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Duricki DA, Hutson TH, Kathe C, Soleman S, Gonzalez-Carter D, Petruska JC, Shine HD, Chen Q, Wood TC, Bernanos M, Cash D, Williams SCR, Gage FH, Moon LDF. Delayed intramuscular human neurotrophin-3 improves recovery in adult and elderly rats after stroke. Brain 2015; 139:259-75. [PMID: 26614754 PMCID: PMC4785394 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for a therapy that reverses disability after stroke when initiated in a time frame suitable for the majority of new victims. We show here that intramuscular delivery of neurotrophin-3 (NT3, encoded by NTF3) can induce sensorimotor recovery when treatment is initiated 24 h after stroke. Specifically, in two randomized, blinded preclinical trials, we show improved sensory and locomotor function in adult (6 months) and elderly (18 months) rats treated 24 h following cortical ischaemic stroke with human NT3 delivered using a clinically approved serotype of adeno-associated viral vector (AAV1). Importantly, AAV1-hNT3 was given in a clinically-feasible timeframe using a straightforward, targeted route (injections into disabled forelimb muscles). Magnetic resonance imaging and histology showed that recovery was not due to neuroprotection, as expected given the delayed treatment. Rather, treatment caused corticospinal axons from the less affected hemisphere to sprout in the spinal cord. This treatment is the first gene therapy that reverses disability after stroke when administered intramuscularly in an elderly body. Importantly, phase I and II clinical trials by others show that repeated, peripherally administered high doses of recombinant NT3 are safe and well tolerated in humans with other conditions. This paves the way for NT3 as a therapy for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise A Duricki
- 1 Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, 16-18 Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, UK 2 Centre for Integrative Biology, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Thomas H Hutson
- 1 Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, 16-18 Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, UK 3 Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Claudia Kathe
- 1 Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, 16-18 Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Sara Soleman
- 1 Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, 16-18 Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, UK 4 John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair University of Cambridge, The E.D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Daniel Gonzalez-Carter
- 1 Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, 16-18 Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, UK 3 Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey C Petruska
- 5 Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville; Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - H David Shine
- 6 Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Neuroscience, Alkek Bldg N1130.01, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Qin Chen
- 6 Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Neuroscience, Alkek Bldg N1130.01, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Tobias C Wood
- 7 Neuroimaging Research Group, King's College London, PO42 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Michel Bernanos
- 7 Neuroimaging Research Group, King's College London, PO42 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Diana Cash
- 7 Neuroimaging Research Group, King's College London, PO42 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Steven C R Williams
- 7 Neuroimaging Research Group, King's College London, PO42 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Fred H Gage
- 8 The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lawrence D F Moon
- 1 Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, 16-18 Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, UK 2 Centre for Integrative Biology, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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So you think you can jump? A novel long jump assessment to detect deficits in stroked mice. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 256:212-9. [PMID: 26365334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke survivors suffer from persistent disability, as well as severe sensorimotor and cognitive deficits. The preclinical assessment of such deficits is important for the development of novel interventions and therapeutics. NEW METHOD The aim of this study was to develop a quantitative behavioral measure of hindlimb functionality in rodents, which could be used to assess deficits after a neural injury, such as stroke. Here we introduce a test to measure long jump behavior in mice. RESULTS Using this test we first showed that while male and female mice exhibited no differences in jump success rate, the female mice showed lower baseline jumping latencies. Next we demonstrated that the induction of a cerebral stroke via middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 45min did not affect the jump success rate in either group; however, it did significantly increase jump latencies in both male and female mice. Finally, we used therapeutic interventions to explore mechanisms that may be involved in producing this increase in jump latency by administering the anti-depressant fluoxetine prior to the long jump assay, and also tested for potential changes in anxiety levels after stroke. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Other methods to assess hindlimb functionality are not specific, because they measure behaviors that rely not only on hindlimbs, but also on forelimbs and tail. CONCLUSIONS This study introduces a novel assay that can be used to measure a stroke induced behavioral deficit with great sensitivity, and raises interesting questions about potential mechanisms regulating this effect.
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McBride DW, Wang Y, Sherchan P, Tang J, Zhang JH. Correlation between subacute sensorimotor deficits and brain water content after surgical brain injury in rats. Behav Brain Res 2015; 290:161-71. [PMID: 25975171 PMCID: PMC4447543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Brain edema is a major contributor to poor outcome and reduced quality of life after surgical brain injury (SBI). Although SBI pathophysiology is well-known, the correlation between cerebral edema and neurological deficits has not been thoroughly examined in the rat model of SBI. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between brain edema and deficits in standard sensorimotor neurobehavior tests for rats subjected to SBI. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to either sham surgery or surgical brain injury via partial frontal lobectomy. All animals were tested for neurological deficits 24 post-SBI and fourteen were also tested 72 h after surgery using seven common behavior tests: modified Garcia neuroscore (Neuroscore), beam walking, corner turn test, forelimb placement test, adhesive removal test, beam balance test, and foot fault test. After assessing the functional outcome, animals were euthanized for brain water content measurement. Surgical brain injury resulted in significantly elevated frontal lobe brain water content 24 and 72 h after surgery compared to that of sham animals. In all behavior tests, significance was observed between sham and SBI animals. However, a correlation between brain water content and functional outcome was observed for all tests except Neuroscore. The selection of behavior tests is critical to determine the effectiveness of therapeutics. Based on this study's results, we recommend using beam walking, the corner turn test, the beam balance test, and the foot fault test since correlations with brain water content were observed at both 24 and 72 h post-SBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin W McBride
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Yuechun Wang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Physiology, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, GuangDong, China
| | - Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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Lee JH, Kim K, Jo YH, Lee MJ, Hwang JE, Kim MA. Effect of valproic acid combined with therapeutic hypothermia on neurologic outcome in asphyxial cardiac arrest model of rats. Am J Emerg Med 2015; 33:1773-9. [PMID: 26377282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Valproic acid (VPA) has been reported to have survival and neuroprotective effects in a cardiac arrest rat model. This study was designed to investigate the effect of VPA combined with therapeutic hypothermia (HT) in an asphyxial cardiac arrest rat model. METHODS Rats were subjected to 6 minutes of asphyxial cardiac arrest. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed and then the randomly allocated to 1 of 4 groups (normal saline [NS]/normothermia [NT], VPA/NT, NS/HT, and VPA/HT). Hypothermia (32.5°C ± 0.5°C, 4 hours of HT and 2 hours of rewarming) or NT (37°C ± 0.5°C for 6 hours) was applied, and VPA (300 mg/kg) or NS was administered immediately after the return of spontaneous circulation. Neurologic deficit score was measured, and a tape removal test was performed for 3 days. Histologic injury of hippocampus was evaluated. RESULTS Valproic acid significantly improved neurologic deficit score at 48 and 72 hours in the NT-treated rats and at 72 hours in the HT-treated rats (all P < .05). Although the latency and success rate were not significantly different between the VPA/NT and NS/NT groups, the VPA/HT group showed significantly lower latency and higher success rates compared to the NS/HT group (P < .05). The histologic injury score in the hippocampal CA1 sector was significantly lower in the VPA/NT group than the NS/NT group (P < .05) and showed a tendency to be decreased in the VPA/HT group compared with the NS/HT group (P = .06). CONCLUSION In an asphyxial cardiac arrest rat model, administration of VPA improved neurologic outcomes and added a neuroprotective effect to HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyuk Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuseok Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - You Hwan Jo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Hwang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min A Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Xu Y, Zhang G, Kang Z, Xu Y, Jiang W, Zhang S. Cornin increases angiogenesis and improves functional recovery after stroke via the Ang1/Tie2 axis and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 39:133-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0652-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhang L, Zhang RL, Jiang Q, Ding G, Chopp M, Zhang ZG. Focal embolic cerebral ischemia in the rat. Nat Protoc 2015; 10:539-47. [PMID: 25741989 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2015.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Animal models of focal cerebral ischemia are well accepted for investigating the pathogenesis and potential treatment strategies for human stroke. Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) with an endovascular filament is a widely used model to induce focal cerebral ischemia. However, this model is not amenable to thrombolytic therapies. As thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) is a standard of care within 4.5 h of human stroke onset, suitable animal models that mimic cellular and molecular mechanisms of thrombosis and thrombolysis of stroke are required. By occluding the MCA with a fibrin-rich allogeneic clot, we previously developed an embolic model of MCA occlusion in the rat, which recapitulates the key components of thrombotic development and of thrombolytic therapy of rtPA observed from human ischemic stroke. Here we describe in detail the surgical procedures of our model, including preparing emboli from rat donors. These procedures can be typically completed within ∼30 min, and they are highly adaptable to other strains of rats, as well as mice, in both sexes. Thus, this model provides a powerful tool for translational stroke research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Rui Lan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Quan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Guangliang Ding
