongly activated Hormone Specific Lipase (HSL) via Protein Kinase A (PKA). Since activation of HSL induces lipolysis in WAT and fatty acid oxidation in brown adipose tissue (BAT), these results suggest that Panax red ginseng extracts reduce HFD induced obesity by regulating lipid mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Mi Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cell Dysfunction Research Center (CDRC), University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cell Dysfunction Research Center (CDRC), University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanju Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cell Dysfunction Research Center (CDRC), University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cell Dysfunction Research Center (CDRC), University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cell Dysfunction Research Center (CDRC), University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsup Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cell Dysfunction Research Center (CDRC), University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea.
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55
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Liu J, Chen D, Liu P, He M, Li J, Li J, Hu L. Discovery, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD) derivatives as a novel class of AMPKα2β1γ1 activators. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 79:340-9. [PMID: 24747289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been demonstrated as a promising drug target due to its regulatory function in glucose and lipid metabolism. 20(S)-protopanoxadiol (PPD) was firstly identified from high throughput screening as a small molecule activator of AMPK subtype α2β1γ1. In order to enhance its potency on AMPK, a series of PPD derivatives were synthesized and evaluated. Structure-activity relationship study showed that the amine derivatives at the 24-position (groups I-VI) can improve the potency (EC50: 0.7-2.3 μM) and efficacy (fold: 2.5-3.8). Among them, compounds 12 and 13 exhibited the best potency (EC50: 1.2 and 0.7 μM) and efficacy (fold: 3.7 and 3.8). Further study suggested the mechanism of AMPK activation may functioned at the allosteric position, resulting the inhibition of the lipid synthesis in HepG2 cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Dakai Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Peng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Mengna He
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Jia Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Jingya Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Lihong Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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56
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Elekofehinti OO, Omotuyi IO, Kamdem JP, Ejelonu OC, Alves GV, Adanlawo IG, Rocha JBT. Saponin as regulator of biofuel: implication for ethnobotanical management of diabetes. J Physiol Biochem 2014; 70:555-67. [PMID: 24563096 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-014-0325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There has been a sharp rise in the global prevalence of diabetes, obesity, and their comorbid conditions within the last decade prompting significant research into possible causes and cure via therapeutic intervention and lifestyle adjustments. Here, the molecular bases of antidiabetic plants used in the prehistorical treatment of diabetes and obesity are reviewed with particular focus on saponin as the phytotherapeutic principle. Until recently, the phytotherapeutic potentials of saponins have been masked in the heterogeneity of phytochemicals co-extractable during traditional preparations. With improved technique of purification and cutting edge biological assay methods, saponins have emerged as a regulator of primary biofuel availability through direct interaction with energy metabolism, cell signaling, and gene expression. Specific cases of lipoprotein lipase/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma/phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI-3-K)/protein kinase B (Akt) activation, adiponectin gene upregulation, fatty acid binding protein 4 repression (FABP4), and glucose transporter type 4 (Glut4) membrane exocytosis have been documented which provide molecular basis for hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, and anti-obesity manifestations observed in experimental animals following saponin treatment. Although intensified research is required to characterize the pharmacophoric features in saponins exhibiting these interactions, however, this preliminary lead is valuable if the world will be free of diabetes, obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis in no distant future.
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57
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So MW, Lee EJ, Lee HS, Koo BS, Kim YG, Lee CK, Yoo B. Protective effects of ginsenoside Rg3 on human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Mod Rheumatol 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/s10165-012-0635-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wook So
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center,
388-1 Pungnap-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Science,
Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Han Sang Lee
- Korean Minjok Leadership Academy,
Gangwon-do 225-823, Korea
| | - Bon San Koo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center,
388-1 Pungnap-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Yong-Gil Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center,
388-1 Pungnap-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Chang-Keun Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center,
388-1 Pungnap-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Bin Yoo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center,
388-1 Pungnap-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea
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58
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Cytotoxicity of the white ginseng extract and red ginseng extract treated with partially purified β-glucosidase from Aspergillus usamii KCTC 6954. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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59