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- 1] Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA. [2] Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Zheng Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Quittet MS, Touzani O, Sindji L, Cayon J, Fillesoye F, Toutain J, Divoux D, Marteau L, Lecocq M, Roussel S, Montero-Menei CN, Bernaudin M. Effects of mesenchymal stem cell therapy, in association with pharmacologically active microcarriers releasing VEGF, in an ischaemic stroke model in the rat. Acta Biomater 2015; 15:77-88. [PMID: 25556361 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Few effective therapeutic interventions are available to limit brain damage and functional deficits after ischaemic stroke. Within this context, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy carries minimal risks while remaining efficacious through the secretion of trophic, protective, neurogenic and angiogenic factors. The limited survival rate of MSCs restricts their beneficial effects. The usefulness of a three-dimensional support, such as a pharmacologically active microcarrier (PAM), on the survival of MSCs during hypoxia has been shown in vitro, especially when the PAMs were loaded with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In the present study, the effect of MSCs attached to laminin-PAMs (LM-PAMs), releasing VEGF or not, was evaluated in vivo in a model of transient stroke. The parameters assessed were infarct volume, functional recovery and endogenous cellular reactions. LM-PAMs induced the expression of neuronal markers by MSCs both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the prolonged release of VEGF increased angiogenesis around the site of implantation of the LM-PAMs and facilitated the migration of immature neurons towards the ischaemic tissue. Nonetheless, MSCs/LM-PAMs-VEGF failed to improve sensorimotor functions. The use of LM-PAMs to convey MSCs and to deliver growth factors could be an effective strategy to repair the brain damage caused by a stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Sophie Quittet
- CNRS, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France; CEA, DSV/I2BM, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France; Normandie Univ, F-14032 Caen cedex, France.
| | - Omar Touzani
- CNRS, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France; CEA, DSV/I2BM, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France; Normandie Univ, F-14032 Caen cedex, France
| | - Laurence Sindji
- INSERM U1066, MINT "Bio-inspired Micro and Nanomedicine", F-49933 Angers, France; LUNAM Université, F-49933 Angers, France
| | - Jérôme Cayon
- LUNAM Université, F-49933 Angers, France; Plateforme PACeM (Plateforme d'Analyse Cellulaire et Moléculaire), SFR ICAT4208, F-49933 Angers, France
| | - Fabien Fillesoye
- CNRS, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France; CEA, DSV/I2BM, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France; Normandie Univ, F-14032 Caen cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Toutain
- CNRS, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France; CEA, DSV/I2BM, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France; Normandie Univ, F-14032 Caen cedex, France
| | - Didier Divoux
- CNRS, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France; CEA, DSV/I2BM, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France; Normandie Univ, F-14032 Caen cedex, France
| | - Léna Marteau
- CNRS, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France; CEA, DSV/I2BM, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France; Normandie Univ, F-14032 Caen cedex, France
| | - Myriam Lecocq
- CNRS, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France; CEA, DSV/I2BM, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France; Normandie Univ, F-14032 Caen cedex, France
| | - Simon Roussel
- CNRS, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France; CEA, DSV/I2BM, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France; Normandie Univ, F-14032 Caen cedex, France
| | - Claudia N Montero-Menei
- INSERM U1066, MINT "Bio-inspired Micro and Nanomedicine", F-49933 Angers, France; LUNAM Université, F-49933 Angers, France
| | - Myriam Bernaudin
- CNRS, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France; CEA, DSV/I2BM, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France; Normandie Univ, F-14032 Caen cedex, France
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Punicalagin attenuated cerebral ischemia–reperfusion insult via inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines, up-regulation of Bcl-2, down-regulation of Bax, and caspase-3. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 402:141-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Dohare P, Hyzinski-García MC, Vipani A, Bowens NH, Nalwalk JW, Feustel PJ, Keller RW, Jourd'heuil D, Mongin AA. The neuroprotective properties of the superoxide dismutase mimetic tempol correlate with its ability to reduce pathological glutamate release in a rodent model of stroke. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 77:168-82. [PMID: 25224033 PMCID: PMC4258548 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of oxidative stress to ischemic brain damage is well established. Nevertheless, for unknown reasons, several clinically tested antioxidant therapies have failed to show benefits in human stroke. Based on our previous in vitro work, we hypothesized that the neuroprotective potency of antioxidants is related to their ability to limit the release of the excitotoxic amino acids glutamate and aspartate. We explored the effects of two antioxidants, tempol and edaravone, on amino acid release in the brain cortex, in a rat model of transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAo). Amino acid levels were quantified using a microdialysis approach, with the probe positioned in the ischemic penumbra as verified by a laser Doppler technique. Two-hour MCAo triggered a dramatic increase in the levels of glutamate, aspartate, taurine, and alanine. Microdialysate delivery of 10mM tempol reduced the amino acid release by 60-80%, whereas matching levels of edaravone had no effect. In line with these data, an intracerebroventricular injection of tempol but not edaravone (500 nmol each, 15 min before MCAo) reduced infarction volumes by ~50% and improved neurobehavioral outcomes. In vitro assays showed that tempol was superior at removing superoxide anion, whereas edaravone was more potent at scavenging hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and peroxynitrite. Overall, our data suggest that the neuroprotective properties of tempol are probably related to its ability to reduce tissue levels of the superoxide anion and pathological glutamate release and, in such a way, limit progression of brain infarction within ischemic penumbra. These new findings may be instrumental in developing new antioxidant therapies for treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Dohare
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - María C Hyzinski-García
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Aarshi Vipani
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Nicole H Bowens
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Julia W Nalwalk
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Paul J Feustel
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Richard W Keller
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - David Jourd'heuil
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Alexander A Mongin
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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Croxson PL, Walton ME, Boorman ED, Rushworth MFS, Bannerman DM. Unilateral medial frontal cortex lesions cause a cognitive decision-making deficit in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:3757-65. [PMID: 25348059 PMCID: PMC4440342 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The medial frontal cortex (MFC) is critical for cost-benefit decision-making. Generally, cognitive and reward-based behaviour in rodents is not thought to be lateralised within the brain. In this study, however, we demonstrate that rats with unilateral MFC lesions show a profound change in decision-making on an effort-based decision-making task. Furthermore, unilateral MFC lesions have a greater effect when the rat has to choose to put in more effort for a higher reward when it is on the contralateral side of space to the lesion. Importantly, this could not be explained by motor impairments as these animals did not show a turning bias in separate experiments. In contrast, rats with unilateral dopaminergic midbrain lesions did exhibit a motoric turning bias, but were unimpaired on the effort-based decision-making task. This rare example of a cognitive deficit caused by a unilateral cortical lesion in the rat brain indicates that the MFC may have a specialised and lateralised role in evaluating the costs and benefits of actions directed to specific spatial locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula L Croxson
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK
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Bordia T, McGregor M, Papke RL, Decker MW, McIntosh JM, Quik M. The α7 nicotinic receptor agonist ABT-107 protects against nigrostriatal damage in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions. Exp Neurol 2014; 263:277-84. [PMID: 25261754 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The finding that smoking is inversely correlated with Parkinson's disease and that nicotine attenuates nigrostriatal damage in Parkinsonian animals supports the idea that nicotine may be neuroprotective. Nicotine is thought to exert this effect by acting at nicotinic receptors (nAChRs), including the α7 subtype. The objective of this study was twofold: first, to test the protective potential of ABT-107, an agonist with high selectivity for α7 nAChRs; and second, to investigate its cellular mechanism of action. Rats were implanted with minipumps containing ABT-107 (0.25mg/kg/d). In addition, we tested the effect of nicotine (1mg/kg/d) as a positive control, and also DMXB (2mg/kg/d) which acts primarily with α7 but also α4β2* nAChRs. Two weeks after minipump placement, the rats were lesioned by unilateral administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the medial forebrain bundle. Lesioning alone decreased contralateral forelimb use and adjusted stepping, two measures of Parkinsonism. ABT-107 and nicotine treatment significantly improved these behaviors at all weeks tested, with variable improvement with DMXB. We next investigated the cellular mechanism involved. The striatal dopamine transporter (DAT), a marker of dopaminergic integrity, was reduced ~70% with lesioning. ABT-107 or nicotine treatment significantly increased DAT levels in lesioned striatum; these drugs did not alter DAT levels in intact striatum. ABT-107 and nicotine also significantly improved basal dopamine release from lesioned striatum, as well as nicotine-stimulated dopamine release mediated via α4β2* and α6β2* nAChRs. These data suggest that α7 nAChR agonists may improve motor behaviors associated with nigrostriatal damage by enhancing striatal dopaminergic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuja Bordia
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Matthew McGregor
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Roger L Papke
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 3261, USA
| | - Michael W Decker
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064-6125, USA
| | - J Michael McIntosh
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Maryka Quik
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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62
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Gombash SE, Manfredsson FP, Mandel RJ, Collier TJ, Fischer DL, Kemp CJ, Kuhn NM, Wohlgenant SL, Fleming SM, Sortwell CE. Neuroprotective potential of pleiotrophin overexpression in the striatonigral pathway compared with overexpression in both the striatonigral and nigrostriatal pathways. Gene Ther 2014; 21:682-93. [PMID: 24807806 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Intrastriatal injection of recombinant adeno-associated viral vector serotype 2/1 (rAAV2/1) to overexpress the neurotrophic factor pleiotrophin (PTN) provides neuroprotection for tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (THir) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), increases THir neurite density in the striatum (ST) and reverses functional deficits in forepaw use following 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) toxic insult. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene transfer studies suggest that optimal neuroprotection is dependent on the site of nigrostriatal overexpression. The present study was conducted to determine whether enhanced neuroprotection could be accomplished via simultaneous rAAV2/1 PTN injections into the ST and SN compared with ST injections alone. Rats were unilaterally injected in the ST alone or injected in both the ST and SN with rAAV2/1 expressing either PTN or control vector. Four weeks later, all rats received intrastriatal injections of 6-OHDA. Rats were euthanized 6 or 16 weeks relative to 6-OHDA injection. A novel selective total enumeration method to estimate nigral THir neuron survival was validated to maintain the accuracy of stereological assessment. Long-term nigrostriatal neuroprotection and functional benefits were only observed in rats in which rAAV2/1 PTN was injected into the ST alone. Results suggest that superior preservation of the nigrostriatal system is provided by PTN overexpression delivered to the ST and restricted to the ST and SN pars reticulata and is not improved with overexpression of PTN within SNpc neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Gombash
- 1] Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA [2] Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - F P Manfredsson
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - R J Mandel
- Department of Neuroscience, Powell Gene Therapy Center, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - T J Collier
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - D L Fischer
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - C J Kemp
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - N M Kuhn
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - S L Wohlgenant
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - S M Fleming
- Departments of Psychology and Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - C E Sortwell
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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63
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Ning R, Chopp M, Zacharek A, Yan T, Zhang C, Roberts C, Lu M, Chen J. Neamine induces neuroprotection after acute ischemic stroke in type one diabetic rats. Neuroscience 2014; 257:76-85. [PMID: 24211797 PMCID: PMC3889124 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Angiogenin is a member of the ribonuclease superfamily and promotes degradation of the basement membrane and the extracellular matrix. After stroke in type one diabetes (T1DM) rats, Angiogenin is significantly increased and the Angiogenin is inversely correlated with functional outcome. Neamine, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, blocks nuclear translocation of Angiogenin, thereby abolishing the biological activity of Angiogenin. In this study, we therefore investigated the effect and underlying protective mechanisms of Neamine treatment of stroke in T1DM. METHODS T1DM was induced in male Wistar rats by streptozotocin (60mg/kg, ip), and T1DM rats were subjected to embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Neamine (10mg/kg ip) was administered at 2, 24 and 48h after the induction of embolic MCAo. A battery of functional outcome tests was performed. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage, and lesion volume were evaluated and immunostaining, and Western blot were performed. RESULTS Neamine treatment of stroke in T1DM rats significantly decreased BBB leakage and lesion volume as well as improved functional outcome compared to T1DM-control. Neamine also significantly decreased apoptosis and cleaved caspase-3 in the ischemic brain. Using immunostaining, we found that Neamine treatment significantly decreased nuclear Angiogenin, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) activity, advanced glycation endproducts receptor (RAGE) number, the positive area of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and increased Angeopoietin-1 expression compared to T1DM-MCAo control rats. Western blot results are consistent with the immunostaining. CONCLUSION Neamine treatment of stroke is neuroprotective in T1DM rats. Inhibition of neuroinflammatory factor expression and decrease of BBB leakage may contribute to Neamine-induced neuroprotective effects after stroke in T1DM rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ning
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - M Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - A Zacharek
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - T Yan
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - C Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - C Roberts
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - M Lu
- Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - J Chen
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
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64
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Liguz-Lecznar M, Zakrzewska R, Daniszewska K, Kossut M. Functional assessment of sensory functions after photothrombotic stroke in the barrel field of mice. Behav Brain Res 2013; 261:202-9. [PMID: 24388975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Motor, sensory and cognitive deficits are common impairments observed in human stroke as well as in animal stroke models. Using a battery of behavioural tests we assessed sensorimotor deficits after photothrombotic stroke localized within or beyond cortical representation of mouse sensory vibrissae. We found restricted, modality specific behavioural consequences in the acute post-stroke period. Among incorporated tests, adhesive removal test, novelty exploration test and sensory labyrinth task were sensitive to the somatosensory cortical deficits. Injured animals explored new objects significantly longer, they also needed distinctly more time to contact and to remove the adhesive tape placed on whiskers contralateral to the infarct. Moreover, we observed that after stroke animals were unable to solve the sensory labyrinth depending only upon tactile sensation from whiskers with injured cortical representation. Spontaneous recovery could be observed within the first post-stroke week for adhesive tape removal and within 14 days for labyrinth performance. However, for the novel object exploration we did not observed the recovery for the period of 18 days after stroke. Moreover, new object exploration test performance differed between the somatosensory and visual cortical impairments. We suggest that those three tests might be valuable in assessing the usefulness of therapies designed to support brain repair after experimental stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Liguz-Lecznar
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Renata Zakrzewska
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Daniszewska
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Kossut
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; Warsaw School of Social Science and Humanities, 19 Chodakowska St., 03-815 Warsaw, Poland
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65