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Jeong KJ, Kim GW, Chung SH. AMP-activated protein kinase: An emerging target for ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2013; 38:83-8. [PMID: 24748831 PMCID: PMC3986499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key sensor of cellular energy. Once activated, it switches on catabolic pathways generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP), while switching off biosynthetic pathways consuming ATP. Pharmacological activation of AMPK by metformin holds a therapeutic potential to reverse metabolic abnormalities such as type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In addition, altered metabolism of tumor cells is widely recognized and AMPK is a potential target for cancer prevention and/or treatment. Panax ginseng is known to be useful for treatment and/or prevention of cancer and metabolic diseases including diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. In this review, we discuss the ginseng extracts and ginsenosides that activate AMPK, we clarify the various mechanisms by which they achieve this, and we discuss the evidence that shows that ginseng or ginsenosides might be useful in the treatment and/or prevention of metabolic diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong Ju Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Go Woon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Chung
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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60
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Hu Q, He G, Zhao J, Soshilov A, Denison MS, Zhang A, Yin H, Fraccalvieri D, Bonati L, Xie Q, Zhao B. Ginsenosides are novel naturally-occurring aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66258. [PMID: 23776647 PMCID: PMC3679084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that mediates many of the biological and toxicological actions of structurally diverse chemicals. In this study, we examined the ability of a series of ginsenosides extracted from ginseng, a traditional Chinese medicine, to bind to and activate/inhibit the AHR and AHR signal transduction. Utilizing a combination of ligand and DNA binding assays, molecular docking and reporter gene analysis, we demonstrated the ability of selected ginsenosides to directly bind to and activate the guinea pig cytosolic AHR, and to stimulate/inhibit AHR-dependent luciferase gene expression in a recombinant guinea pig cell line. Comparative studies revealed significant species differences in the ability of ginsenosides to stimulate AHR-dependent gene expression in guinea pig, rat, mouse and human cell lines. Not only did selected ginsenosides preferentially activate the AHR from one species and not others, mouse cell line was also significantly less responsive to these chemicals than rat and guinea pig cell lines, but the endogenous gene CYP1A1 could still be inducted in mouse cell line. Overall, the ability of these compounds to stimulate AHR signal transduction demonstrated that these ginsenosides are a new class of naturally occurring AHR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Hu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guochun He
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Anatoly Soshilov
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Denison
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Aiqian Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huijun Yin
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Domenico Fraccalvieri
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Bonati
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Qunhui Xie
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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61
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Yuan HD, Kim JT, Kim SH, Chung SH. Ginseng and diabetes: the evidences from in vitro, animal and human studies. J Ginseng Res 2013; 36:27-39. [PMID: 23717101 PMCID: PMC3659569 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng exhibits pleiotropic beneficial effects on cardiovascular system, central nervous system, and immune system. In the last decade, numerous preclinical findings suggest ginseng as a promising therapeutic agent for diabetes prevention and treatment. The mechanism of ginseng and its active components is complex and is demonstrated to either modulate insulin production/secretion, glucose metabolism and uptake, or inflammatory pathway in both insulin-dependent and insulin-independent manners. However, human studies are remained obscure because of contradictory results. While more studies are warranted to further understand these contradictions, ginseng holds promise as a therapeutic agent for diabetes prevention and treatment. This review summarizes the evidences for the therapeutic potential of ginseng and ginsenosides from in vitro studies, animal studies and human clinical trials with a focus on diverse molecular targets including an AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Dan Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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62
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Yoo YC, Lee J, Park SR, Nam KY, Cho YH, Choi JE. Protective effect of ginsenoside-Rb2 from Korean red ginseng on the lethal infection of haemagglutinating virus of Japan in mice. J Ginseng Res 2013; 37:80-6. [PMID: 23717160 PMCID: PMC3659615 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2013.37.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Korean red ginseng has been shown to possess a variety of biological activities. However, little is known about antiviral activity of ginsenosides of Korean red ginseng. Here, we investigated the protective effect by oral administration of various ginsenosides on the lethal infection of haemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ) in mice. In a lethal infection model in which almost all mice infected with HVJ died within 15 days, the mice were administered orally (per os) with 1 mg/mouse of dammarane-type (ginsenoside-Rb1, -Rb2, -Rd, -Re, and -Rg2) or oleanolic acid-type (ginsenoside-Ro) ginsenosides 3, 2, and 1 d before virus infection. Ginsenoside-Rb2 showed the highest protective activity, although other dammarane-type and oleanolic acid-type ginsenosides also induced a significant protection against HVJ. However, neither the consecutive administration with a lower dosage (300 μg/mouse) nor the single administration of ginsenoside-Rb2 (1 mg/mouse) was active. In comparison of the protective activity between ginsenoside-Rb2 and its two hydrolytic products [20(S)- and 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rg3], 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3, but not 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rg3, elicited a partial protection against HVJ. The protective effect of ginsenoside-Rb2 and 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3 on HVJ infection was confirmed by the reduction of virus titers in the lungs of HVJ-infected mice. These results suggest that ginsenoside-Rb2 is the most effective among ginsenosides from red ginseng to prevent the lethal infection of HVJ, so that this ginsenoside is a promising candidate as a mucosal immunoadjuvant to enhance antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Choon Yoo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Korea