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Gombash SE, Manfredsson FP, Kemp CJ, Kuhn NC, Fleming SM, Egan AE, Grant LM, Ciucci MR, MacKeigan JP, Sortwell CE. Morphological and behavioral impact of AAV2/5-mediated overexpression of human wildtype alpha-synuclein in the rat nigrostriatal system. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81426. [PMID: 24312298 PMCID: PMC3842242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the involvement of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathogenesis has resulted in the development and use of viral vector-mediated α-syn overexpression rodent models. The goal of these series of experiments was to characterize the neurodegeneration and functional deficits resulting from injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) serotype 2/5-expressing human wildtype α-syn in the rat substantia nigra (SN). Rats were unilaterally injected into two sites in the SN with either rAAV2/5-expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP, 1.2 x 1013) or varying titers (2.2 x 1012, 1.0 x 1013, 5.9 x 1013, or 1.0 x 1014) of rAAV2/5-α-syn. Cohorts of rats were euthanized 4, 8, or 12 weeks following vector injection. The severity of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (THir) neuron death in the SN pars compacta (SNpc) was dependent on vector titer. An identical magnitude of nigrostriatal degeneration (60-70% SNpc THir neuron degeneration and 40-50% loss of striatal TH expression) was observed four weeks following 1.0 x 1014 titer rAAV2/5-α-syn injection and 8 weeks following 1.0 x 1013 titer rAAV2/5-α-syn injection. THir neuron degeneration was relatively uniform throughout the rostral-caudal axis of the SNpc. Despite equivalent nigrostriatal degeneration between the 1.0 x 1013 and 1.0 x 1014 rAAV2/5-α-syn groups, functional impairment in the cylinder test and the adjusting steps task was only observed in rats with the longer 8 week duration of α-syn expression. Motor impairment in the cylinder task was highly correlated to striatal TH loss. Further, 8 weeks following 5.9 x 1013 rAAV2/5-α-syn injection deficits in ultrasonic vocalizations were observed. In conclusion, our rAAV2/5-α-syn overexpression model demonstrates robust nigrostriatal α-syn overexpression, induces significant nigrostriatal degeneration that is both vector and duration dependent and under specific parameters can result in motor impairment that directly relates to the level of striatal TH denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E. Gombash
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Fredric P. Manfredsson
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Kemp
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nathan C. Kuhn
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sheila M. Fleming
- Departments of Psychology and Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ann E. Egan
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Laura M. Grant
- Departments of Surgery and Communications Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michelle R. Ciucci
- Departments of Surgery and Communications Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey P. MacKeigan
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Caryl E. Sortwell
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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66
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Khaing ZZ, Geissler SA, Schallert T, Schmidt CE. Assessing forelimb function after unilateral cervical SCI using novel tasks: limb step-alternation, postural instability and pasta handling. J Vis Exp 2013:e50955. [PMID: 24084700 PMCID: PMC3892984 DOI: 10.3791/50955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI) can cause devastating neurological deficits, including impairment or loss of upper limb and hand function. A majority of the spinal cord injuries in humans occur at the cervical levels. Therefore, developing cervical injury models and developing relevant and sensitive behavioral tests is of great importance. Here we describe the use of a newly developed forelimb step-alternation test after cervical spinal cord injury in rats. In addition, we describe two behavioral tests that have not been used after spinal cord injury: a postural instability test (PIT), and a pasta-handling test. All three behavioral tests are highly sensitive to injury and are easy to use. Therefore, we feel that these behavioral tests can be instrumental in investigating therapeutic strategies after cSCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zin Z Khaing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin
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67
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Fleming SM, Ekhator OR, Ghisays V. Assessment of sensorimotor function in mouse models of Parkinson's disease. J Vis Exp 2013. [PMID: 23851663 PMCID: PMC3727502 DOI: 10.3791/50303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive and reliable behavioral outcome measures are essential to the evaluation of potential therapeutic treatments in preclinical trials for many neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson's disease, sensorimotor tests sensitive to varying degrees of nigrostriatal dysfunction are fundamental for testing the efficacy of potential therapeutics. Reliable and quite elegant sensorimotor measures exist for rats, however many of these tests measure sensorimotor asymmetry within the rat and are not entirely suitable for the newer genetic mouse models of PD. We have put together a battery of sensorimotor tests inspired by the sensitive tests in rats and adapted for mice. The test battery highlighted in this study is chosen for a) its sensitivity in a wide variety of mouse models of PD, b) its ease in implementing into a study, and c) its low expense. These tests have proven useful in characterizing novel genetic mouse models of PD as well as in testing potential disease-modifying therapies.
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68
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Shi GX, Yang CY, Wu MM, Guan LP, Wang LP, Liu CZ. Muscle hypertonia after permanent focal cerebral ischemia in rats: a qualitative and quantitative behavioral and electrophysiological study. Int J Neurosci 2013; 123:575-81. [PMID: 23509968 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.783578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Xia Shi
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University,
Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Yan Yang
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University,
Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Meng Wu
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University,
Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ping Guan
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University,
Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Peng Wang
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University,
Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Cun-Zhi Liu
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University,
Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Experimental treatment strategies and neuroprotective drugs that showed therapeutic promise in animal models of stroke have failed to produce beneficial effects in human stroke patients. The difficulty in translating preclinical findings to humans represents a major challenge in cerebrovascular research. The reasons behind this translational road block might be explained by a number of factors, including poor quality control in various stages of the research process, the validity of experimental stroke models, and differences in drug administration and pharmacokinetics. Another major difference between animal studies and clinical trials is the choice of end point or outcome measures. Here, we discuss the necessity of poststroke behavioral testing to bridge the gap between clinical and experimental end points. We review established sensory-motor tests for outcome determination after focal ischemia based on the published literature as well as our own personal experience. Selected tests are described in more detail and good laboratory practice standards for behavioral testing are discussed. This review is intended for stroke researchers planning to use behavioral testing in mice.
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70
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Raza S, Khan M, Ahmad A, Ashafaq M, Islam F, Wagner A, Safhi M, Islam F. Neuroprotective effect of naringenin is mediated through suppression of NF-κB signaling pathway in experimental stroke. Neuroscience 2013; 230:157-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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71
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Bargiotas P, Krenz A, Monyer H, Schwaninger M. Functional outcome of pannexin-deficient mice after cerebral ischemia. Channels (Austin) 2012; 6:453-6. [PMID: 23111424 DOI: 10.4161/chan.22315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pannexin (Px, Panx) channels have been implicated in several physiological and pathological processes. We recently studied the potential contribution of pannexins in ischemic brain damage using Px1(-/-) Px2(-/-) mice and provided evidence that (1) the release of IL-1β and hemichannel function in astrocytes are, in contrast to published data, not affected by the absence of Px1 and Px2, (2) channel function in neurons lacking Px1 and Px2 is impaired and (3) Px1(-/-) Px2(-/-) mice had a better functional outcome and smaller infarcts than wild-type mice when subjected to ischemic stroke. Here, we further investigate the neurological outcome of wild-type and pannexin double-knockout mice 48 h after permanent occlusion of the distal middle cerebral artery (MCAO). Pannexin double-knockout mice (Px1(-/-) Px2(-/-)) were less impaired in parameters such as exploration, anxiety, sensorimotor function and behavioral symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Bargiotas
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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72
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Tennant KA, Adkins DL, Scalco MD, Donlan NA, Asay AL, Thomas N, Kleim JA, Jones TA. Skill learning induced plasticity of motor cortical representations is time and age-dependent. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2012; 98:291-302. [PMID: 23010138 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Movement representations in the motor cortex can reorganize to support motor skill learning during young adulthood. However, little is known about how motor representations change during aging or whether their change is influenced by continued practice of a skill after it is learned. We used intracortical microstimulation to characterize the organization of the forelimb motor cortex in young and aged C57/BL6 mice after short (2-4 weeks) or long (8 weeks) durations of training on a skilled reaching task or control procedures. In young mice, a short duration of reach training increased the area of proximal forelimb movement representations at the expense of distal representations. Following a longer training duration, ratios of proximal to distal movements returned to baseline, even with ongoing practice and skill maintenance. However, lingering changes were evident in thresholds for eliciting distal forelimb movements, which declined over the longer training period. In aged mice, movement representations and movement thresholds failed to change after either duration of training. Furthermore, there was an age-related loss of digit representations and performance decrements on other sensorimotor tests. Nevertheless, in quantitative measures of reaching success, aged mice learned and performed the skilled reaching task at least as well as younger mice. These results indicate that experience-driven topographical reorganization of motor cortex varies with age, as well as time, and is partially dissociable from behavioral performance. They also support an enduring capacity to learn new manual skills during aging, even as more youthful forms of cortical plasticity and sensorimotor function are lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Tennant
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, 78712, USA.
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73
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Raida Z, Hundahl CA, Kelsen J, Nyengaard JR, Hay-Schmidt A. Reduced infarct size in neuroglobin-null mice after experimental stroke in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL & TRANSLATIONAL STROKE MEDICINE 2012; 4:15. [PMID: 22901501 PMCID: PMC3487987 DOI: 10.1186/2040-7378-4-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroglobin is considered to be a novel important pharmacological target in combating stroke and neurodegenerative disorders, although the mechanism by which this protection is accomplished remains an enigma. We hypothesized that if neuroglobin is directly involved in neuroprotection, then permanent cerebral ischemia would lead to larger infarct volumes in neuroglobin-null mice than in wild-type mice. METHODS Using neuroglobin-null mice, we estimated the infarct volume 24 hours after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion using Cavalieri's Principle, and compared the infarct volume in neuroglobin-null and wild-type mice. Neuroglobin antibody staining was used to examine neuroglobin expression in the infarct area of wild-type mice. RESULTS Infarct volumes 24 hours after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion were significantly smaller in neuroglobin-null mice than in wild-types (p < 0.01). Neuroglobin immunostaining of the penumbra area revealed no visible up-regulation of neuroglobin protein in ischemic wild-type mice when compared to uninjured wild-type mice. In uninjured wild-type mice, neuroglobin protein was seen throughout cortical layer II and sparsely in layer V. In contrast, no neuroglobin-immunoreactive neurons were observed in the aforementioned layers of the ischemia injured cortical area, or in the surrounding penumbra of ischemic wild-type mice. This suggests no selective sparing of neuroglobin expressing neurons in ischemia. CONCLUSIONS Neuroglobin-deficiency resulted in reduced tissue infarction, suggesting that, at least at endogenous expression levels, neuroglobin in itself is non-protective against ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zindy Raida
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Ansgar Hundahl
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Kelsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Copenhagen (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Randel Nyengaard
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Research Laboratory, Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Hay-Schmidt
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Panum Institute; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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74
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Tissue plasminogen activator treatment of stroke in type-1 diabetes rats. Neuroscience 2012; 222:326-32. [PMID: 22820263 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major stroke risk factor and is associated with poor recovery compared with nondiabetic stroke patients. In the present study, we investigated the effects of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) treatment of stroke in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. METHODS Type-1 diabetes (T1DM) was induced by injection of streptozotocin. Non-T1DM and T1DM rats were subjected to embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) and treated with or without tPA 2h after MCAo. Functional outcomes and immunostaining for advanced glycation endproducts receptor (RAGE), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and Western blotting were performed. RESULTS tPA treatment of WT-MCAo rats significantly improved the functional outcome and reduced the lesion volume compared with non-treatment WT-MCAo rats (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between treatment with or without tPA in the WT-MCAo group in brain hemorrhage, BBB leakage and expression of inflammatory mediators, RAGE, MMP-9 and TLR4. However, tPA treatment in T1DM-MCAo rats (T1DM-MCAo+tPA) significantly enlarged brain hemorrhage, augmented BBB leakage, and failed to decrease lesion volume and improve functional outcome after stroke compared to T1DM-MCAo control. tPA treatment also significantly increased the expression of RAGE, MMP-9 and TLR4 in the ischemic brain in T1DM-MCAo rats compared with T1DM-MCAo control rats (p<0.05). Brain hemorrhage was significantly correlated with functional deficit and RAGE and TLR4 expression, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of stroke with tPA increased brain hemorrhage, BBB leakage and failed to improve functional outcome in T1DM rats. The increased inflammatory response may contribute to the failed neuroprotective effects of tPA treatment in T1DM rats.
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Reduced tissue levels of noradrenaline are associated with behavioral phenotypes of the TgCRND8 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:1934-44. [PMID: 22491352 PMCID: PMC3376325 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Noradrenergic cell loss is well documented in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have measured the tissue levels of catecholamines in an amyloid precursor protein-transgenic 'TgCRND8' mouse model of AD and found reductions in noradrenaline (NA) within hippocampus, temporoparietal and frontal cortices, and cerebellum. An age-related increase in cortical NA levels was observed in non-Tg controls, but not in TgCRND8 mice. In contrast, NA levels declined with aging in the TgCRND8 hippocampus. Dopamine levels were unaffected. Reductions in the tissue content of NA were found to coincide with altered expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and to precede the onset of object memory impairment and behavioral despair. To test whether these phenotypes might be associated with diminished NA, we treated mice with dexefaroxan, an antagonist of presynaptic inhibitory α(2)-adrenoceptors on noradrenergic and cholinergic terminals. Mice 12 weeks of age were infused systemically for 28 days with dexefaroxan or rivastigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor. Both dexefaroxan and rivastigmine improved TgCRND8 behavioral phenotypes and increased BDNF mRNA expression without affecting amyloid-β peptide levels. Our results highlight the importance of noradrenergic depletion in AD-like phenotypes of TgCRND8 mice.
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76
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Catechin Hydrate Ameliorates Redox Imbalance and Limits Inflammatory Response in Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1747-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0786-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Deacon RMJ, Dulu TD, Patel NB. Naked mole-rats: behavioural phenotyping and comparison with C57BL/6 mice. Behav Brain Res 2012; 231:193-200. [PMID: 22440234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Naked mole-rats (NMR) live underground in large eusocial colonies in East Africa. They are extremely long-lived, some individuals having a lifespan of over 30 years. This has attracted research into longevity and possibly neurodegenerative disorders. However, very little is known about their basic behaviour, particularly in tests commonly used to characterise the behaviour of the laboratory rat and mouse, for which there is an enormous database. Recently the authors carried out comprehensive behavioural phenotyping on NMRs, comparing them on most tasks directly with C57BL/6 mice, the strain for which there is the largest behavioural database. The NMR colony had been obtained from the wild originally, but housed in an animal facility for about two years. Large inter-species differences in behaviour were seen between the mice and the NMRs. The latter had generally poor sensorimotor function, including cutaneous sensation, strength and even grasp reflexes. They were often reluctant to enter or head-dip into small holes that mice readily entered. Their vision (generally considered to be very poor) was sufficient to distinguish the two zones of a light-dark box. Although, as expected, the NMRs were capable of burrowing and digging, when individually housed they did not shred cotton material to make nests. Shredding was seen in a colony cage containing a queen, but no nests were made there even when a nesting box was provided. In cognitive testing, although, unlike mice and rats, they did not spontaneously alternate in a T-maze, they learnt rewarded alternation and a cued position task well. This study demonstrates how behaviour uniquely reflects the natural environment in which these unusual animals have evolved and live, and provides baseline data for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M J Deacon
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK.
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78
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Soleman S, Yip PK, Duricki DA, Moon LDF. Delayed treatment with chondroitinase ABC promotes sensorimotor recovery and plasticity after stroke in aged rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 135:1210-23. [PMID: 22396394 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the dominant cause of sensorimotor disability that primarily affects the elderly. We now show that neuroplasticity and functional recovery after stroke is constrained by inhibitory chondroitin sulphates. In two blinded, randomized preclinical trials, degradation of chondroitin sulphate using chondroitinase ABC reactivated neuroplasticity and promoted sensorimotor recovery after stroke in elderly rats. Three days after stroke, chondroitinase ABC was microinjected into the cervical spinal cord to induce localized plasticity of forelimb sensorimotor spinal circuitry. Chondroitinase ABC effectively removed chondroitin sulphate from the extracellular matrix and perineuronal nets. Three different tests of sensorimotor function showed that chondroitinase ABC promoted recovery of forelimb function. Anterograde and retrograde tracing showed that chondroitinase ABC also induced sprouting of the contralesional corticospinal tract in the aged treated hemicord. Chondroitinase ABC did not neuroprotect the peri-infarct region. We show for the first time delayed chondroitinase ABC treatment promotes neuroanatomical and functional recovery after focal ischaemic stroke in an elderly nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Soleman
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
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79
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Fleming SM, Schallert T, Ciucci MR. Cranial and related sensorimotor impairments in rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2012; 231:317-22. [PMID: 22394540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease both limb and cranial sensorimotor functions are impaired, leading to a profound diminished quality of life for many patients. Toxin and genetic animal models of Parkinson's disease are likely essential for understanding the pathology associated with these impairments as well as for the development and testing of potential therapeutics. Here we describe useful novel and established behavioral outcome measures for assessing limb and cranial sensorimotor functions in toxin and genetic models of parkinsonism in rats and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M Fleming
- Departments of Psychology and Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0376, USA.