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63
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Yu J, Sun J, Niu Y, Li R, Liao J, Zhang F, Yu B. Synthetic access toward the diverse ginsenosides. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51479j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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64
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More SV, Koppula S, Kim BW, Choi DK. The role of bioactive compounds on the promotion of neurite outgrowth. Molecules 2012; 17:6728-53. [PMID: 22664464 PMCID: PMC6268652 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17066728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurite loss is one of the cardinal features of neuronal injury. Apart from neuroprotection, reorganization of the lost neuronal network in the injured brain is necessary for the restoration of normal physiological functions. Neuritogenic activity of endogenous molecules in the brain such as nerve growth factor is well documented and supported by scientific studies which show innumerable compounds having neurite outgrowth activity from natural sources. Since the damaged brain lacks the reconstructive capacity, more efforts in research are focused on the identification of compounds that promote the reformation of neuronal networks. An abundancy of natural resources along with the corresponding activity profiles have shown promising results in the field of neuroscience. Recently, importance has also been placed on understanding neurite formation by natural products in relation to neuronal injury. Arrays of natural herbal products having plentiful active constituents have been found to enhance neurite outgrowth. They act synergistically with neurotrophic factors to promote neuritogenesis in the diseased brain. Therefore use of natural products for neuroregeneration provides new insights in drug development for treating neuronal injury. In this study, various compounds from natural sources with potential neurite outgrowth activity are reviewed in experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute for Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
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65
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So MW, Lee EJ, Lee HS, Koo BS, Kim YG, Lee CK, Yoo B. Protective effects of ginsenoside Rg3 on human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Mod Rheumatol 2012; 23:104-11. [PMID: 22454193 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-012-0635-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore whether Rg3, a major and especially potent ginsenoside, modulates human osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocyte senescence. METHODS Isolated chondrocytes were cultured in medium containing interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) with or without Rg3. The expression levels of mRNAs encoding aggrecan (ACAN), a major structural proteoglycan, type II collagen (COL2A1), and metalloproteinases (MMP) -1, -3, and -13, respectively, were determined using real-time PCR. Cellular senescence was detected by measuring senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity. Chondrocyte telomerase activity also served as a senescence marker. RESULTS Chondrocytes stimulated by IL-1β showed increased MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 levels, whereas the expression of COL2A1 and ACAN decreased. However, in cells co-treated with IL-1β and Rg3, the levels of MMP-1 and MMP-13 were lower than in cells treated with IL-1β alone, and COL2A1 and ACAN expression levels recovered from the low values seen when cultured only in the presence of IL-1β. Also, compared to vehicle-treated controls, IL-1β stimulation alone resulted in an increased number of SA-β-Gal-positive cells, while co-incubation with IL-1β and Rg3 significantly suppressed the expression of this senescence marker. Chondrocytes cultured with Rg3 showed significantly higher proliferative and telomerase activities than did control cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that Rg3 protects the cell against the development of chondrocyte senescence in osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wook So
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 388-1 Pungnap-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, Korea
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Yuan HD, Kim DY, Quan HY, Kim SJ, Jung MS, Chung SH. Ginsenoside Rg2 induces orphan nuclear receptor SHP gene expression and inactivates GSK3β via AMP-activated protein kinase to inhibit hepatic glucose production in HepG2 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 195:35-42. [PMID: 22062806 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Panax ginseng is known to have anti-diabetic activity, but the active ingredients have not been fully explored yet. Here, we test whether ginsenoside Rg2 has an inhibitory effect on hepatic glucose production and determine its mechanism of action. Rg2 significantly inhibits hepatic glucose production and induces phosphorylations of liver kinase B1 (LKB1), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) in time- and concentration-dependent manners in human HepG2 hepatoma cells, and these effects were abolished in the presence of compound C, a selective AMPK inhibitor. In addition, phosphorylated form of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), a key transcription factor for hepatic gluconeogenesis, was decreased in time- and concentration-dependent manners. Next, gene expression of orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP) was also examined. Rg2 markedly enhanced the gene expression of SHP and its direct interaction with CREB, which results in disruption of CREB·CRTC2 complex. Consequently, expressions of relevant genes such as peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) were all significantly suppressed and these effects were also reversed in the presence of compound C. In conclusion, our results propose that ginsenoside Rg2 suppresses the hepatic glucose production via AMPK-induced phosphorylation of GSK3β and induction of SHP gene expression. Further studies are warranted to elucidate a therapeutic potential of Rg2 for type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Dan Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Jung MS, Chung SH. AMP-activated protein kinase: A potential target for ginsenosides? Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:1037-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-0700-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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