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Khaing ZZ, Geissler SA, Jiang S, Milman BD, Aguilar SV, Schmidt CE, Schallert T. Assessing Forelimb Function after Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: Novel Forelimb Tasks Predict Lesion Severity and Recovery. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:488-98. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zin Z. Khaing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Sydney A. Geissler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Brian D. Milman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Sandra V. Aguilar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Christine E. Schmidt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Timothy Schallert
- The Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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Cui R, Zhang G, Kang Y, Cheng Q, Tan H, Cui H, Shi G. Amelioratory effects of testosterone propionate supplement on behavioral, biochemical and morphological parameters in aged rats. Exp Gerontol 2012; 47:67-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Raza SS, Khan MM, Ahmad A, Ashafaq M, Khuwaja G, Tabassum R, Javed H, Siddiqui MS, Safhi MM, Islam F. Hesperidin ameliorates functional and histological outcome and reduces neuroinflammation in experimental stroke. Brain Res 2011; 1420:93-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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83
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Yamane J, Ishibashi S, Sakaguchi M, Kuroiwa T, Kanemura Y, Nakamura M, Miyoshi H, Sawamoto K, Toyama Y, Mizusawa H, Okano H. Transplantation of human neural stem/progenitor cells overexpressing galectin-1 improves functional recovery from focal brain ischemia in the Mongolian gerbil. Mol Brain 2011; 4:35. [PMID: 21951913 PMCID: PMC3215926 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-4-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of human neural stem/progenitor cells (hNSPCs) is a promising method to regenerate tissue from damage and recover function in various neurological diseases including brain ischemia. Galectin-1(Gal1) is a lectin that is expressed in damaged brain areas after ischemia. Here, we characterized the detailed Gal1 expression pattern in an animal model of brain ischemia. After brain ischemia, Gal1 was expressed in reactive astrocytes within and around the infarcted region, and its expression diminished over time. Previously, we showed that infusion of human Gal1 protein (hGal1) resulted in functional recovery after brain ischemia but failed to reduce the volume of the ischemic region. This prompted us to examine whether the combination of hNSPCs-transplantation and stable delivery of hGal1 around the ischemic region could reduce the ischemic volume and promote better functional recovery after brain ischemia. In this study, we transplanted hNSPCs that stably overexpressed hGal1 (hGal1-hNSPCs) in a model of unilateral focal brain ischemia using Mongolian gerbils. Indeed, we found that transplantation of hGal1-hNSPCs both reduced the ischemic volume and improved deficits in motor function after brain ischemia to a greater extent than the transplantation of hNSPCs alone. This study provides evidence for a potential application of hGal1 with hNSPCs-transplantation in the treatment of brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Yamane
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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84
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Kane JR, Ciucci MR, Jacobs AN, Tews N, Russell JA, Ahrens AM, Ma ST, Britt JM, Cormack LK, Schallert T. Assessing the role of dopamine in limb and cranial-oromotor control in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2011; 44:529-37. [PMID: 21820129 PMCID: PMC3278988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by sensorimotor dysfunction. The neuropathology of PD includes a loss of dopamine (DA) neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway. Classic signs of the disease include rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. However, as many as 90% of patients also experience significant deficits in speech, swallowing (including mastication), and respiratory control. Oromotor deficits such as these are underappreciated, frequently emerging during the early, often hemi-Parkinson, stage of the disease. In this paper, we review tests commonly used in our labs to model early and hemi-Parkinson deficits in rodents. We have recently expanded our tests to include sensitive models of oromotor deficits. This paper discusses the most commonly used tests in our lab to model both limb and oromotor deficits, including tests of forelimb-use asymmetry, postural instability, vibrissae-evoked forelimb placing, single limb akinesia, dry pasta handling, sunflower seed shelling, and acoustic analyses of ultrasonic vocalizations and pasta biting strength. In particular, we lay new groundwork for developing methods for measuring abnormalities in the acoustic patterns during eating that indicate decreased biting strength and irregular intervals between bites in the hemi-Parkinson rat. Similar to limb motor deficits, oromotor deficits, at least to some degree, appear to be modulated by nigrostriatal DA. Finally, we briefly review the literature on targeted motor rehabilitation effects in PD models. LEARNING OUTCOMES Readers will: (a) understand how a unilateral lesion to the nigrostriatal pathway affects limb use, (b) understand how a unilateral lesion to the nigrostriatal pathway affects oromotor function, and (c) gain an understanding of how limb motor deficits and oromotor deficits appear to involve dopamine and are modulated by training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline R Kane
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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Patkar S, Tate R, Modo M, Plevin R, Carswell HVO. Conditionally immortalised neural stem cells promote functional recovery and brain plasticity after transient focal cerebral ischaemia in mice. Stem Cell Res 2011; 8:14-25. [PMID: 22099017 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy has enormous potential to restore neurological function after stroke. The present study investigated effects of conditionally immortalised neural stem cells (ciNSCs), the Maudsley hippocampal murine neural stem cell line clone 36 (MHP36), on sensorimotor and histological outcome in mice subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Adult male C57BL/6 mice underwent MCAO by intraluminal thread or sham surgery and MHP36 cells or vehicle were implanted into ipsilateral cortex and caudate 2 days later. Functional recovery was assessed for 28 days using cylinder and ladder rung tests and tissue analysed for plasticity, differentiation and infarct size. MHP36-implanted animals showed accelerated and augmented functional recovery and an increase in neurons (MAP-2), synaptic plasticity (synaptophysin) and axonal projections (GAP-43) but no difference in astrocytes (GFAP), oligodendrocytes (CNPase), microglia (IBA-1) or lesion volumes when compared to vehicle group. This is the first study showing a potential functional benefit of the ciNSCs, MHP36, after focal MCAO in mice, which is probably mediated by promoting neuronal differentiation, synaptic plasticity and axonal projections and opens up opportunities for future exploitation of genetically altered mice for dissection of mechanisms of stem cell based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalmali Patkar
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
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87
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Jensen MB, Han DY, Sawaf AA, Krishnaney-Davison R. Behavioral outcome measures used for human neural stem cell transplantation in rat stroke models. Neurol Int 2011; 3:e10. [PMID: 22053257 PMCID: PMC3207229 DOI: 10.4081/ni.2011.e10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, leading to the development of various stroke models to test new treatments, most commonly in the rat. Human stroke trials focus on disability, related primarily to neurological deficits. To better model the clinical application of these treatments, many behavioral tests have been developed using the rat stroke model. We performed a systematic review of all the behavioral outcome measures used in published studies of human neural stem cell transplantation in rat stroke models. The reviewed tests include motor, sensory, cognitive, activity, and combination tests. For each test, we give a brief description, trace the origin of the test, and discuss test performance in the reviewed studies. We conclude that while many behavioral tests are available for this purpose, there does not appear to be consensus on an optimal testing strategy.
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88
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Lam HA, Wu N, Cely I, Kelly RL, Hean S, Richter F, Magen I, Cepeda C, Ackerson LC, Walwyn W, Masliah E, Chesselet MF, Levine MS, Maidment NT. Elevated tonic extracellular dopamine concentration and altered dopamine modulation of synaptic activity precede dopamine loss in the striatum of mice overexpressing human α-synuclein. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:1091-102. [PMID: 21488084 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression or mutation of α-synuclein (α-Syn), a protein associated with presynaptic vesicles, causes familial forms of Parkinson's disease in humans and is also associated with sporadic forms of the disease. We used in vivo microdialysis, tissue content analysis, behavioral assessment, and whole-cell patch clamp recordings from striatal medium-sized spiny neurons (MSSNs) in slices to examine dopamine transmission and dopaminergic modulation of corticostriatal synaptic function in mice overexpressing human wild-type α-Syn under the Thy1 promoter (α-Syn mice). Tonic striatal extracellular dopamine and 3-methoxytyramine levels were elevated in α-Syn mice at 6 months of age, prior to any reduction in total striatal tissue content, and were accompanied by an increase in open-field activity. Dopamine clearance and amphetamine-induced dopamine efflux were unchanged. The frequency of MSSN spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) was lower in α-Syn mice. Amphetamine reduced sEPSC frequency in wild types (WTs) but produced no effect in α-Syn mice. Furthermore, whereas quinpirole reduced and sulpiride increased sEPSC frequency in WT mice, they produced the opposite effects in α-Syn mice. These observations indicate that overexpression of α-Syn alters dopamine efflux and D2 receptor modulation of corticostriatal glutamate release at a young age. At 14 months of age, the α-Syn mice presented with significantly lower striatal tissue dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase content relative to WT littermates, accompanied by an L-DOPA-reversible sensory motor deficit. Together, these data further validate this transgenic mouse line as a slowly progressing model of Parkinson's disease and provide evidence for early dopamine synaptic dysfunction prior to loss of striatal dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoa A Lam
- Hatos Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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89
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Effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on local inflammation in experimental stroke of rat. Mediators Inflamm 2011; 2010:372423. [PMID: 21490702 PMCID: PMC3068595 DOI: 10.1155/2010/372423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate whether brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) can modulate local cerebral inflammation in ischemic stroke. Rats were subjected to ischemia by occluding the right middle cerebral artery (MCAO) for 2 hours. Rats were randomized as control, BDNF, and antibody groups. The local inflammation was evaluated on cellular, cytokine, and transcription factor levels with immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time qPCR, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay, respectively. Exogenous BDNF significantly improved motor-sensory, sensorimotor function, and vestibulomotor function, while BDNF did not decrease the infarct volume. Exogenous BDNF increased the number of both activated and phagocytotic microglia in brain. BDNF upregulated interleukin10 and its mRNA expression, while downregulated tumor necrosis factor α and its mRNA expression. BDNF also increased DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor-kappa B. BDNF antibody, which blocked the activity of endogenous BDNF, showed the opposite effect of exogenous BDNF. Our data indicated that BDNF may modulate local inflammation in ischemic brain tissues on the cellular, cytokine, and transcription factor levels.
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90
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Martinez M, Brezun JM, Xerri C. Sensorimotor experience influences recovery of forelimb abilities but not tissue loss after focal cortical compression in adult rats. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16726. [PMID: 21359230 PMCID: PMC3040209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensorimotor activity has been shown to play a key role in functional outcome after extensive brain damage. This study was aimed at assessing the influence of sensorimotor experience through subject-environment interactions on the time course of both lesion and gliosis volumes as well as on the recovery of forelimb sensorimotor abilities following focal cortical injury. The lesion consisted of a cortical compression targeting the forepaw representational area within the primary somatosensory cortex of adult rats. After the cortical lesion, rats were randomly subjected to various postlesion conditions: unilateral C5-C6 dorsal root transection depriving the contralateral cortex from forepaw somatosensory inputs, standard housing or an enriched environment promoting sensorimotor experience and social interactions. Behavioral tests were used to assess forelimb placement during locomotion, forelimb-use asymmetry, and forepaw tactile sensitivity. For each group, the time course of tissue loss was described and the gliosis volume over the first postoperative month was evaluated using an unbiased stereological method. Consistent with previous studies, recovery of behavioral abilities was found to depend on post-injury experience. Indeed, increased sensorimotor activity initiated early in an enriched environment induced a rapid and more complete behavioral recovery compared with standard housing. In contrast, severe deprivation of peripheral sensory inputs led to a delayed and only partial sensorimotor recovery. The dorsal rhizotomy was found to increase the perilesional gliosis in comparison to standard or enriched environments. These findings provide further evidence that early sensory experience has a beneficial influence on the onset and time course of functional recovery after focal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Martinez
- CNRS UMR 6149, Integrative and Adaptive Neurosciences, Pôle 3 C, IFR 131, University of Provence, Marseilles, France
| | - Jean-Michel Brezun
- CNRS UMR 6149, Integrative and Adaptive Neurosciences, Pôle 3 C, IFR 131, University of Provence, Marseilles, France
| | - Christian Xerri
- CNRS UMR 6149, Integrative and Adaptive Neurosciences, Pôle 3 C, IFR 131, University of Provence, Marseilles, France
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Zhao H, Bao XJ, Wang RZ, Li GL, Gao J, Ma SH, Wei JJ, Feng M, Zhao YJ, Ma WB, Yang Y, Li YN, Kong YG. Postacute ischemia vascular endothelial growth factor transfer by transferrin-targeted liposomes attenuates ischemic brain injury after experimental stroke in rats. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:207-15. [PMID: 21128742 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to achieve the enhanced delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to ischemically disordered brain through transferrin-coupled liposomes (Tf-PLs) via intravenous administration, and to observe the effect of Tf-VEGF-PLs on ischemic brain neuroprotection and angiogenesis. Cerebral VEGF overexpression was achieved with Tf-PLs by intravenous injection 48 hr after an acute stroke. β-Galactosidase expression was monitored; saline was injected as a control. The success of postischemic gene transduction was confirmed by β-galactosidase staining and by increased VEGF mRNA and protein in ischemic brain. Vascular density, neurological recovery, and ischemic area calculation were performed to evaluate the effect of Tf-VEGF-PLs. The positive expression of β-galactosidase indirectly indicated that VEGF was successfully delivered into brain by Tf-VEGF-PLs. VEGF mRNA in the Tf-VEGF-PL group 24 hr after injection was significantly higher than in the control group (p < 0.05). Western blot analysis showed that postischemic Tf-VEGF-PLs resulted in increased VEGF protein levels compared with VEGF-PLs and saline-administered rats (p < 0.05) 48 hr after administration. At 21 days after drug injection, we observed a significant decrease in infarct volume and better neurological function in the Tf-VEGF-PL-treated group, compared with the VEGF-PL group. FITC-dextran marking showed increased vascular density in the penumbra of Tf-VEGF-PL-treated hemispheres (245,873.9, number of microvessels per field) compared with that in VEGF-PL-treated hemispheres (139,801.3) or saline-treated hemispheres (102,175.5) (p < 0.05). The remainder of the cerebral blood flow after ischemia in the Tf-VEGF-PL group was significantly more than in the control groups (0.35 vs. 0.29, 0.21; p < 0.05). We conclude that the VEGF gene can be delivered noninvasively into the brain by Tf-VEGF-PLs. Postischemic treatment with Tf-VEGF-PLs effectively promoted neuroprotection and vascular regeneration in the chronic stage of cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 Dongdan Santiao, Beijing, China.
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Zhang C, Chopp M, Cui Y, Wang L, Zhang R, Zhang L, Lu M, Szalad A, Doppler E, Hitzl M, Zhang ZG. Cerebrolysin enhances neurogenesis in the ischemic brain and improves functional outcome after stroke. J Neurosci Res 2011; 88:3275-81. [PMID: 20857512 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrolysin is a peptide preparation mimicking the action of neurotrophic factors and has beneficial effects on neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. The present study investigated the effect of Cerebrolysin on neurogenesis in a rat model of embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Treatment with Cerebrolysin at doses of 2.5 and 5 ml/kg significantly increased the number of bromodeoxyuridine-positive (BrdU(+)) subventricular zone (SVZ) neural progenitor cells and doublecortin (DCX) immunoreactivity (migrating neuroblasts) in the ipsilateral SVZ and striatal ischemic boundary 28 days after stroke when the treatment was initiated 24 hr after stroke. The treatment also reduced TUNEL(+) cells by ∼50% in the ischemic boundary. However, treatment with Cerebrolysin at a dose of 2.5 ml/kg initiated at 24 and 48 hr did not significantly reduce infarct volume but substantially improved neurological outcomes measured by an array of behavioral tests 21 and 28 days after stroke. Incubation of SVZ neural progenitor cells from ischemic rats with Cerebrolysin dose dependently augmented BrdU(+) cells and increased the number of Tuj1(+) cells (a marker of immature neurons). Blockage of the PI3K/Akt pathway abolished Cerebrolysin-increased BrdU(+) cells. Moreover, Cerebrolysin treatment promoted neural progenitor cell migration. Collectively, these data indicate that Cerebrolysin treatment when initiated 24 and 48 hr after stroke enhances neurogenesis in the ischemic brain and improves functional outcome and that Cerebrolysin-augmented proliferation, differentiation, and migration of adult SVZ neural progenitor cells contribute to Cerebrolysin-induced neurogenesis, which may be related to improvement of neurological outcome. The PI3K/Akt pathway mediates Cerebrolysin-induced progenitor cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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93
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Jiang WL, Zhang SP, Zhu HB, Hou J. Effect of 8-O-acetyl shanzhiside methylester increases angiogenesis and improves functional recovery after stroke. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 108:21-7. [PMID: 20735376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2010.00620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether 8-O-acetyl shanzhiside methylester (ND01) regulates angiogenesis and thereby improves functional outcome after stroke. Adult male rats were subjected to 1 hr of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion, and treated with or without different doses (5 and 10 mg/kg) of ND01, starting 24 hr after ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) and by intravenous injection daily for 14 days. Neurological functional tests were performed and cerebral Evans blue extravasation was measured. Angiogenesis and angiogenic factor expression were measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blot, respectively. The results indicated that ND01 significantly promoted angiogenesis in the ischaemic brain and improved functional outcome after stroke. ND01 also significantly increased vascularization compared with vehicle treatment. ND01 increased the expression of VEGF, Ang1, phosphorylation of Tie2 and Akt VEGF. The Ang1/Tie2 axis and Akt pathways appear to mediate ND01-induced angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Lin Jiang
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Material Medica, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
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94
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Xu H, Miki K, Ishibashi S, Inoue J, Sun L, Endo S, Sekiya I, Muneta T, Inazawa J, Dezawa M, Mizusawa H. Transplantation of neuronal cells induced from human mesenchymal stem cells improves neurological functions after stroke without cell fusion. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:3598-609. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 06/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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95
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Ramos-Cabrer P, Justicia C, Wiedermann D, Hoehn M. Stem cell mediation of functional recovery after stroke in the rat. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12779. [PMID: 20877642 PMCID: PMC2943902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regenerative strategies of stem cell grafting have been demonstrated to be effective in animal models of stroke. In those studies, the effectiveness of stem cells promoting functional recovery was assessed by behavioral testing. These behavioral studies do, however, not provide access to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the observed functional outcome improvement. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In order to address the underlying mechanisms of stem cell mediated functional improvement, this functional improvement after stroke in the rat was investigated for six months after stroke by use of fMRI, somatosensory evoked potentials by electrophysiology, and sensorimotor behavior testing. Stem cells were grafted ipsilateral to the ischemic lesion. Rigorous exclusion of spontaneous recovery as confounding factor permitted to observe graft-related functional improvement beginning after 7 weeks and continuously increasing during the 6-month observation period. The major findings were i) functional improvement causally related to the stem cells grafting; ii) tissue replacement can be excluded as dominant factor for stem cell mediated functional improvement; iii) functional improvement occurs by exclusive restitution of the function in the original representation field, without clear contributions from reorganization processes, and iv) stem cells were not detectable any longer after six months. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE A delayed functional improvement due to stem cell implantation has been documented by electrophysiology, fMRI and behavioral testing. This functional improvement occurred without cells acting as a tissue replacement for the necrotic tissue after the ischemic event. Combination of disappearance of grafted cells after six months on histological sections with persistent functional recovery was interpreted as paracrine effects by the grafted stem cells being the dominant mechanism of cell activity underlying the observed functional restitution of the original activation sites. Future studies will have to investigate whether the stem cell mediated improvement reactivates the original representation target field by using original connectivity pathways or by generating/activating new ones for the stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ramos-Cabrer
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carles Justicia
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dirk Wiedermann
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mathias Hoehn
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
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96
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Bouet V, Freret T, Ankri S, Bezault M, Renolleau S, Boulouard M, Jacotot E, Chauvier D, Schumann-Bard P. Predicting sensorimotor and memory deficits after neonatal ischemic stroke with reperfusion in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2010; 212:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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97
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Beray-Berthat V, Delifer C, Besson VC, Girgis H, Coqueran B, Plotkine M, Marchand-Leroux C, Margaill I. Long-term histological and behavioural characterisation of a collagenase-induced model of intracerebral haemorrhage in rats. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 191:180-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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98
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Schaar KL, Brenneman MM, Savitz SI. Functional assessments in the rodent stroke model. EXPERIMENTAL & TRANSLATIONAL STROKE MEDICINE 2010; 2:13. [PMID: 20642841 PMCID: PMC2915950 DOI: 10.1186/2040-7378-2-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a common cause of permanent disability accompanied by devastating impairments for which there is a pressing need for effective treatment. Motor, sensory and cognitive deficits are common following stroke, yet treatment is limited. Along with histological measures, functional outcome in animal models has provided valuable insight to the biological basis and potential rehabilitation efforts of experimental stroke. Developing and using tests that have the ability to identify behavioral deficits is essential to expanding the development of translational therapies. The present aim of this paper is to review many of the current behavioral tests that assess functional outcome after stoke in rodent models. While there is no perfect test, there are many assessments that are sensitive to detecting the array of impairments, from global to modality specific, after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal L Schaar
- University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Department of Neurology, 6431 Fannin Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Miranda M Brenneman
- University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Department of Neurology, 6431 Fannin Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sean I Savitz
- University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Department of Neurology, 6431 Fannin Houston, TX 77030, USA
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99
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Rauch F, Schwabe K, Krauss JK. Effect of deep brain stimulation in the pedunculopontine nucleus on motor function in the rat 6-hydroxydopamine Parkinson model. Behav Brain Res 2010; 210:46-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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100
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Candolfi M, Kroeger KM, Muhammad AKMG, Yagiz K, Farrokhi C, Pechnick RN, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Gene therapy for brain cancer: combination therapies provide enhanced efficacy and safety. Curr Gene Ther 2010; 9:409-21. [PMID: 19860655 DOI: 10.2174/156652309789753301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain cancer in adults. Despite significant advances in treatment and intensive research, the prognosis for patients with GBM remains poor. Therapeutic challenges for GBM include its invasive nature, the proximity of the tumor to vital brain structures often preventing total resection, and the resistance of recurrent GBM to conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Gene therapy has been proposed as a useful adjuvant for GBM, to be used in conjunction with current treatment. Work from our laboratory has shown that combination of conditional cytotoxic with immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of GBM elicits regression of large intracranial tumor masses and anti-tumor immunological memory in syngeneic rodent models of GBM. In this review we examined the currently available animal models for GBM, including rodent transplantable models, endogenous rodent tumor models and spontaneous GBM in dogs. We discuss non-invasive surrogate end points to assess tumor progression and therapeutic efficacy, such as behavioral tests and circulating biomarkers. Growing preclinical and clinical data contradict the old dogma that cytotoxic anti-cancer therapy would lead to an immune-suppression that would impair the ability of the immune system to mount an anti-tumor response. The implications of the findings reviewed indicate that combination of cytotoxic therapy with immunotherapy will lead to synergistic antitumor efficacy with reduced neurotoxicity and supports the clinical implementation of combined cytotoxic-immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Candolfi
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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